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==Correlates and possible causes==
==Correlates and possible causes==
===Stats===
===Stats===
In the USA, labor force nonparticipation among men has ''increased'' 15% since 1950.<ref>https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LNS11300001</ref>  While labor force nonparticipation among women has decreased 15% since 1950.<ref>https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LNS11300002</ref>  Only 16% of dads are stay-at-home.<ref>https://www.huffpost.com/entry/stay-at-home-fathers_n_7261020</ref>  And only about 5% of that 16% choose to be so.<ref>https://www.athomedad.org/media-resources/statistics/</ref>  Thus, only 0.02% of the male US population choose to be stay at home dads in any given year.
The share of married, prime-age men not participating in the labor market has ''declined'' in the last two decades.  However there is an overall increase in labor nonparticipation among unmarried, prime-age men.  Half of prime-age nonparticipating men are unmarried.<ref>https://www.kansascityfed.org/~/media/files/publicat/econrev/econrevarchive/2018/1q18tuzemen.pdf</ref>


The increase of the welfare state plays almost no role in employment nonparticipation among prime-age men in the USA.  A tripling in usage of SSDI in America only accounts for a 0.5% drop in labor force participation among prime-age men.  Nearly half of labor force nonparticipating prime-age men taking pain meds, most being prescribed.  Nonparticipation is correlated with automation and offshoring of 'middle-skill' (construction, maintenance etc) jobs, with a 10.7 decrease in middle-skill employment among Americans. Wages of employed men without a college degree have also decreased relative to the wages of men with college degrees (in terms of ratio).<ref>https://www.kansascityfed.org/~/media/files/publicat/econrev/econrevarchive/2018/1q18tuzemen.pdf</ref>
The increase of the welfare state plays almost no role in employment nonparticipation among prime-age men in the USA.  A tripling in usage of SSDI in America only accounts for a 0.5% drop in labor force participation among prime-age men.  Nearly half of labor force nonparticipating prime-age men taking pain meds, most being prescribed.  Nonparticipation is correlated with automation and offshoring of 'middle-skill' (construction, maintenance etc) jobs, with a 10.7 decrease in middle-skill employment among Americans. Wages of employed men without a college degree have also decreased relative to the wages of men with college degrees (in terms of ratio).<ref>https://www.kansascityfed.org/~/media/files/publicat/econrev/econrevarchive/2018/1q18tuzemen.pdf</ref>
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