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→‎Many adult men are victims of intimate partner physical violence
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The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) is a survey instrument run periodically by the CDC in the U.S. to assess trends in domestic violence.
The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) is a survey instrument run periodically by the CDC in the U.S. to assess trends in intimate partner violence (IPV).
The first national-level study using the NISVS was in 2010 followed by repetitions in 2011, 2012, and 2015.
The first national-level study using the NISVS was in 2010 followed by repetitions in 2011, 2012, and 2015.


For the years 2010-2012, a total of 22,590 women and 18,584 men completed the survey.
For the years 2010-2012, a total of 22,590 women and 18,584 men completed the survey.<!--It was found that roughly 4.7% of men had been victims of intimate partner physical violence in the previous 12 months, compared with 3.9% women.-->
It was found that roughly 4.7% of men had been victims of intimate partner physical violence in the previous 12 months, compared with 3.9% women.
It was found that 32.4% of women and 28.3% of men experienced physical violence by an intimate partner in their lifetimes.
32.4% of women and 28.3% of men experienced physical violence by an intimate partner in their lifetimes.
In 2015, a total of 5,758 women and 4,323 men completed the survey.<!-- For this year, 2.9% of women and 3.8% of men experienced physical violence committed by an intimate partner in the previous 12 months. -->
In 2015, a total of 5,758 women and 4,323 men completed the survey.
For this year, 2.9% of women and 3.8% of men experienced physical violence committed by an intimate partner in the previous 12 months.
30.6% of women and 31.0% of men experienced physical violence by an intimate partner in their lifetimes.
30.6% of women and 31.0% of men experienced physical violence by an intimate partner in their lifetimes.
If one also includes rape and stalking (which includes threats of violence), then the lifetime figures for women and men were respectively 37.3% and 30.9% in 2010-2012, and 36.4% and 33.6% in 2015, with smaller differences for the previous 12 months: 6.6% and 6.4% in 2010-2012, and 5.5% and 5.2% in 2015.
If one also includes rape and stalking (which includes threats of violence), then the lifetime figures for women and men were respectively 37.3% and 30.9% in 2010-2012, and 36.4% and 33.6% in 2015.<!--, with smaller differences for the previous 12 months: 6.6% and 6.4% in 2010-2012, and 5.5% and 5.2% in 2015.-->
<!--Taken the data on the previous 12 months together from 2010-2015, and only considering physical violence, indeed slightly more men experienced violence (4.4% vs 3.6%), which is significant at p < 0.001.-->


Overall, this suggests men are surprisingly commonly the victims of intimate partner violence, roughly on par with women.
However, since men are substantially physically stronger, women do outnumber men in IPV-related hospital admissions. Between 2010 and 2014, among IPV-related emergency visits, women constituted 90% of hospitalizations, 87% of very severe cases, and 69% of deaths (Quezada et al. 2020), though with either case being relatively rare with only 6.3% of all emergency visits (men and women) leading to hospitalization. Men only had slightly more severe outcomes in these hospitalizations, suggesting few women overplay their injuries.
Furthermore, the rates of male victimization were found to be rising while the rates of female victimization were falling, which may mean men are now experiencing slightly more violence than women.
Correspondingly, in the NISVS reports (2010-2012 and 2015), women reported about 2.4 times as often a psychological or life impact of their victimization experiences (such as being fearful, concerned for safety, PTSD, injury, need for medical care, housing services, victim advocate services, legal services, missed at least one day of work or school, and contacting a crisis hotline).
Taken the data on the previous 12 months together from 2010-2015, and only considering physical violence, men indeed experienced slightly more violence (4.4% vs 3.6%), which is significant at p < 0.001.
 
In both reports (2010-2012 and 2015), women reported about 2.4 times as often a psychological or life impact of their victimization experiences (such as being fearful, concerned for safety, PTSD, injury, need for medical care, housing services, victim advocate services, legal services, missed at least one day of work or school, and contacting a crisis hotline), which is in line with women's overall higher anxiety levels.
 
Analysts report that these statistics are not given much attention as society tends to treat female-on-male violence as a joke or punchline, and so much momentum has been built towards building the falsehood that only women can be victims of partner physical violence or abuse.
 
In a study from New Zealand, women were more likely to initiate domestic violence. The rate of violence initiation was 37.2% for women and 21.8% for men. 18.6% of women, but only 5.7% of men committed severe physical violence. Similar figures were found in an U.S. American sample (Magdol et al., 1997).


Magdol et al. (1997) reported that women perpetrated violence 37.2% of the time toward their partners and men 21.8%.
18.6% of women, but only 5.7% of men perpetrated severe physical violence.
Capaldi & Owen (2001) found in  a  sample  of  antisocial aggressive teenagers and young adults, women acknowledged higher rates of perpetration of violence (43%) than did men (34%). Douglas and Straus (2006) found  that,  among  dating  couples  in  17  countries,  females  assaulted  their  partners  more often than did males (30.0% vs. 24.2%).
Whitaker et al. (2001) found in a study of N = 11,370 young US adults aged 18 to 28 years that in nonreciprocally violent relationships (i.e. in which violence is only committed by one partner), women were the perpetrators in more than 70% of the cases. Overall, women said they initiated more often violence (24.8%) than did their partners (19.2%).
Whitaker et al. (2001) found in a study of N = 11,370 young US adults aged 18 to 28 years that in nonreciprocally violent relationships (i.e. in which violence is only committed by one partner), women were the perpetrators in more than 70% of the cases. Overall, women said they initiated more often violence (24.8%) than did their partners (19.2%).


<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>


Various explanations have been provided for this surprising fact, for example that men face greater consequences are held [[hypoagency|more responsible]], thus being more likely to refrain from using violence. Another explanation would be that women arrest in their emotional development earlier than men as evidences by [[Scientific_Blackpill_(Supplemental)#Women_cry_four_times_as_much_as_men_and_never_outgrow_teenage_crying_behavior|women crying as often as early teenage boys]], are thus more [[neoteny|neotenous]], thus more likely may suffer childish anger tantrums. Women also score higher than men in neuroticism (Kajonius, 2018).
Various explanations have been provided for this surprising fact that women perpetuate and initiate violence more often than men (even though they face much greater injury due to being weaker). For example, it has been argued that men face greater consequences and are held [[hypoagency|more responsible]], thus being more likely to refrain from using violence. Another explanation would be that women arrest in their emotional development earlier than men as evidences by [[Scientific_Blackpill_(Supplemental)#Women_cry_four_times_as_much_as_men_and_never_outgrow_teenage_crying_behavior|women crying as often as early teenage boys]], are thus more [[neoteny|neotenous]], thus more likely may suffer childish anger tantrums. Women also score higher than men in neuroticism (Kajonius, 2018).
Women's neotenous neuroticism and anger may be a [[female sneakiness|sneaky]] adaptation to ensure their partner's investment. Female [[Life history|fast-life strategists]] in particular may also use violence to test their partner's dominance. Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1990) proposed that the male dominance/female surrender is a pattern common to many species, reaching back to our common ancestor with lizards, and that it may still may be present in humans as a vestige. Females who tested their male partners for strength more likely produced strong offspring that can pass such tests as well as win out in physical competition with other males. Men's ability to overpower the female also evidences his social status and ability to secure resources.
Women's neotenous neuroticism and anger may be a [[female sneakiness|sneaky]] adaptation to ensure their partner's investment. Female [[Life history|fast-life strategists]] in particular may also use violence to test their partner's dominance. Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1990) proposed that the male dominance/female surrender is a pattern common to many species, reaching back to our common ancestor with lizards, and that it may still may be present in humans as a vestige. Females who tested their male partners for strength more likely produced strong offspring that can pass such tests as well as win out in physical competition with other males. Men's ability to overpower the female also evidences his social status and ability to secure resources.


Women's higher rate of the initiation of violence suggests that they are, in fact, more to blame for intimate violence in contemporary Western populations.
An astonishing case in relation to this phenomenon is English family care and activist and novelist Erin Pizzey (born 1939) who uncovered a higher violence rate against men in a domestic violence shelter that she had founded, only to be met with death threats which urged her to flee her country and move to China.
 
An astonishing case in relation to this phenomenon is English family care and activist and novelist Erin Pizzey (born 1939) who uncovered higher violence rate against men in a domestic violence shelter that she had founded, only to be met with death threats which urged her to flee her country and move to China.


It is important to note that there is likely a bias in the data of the sort that women likely overreport violence, being generally more [[female sneakiness|sneaky]] and emotionally unstable, while men might underreport being overall more [[stoicism|stoic]] and they risk losing face being not strong enough to contain their partner.
It is important to note that there is likely a bias in the data of the sort that women likely overreport violence, being generally more [[female sneakiness|sneaky]] and emotionally unstable, while men might underreport being overall more [[stoicism|stoic]] and they risk losing face being not strong enough to contain their partner.
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* Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. 1990. ''Dominance, Submission, and Love: Sexual Pathologies from the Perspective of Ethology.'' In: Feierman, J. R. (ed.): Pedophilia. Biosocial Dimensions. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990 151-175. [[https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_6 Abstract]]
* Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. 1990. ''Dominance, Submission, and Love: Sexual Pathologies from the Perspective of Ethology.'' In: Feierman, J. R. (ed.): Pedophilia. Biosocial Dimensions. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990 151-175. [[https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_6 Abstract]]
* Whitaker DJ, Haileyesus T, Swahn M, & Saltzman LS. (2007). Differences in frequency of violence and reported injury between relationships with reciprocal and nonreciprocal intimate partner violence. American journal of public health, 97(5), 941-947. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1854883/ Abstract]]
* Whitaker DJ, Haileyesus T, Swahn M, & Saltzman LS. (2007). Differences in frequency of violence and reported injury between relationships with reciprocal and nonreciprocal intimate partner violence. American journal of public health, 97(5), 941-947. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1854883/ Abstract]]
* Alfaro Quezada, J., Mustafa, Z., Zhang, X., Zakhary, B., Firek, M., Coimbra, R., & Brenner, M. (2020). A nationwide study of intimate partner violence. The American Surgeon, 86(10), 1230-1237. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0003134820964191 Abstract]]


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