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→A man's muscle building capacity is primarily determined by genetics: Expanded section.
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:24px; font-weight: normal;">A man's muscle building capacity is primarily determined by genetics</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:24px; font-weight: normal;">A man's muscle building capacity is primarily determined by genetics</span>=== | ||
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There is significant evidence that an individual's muscle building genetics is the major determinant of an individual's muscle building capabilities. | |||
Carpinelli (2017), reviewed key studies regarding this topic, stating that the research provided strong evidence for individual genetic variance being the largest factor in how one responds to strength training, as compared to differences in exercise programming, etc. | |||
He noted that Hubal et al. (2005), had earlier conducted a study on a mixed-gender cohort (n=585) who performed an identifcal resistance training protocol, 3x a week for three months. It was found that the average increase in muscle growth, as measured via MRI, was 18.9%, but this varied between the subjects within a very broad range, with one individual actually losing muscle (-2%) and one gaining muscle at rate more than 3 times the average (+59%). | |||
* https://www. | |||
Further on this topic, Petrella et al. (1985) recruited 66 adults and divided them into seperate groups based on age, subjecting them to a program that was based on lower body exercises. They found evidence of a disperate response to resistance training among the individuals involved, congruent with the findings above, but what was also significant, was that they identified a strong relationship with response to resistance training and individual differences in population of satellite cells in the muscle fibre. Those found to be "extreme responsers" found to exhibit a much greater proliferation of the satellite cell pool, as compared to those who exhibited more modest muscle growth. | |||
* https://www. | One of the other factors that likely moderates individual heterogeneity in responses to resistance training is androgen receptor density. Various cell types in disperate regions of the human body contain receptors to which androgens (male sex hormones, such as testosterone) activate, and these receptors then regulate gene expression and possibly also influence muscle growth through non-genomic factors also. An individual's genetic differences in sensitivity to circulating androgens has a very large influence on pubertal development, and their overall physical phenotype. | ||
In an attempt to determine how important individual differences in androgen receptor content in the muscle was to determining response to resistance training, Morton et al. (2018) examined 49 resistance trained young men, who were assigned to either a high rep or low rep group, both groups were also administered 2 doses of 30 g of whey protein isolate per day. | |||
The subjects hormone levels were monitored post pre and post intervention via analysis of circulating levels of hormones in the blood. Differences in androgen receptor content was determined by the techniques of immunoassay and immunoblot. Monitoring changes in muscle mass, as determined by muscle biopsy, again strong evidence of large individual variation in response to resistance training was again found, with some even losing muscle in response to the training, and some making large gains. | |||
Significantly, they found evidence that circulating levels of male hormones (within the physiologically normal range; obviously excluding the effects of performance enhancing drugs) didn't appear to have a large affect on the individuals response to resistance training. Notably, they found that one of the main factors that determined individual response to resistance training was likely intramuscular androgen receptor content and density. | |||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span> | |||
*''The previously discussed studies that reported and focused on the interindividual heterogeneity of responses to resistance training [1-12] all demonstrated that when a group of people participate in an identical resistance training program, their responses to that program vary considerably and apparently are primarily genetically determined''. (Carpinelli, 2017). | |||
* ''Men and women exhibit wide ranges of response to resistance training, with some subjects showing little to no gain, and others showing profound changes, increasing size by over 10 cm and doubling their strength.'' (Hubal et al., 2005). | |||
*''Individuals with a greater basal presence of SCs demonstrated, with training, a remarkable ability to expand the SC pool, incorporate new nuclei, and achieve robust growth.'' (Petralla et al., 1985). | |||
*''These results indicate that intramuscular androgen receptor content, but neither circulating nor intramuscular hormones (or the enzymes regulating their intramuscular production), influence skeletal muscle hypertrophy following RET in previously trained young men.''. (Morton et al., 2018). | |||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span> | |||
*Carpinelli, R. 2017. ''Interindividual Heterogeneity of Adaptions to Resistance Training.'' Medicina Sportiva Practica, 18(4):79-94[[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323443805_INTERINDIVIDUAL_HETEROGENEITY_OF_ADAPTATIONS_TO_RESISTANCE_TRAINING FullText]] | |||
*Hubal MJ1, Gordish-Dressman H, Thompson PD, Price TB, Hoffman EP, Angelopoulos TJ, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Pescatello LS, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Seip RL, Clarkson PM. 2005. ''Variability in muscle size and strength gain after unilateral resistance training.'' Med Sci Sports Exerc: 37(6):964-72. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15947721 Abstract]] | |||
*Petrella JK1, Kim JS, Mayhew DL, Cross JM, Bamman MM. 1985. ''Potent myofiber hypertrophy during resistance training in humans is associated with satellite cell-mediated myonuclear addition: a cluster analysis.'' J Appl Physiol:104(6):1736-42. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18436694 Abstract]] | |||
*Morton RW, Sato K, Gallaugher MPB, Oikawa SY, McNicholas PD, Fujita S, Phillips SM. 2018. ''Muscle Androgen Receptor Content but Not Systemic Hormones Is Associated With Resistance Training-Induced Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy in Healthy, Young Men.'' Front. Physiol.[[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2018.01373/full FullText]] | |||
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:24px; font-weight: normal;">Antisocial personality disorders are linked with being overweight/obese in women but not men</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:24px; font-weight: normal;">Antisocial personality disorders are linked with being overweight/obese in women but not men</span>=== | ||