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Up until the turn of the millennium, marriage was enforced quite strictly such that among 30-34 year olds only 2% of women (but 10% of men) were single.<ref>Ji, Y. (2015). Between tradition and modernity: "leftover" women in shanghai. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(5), 1057-1073.</ref> | Up until the turn of the millennium, marriage was enforced quite strictly such that among 30-34 year olds only 2% of women (but 10% of men) were single.<ref>Ji, Y. (2015). Between tradition and modernity: "leftover" women in shanghai. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(5), 1057-1073.</ref> | ||
However, these norms have relaxed since the liberalization following the 1990s economic boom.<ref>http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-08-22/chinas-leftover-ladies-are-anything-but</ref> | However, these norms have been relaxed since the liberalization following the 1990s economic boom.<ref>http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-08-22/chinas-leftover-ladies-are-anything-but</ref> | ||
As shown in the table below, due to these formally strict norms, among older Chinese academics one observes very few 'incels' (those who are single and face difficulties attracting a partner) when compared to a matching Greece sample which has lower marriage rates. This suggests that marriage norms may decide significantly over inceldom rates. | As shown in the table below, due to these formally strict norms, among older Chinese academics one observes very few 'incels' (those who are single and face difficulties attracting a partner) when compared to a matching Greece sample which has lower marriage rates. This suggests that marriage norms may decide significantly over inceldom rates. | ||