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== Sex differences in neoteny == | == Sex differences in neoteny == | ||
The most obvious physical neotenous trait in women is their shorter stature with women being about 8% taller with a very large effect size of d = 2.0,<ref name="height"></ref> as well as their weaker physique, with the largest sex difference being in upper body musculature pertaining to throwing, grip and lifting, with effect sizes north of d = 2.5.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill_(Supplemental)#Almost_all_men_are_stronger_than_almost_all_women</ref> | |||
A neotenous face is one with a high ratio of neurocranial to lower-facial features, while also exhibiting a small nose and ears and full lips.<ref name="jones95">https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1601&context=fchd_facpub</ref> Part of the relatively enlarged neurocranial features is the eye region and various animal babies have proportionally very large eyes. But while it is true, that men are more sexually attracted to women with larger eyes,<ref>Cunningham MR, Roberts AR, Barbee AP, Druen PB, Wu CH (1995). "Their ideas of beauty are, on the whole, the same as ours": consistency and variability in the cross-cultural perception of female physical attractiveness". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 68 (2): 261–79. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.261. S2CID 27778786.</ref> | A neotenous face is one with a high ratio of neurocranial to lower-facial features, while also exhibiting a small nose and ears and full lips.<ref name="jones95">https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1601&context=fchd_facpub</ref> Part of the relatively enlarged neurocranial features is the eye region and various animal babies have proportionally very large eyes. But while it is true, that men are more sexually attracted to women with larger eyes,<ref>Cunningham MR, Roberts AR, Barbee AP, Druen PB, Wu CH (1995). "Their ideas of beauty are, on the whole, the same as ours": consistency and variability in the cross-cultural perception of female physical attractiveness". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 68 (2): 261–79. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.261. S2CID 27778786.</ref> | ||
women's eyes are not actually larger than men's in absolute terms. | women's eyes are not actually larger than men's in absolute terms. | ||
Among Caucasians aged 20 to 40, men's eyes are actually slightly wider than women's eyes (28.7±1.9 mm vs 27.7±2 mm).<ref>https://www.facebase.org/facial_norms/summary/index.html#palpfislength_r</ref><ref>https://www.facebase.org/facial_norms/summary/index.html#palpfislength_l</ref> | Among Caucasians aged 20 to 40, men's eyes are actually slightly wider than women's eyes (28.7±1.9 mm vs 27.7±2 mm).<ref>https://www.facebase.org/facial_norms/summary/index.html#palpfislength_r</ref><ref>https://www.facebase.org/facial_norms/summary/index.html#palpfislength_l</ref> | ||
There is also no significant sex difference in exposed iris as a fraction of the overall eye area.<ref name="danel2020"></ref> | There is also no significant sex difference in exposed iris as a fraction of the overall eye area.<ref name="danel2020"></ref> | ||
However, due to women's smaller | However, due to women's smaller mandible and nose, women's eyes appear proportionally slightly larger than men's.<ref>https://www.facebase.org/facial_norms/summary/index.html#maxfacewidth</ref> Especially the nose is responsible for this effect, being very close to the eyes and on average around 12% smaller than men's with a very large effect size of about d = 2. Since human cognition operates only on relative sizes, not absolute sizes, larger eyes have presumably the same effect on male attractiveness ratings as proportionally smaller noses. | ||
Rather than size, | Rather than eye size, a more substantial sex difference is that women's eyes are ''rounder'' (d = .66 in terms of width-to-height ratio, which is a moderate effect size), while men's eyes tend to be vertically narrower and more rectangular like [[hunter eyes]].<ref name="danel2020">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00265-020-02894-1</ref> | ||
The other primary neotenous facial feature that women | The other primary neotenous facial feature that women posses is their less developed lower-facial features, having around 10% lower facial depth (d = 2.0), i.e. a lower distance from the chin to the ears and less forward growth, owing to a shorter mandible, which is also narrower (d = 1.0).<ref>https://www.facebase.org/facial_norms/summary/#mandwidth</ref> The relationship between a small lower-facial features and men's attraction to it has also been empirically established cross-culturally.<ref name="jones95"></ref> Women's upper and lower lips are about 10% fuller/higher on average (d = 1.0 for the upper lip and d = 0.7 for the lower lip).<ref>https://www.facebase.org/facial_norms/summary/#uplipheight</ref> Women's and men's heads are roughly proportional to their stature without noteworthy sex differences in this ratio,<ref>https://www.facebase.org/facial_norms/summary/#maxcranwidth</ref><ref name="height">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_human_height_by_country Using Finns as reference population for Caucasians</ref> though this effect is likely even exaggerated by women's fuller, longer hair and larger hair styles, as well as women's more inverse-V shaped/tapered body owing to their pathetic upper body strength. Women also have a more even and smooth fat distribution in their faces and across their entire bodies which remind of baby fat.{{citation needed}} | ||
Behaviorally, women also exhibit neotenous traits, in particular their higher rate of adult crying, counting 4 times as many crying episodes per unit time,<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill_(Supplemental)#Women_cry_four_times_as_much_as_men_and_never_outgrow_teenage_crying_behavior</ref> with there less immediate evidence of women finding such behavior outright sexually attractive, compared to womens facial neotenous features. Women also behave more childishly interacting with their female friends, as evidenced by them being uncooperative and [[female sneakiness|sneaky]] toward other women.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill_(Supplemental)#tocTee-Hee</ref> Women score about 1 standard deviation higher in questionnaires measuring neuroticism (though such questionnaires likely underestimate group differences due to groups answering in reference to their own group), i.e. emotional instability, which can also be regarded as a neotenous trait as children are generally impatient and cheeky. Women also score higher in agreeableness, compliance and withdrawal, which are akin to childish [[female subordination|subordination]], and conversely appear to be more [[female sneakiness|sneaky]] which also points to immaturity. Interestingly women do not have a lower [[IQ|general intelligence]], as presumably educating the offspring is conductive to [[reproductive success]] and it helps being sneaky. | Behaviorally, women also exhibit neotenous traits, in particular their higher rate of adult crying, counting 4 times as many crying episodes per unit time,<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill_(Supplemental)#Women_cry_four_times_as_much_as_men_and_never_outgrow_teenage_crying_behavior</ref> with there less immediate evidence of women finding such behavior outright sexually attractive, compared to womens facial neotenous features. Women also behave more childishly interacting with their female friends, as evidenced by them being uncooperative and [[female sneakiness|sneaky]] toward other women.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill_(Supplemental)#tocTee-Hee</ref> Women score about 1 standard deviation higher in questionnaires measuring neuroticism (though such questionnaires likely underestimate group differences due to groups answering in reference to their own group), i.e. emotional instability, which can also be regarded as a neotenous trait as children are generally impatient and cheeky. Women also score higher in agreeableness, compliance and withdrawal, which are akin to childish [[female subordination|subordination]], and conversely appear to be more [[female sneakiness|sneaky]] which also points to immaturity. Interestingly women do not have a lower [[IQ|general intelligence]], as presumably educating the offspring is conductive to [[reproductive success]] and it helps being sneaky. | ||