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In many species, including humans, the greater [[Bateman's principle|parental investment]] on part of females causes males to engage in contest competitions over reproductive opportunities.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Men.27s_social_status_accounts_for_62.25_of_the_variance_of_copulation_opportunities</ref><ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Among_male_university_students.2C_only_cues_of_physical_dominance_over_other_men_predicted_their_mating_success</ref> | In many species, including humans, the greater [[Bateman's principle|parental investment]] on part of females causes males to engage in contest competitions over reproductive opportunities.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Men.27s_social_status_accounts_for_62.25_of_the_variance_of_copulation_opportunities</ref><ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Among_male_university_students.2C_only_cues_of_physical_dominance_over_other_men_predicted_their_mating_success</ref> | ||
This results in an evolutionary arms race between males causing males to evolve to be more stronger and taller than the females. Some males (typically a minority) are predicted to shortcut the competition by directly coercing females into sex ([[rape]]) and threaten or kill the offspring ([[reproductive success#Violent_reproductive_strategies|infanticide]]) for their own [[Reproductive success#Violent_reproductive_strategies|reproductive advantage]]. This, in turn, predicts females should evolve to prefer a strong partner who can protect herself and the offspring, especially in case the coercive male is of [[creep|low genetic quality]]. Protective males also defend their own reproductive interests as well as augment a female's ability to survive and reproduce.<ref>https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-5985-6_9</ref> | This results in an evolutionary arms race between males causing males to evolve to be more stronger and taller than the females. Some males (typically a minority) are predicted to shortcut the competition by directly coercing females into sex ([[rape]]) and threaten or kill the offspring ([[reproductive success#Violent_reproductive_strategies|infanticide]]) for their own [[Reproductive success#Violent_reproductive_strategies|reproductive advantage]]. This, in turn, predicts females should evolve to prefer a strong partner who can protect herself and the offspring, especially in case the coercive male is of [[creep|low genetic quality]]. Protective males also defend their own reproductive interests as well as augment a female's ability to survive and reproduce.<ref>https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-5985-6_9</ref> | ||
Dominance in this case | Dominance in this case can merely refer to non-violent social power, but in non-human animals it is mostly about physical power, i.e. the strongest and most aggressive male.<ref>Wrangham, R. W. 1979. On the evolution of ape social systems. Social Science Information 18:334-368.</ref><ref>Packer, C., and A. E. Pusey. 1983. Adaptations of female lions to infanticide by incoming males. American Naturalist 121:716-728.</ref> | ||
== Humans == | == Humans == | ||