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→Being Asian in the USA is a primary predictor of 'never being kissed'
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | <span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | ||
Though the data collected by this survey was not broken down by sex, it is likely that up to double the Asian men in this sample were 'never kissed' compared to Asian women. Previous US data has demonstrated that young adult Asian men are more than twice as likely to not be in a relationship than Asian women. | |||
The higher sexlessness among east Asians | The higher sexlessness among east Asians than other races found by this survey may be related to various cultural and biological factors. | ||
Firstly, the greater level of physical [[neoteny]] found among Asians likely benefits Asian women, as men prefer neotenous traits in women. It is unclear whether this greater neoteny would be strongly detrimental to Asian men's dating prospects, as the influence of facial masculinity on men's sexual success [[https://incels.wiki/w/Facial_masculinity seems weak and equivocal when it does exist]]. | |||
One masculine trait that has been consistently found to benefit sexual success that Asian men generally lack vis à vis other races is muscle mass. Asian males have a substantially lower average fat-free mass index (FFMI) than other races (Hull et al., 2011) and also tend to have more body fat (particularly subcutaneous fat, Wang et al., 1994). This means Asian males are likely substantially weaker, on average, than men of other races, which may prevent sexual access to women. This lower sexual access may be mediated by female sexual selection (a female preference for muscular men) or by weaker men being more likely to lose dominance contests that determine access to women in certain environments, as Kordesmeyer et al. found (2018). | |||
In the US, Asian males are also generally shorter than whites and blacks by over an inch on average (NCHS, 2021), which would likely weaken their desirability to women (somewhat) and decrease their capacity for physical intimidation. | |||
On the other hand, | In regards to personality traits linked to sexual behavior, East Asians are generally lower in the big-five personality traits extraversion and lower in neuroticism than other racial groups. (Fischer et al., 2018). | ||
This may be especially detrimental to Asian men's courtship chances due to women's passive courtship style. | |||
The greater negative effect of male passivity on mating success is indicated by the fact that social anxiety has substantially reduced men's mating success more than women's. (Nordsletten et al., 2016). | |||
There is a common stereotype that Asians are polite, timid, and passive, traits that generally seem detrimental to the sexual success of men in particular. It is also possible that a slower overall life history speed among Asians is associated with higher levels of sexlessness in general, with this slower life history speed resulting in later physical maturation and onset of sexual behavior. A slower life history speed would also involve concomitant psychological adaptions that result in deferred reproduction [Dutton & Madison, 2016] in return for larger investments in somatic effort (biological, phenotypical, and in humans, economic investments in and by an organism that result in greater reproductive potential later in life). | |||
Evolutionary mismatches and culture shocks may also play a role. Hsu (2021) found that East Asians residing in North America had higher levels of social anxiety than native whites, an effect that was strongest for second-generation Asians (''d'' = 0.495). | |||
This study discovered no statistically significant differences in reported social anxiety levels between native-born North American whites and native-born East Asians residing in their own country (Chinese and Koreans). In light of this finding, Hsu theorized that cultural differences between Asian and Western cultures, mainly the general focus on collective values vs. individualism and Asians' perceptions of lower social status relative to natives, may have played a role in driving this. It is perhaps possible that evolutionary mismatches may play a role here. | |||
A higher cultural focus on binding {{W|Moral foundations theory|moral values}}, that is, cultural beliefs that abnegate the interests of the group towards the interests of the individual, a greater rate of arranged marriage adaptions, an overall slower life history speed and a relative lack of physical formidability, together with other factors, may all contribute to psychobiological factors that harm Asian's mental health. | |||
Regardless of the causes, Asian males seem to be disadvantaged in dating in general compared to other ethnic groups. | |||
In the US, there is a trend towards Asian males (Livingston & Brown, 2017) being less likely to intermarriage than Asian females, with more than one-third (36%) of Asian newlywed females marrying out, compared to 21% of Asian males. | |||
This trend appears to have held relatively steady since the 1980s and is apparent among US-born Asians and recent immigrants. | |||
These trends are also likely reflected in the sex distribution of interracial cohabitations in the US, though the data here is not precise. 46% of Asians in the US who are cohabitating are doing so with a partner of a different ethnicity (Livingston, 2017). | |||
Suppose gender trends in interracial cohabitation follow sex differences in interracial marriage. Taken together with the fact that young Asian males have the highest rate of sexlessness and the fact that youth are more likely to cohabitate than marry (Gurrentz, 2018), it seems apparent that a large number of young Asian women in the US (and likely similar countries) are cohabitating with non-Asian men, predominantly white men, while the men of the same age are sexless. | |||
On the other hand, some argue that this increase in sexlessness among East Asians is attributable to cultural factors. They assert that East Asian cultures are generally more conformist, strict, and traditional than Western culture. These cultural norms are argued to result in behaviors that lead to sexual success being censured and frowned upon by their parents and peer groups (such as risk-seeking behaviors and drinking, partying, overt sexual displays). | |||
However, while these norms may partly explain why sexlessness rates are lower among Asians in general (due to a possible overlap between Asian ethnicity and reduced alcohol consumption, increased likelihood of being an honor student, and so forth), these culturally mediated and sociological explanations do not adequately explain why East Asian men in the US are twice as likely to not be in a relationship than East Asian women. | |||
The sex gap is also not likely explained by differences in income among men, as Asians have a slightly higher median household income than whites, Kochar & Cillufo, 2018), a trend that is even stronger among those at the right tail of the income distribution. | |||
Asian-Americans are also much more educated than the general population (54% of Asian-Americans have a bachelor's degree or higher compared to 33% of the general population of the same age, Budiman & Ruiz, 2021). It is unlikely to see how there a difference in interracial contact comparing Asian females and males driving the sex difference in interracial cohabitations and marriages. | |||
The explanation that greater sexlessness among Asians is partly explicable by the time constraints caused by the greater prevalence of enrollment in higher education among East Asians also fails to explain this sex discrepancy among Asians regarding sexual behavior. It also fails to explain why Asians are more likely to be sexless than other races, stereotypes about conscientious Asian students aside. | |||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span> | <span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span> | ||
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span> | <span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span> | ||
* Lefkowitz ES, Wesche R, Leavitt CE. 2018. ''Never Been Kissed: Correlates of Lifetime Kissing Status in U.S. University Students.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior. 47(4): 1283-1293. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-018-1166-y Abstract]] | * Lefkowitz ES, Wesche R, Leavitt CE. 2018. ''Never Been Kissed: Correlates of Lifetime Kissing Status in U.S. University Students.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior. 47(4): 1283-1293. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-018-1166-y Abstract]] | ||
* Fischer, R, Lee A, & Verzijden M. 2018. ''Dopamine genes are linked to Extraversion and Neuroticism personality traits, but only in demanding climates''. Scientific Reports(8):1733. [[https://www. | * Fischer, R, Lee A, & Verzijden M. 2018. ''Dopamine genes are linked to Extraversion and Neuroticism personality traits, but only in demanding climates''. Scientific Reports(8):1733. [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322766325_Dopamine_genes_are_linked_to_Extraversion_and_Neuroticism_personality_traits_but_only_in_demanding_climates Abstract]] | ||
* Hull, HR, Thornton, J, Wang, J, Pierson, RN, Kaleem, Z, Pi-Sunyer, X, Gallagher, D. 2010. ''Fat-free mass index: changes and race/ethnic differences in adulthood''. International Journal of Obesity, 35(1), 121–127. [[https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.111 Abstract]] | |||
* Dutton, E & Madison G. 2016. ''Life History and Race Differences in Puberty Length: A Test of Differential-K Theory.'' The Mankind Quarterly 56(4):546-561. [[https://www.researchgate.net/deref/http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.46469%2Fmq.2016.56.4.4 FullText]] | * Dutton, E & Madison G. 2016. ''Life History and Race Differences in Puberty Length: A Test of Differential-K Theory.'' The Mankind Quarterly 56(4):546-561. [[https://www.researchgate.net/deref/http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.46469%2Fmq.2016.56.4.4 FullText]] | ||
* Wang, J, Thornton, JC, Russell, M, Burastero, S, Heymsfield, S, & Pierson, RN. 1994. ''Asians have lower body mass index (BMI) but higher percent body fat than do whites: comparisons of anthropometric measurements.'' The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60(1), 23–28. [[https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/60.1.23 Abstract]] | |||
* National Centre for Health Statistics. ''Vital and Health Statistics Analytical and Epidemiological Studies''. 2021. [[https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_03/sr03-046-508.pdf Fulltext]] | |||
* Kordsmeyer TL, Hunt J, Puts DA, Ostner J, Penke L. 2018. ''The relative importance of intra-and intersexual selection on human male sexually dimorphic traits.'' Evolution and Human Behavior, 39(4), pp.424-436. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.03.008 Abstract]] [[http://larspenke.eu/pdfs/Kordsmeyer_et_al_2018_-_Intra-_vs_intersexual_selection_on_human_males.pdf Fulltext]] | |||
* Nordsletten, AE, Larsson, H, Crowley, JJ, Almqvist, C, Lichtenstein, P, & Mataix-Cols, D. 2016. ''Patterns of Nonrandom Mating Within and Across 11 Major Psychiatric Disorders''. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(4), 354. [[https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.3192 Abstract]] | |||
* Hsu, L, Woody, SR, Lee, HJ, Peng, Y, Zhou, X, & Ryder, AG. 2012. ''Social anxiety among East Asians in North America: East Asian socialization or the challenge of acculturation?'' Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18(2), 181–191. [[https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027690 Abstract]] | |||
* Livingston, G & Brown, A. 2017. ''Trends and patterns in intermarriage. Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project.'' [[https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2017/05/18/1-trends-and-patterns-in-intermarriage/ Article]] | |||
* Livingston, G. 2017. ''Among U.S. cohabiters, 18% have a partner of a different race or ethnicity''. [[https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/06/08/among-u-s-cohabiters-18-have-a-partner-of-a-different-race-or-ethnicity/ Article]] | |||
* Gurrentz, B. 2018. ''Living with an Unmarried Partner Now Common for Young Adults''. [[https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2018/11/cohabitation-is-up-marriage-is-down-for-young-adults.html Article]] | |||
* Budiman, A & Ruiz NG. 2021. ''Key facts about Asian Americans, a diverse and growing population''. [[https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/04/29/key-facts-about-asian-americans/ Article]] | |||
* Kochhar R & Cilluffo, A. 2018. ''Income Inequality in the U.S. Is Rising Most Rapidly Among Asians''. [[https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2018/07/12/income-inequality-in-the-u-s-is-rising-most-rapidly-among-asians/ Article]] | |||
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Asian_women_marry_interracially_more_than_twice_as_often_as_Asian_men">Asian women marry interracially more than twice as often as Asian men</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Asian_women_marry_interracially_more_than_twice_as_often_as_Asian_men">Asian women marry interracially more than twice as often as Asian men</span>=== | ||