Trusted, Automoderated users
17,538
edits
Neoteny: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
→Sex differences in neoteny
| Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
There is also no significant sex difference in exposed iris as a fraction of the overall eye area.<ref name="danel2020"></ref> | There is also no significant sex difference in exposed iris as a fraction of the overall eye area.<ref name="danel2020"></ref> | ||
However, due to women's smaller mandible and nose, women's eyes appear proportionally slightly larger than men's.<ref>https://www.facebase.org/facial_norms/summary/index.html#maxfacewidth</ref> Especially the nose is responsible for this effect, being very close to the eyes and on average around 12% smaller than men's with a very large effect size of about d = 2. Since human cognition operates only on relative sizes, not absolute sizes, larger eyes have presumably the same effect on women's attractiveness ratings as proportionally smaller noses. | However, due to women's smaller mandible and nose, women's eyes appear proportionally slightly larger than men's.<ref>https://www.facebase.org/facial_norms/summary/index.html#maxfacewidth</ref> Especially the nose is responsible for this effect, being very close to the eyes and on average around 12% smaller than men's with a very large effect size of about d = 2. Since human cognition operates only on relative sizes, not absolute sizes, larger eyes have presumably the same effect on women's attractiveness ratings as proportionally smaller noses. | ||
Rather than eye size, a more substantial sex difference is that women's eyes are ''rounder'' (d = .66 in terms of width-to-height ratio, which is a moderate effect size), while men's eyes tend to be vertically narrower and more rectangular like [[hunter eyes]].<ref name="danel2020">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00265-020-02894-1</ref> | Rather than eye size, a more substantial sex difference is that women's eyes are ''rounder'' (d = .66 in terms of width-to-height ratio, which is a moderate effect size), while men's eyes tend to be vertically narrower and the corners of the eyes are more rectangular like [[hunter eyes]].<ref name="danel2020">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00265-020-02894-1</ref> | ||
The other primary neotenous facial feature that women posses is their less developed lower-facial features, having around 10% lower facial depth (d = 2.0), i.e. a lower distance from the chin to the ears and less forward growth, owing to a shorter mandible, which is also narrower (d = 1.0).<ref>https://www.facebase.org/facial_norms/summary/#mandwidth</ref> The relationship between a small lower-facial features and men's attraction to it has also been empirically established cross-culturally.<ref name="jones95"></ref> Women's upper and lower lips are about 10% fuller/higher on average (d = 1.0 for the upper lip and d = 0.7 for the lower lip).<ref>https://www.facebase.org/facial_norms/summary/#uplipheight</ref> Women's and men's heads are roughly proportional to their stature without noteworthy sex differences in this ratio,<ref>https://www.facebase.org/facial_norms/summary/#maxcranwidth</ref><ref name="height">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_human_height_by_country Using Finns as reference population for Caucasians</ref> though women's ratio of head to body size is likely higher when including their fuller, longer hair and more voluminous hair styles, as well as women's more inverse-V shaped/tapered body owing to their pathetic upper body strength and men's elongated clavicles being a closer contextual/comparative feature to head size (much like the nose determines perceived eye size). Women also have a more even and smooth fat distribution in their faces and across their entire bodies which reminds of baby fat.{{citation needed}} | The other primary neotenous facial feature that women posses is their less developed lower-facial features, having around 10% lower facial depth (d = 2.0), i.e. a lower distance from the chin to the ears and less forward growth, owing to a shorter mandible, which is also narrower (d = 1.0).<ref>https://www.facebase.org/facial_norms/summary/#mandwidth</ref> The relationship between a small lower-facial features and men's attraction to it has also been empirically established cross-culturally.<ref name="jones95"></ref> Women's upper and lower lips are about 10% fuller/higher on average (d = 1.0 for the upper lip and d = 0.7 for the lower lip).<ref>https://www.facebase.org/facial_norms/summary/#uplipheight</ref> Women's and men's heads are roughly proportional to their stature without noteworthy sex differences in this ratio,<ref>https://www.facebase.org/facial_norms/summary/#maxcranwidth</ref><ref name="height">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_human_height_by_country Using Finns as reference population for Caucasians</ref> though women's ratio of head to body size is likely higher when including their fuller, longer hair and more voluminous hair styles, as well as women's more inverse-V shaped/tapered body owing to their pathetic upper body strength and men's elongated clavicles being a closer contextual/comparative feature to head size (much like the nose determines perceived eye size). Women also have a more even and smooth fat distribution in their faces and across their entire bodies which reminds of baby fat.{{citation needed}} | ||