Rape: Difference between revisions

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Further evidence for women to be adapted to rape is their much less specific genital arousal in response to visual stimuli. While men primarily only exhibit penile arousal in response to [[neoteny|neotenous]], post-pubertal females,<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#It_is_normal_for_healthy_men_to_find_pubescent_.26_prepubescent_females_sexually_arousing</ref>, women's vaginal arousal can even be elicited by the sight of animal sex. This unspecific sensitivity might protect them from skin tears and infection during rape.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9339-8</ref>
Further evidence for women to be adapted to rape is their much less specific genital arousal in response to visual stimuli. While men primarily only exhibit penile arousal in response to [[neoteny|neotenous]], post-pubertal females,<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#It_is_normal_for_healthy_men_to_find_pubescent_.26_prepubescent_females_sexually_arousing</ref>, women's vaginal arousal can even be elicited by the sight of animal sex. This unspecific sensitivity might protect them from skin tears and infection during rape.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9339-8</ref>


Rape needs to be distinguished from coercion which has a related, but distinct biological purpose. While rape is predominantly a fast [[life history]] strategy that involves very little investment into the offspring, coercion can be even regarded as a slow life history trait. For example, provided women lose their sex drive much sooner in a [[relationship]],<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Women_rapidly_lose_interest_in_sex_once_in_a_stable_relationship_or_living_with_a_man</ref> by forcing women do remain in a marriage, the offspring is better cared for than it being raised by [[single mom]]s. Due to women's [[sex drive|coyness]], lower [[sex drive]] and unwillingness to initiate sexual acts, some amount of coercion may often be necessary for relationships, sex and reproduction to take place at all, even in a slow life history setting.
Rape should be distinguished from coercion which has a related, but distinct biological purpose. While rape is predominantly a fast [[life history]] strategy that involves very little investment into the offspring, coercion can be even regarded as a slow life history trait. For example, provided women lose their sex drive much sooner in a [[relationship]],<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Women_rapidly_lose_interest_in_sex_once_in_a_stable_relationship_or_living_with_a_man</ref> by forcing women do remain in a marriage, the offspring is better cared for than it being raised by [[single mom]]s. Due to women's [[sex drive|coyness]], lower [[sex drive]] and unwillingness to initiate sexual acts, some amount of coercion may often be necessary for relationships, sex and reproduction to take place at all, even in a slow life history setting.<ref name="smuts1992"></ref>


Evolutionary psychology can provide potential explanations for rape and rape fantasies:
Evolutionary psychology can provide potential explanations for rape and rape fantasies:
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'''Male dominance/female surrender''': This is a basic pattern in the animal world in which the male must present a display of dominance, pursue, and sometimes physically subdue the female and overcome her coyness (Helen Fisher, 1999).<ref name="fisher1999">Fisher H. 1999. The first sex. New York: Random House.</ref> [[Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt]] (1989) suggests this behavior comes from from primitive brain regions that have evolved to ensure successful mating in reptiles, birds, and mammals.<ref>Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. 1989. ''Pair Formation, Courtship, Sexual Love.'' In: ''Human Ethology.'' Rougtledge. [[https://books.google.com/books?id=-CExDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT6&ots=KctjD7Zprm&dq=Pair%20Formation%2C%20Courtship%2C%20Sexual%20Love&pg=PT335#v=onepage&q=Pair%20Formation,%20Courtship,%20Sexual%20Love&f=false Excerpt]]</ref><ref name="eibl1990">Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. 1990. ''Dominance, Submission, and Love: Sexual Pathologies from the Perspective of Ethology.'' In: Feierman, J. R. (ed.): Pedophilia. Biosocial Dimensions. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990 151-175. [[https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_6 Abstract]]</ref> Helen Fisher also suggests that females may have a natural desire to surrender to a selected, dominant male.<ref name="fisher1999" /> Women may prefer a potential of threat from their males to test his ability to defend against other males, being the physically weaker sex ([[bodyguard hypothesis]]). The trope of the female taming the ruthless man is also extremely common in erotic literature for women.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Women_are_drawn_more_than_men_to_nonfiction_stories_of_rape.2C_murder.2C_and_serial_killers</ref> There is evidence that male-perpetrated female-directed violence may allow greater sexual access to a female.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Men_who_exhibit_antisocial_and_criminal_behaviors_reproduce_more_successfully</ref> Women's fantasies to be raped hence merely represent their desire to be captured by the strongest male among a wide variety of men she tests. Hence, rape fantasies go hand in hand with [[slut|sluttiness]] to arouse the attention of many men.
'''Male dominance/female surrender''': This is a basic pattern in the animal world in which the male must present a display of dominance, pursue, and sometimes physically subdue the female and overcome her coyness (Helen Fisher, 1999).<ref name="fisher1999">Fisher H. 1999. The first sex. New York: Random House.</ref> [[Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt]] (1989) suggests this behavior comes from from primitive brain regions that have evolved to ensure successful mating in reptiles, birds, and mammals.<ref>Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. 1989. ''Pair Formation, Courtship, Sexual Love.'' In: ''Human Ethology.'' Rougtledge. [[https://books.google.com/books?id=-CExDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT6&ots=KctjD7Zprm&dq=Pair%20Formation%2C%20Courtship%2C%20Sexual%20Love&pg=PT335#v=onepage&q=Pair%20Formation,%20Courtship,%20Sexual%20Love&f=false Excerpt]]</ref><ref name="eibl1990">Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. 1990. ''Dominance, Submission, and Love: Sexual Pathologies from the Perspective of Ethology.'' In: Feierman, J. R. (ed.): Pedophilia. Biosocial Dimensions. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990 151-175. [[https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_6 Abstract]]</ref> Helen Fisher also suggests that females may have a natural desire to surrender to a selected, dominant male.<ref name="fisher1999" /> Women may prefer a potential of threat from their males to test his ability to defend against other males, being the physically weaker sex ([[bodyguard hypothesis]]). The trope of the female taming the ruthless man is also extremely common in erotic literature for women.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Women_are_drawn_more_than_men_to_nonfiction_stories_of_rape.2C_murder.2C_and_serial_killers</ref> There is evidence that male-perpetrated female-directed violence may allow greater sexual access to a female.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Men_who_exhibit_antisocial_and_criminal_behaviors_reproduce_more_successfully</ref> Women's fantasies to be raped hence merely represent their desire to be captured by the strongest male among a wide variety of men she tests. Hence, rape fantasies go hand in hand with [[slut|sluttiness]] to arouse the attention of many men.
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'''[[Signaling theory|Zahevian/costly signal]]''': Relatedly to the dominance/surrender model, the ability to rape may also act as a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_theory costly signal] of physical strength and high status, and may tie into [[Scientific Blackpill#On_average.2C_women_are_attracted_to_the_Dark_Triad.E2.80.94narcissism.2C_manipulativeness.2C_.26_psychopathy|women's preference for low-empathy men]]. Some evidence for this hypothesis may be provided by studies finding that women are more likely to subsequent date men that successfully rape them vs men who attempt and fail to rape them, with Ellis, Widmayer, and Palmer (2009) finding that of North American female college students who reported being raped,  19.4% of women who successfully resisted the attacker vs 27.2% of women who failed to stop the assault reported subsequent acts of sexual intercourse with the attacker.<ref name="ref50">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0306624X08316711</ref>
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'''Warfare''': During warfare common between ancestral tribes, men of both high and low status could likely vastly increase their [[reproductive success|reproductive success]] by raping the captured women with little fear of reprisal. Some have also proposed that men's tendency to rape during war can be seen as a mechanism that promotes in-group cohesion by having men break a powerful social taboo together.<ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/explaining-rape-during-civil-war-crossnational-evidence-19802009/30FC323D6DA7E923547156CC0E947213</ref>
'''Warfare''': During warfare common between ancestral tribes, men of both high and low status could likely vastly increase their [[reproductive success|reproductive success]] by raping the captured women with little fear of reprisal. Some have also proposed that men's tendency to rape during war can be seen as a mechanism that promotes in-group cohesion by having men break a powerful social taboo together.<ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/explaining-rape-during-civil-war-crossnational-evidence-19802009/30FC323D6DA7E923547156CC0E947213</ref>
The nearly universal prevalence of rape during the history of human warfare may also have exerted selection pressures that led to women being naturally submissive to violent men and more responsive to male violence or sexual coercion.<ref>https://faculty.washington.edu/hechter/KanazawaPaper.pdf</ref> Women who resisted rape when their group was overrun by another would have been at a greater risk of being killed, resulting in these women's more assertive genes being purged. Those women who committed suicide out of shame in response to being raped (like the Roman noblewoman Lucretia, whose rape led to the overthrow of the Roman monarchy and the advent of the republic) would obviously also experience severely truncated reproductive careers, so this is a highly unlikely natural response.
The nearly universal prevalence of rape during the history of human warfare may also have exerted selection pressures that led to women being naturally submissive to violent men and more responsive to male violence or sexual coercion.<ref>https://faculty.washington.edu/hechter/KanazawaPaper.pdf</ref> Women who resisted rape when their group was overrun by another would have been at a greater risk of being killed, resulting in these women's more assertive genes being purged. Those women who committed suicide out of shame in response to being raped (like the Roman noblewoman Lucretia, whose rape led to the overthrow of the Roman monarchy and the advent of the republic) would obviously also experience severely truncated reproductive careers, so this is a highly unlikely natural response.
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'''Bateman's principle''': Men's urge to rape may also have evolved because men have less [[Bateman's principle|parental investment]], which was proposed by Donald Symons (1979).<ref>Symons D. 1979. The evolution of human sexuality.</ref> Men do not need to give birth to the offspring nor care for it, hence can increase their reproductive success by impregnating/raping many women and let other people care for the offspring (a socially parasitic [[reproductive strategy]]). For this reason, women evolved a natural disgust of being raped by [[beauty|ugly]] men. But women have likely also evolved to prefer healthy and good looking rapists because the tendency to rape will be passed on and enable high reproductive success in the offspring as well. This may explain why most women [[Scientific Blackpill#Personality|have secret desires]] to be raped (by good looking men that is). Women's preference for rape may hence be a co-evolved sexual preference to this (and equally socially parasitic as someone else has got to provide).
'''Bateman's principle''': Men's urge to rape may also have evolved because men have less [[Bateman's principle|parental investment]], which was proposed by Donald Symons (1979).<ref>Symons D. 1979. The evolution of human sexuality.</ref> Men do not need to give birth to the offspring nor care for it, hence can increase their reproductive success by impregnating/raping many women and let other people care for the offspring (a socially parasitic [[reproductive strategy]]). For this reason, women evolved a disgust response to being raped by [[beauty|ugly]], low status men, but at least [[life history|fast-life strategic]] women may have evolved to prefer to be raped by healthy and good looking men because the tendency to rape will be passed on and enable high reproductive success in the offspring as well. This may explain why many women [[Scientific Blackpill#Personality|have secret desires]] to be raped (by good looking men that is). Women's preference for rape may hence be a co-evolved sexual preference to men's fast-life strategy of spreading their seed far and wide.
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'''Positive feedback''': [[Fisherian runaway|Positive-feedback]] in sexual selection may have reinforced this sexual strategy since women have a natural tendency to expose themselves to rapists and copulating with a rapist produces more rapist male offspring. This forms a feedback loop in women's heritable desire to be raped, i.e. there is evolutionary pressure for women to find rapists attractive for the sole reason that other women will find their rapist offspring attractive. Such feedback could be initiated by an initial slight reproductive advantage e.g. due to Bateman's principle as discussed above. Another relation of rape to positive feedback could be that [[Fisherian runaway|runaway selected]] ornament this way makes sexy women a sufficiently desirable vehicle for ones genes (due to the prospect on producing [[sexy sons hypothesis|sexy daughters]]) that it can make up for the risk of facing negative social consequences or even death. As a result, women's rape fantasies may consist in taking pride in being physically attractive enough that a man is willing to take these risks.
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'''Relationship coercion''': Quite diametrical to the notion of Bateman's principle, Smuts (1992) suggested men might also use rape and coercion to force their woman to be faithful and to gain long-term exclusive sexual access to avoid being cuckolded by intimidation. Evidence for this hypothesis is for example that the rapist is often an acquaintance or partner, rather than a stranger or sexually deprived male, and that a sizable portion of women continue relationships with such a partner.
'''Positive feedback''': [[Fisherian runaway|Positive-feedback]] in sexual selection may have reinforced this sexual strategy since some women have a natural tendency to expose themselves to rapists and copulating with a rapist produces more rapist male offspring. This forms a feedback loop in women's heritable desire to be raped, i.e. there is evolutionary pressure for women to find rapists attractive for the sole reason that other women will find their rapist offspring attractive. Such feedback could be initiated by an initial slight reproductive advantage e.g. due to Bateman's principle as discussed above. Another relation of rape to positive feedback could be that [[Fisherian runaway|runaway selected]] ornament this way makes sexy women a sufficiently desirable vehicle for ones genes (due to the prospect on producing [[sexy sons hypothesis|sexy daughters]]) that it can make up for the risk of facing negative social consequences or even death. As a result, women's rape fantasies may consist in taking pride in being physically attractive enough that a man is willing to take these risks.
</li><li>
</li><li>
'''Zahevian/costly signal''': The ability to rape may also act as a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_theory costly signal] of physical strength and high status, and may tie into [[Scientific Blackpill#On_average.2C_women_are_attracted_to_the_Dark_Triad.E2.80.94narcissism.2C_manipulativeness.2C_.26_psychopathy|women's preference for low-empathy men]]. Some evidence for this hypothesis may be provided by studies finding that women are more likely to subsequent date men that successfully rape them vs men who attempt and fail to rape them, with Ellis, Widmayer, and Palmer (2009) finding that of North American female college students who reported being raped,  19.4% of women who successfully resisted the attacker vs 27.2% of women who failed to stop the assault reported subsequent acts of sexual intercourse with the attacker. <ref name="ref50">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0306624X08316711</ref>
'''Relationship coercion''': Quite diametrical to the notion of Bateman's principle, Smuts (1992) suggested men might also use rape and coercion to force their woman to be faithful and to gain long-term exclusive sexual access to avoid being cuckolded by intimidation.<ref name="smuts1992">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24222394/</ref> Evidence for this hypothesis is for example that the rapist is often an acquaintance or partner, rather than a stranger or sexually deprived male, and that a sizable portion of women continue relationships with such a partner.
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'''Sexual deprivation''': Sexual deprivation may urge men to rape as suggested by Thornhill and Palmer (2000). However, this has been disputed recently.<ref name="ref48">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0162309596000763</ref> Men may also rape in order to satisfy a fetish for violent and coercive sex, out of a psychopathic drive for high levels of sexual stimulation (these rapists typically being sexually experienced), or men being driven in some cases to rape their partner when they suspect cuckoldry,<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12110-006-1009-8</ref> in order to compete with the male rival for impregnation of their partner.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1037%2F1089-2680.12.1.86</ref>
'''Sexual deprivation''': Sexual deprivation may urge men to rape as suggested by Thornhill and Palmer (2000). However, this has been disputed recently.<ref name="ref48">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0162309596000763</ref> Men may also rape in order to satisfy a fetish for violent and coercive sex, out of a psychopathic drive for high levels of sexual stimulation (these rapists typically being sexually experienced), or men being driven in some cases to rape their partner when they suspect cuckoldry,<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12110-006-1009-8</ref> in order to compete with the male rival for impregnation of their partner.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1037%2F1089-2680.12.1.86</ref>
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