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→Dominant vs submissive
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Omega males are of no use for betas, so betas exclude and bully them to foil any competitive threat that may arise<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0886260515593546</ref> (see also [[Reproductive success#Violent_reproductive_strategies|violent reproductive strategies]]). | Omega males are of no use for betas, so betas exclude and bully them to foil any competitive threat that may arise<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0886260515593546</ref> (see also [[Reproductive success#Violent_reproductive_strategies|violent reproductive strategies]]). | ||
As a result, men of higher status can use homosexual or homosocial acts, not only as act of intimidation, but also as dominance signaling as they risk being accused of gayness, but are confident in their ability to thwart such insults to their reputations. Their homosexual acts hence act as [[Signaling theory|costly signal]] of their social and heterosexual status. Evidence of homoerotic behavior as costly signals of high status and confident sexual status may be found, for example, in a study by Robison and Anderson from University of Winchester in which highly confident and masculine men (sport athletes) did engage in homosocial tactility.<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1097184X17730386?journalCode=jmma</ref><ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/straight-men-cuddle-guys-study_n_5241953?ri18n=true&guccounter=2</ref> | As a result, men of higher status can use homosexual or homosocial acts, not only as act of intimidation, but also as dominance signaling as they risk being accused of gayness, but are confident in their ability to thwart such insults to their reputations. Their homosexual acts hence act as [[Signaling theory|costly signal]] of their social and heterosexual status. Evidence of homoerotic behavior as costly signals of high status and confident sexual status may be found, for example, in a study by Robison and Anderson from University of Winchester in which highly confident and masculine men (sport athletes) did engage in homosocial tactility.<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1097184X17730386?journalCode=jmma</ref><ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/straight-men-cuddle-guys-study_n_5241953?ri18n=true&guccounter=2</ref> | ||
Only a dominant man can afford to hold hands with other men in public without being accused of gayness (see [[#Gay_acceptance_and_homosocial_intimacy|gay acceptance and homosocial intimacy]]) | Only a dominant man can afford to hold hands with other men in public without being accused of gayness (see [[#Gay_acceptance_and_homosocial_intimacy|gay acceptance and homosocial intimacy]]). A low status man vulnerable to gossip needs to claim the status of a protected class and rely on shaming to survive socially. | ||
To summarize, there are (at least) four conceivable pathways to increased reproductive success (RS) through homosexual behavior, explaining homosexuality as an evolved behavior: Promiscuity/sodomy (RS for penetrator), alliance (RS for penetrator and penetree), intrasexual competition by gossip (RS for accuser), homosocialty as costly signal by thwarting said gossip (mostly RS for penetrator). | To summarize, there are (at least) four conceivable pathways to increased reproductive success (RS) through homosexual behavior, explaining homosexuality as an evolved behavior: Promiscuity/sodomy (RS for penetrator), alliance (RS for penetrator and penetree), intrasexual competition by gossip (RS for accuser), homosocialty as costly signal by thwarting said gossip (mostly RS for penetrator). | ||