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*'''Helper in the nest''': This hypothesis claims that gay males tend to help in the household increasing the [[reproductive success]] of siblings,<ref name="ref42"></ref>, helping relatives to survive by allocating to them material resources, childcare, and protection being freed from the burden of caring for one's own offspring,<ref>Wilson, E. O. (1975). ''Sociobiology: The new synthesis.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</ref><ref>Wilson, E. O. (1978). ''On human nature.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press</ref> however homosexuals do not actually seem to exhibit more kinship behavior.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/J_Bailey2/publication/247233162_Is_male_homosexuality_maintained_via_kin_selection/links/5a09db03aca272d40f411b26/Is-male-homosexuality-maintained-via-kin-selection.pdf</ref> This also does not really explain bisexuality. Exclusive homosexuality is also rare, so this cannot be a strong selective pressure. | *'''Helper in the nest''': This hypothesis claims that gay males tend to help in the household increasing the [[reproductive success]] of siblings,<ref name="ref42"></ref>, helping relatives to survive by allocating to them material resources, childcare, and protection being freed from the burden of caring for one's own offspring,<ref>Wilson, E. O. (1975). ''Sociobiology: The new synthesis.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</ref><ref>Wilson, E. O. (1978). ''On human nature.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press</ref> however homosexuals do not actually seem to exhibit more kinship behavior.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/J_Bailey2/publication/247233162_Is_male_homosexuality_maintained_via_kin_selection/links/5a09db03aca272d40f411b26/Is-male-homosexuality-maintained-via-kin-selection.pdf</ref> This also does not really explain bisexuality. Exclusive homosexuality is also rare, so this cannot be a strong selective pressure. | ||
=== Other adaptations === | === Other adaptations or causes === | ||
*'''Feminization advantage for female relatives''': Homosexuals presumably being more feminine may confer an increased fecundity in the females related to the homosexual (feminine) genes from (related to selection-mutation balance). | *'''Feminization advantage for female relatives''': Homosexuals presumably being more feminine may confer an increased fecundity in the females related to the homosexual (feminine) genes from (related to selection-mutation balance). | ||
*'''Selection-mutation balance''': [[Mutation]]s occur naturally. Hence some number of males are expected to express androphilia, but sexual selection will rule out mutations over time as best as it can, but it cannot be ruled entirely as mutations are unpredictable and some amount of mutation is useful to adapt to environmental changes and outcompete other species, hence a balance between mutation and selection is maintained. | *'''Selection-mutation balance''': [[Mutation]]s occur naturally. Hence some number of males are expected to express androphilia, but sexual selection will rule out mutations over time as best as it can, but it cannot be ruled entirely as mutations are unpredictable and some amount of mutation is useful to adapt to environmental changes and outcompete other species, hence a balance between mutation and selection is maintained. | ||
*'''Indiscriminate mating''': Mounting partners of any sex rather than only the one that can conceive may be correlated with reproductive success strongly enough that such sexual attraction to either sex becomes adaptive.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347216000087</ref> | |||
*'''Developmental disturbances''': Related to the previous point, homosexuality may be caused by environmental disturbances, which may act in the same or similar ways as genetic mutations, causing some males to express androphilia.<ref>https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Pathogenic_theory_of_homosexuality</ref> | *'''Developmental disturbances''': Related to the previous point, homosexuality may be caused by environmental disturbances, which may act in the same or similar ways as genetic mutations, causing some males to express androphilia.<ref>https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Pathogenic_theory_of_homosexuality</ref> | ||