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Homosexuality: Difference between revisions
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[[File: | [[File:Warszawa.ParadaRówności2006.5432.jpg|thumb|Parada Równości, Warsaw, Poland (2006)]] | ||
'''Homosexuality''' is same-sex sexual attraction or behavior with lots of [[triggered|political drama]] associated with it. Only less than 2% of the adult population identifies as exclusively homosexual,<ref name="wikidemo"></ref> and two thirds of adult homosexuals change their identity to heterosexual after five years.<ref name="fluid"></ref> Among today's teens, homosexuality is more common, but nearly all of teen homosexuals choose to identify as heterosexual later on.<ref name="fluid"></ref> | '''Homosexuality''' is same-sex sexual attraction or behavior with lots of [[triggered|political drama]] associated with it. Only less than 2% of the adult population identifies as exclusively homosexual,<ref name="wikidemo"></ref> and two thirds of adult homosexuals change their identity to heterosexual after five years.<ref name="fluid"></ref> Among today's teens, homosexuality is more common, but nearly all of teen homosexuals choose to identify as heterosexual later on.<ref name="fluid"></ref> | ||
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Today, most Western homosexuals identify as versatile (around 40%), meaning they have no particular preference for the role of the penetrator or the penetree.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120125003836/http://www.straightacting.com/phpbb3/viewtopic.php?p=222697</ref><ref name="ref41">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-017-0980-y</ref> This means contemporary homosexuals do not exhibit a dichotomy in penetrative or dominance behavior. This may be regarded as counter-evidence for the dominant/submissive dichotomy hypothesis. | Today, most Western homosexuals identify as versatile (around 40%), meaning they have no particular preference for the role of the penetrator or the penetree.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120125003836/http://www.straightacting.com/phpbb3/viewtopic.php?p=222697</ref><ref name="ref41">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-017-0980-y</ref> This means contemporary homosexuals do not exhibit a dichotomy in penetrative or dominance behavior. This may be regarded as counter-evidence for the dominant/submissive dichotomy hypothesis. | ||
However, modern (exclusive) homosexual identity is likely only a political fad,<ref name="fluidref"></ref> attracting people to act out their sexual fantasies rather than adaptations in the context they evolved in. | However, modern (exclusive) homosexual identity is likely only a political fad,<ref name="fluidref"></ref> attracting people to act out their sexual fantasies rather than adaptations in the context they evolved in. | ||
</li></ul> | </li></ul> | ||
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A large share of male homosexuals exhibits quite the opposite to fast [[life history]] traits, namely slow maturation and feminine traits. In fact, as an overall group, homosexuals tend to be feminized compared to the overall population. Harry (1982) found that 42 percent of his gay respondents were 'sissies' during childhood compared to only 11% in his heterosexual sample.<ref name="harry1982"></ref> Saghir and Robins (1973, 18) found that about one-third of their gay respondents deviated from gender norms, while only 3 percent of their heterosexual sample.<ref>Saghir and Robins (1973, 18)</ref> | A large share of male homosexuals exhibits quite the opposite to fast [[life history]] traits, namely slow maturation and feminine traits. In fact, as an overall group, homosexuals tend to be feminized compared to the overall population. Harry (1982) found that 42 percent of his gay respondents were 'sissies' during childhood compared to only 11% in his heterosexual sample.<ref name="harry1982"></ref> Saghir and Robins (1973, 18) found that about one-third of their gay respondents deviated from gender norms, while only 3 percent of their heterosexual sample.<ref>Saghir and Robins (1973, 18)</ref> | ||
The phenomenon of feminized homosexuals can either be explained by | The phenomenon of feminized homosexuals can either be explained by toxins causing a [[feminization]] causing a feminine phenotype overall (including androphilia). Alternatively, adaptations for androphilia (to the extent it is adaptive at all) may developmentally necessitate an overall more feminine phenotype. An alternative explanation is that K-selection has acted on males and homosexuality, for example by the following mechanisms: | ||
*'''Self-domestication''': It has been suggested in recent human history, human males have been substantially selected to be nice to one another (domestication), with homosociality being one instance thereof and in which homosexuality serves as a means of bonding via intimacy.<ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02955/full</ref> This largely overlaps with the notion of alliances in Muscarella's theory, however here the access to resources (which are harder to secure in harsh/slow ecologies) exerts K-selection more immediately and may involve some male [[whore|pandering]] compared to just domestication. | *'''Self-domestication''': It has been suggested in recent human history, human males have been substantially selected to be nice to one another (domestication), with homosociality being one instance thereof and in which homosexuality serves as a means of bonding via intimacy.<ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02955/full</ref> This largely overlaps with the notion of alliances in Muscarella's theory, however here the access to resources (which are harder to secure in harsh/slow ecologies) exerts K-selection more immediately and may involve some male [[whore|pandering]] compared to just domestication. | ||
*'''Helper in the nest''': This hypothesis claims that gay males tend to help in the household increasing the [[reproductive success]] of siblings,<ref name="ref42"></ref>, helping relatives to survive by allocating to them material resources, childcare, and protection being freed from the burden of caring for one's own offspring,<ref>Wilson, E. O. (1975). ''Sociobiology: The new synthesis.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</ref><ref>Wilson, E. O. (1978). ''On human nature.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press</ref> however homosexuals do not actually seem to exhibit more kinship behavior.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/J_Bailey2/publication/247233162_Is_male_homosexuality_maintained_via_kin_selection/links/5a09db03aca272d40f411b26/Is-male-homosexuality-maintained-via-kin-selection.pdf</ref> | *'''Helper in the nest''': This hypothesis claims that gay males tend to help in the household increasing the [[reproductive success]] of siblings,<ref name="ref42"></ref>, helping relatives to survive by allocating to them material resources, childcare, and protection being freed from the burden of caring for one's own offspring,<ref>Wilson, E. O. (1975). ''Sociobiology: The new synthesis.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</ref><ref>Wilson, E. O. (1978). ''On human nature.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press</ref> however homosexuals do not actually seem to exhibit more kinship behavior.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/J_Bailey2/publication/247233162_Is_male_homosexuality_maintained_via_kin_selection/links/5a09db03aca272d40f411b26/Is-male-homosexuality-maintained-via-kin-selection.pdf</ref> | ||
=== Other adaptations or causes === | === Other adaptations or causes === | ||
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Much of homophobia may be born from male intrasexual competition in accusations of gayness. Homosexuality may be banned in so many cultures as it taps into these evolved mechanism of competition, so it feels natural to [[bully]], punish and exclude males who cannot get sexuality in the natural way, that is by competing for reproductive opportunities with other men. However, in many traditional cultures more importance is attached to the sexual role a man takes than to the sex of his partners. Most 'homophobic' stigma is directed toward 'effeminates' (passive males), while active homosexuals are received with indifference or even congratulated on their dominance and sexual success. In cultures with moral systems that sanction all sexual relations between men, there is still some difference in the way they are received: passive homosexuality is seen as a shameful degradation of the self, active homosexuality a form of violence against others. This shame/violence matrix explains why the Ancient Greeks preferred non-penetrative forms of homosexual copulation between free males. It was considered poor form for an erastes to subject his eromenos to sodomy: an act of violence in a loving relationship meant to engender virtue. | Much of homophobia may be born from male intrasexual competition in accusations of gayness. Homosexuality may be banned in so many cultures as it taps into these evolved mechanism of competition, so it feels natural to [[bully]], punish and exclude males who cannot get sexuality in the natural way, that is by competing for reproductive opportunities with other men. However, in many traditional cultures more importance is attached to the sexual role a man takes than to the sex of his partners. Most 'homophobic' stigma is directed toward 'effeminates' (passive males), while active homosexuals are received with indifference or even congratulated on their dominance and sexual success. In cultures with moral systems that sanction all sexual relations between men, there is still some difference in the way they are received: passive homosexuality is seen as a shameful degradation of the self, active homosexuality a form of violence against others. This shame/violence matrix explains why the Ancient Greeks preferred non-penetrative forms of homosexual copulation between free males. It was considered poor form for an erastes to subject his eromenos to sodomy: an act of violence in a loving relationship meant to engender virtue. | ||
=== Inceldom and homophobia === | === Inceldom and homophobia === | ||
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Explanations include that the expectation that men can be gay increases the fear that other men could be gay and thus male intimacy could lead to a greater risk of being regarded as gay (male [[intrasexual competition]]). Also decreasing gender segregation may have increased male intrasexual competition.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1053535711000321</ref> Further, in order to evade gossip, homosocial closeness may require a high degree of heterosexual confidence that modern men may possess at decreasing rate. | Explanations include that the expectation that men can be gay increases the fear that other men could be gay and thus male intimacy could lead to a greater risk of being regarded as gay (male [[intrasexual competition]]). Also decreasing gender segregation may have increased male intrasexual competition.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1053535711000321</ref> Further, in order to evade gossip, homosocial closeness may require a high degree of heterosexual confidence that modern men may possess at decreasing rate. | ||
==Statistics== | ==Statistics== | ||
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* Homosexuals, lesbians, and transsexuals are poorer than straight people.<ref name="takimag"></ref> | * Homosexuals, lesbians, and transsexuals are poorer than straight people.<ref name="takimag"></ref> | ||
* Gay men are 10-15 times more likely than straight men to have eating disorders, are more likely to suffer from anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder and account for 63% of new syphilis cases.<ref name="takimag"></ref> | * Gay men are 10-15 times more likely than straight men to have eating disorders, are more likely to suffer from anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder and account for 63% of new syphilis cases.<ref name="takimag"></ref> | ||
* Lesbians are twice as likely as straight women to have eating disorders.<ref name="takimag"></ref> | * Lesbians are twice as likely as straight women to have eating disorders.<ref name="takimag"></ref> | ||
* Gays are more likely than straight people to have mental illness.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2072932/</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4655175/</ref> | * Gays are more likely than straight people to have mental illness.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2072932/</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4655175/</ref> | ||