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In much of Oceania, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Africa, and parts of Asia, homosexuality remains illegal and severely punishable, with some countries having a death penalty for it.<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1529100616637616</ref><ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/05/12/gambias-president-threatens-to-slit-the-throats-of-gay-men/</ref> | In much of Oceania, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Africa, and parts of Asia, homosexuality remains illegal and severely punishable, with some countries having a death penalty for it.<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1529100616637616</ref><ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/05/12/gambias-president-threatens-to-slit-the-throats-of-gay-men/</ref> | ||
==Dominant vs submissive== | == Evolution == | ||
In many species, including humans, the greater | At first glance, attraction to other men (androphilia) should be [[maladaptiveness|maladaptive]] because homosexual acts cannot produce offspring. | ||
However, male homosexuality is more prevalent than what selection-mutation balance regarding androphilia and gynophilia (attraction to men and women, respectively) would predict.<ref>http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26089486</ref> | |||
Homosexuality and gender non-conformity is somewhat heritable,<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9251839</ref><ref>http://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=2449185</ref> all of which suggests homosexuality is an adaptation, i.e. that it increased men's reproductive success in the past. | |||
=== Dominant vs submissive === | |||
In many species, including humans, the greater [[Bateman's principle|parental investment]] on part of females causes males to engage in contest competitions over reproductive opportunities.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Men.27s_social_status_accounts_for_62.25_of_the_variance_of_copulation_opportunities</ref><ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Among_male_university_students.2C_only_cues_of_physical_dominance_over_other_men_predicted_their_mating_success</ref> | |||
A result is that the act of penetration itself acts as dominance signal as it is the consequence of winning prior contests. | A result is that the act of penetration itself acts as dominance signal as it is the consequence of winning prior contests. | ||
Eibl-Eibesfeld (1990) suggested such male dominance/female surrender patterns may be rooted in ancient brain regions that humans share with lizards. | Eibl-Eibesfeld (1990) suggested such male dominance/female surrender patterns may be rooted in ancient brain regions that humans share with lizards. | ||
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Gay men identifying as the bottom are more likely later in the birth order which so it may be related to weakness and mutational load.<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-017-0980-y</ref> | Gay men identifying as the bottom are more likely later in the birth order which so it may be related to weakness and mutational load.<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-017-0980-y</ref> | ||
The penetratee can potentially regain access to resources also increasing his chances of [[reproductive success]] (alliance formation theory),<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J082v40n01_03</ref> and the penetrator can signal dominance which is especially conductive to male reproductive success. | |||
Evidence of homoerotic behavior as ''costly signals'' of high status and confident sexual status may be found, for example, in a study by Robison and Anderson from University of Winchester in which highly confident and masculine men (sport athletes) did engage in homosocial tactility.<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1097184X17730386?journalCode=jmma</ref><ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/straight-men-cuddle-guys-study_n_5241953?ri18n=true&guccounter=2</ref> | Evidence of homoerotic behavior as ''costly signals'' of high status and confident sexual status may be found, for example, in a study by Robison and Anderson from University of Winchester in which highly confident and masculine men (sport athletes) did engage in homosocial tactility.<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1097184X17730386?journalCode=jmma</ref><ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/straight-men-cuddle-guys-study_n_5241953?ri18n=true&guccounter=2</ref> | ||
Only a dominant man can afford to hold hands with other men in public without being accused of gayness (see [[#Gay_acceptance_and_homosocial_intimacy|gay acceptance and homosocial intimacy]]), or he would need to claim the status of a protected class and rely on shaming to survive socially. | Only a dominant man can afford to hold hands with other men in public without being accused of gayness (see [[#Gay_acceptance_and_homosocial_intimacy|gay acceptance and homosocial intimacy]]), or he would need to claim the status of a protected class and rely on shaming to survive socially. | ||