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→‎Women cry four times as much as men and never outgrow teenage crying behavior

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 ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_cry_four_times_as_much_as_men_and_never_outgrow_teenage_crying_behavior">Women cry four times as much as men and never outgrow teenage crying behavior</span>===
 <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_cry_four_times_as_much_as_men_and_never_outgrow_teenage_crying_behavior|permalink]] | [[#tocFeminism|category: Feminism]] | [[#tocWomen_cry_four_times_as_much_as_men_and_never_outgrow_teenage_crying_behavior|table of contents]]</div>
-Frey (1983) conducted an experiment in which he let the subjects (286 females and 45 males, aged 18–75 yrs) count their crying episodes over the time period of over 30 days.
+Frey (1983) conducted an experiment in which he let the subjects (286 females and 45 males, aged 18–75 yrs) count their crying episodes over the time period of over 30 days. They found women to cry 5.3±5.07 times per month and men only 1.4±2.68 (a sex ratio of 3.79). They did not find significant differences between students and other groups.
+Kraemer (1986) found even larger sex differences with female students aged around 22 crying crying seven times as often as their male counterparts.
+Lutz (2001) summarized that when women cry, they also cry more intensely and their crying episodes last about twice as long as men's. Crying turns into sobbing for women in 65% of cases, compared to just 6% for men (d ≈ 1.9), so the sex ratio of intensity of neuroticism integrated over time may as well be around 10.
-https://i.imgur.com/G5HIYpE.png (Source: https://books.google.com/books?lr=&id=iJ5r8SQ4NRUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA91&f=false)
+A study of 97 Dutch female psychology students, who also kept a mood and crying diary throughout two full menstrual cycles (~2 months), obtained findings nearly identical to the Frey's sample (Bylsma et al., 2011). They found an average of 10.3 crying episodes, with a range of 1–53, so about 5.15 episodes per month.
-Even though there is some cultural variation in the sex difference in adult crying, the difference is cross-culturally large (d = 1.0), with only Nepal, Nigeria not showing significant differences, which may be attributable to small sample sizes.
+Another Dutch study of adolescents found 11 to 12 year old girls to cry around 4.2 times per month, which is comparable to crying rates of adult women. This suggests that women arrest in their emotional development in their early teens.
-http://doi.org/10.1177/1069397111404519 (Van Hemert 2011)
+Sex differences in adult crying are cross culturally robust. Hemert, Vingerhoets and colleges (2011) interviewed 5000 people (predominantly students) from 37 countries about their emotional reactions. He discovered that women cries between 30 and 64 times a year, while men cry between 6 and 17 times, so a sex ratio of 3.5 to 5. Cultural differences were consistently smaller than sex difference, and the difference is cross-culturally large (d = 1.0), with only Nepal, Nigeria not showing significant differences, which may be attributable to small sample sizes. The gender differences in adult crying also persisted despite changing gender role expectations between 1981 and 1996. Female neuroticism is also strongly influenced by gender-specific hormones, so the difference is mostly of biological origin (Lombardo, 2001).
-The gender differences in adult crying persisted despite changing gender role expectations between 1981 and 1996. Female neuroticism is also strongly influenced by gender-specific hormones, so the difference is mostly of biological origin.
+Anne Kreamer and Mark Truss, JWT’s director of brand intelligence, conducted two national surveys on "Emotional Incidents in the Workplace Survey", ages 18-64. N = 701, in Spring 2009, published in Kraemer (2011). They found women under 45 are ''ten times'' more likely to cry at work than men 45 and older. Also, in 12 months, 41 percent of women cried at work, but only 9 percent of men, so 4.5 as likely to cry at workplace than men across all age groups.
+Lombardo (1983) found women state they would cry in frightening situations ~60 times as likely as men (.4% vs 19.8%).
-http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014862714833 (Lombardo 2001)
+Vingerhoets (2009) found women are more likely cry due to conflict (23% vs 14%), men more due to positive appraisals (17% vs 7%) and loss (29% vs 24%).
+Buss (1987) found women use crying to manipulate their partners more often than males ([item "He or she whines until I do it", t(90) = 2.82, p < .006, d ≈ 0.6]).
-Women cry 10 times as often as men in stressful situations such as work environments.
-https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703922804576300903183512350
-https://www.amazon.com/dp/0812979931/ (Kraemer 2013)
-Women state they would cry in frightening situations ~60 times as likely as men (.4% vs 19.8%).
-http://doi.org/10.1007/bf00290058 (Lombardo 1983)
-Women more likely cry due to conflict (23% vs 14%), men more due to positive appraisals (17% vs 7%) and loss (29% vs 24%).
-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254794360_Crying_A_biopsychosocial_phenomenon
-Women use crying to manipulate their partners more often than males ([item "He or she whines until I do it", t(90) = 2.82, p < .006, d ≈ 0.6]).
-https://labs.la.utexas.edu/buss/files/2015/09/tactics_of_manipulation_1987_jpsp.pdf (Buss 1987)
-Women also cry more intensely and their crying episodes last about twice as long as men's. Crying turns into sobbing for women in 65% of cases, compared to just 6% for men (d ≈ 1.9!).
-https://www.amazon.com/dp/0393321037 (Lutz 2001)
-The estimates from the women ranged from 0 to 360 times/yr, with a mean of 47.84 and a median of 36. Men estimated that they had experienced considerably fewer crying episodes, with a mean of 6.45 (t = 9.73. @ = 495. P < 0.001), a range of t396 timesiyr. and a median of 3.
-https://www.reddit.com/r/dataisbeautiful/comments/9hhjxc/adult_women_cry_around_four_times_as_often_as_men/e6bxsdc/
 <span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
-[[File:AdultCrying.png|500px|thumb|none|Crying patterns across 30+ cultures, predominantly student samples which do not differ significantly from other populations (see Frey, 1983). Sex differences here are diminished by samples from Africa which appear to racially have lower sexual dimorphism in this regard.]]
+[[File:AdultCrying.png|500px|thumb|none|Crying patterns across 30+ cultures from the International Study on Adult Crying (Vingerhoets et al., 2001), predominantly student samples which do not differ significantly from other populations (see Frey, 1983). Sex differences here are diminished by samples from Africa which appear to racially have lower sexual dimorphism in this regard.]]
 <span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
@@ Line 923: / Line 900: @@
 * Kraemer DL, Hastrup JL. ''Crying in natural settings: global estimates, self-monitored frequencies, depression and sex differences in an undergraduate population.'' [[http://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(86)90199-3 Abstract]]
 * Kraemer A. 2013. ''It's Always Personal: Navigating Emotion in the New Workplace.'' Paperback [[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0812979931/ Book]] [[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703922804576300903183512350 News]]
+* Vingerhoets AJJM, Cornelius RR. 2001. ''Adult Crying: A Biopsychosocial Approach.'' [[https://books.google.com/books?lr=&id=iJ5r8SQ4NRUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA91&f=false Excerpts]]
+* Hemert DAV, Vijver FJRVD, Vingerhoets AJJM. 2011. ''Culture and Crying: Prevalences and Gender Differences.''[[http://doi.org/10.1177/1069397111404519 Abstract]]
+* Lombardo WK, Cretser GA, Roesch SC. 2001. ''For crying out loud—The differences persist into the '90s.'' Sex Roles. 45(7-8):529-47.[[http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014862714833 Abstract]]
+* Kraemer A. 2011. ''It's Always Personal: Navigating Emotion in the New Workplace.'' Random House. [[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0812979931/ Book]] [[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703922804576300903183512350 News]] [[https://AnneKreamer.com Website]]
+* Vingerhoets AJ, Bylsma L, Rottenberg J, Fögen T. 2009. ''Crying: A biopsychosocial phenomenon. Tears in the Graeco-Roman world.'' 17:439-75. [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254794360_Crying_A_biopsychosocial_phenomenon Abstract]]
+* Lombardo WK, Cretser GA, Lombardo B, Mathis SL. 1983. ''Fer cryin'out loud—there is a sex difference.'' Sex Roles. 9(9):987-95. [[http://doi.org/10.1007/bf00290058 Abstract]]
+* Buss DM, Gomes M, Higgins DS, Lauterbach K. 1987. ''Tactics of manipulation.'' Journal of personality and social psychology. 52(6):1219. [[https://labs.la.utexas.edu/buss/files/2015/09/tactics_of_manipulation_1987_jpsp.pdf FullText]]
+* Lutz T. 2001. ''Crying: A Natural and Cultural History of Tears.'' [[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0393321037 Book]]
+* Kraemer DL, Hastrup JL. 1986. Crying in natural settings: Global estimates, self-monitored frequencies, depression and sex differences in an undergraduate population. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 24(3):371-3.
 ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="People_show_resilience_in_response_to_abuse_and_adversity_in_the_majority_of_cases">People show resilience in response to abuse and adversity in the majority of cases</span>===

Scientific Blackpill (Supplemental): Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 14:22, 12 December 2019

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