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'''More cross-cultural findings''': The active-passive contrast in homosexuality was also prevalent in medieval Scandinavia and contemporary Latin America.<ref>http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Active.pdf</ref> Pederasty, which is also an instance of homosexual power differentials, has flourished in many lower cultures, e.g. Indians of North America,<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/berdache</ref> but also in a number of high cultures, including ancient Greece, medieval Islam (especially among Sufis), Japan (among the Samurai nobility), and Korea.<ref>http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Pederasty.pdf</ref> | '''More cross-cultural findings''': The active-passive contrast in homosexuality was also prevalent in medieval Scandinavia and contemporary Latin America.<ref>http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Active.pdf</ref> Pederasty, which is also an instance of homosexual power differentials, has flourished in many lower cultures, e.g. Indians of North America,<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/berdache</ref> but also in a number of high cultures, including ancient Greece, medieval Islam (especially among Sufis), Japan (among the Samurai nobility), and Korea.<ref>http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Pederasty.pdf</ref> | ||
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'''Modern West''': | '''Modern West''': | ||
Today, most Western homosexuals identify as versatile (around 40%), meaning they have no particular preference for the role of the penetrator or the penetree.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120125003836/http://www.straightacting.com/phpbb3/viewtopic.php?p=222697</ref><ref name="ref41">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-017-0980-y</ref> This means contemporary homosexuals do not exhibit a dichotomy in penetrative or dominance behavior. This may be regarded as counter-evidence for the dominant/submissive dichotomy hypothesis. | |||
Today, most homosexuals identify as versatile (around 40%), meaning they have no particular preference for the role of the penetrator or the penetree.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120125003836/http://www.straightacting.com/phpbb3/viewtopic.php?p=222697</ref><ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-017-0980-y</ref> This means contemporary homosexuals do not exhibit a dichotomy in penetrative or dominance behavior. This may be regarded as counter-evidence for the dominant/submissive dichotomy hypothesis. | |||
However, modern (exclusive) homosexual identity is likely only a political fad,<ref name="fluidref"></ref> attracting people to act out their sexual fantasies rather than adaptations in the context they evolved. | However, modern (exclusive) homosexual identity is likely only a political fad,<ref name="fluidref"></ref> attracting people to act out their sexual fantasies rather than adaptations in the context they evolved. | ||
Further, gay men identifying as the bottom are more likely later in the birth order, meaning it may be related to weakness and mutational load<ref name="ref41"></ref> and exclusive homosexuals overall exhibit other markers [[mutants|mutational load]] as summarized by the [[#Statistics|statistics]] below. Further, mutational load has overall increased due to declining ecological harshness.<ref>https://www.amazon.co.uk/At-Our-Wits-End-Intelligent/dp/184540985X</ref> | Further, gay men identifying as the bottom are more likely later in the birth order, meaning it may be related to weakness and mutational load<ref name="ref41"></ref> and exclusive homosexuals overall exhibit other markers [[mutants|mutational load]] as summarized by the [[#Statistics|statistics]] below. Further, mutational load has overall increased due to declining ecological harshness.<ref>https://www.amazon.co.uk/At-Our-Wits-End-Intelligent/dp/184540985X</ref> | ||
Taken together, this suggests contemporary men self-identifying as homosexuals are unlikely to be representative of human sexuality in the past, but merely execute adaptations in an extremely liberated context and potentially as the result of mutational load. Hence, they must be used with caution as evidence of evolutionary processes of the past. | Taken together, this suggests contemporary men self-identifying as homosexuals are unlikely to be representative of human sexuality in the past, but merely execute adaptations in an extremely liberated context and potentially as the result of mutational load. Hence, they must be used with caution as evidence of evolutionary processes of the past. Moreover, bottoms may not admit to this role exactly because it is associated with low status (social desirability bias). That being said, mutational load is not a judgement or an insult, much like a genetic disease is not a judgment or an insult. | ||
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That being said, mutational load is not a judgement or an insult, much like a genetic disease is not a judgment or an insult. | |||
===Other evolutionary hypotheses=== | ===Other evolutionary hypotheses=== | ||