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'''Gossip''': In both of these homosexual reproductive strategies, the penetree is associated with low status, so men can use accusations of gayness as means of [[intrasexual competition]]. | '''Gossip''': In both of these homosexual reproductive strategies, the penetree is associated with low status, so men can use accusations of gayness as means of [[intrasexual competition]]. | ||
Omega males are of no use for betas, so betas exclude and bully them to foil any competitive threat that may arise<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0886260515593546</ref> (see also [[Reproductive success#Violent_reproductive_strategies|violent reproductive strategies]]). | Omega males are of no use for betas, so betas exclude and bully them to foil any competitive threat that may arise<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0886260515593546</ref> (see also [[Reproductive success#Violent_reproductive_strategies|violent reproductive strategies]]). | ||
The cross-cultural prevalence of laws against homosexuality may be driven by the same innate tendency among males to accuse one another of gayness. Alternatively or additionally such laws may also have culturally evolved to limit the excessive, dominant promiscuity that also exists in gay communities, which may be regarded as uncivilized or a health threat with regards to [[STD]]s, however, [[antifragility]] should imply that this is not a huge problem. | The cross-cultural prevalence of laws against homosexuality may be driven by the same innate tendency among males to accuse one another of gayness. Alternatively or additionally such laws may also have culturally evolved to limit the excessive, dominant promiscuity that also exists in gay communities, which may be [[wikipedia:Self-domestication|regarded as uncivilized]] or a health threat with regards to [[STD]]s, however, [[antifragility]] should imply that this is not a huge problem. | ||
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'''Costly signaling''': As a result of potential adaptations for accusing men of gayness, men of higher status can use homosexual or homosocial acts, not only as act of intimidation, but also for the purposes of showing-off, as [[signaling theory|costly signaling]] risking being accused of gayness, but being confident in one's ability to thwart such insults to one's reputation and social standing, hence robust evidence of high social status. Evidence of such signaling may be found, for example, in a study by Robison and Anderson from University of Winchester in which highly confident and masculine men (sport athletes) did engage in homosocial tactility,<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1097184X17730386?journalCode=jmma</ref><ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/straight-men-cuddle-guys-study_n_5241953?ri18n=true&guccounter=2</ref> | '''Costly signaling''': As a result of potential adaptations for accusing men of gayness, men of higher status can use homosexual or homosocial acts, not only as act of intimidation, but also for the purposes of showing-off, as [[signaling theory|costly signaling]] risking being accused of gayness, but being confident in one's ability to thwart such insults to one's reputation and social standing, hence robust evidence of high social status. Evidence of such signaling may be found, for example, in a study by Robison and Anderson from University of Winchester in which highly confident and masculine men (sport athletes) did engage in homosocial tactility,<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1097184X17730386?journalCode=jmma</ref><ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/straight-men-cuddle-guys-study_n_5241953?ri18n=true&guccounter=2</ref> | ||