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==Dominant vs submissive== | ==Dominant vs submissive== | ||
In many species, including huamns, female's greater [[Bateman's principle|parental investment]] causes males to engage in contest competitions over access to women. | |||
A result is that the act of penetration itself acts as dominance signal as it is the consequence of winning prior contests. | |||
Women's [[libido|lower sex drive]] | Eibl-Eibesfeld (1990) suggested such male dominance/female surrender patterns may be rooted in ancient brain regions that humans share with lizards. | ||
He suggested the type of excessive, promiscuous and anonymous adult-male/adult-male homosexual behavior that is common among many homosexuals (see [[#Statistics|Statistics]]) may have originated from the archaic vertebrate dominance-and-submission sexuality.<ref>Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. 1990. ''Dominance, Submission, and Love: Sexual Pathologies from the Perspective of Ethology.'' In: Feierman, J. R. (ed.): Pedophilia. Biosocial Dimensions. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990 151-175.</ref> Indeed, historically, penetration of another man (sodomy) was, arguably, the ultimate act of male-male domination, especially in honor-shame cultures. Exhibitionism and phallus symbolism may also be born from such display of dominance. Women's [[libido|lower sex drive]] dooms men to be horny, which also facilitates men getting sexual pleasure from one another as an outlet of sexual frustration. However this as unlikely to explain all male homosexual behavior as male homosexuality also comes in other forms and shapes, besides anonymous promiscuity. | |||
One other shape is the receptive, incel role of submissive homosexuality. In what Muscarella calls ''alliance formation hypothesis'', peripheralized men (incels) can establish social ties with horny men of higher social standing by homosociality and re-gain access to resources, and thus increase chances of [[reproductive success]].<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J082v40n01_03</ref> | |||
In both of these homosexual reproductive strategies, however, the penetree is associated with low status, and men can hence use accusations of gayness as means of intrasexual competition, which is curcial for reproductive success as access to women is negotiated by dominance competitions among men.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Men.27s_social_status_accounts_for_62.25_of_the_variance_of_copulation_opportunities</ref><ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Among_male_university_students.2C_only_cues_of_physical_dominance_over_other_men_predicted_their_mating_success</ref> | |||
Omega males are of no use for betas, so betas exclude and bully them to foil any competitive threat that may arise.<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0886260515593546</ref> | |||
Conversely, men of higher status, can use homosexual or homosocial acts, not only as act of intimidation, but also as dominance signaling as they risk being accused of gayness, but are confident in their ability to thwart such insults to their reputations. Their homosexual acts hence act as costly signal of their social and heterosexual status. | |||
To summarize, there are (at least) four conceivable pathways to increased reproductive success (RS) through homosexual behavior: Direct dominance (RS for penetrator), alliance (RS for penetrator and penetree), intrasexual competition (RS for accuser), homosocialty as costly signal (RS penetrator). | |||
Below are historical examples of the prevalence of the dichotomy of dominant vs submissive homosexuality: | Below are historical examples of the prevalence of the dichotomy of dominant vs submissive homosexuality: | ||
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* '''Prison rape''': This type of thinking persists in modern modern times, for instance, homosexual rape (or the threat of it) is commonly used to emasculate rivals in prison (in addition to satisfaction of sexual frustration).<ref>Hensley, Christopher; Tewksbury, Richard (2002). "Inmate-to-Inmate Prison Sexuality : A Review of Empirical Studies". Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 3 (3): 226–243. doi:10.1177/15248380020033005</ref> Authoritarian regimes have also made use of homosexual acts to torture and control dissidents, for example the inmates of prison camps in Pinochet era Chile were frequently sodomized by guards to break their will to resist.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_violations_in_Pinochet%27s_Chile#Sexual_abuse</ref> Rape of male prisoners is still common in modern conflicts, for instance in the Civil War in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/jul/17/the-rape-of-men</ref> and the Bosnian civil war that occurred after the dissolution of Yugoslavia.<ref>https://balkaninsight.com/2017/05/18/male-victims-of-war-related-sexual-abuse-shunned-in-bosnia-05-18-2017-1/</ref><ref>Ristroph, Alice. "Prison, Detention, and Correctional Institutions." Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender. Ed. Fedwa Malti-Douglas. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 1196-1199. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Oct. 2016.</ref> The Congolese men who were raped often reported being abandoned by their wives, who apparently coldly asserted that they were weak and therefore couldn't protect her. Many of the men who were raped in the former Yugoslavia claimed they were seen as outcasts in their own villages after the rapes. | * '''Prison rape''': This type of thinking persists in modern modern times, for instance, homosexual rape (or the threat of it) is commonly used to emasculate rivals in prison (in addition to satisfaction of sexual frustration).<ref>Hensley, Christopher; Tewksbury, Richard (2002). "Inmate-to-Inmate Prison Sexuality : A Review of Empirical Studies". Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 3 (3): 226–243. doi:10.1177/15248380020033005</ref> Authoritarian regimes have also made use of homosexual acts to torture and control dissidents, for example the inmates of prison camps in Pinochet era Chile were frequently sodomized by guards to break their will to resist.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_violations_in_Pinochet%27s_Chile#Sexual_abuse</ref> Rape of male prisoners is still common in modern conflicts, for instance in the Civil War in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/jul/17/the-rape-of-men</ref> and the Bosnian civil war that occurred after the dissolution of Yugoslavia.<ref>https://balkaninsight.com/2017/05/18/male-victims-of-war-related-sexual-abuse-shunned-in-bosnia-05-18-2017-1/</ref><ref>Ristroph, Alice. "Prison, Detention, and Correctional Institutions." Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender. Ed. Fedwa Malti-Douglas. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 1196-1199. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Oct. 2016.</ref> The Congolese men who were raped often reported being abandoned by their wives, who apparently coldly asserted that they were weak and therefore couldn't protect her. Many of the men who were raped in the former Yugoslavia claimed they were seen as outcasts in their own villages after the rapes. | ||
* '''Middle East and honor-shame cultures''': There are reports of other middle-eastern cultures, such as war torn post-Gaddafi Libya, making common use of homosexual penetration or the penetration of subjugated men with objects as a means of diminishing the man's social status and will to resist his bondage.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/03/revealed-male-used-systematically-in-libya-as-instrument-of-war</ref> Colonel Gaddafi himself was sodomized with a bayonet before being executed.<ref>https://www.pri.org/stories/2011-10-24/gaddafi-sodomized-video-shows-abuse-frame-frame-graphic</ref> Another disgraced ruler that was dispatched in such a manner was King Edward II of England, a homosexual, who was claimed by some contemporary accounts to have been executed by having a heated poker shoved up his rectum, though this account has been hotly disputed.<ref>https://thehistoryvault.co.uk/the-mystery-of-edward-iis-death/</ref> Such acts also occurred during the First World War (the gang rape of Lawrence of Arabia by the Turks),<ref>https://spartacus-educational.com/IRQlawrence.htm</ref> and the Syrian Civil War.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/working-in-development/2017/nov/21/male-sexual-torture-in-the-syrian-war-it-is-everywhere</ref> Arguably, the tale of Lot and the Sodomites in the Bible contains allusions to such behavior.<ref>http://honorshame.com/inhospitality-as-sodomy/</ref> | * '''Middle East and honor-shame cultures''': There are reports of other middle-eastern cultures, such as war torn post-Gaddafi Libya, making common use of homosexual penetration or the penetration of subjugated men with objects as a means of diminishing the man's social status and will to resist his bondage.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/03/revealed-male-used-systematically-in-libya-as-instrument-of-war</ref> Colonel Gaddafi himself was sodomized with a bayonet before being executed.<ref>https://www.pri.org/stories/2011-10-24/gaddafi-sodomized-video-shows-abuse-frame-frame-graphic</ref> Another disgraced ruler that was dispatched in such a manner was King Edward II of England, a homosexual, who was claimed by some contemporary accounts to have been executed by having a heated poker shoved up his rectum, though this account has been hotly disputed.<ref>https://thehistoryvault.co.uk/the-mystery-of-edward-iis-death/</ref> Such acts also occurred during the First World War (the gang rape of Lawrence of Arabia by the Turks),<ref>https://spartacus-educational.com/IRQlawrence.htm</ref> and the Syrian Civil War.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/working-in-development/2017/nov/21/male-sexual-torture-in-the-syrian-war-it-is-everywhere</ref> Arguably, the tale of Lot and the Sodomites in the Bible contains allusions to such behavior.<ref>http://honorshame.com/inhospitality-as-sodomy/</ref> | ||
* '''More cross-cultural findings''': The active-passive contrast in homosexuality was also prevalent in medieval Scandinavia and contemporary Latin America.<ref>http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Active.pdf</ref> Pederasty, which is also an instance of homosexual power differentials, has flourished in many lower cultures, e.g. Indians of North America,<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/berdache</ref> but also in a number of high cultures, including ancient Greece, medieval Islam (especially among Sufis), Japan (among the Samurai nobility), and Korea.<ref>http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Pederasty.pdf</ref> | * '''More cross-cultural findings''': The active-passive contrast in homosexuality was also prevalent in medieval Scandinavia and contemporary Latin America.<ref>http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Active.pdf</ref> Pederasty, which is also an instance of homosexual power differentials, has flourished in many lower cultures, e.g. Indians of North America,<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/berdache</ref> but also in a number of high cultures, including ancient Greece, medieval Islam (especially among Sufis), Japan (among the Samurai nobility), and Korea.<ref>http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Pederasty.pdf</ref> | ||