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In much of Oceania, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Africa, and parts of Asia, homosexuality remains illegal and severely punishable, with some countries  having a death penalty for it.<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1529100616637616</ref><ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/05/12/gambias-president-threatens-to-slit-the-throats-of-gay-men/</ref>
In much of Oceania, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Africa, and parts of Asia, homosexuality remains illegal and severely punishable, with some countries  having a death penalty for it.<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1529100616637616</ref><ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/05/12/gambias-president-threatens-to-slit-the-throats-of-gay-men/</ref>


== Receptive gay sex is low status ==
==Dominant vs submissive homosexuality==
 
Access to sex with women is negotiated by dominance status among men.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Men.27s_social_status_accounts_for_62.25_of_the_variance_of_copulation_opportunities</ref><ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Among_male_university_students.2C_only_cues_of_physical_dominance_over_other_men_predicted_their_mating_success</ref>
Access to sex with women is negotiated by dominance status among men.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Men.27s_social_status_accounts_for_62.25_of_the_variance_of_copulation_opportunities</ref><ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Among_male_university_students.2C_only_cues_of_physical_dominance_over_other_men_predicted_their_mating_success</ref>
Men who are too weak or incapable of competing for women are rendered incels.
Men who are too weak or incapable of competing for women are typically rendered incels.


All men are chronically horny because [[libido|men's sex drive is higher than women's]], so the easiest way for male incels to get consenting sex is to offer their [[Buttocks|boypussy]] to other horny men (cf. [[homocel hypothesis]]).<ref>Ristroph, Alice. "Prison, Detention, and Correctional Institutions." Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender. Ed. Fedwa Malti-Douglas. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 1196-1199. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Oct. 2016.</ref> It has also been observed that peripheralized men (incels) can establish social ties with horny men of higher social standing this way, re-gaining their access to resources and potentially restoring some amount of [[reproductive success]].<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J082v40n01_03</ref>
All men are chronically horny because [[libido|men's sex drive is higher than women's]], so the easiest way for male incels to get consenting sex is to offer their [[Buttocks|boypussy]] to other horny men (cf. [[homocel hypothesis]]).<ref>Ristroph, Alice. "Prison, Detention, and Correctional Institutions." Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender. Ed. Fedwa Malti-Douglas. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 1196-1199. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Oct. 2016.</ref> It has also been observed that peripheralized men (incels) can establish social ties with horny men of higher social standing this way, re-gaining their access to resources and potentially restoring some amount of [[reproductive success]].<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J082v40n01_03</ref>


Therefore, receptive gayness is associated with low status, and men can use accusations of gayness as means of intrasexual competition and reputation denigration to get ahead in the dominance game of impressing women. Omega males are of no use for betas, so betas exclude and bully them to foil any competitive threat that may arise.<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0886260515593546</ref> Receiving gay sex (being the "bottom" rather than the "top") is also widely regarded as submissive and feminine, i.e. weak.<ref>Schippers M. 2007. ''Recovering the feminine other: masculinity, femininity, and gender hegemony.'' Theory and Society. Vol. 36.1, pp. 85–102. [[http://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-007-9022-4 Abstract]]</ref><ref name="NYC">Wegesin DJ, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL. 2000. ''Top/Bottom Self-Label, Anal Sex Practices, HIV Risk and Gender Role Identity in Gay Men in New York City.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v12n03_03 Abstract]] Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality. Vol 12.3, pp. 43–62.</ref><ref>Hoppe T. 2011. ''Circuits of power, circuits of pleasure: Sexual scripting in gay men's bottom narratives'' Sexualities. Vol. 14.2, pp. 193–217. [[http://doi.org/10.1177/1363460711399033 Abstract]]</ref>
Therefore, receptive gayness is associated with low status, and men can use accusations of gayness as means of intrasexual competition and reputation denigration to get ahead in the dominance game of impressing women. Omega males are of no use for betas, so betas exclude and bully them to foil any competitive threat that may arise.<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0886260515593546</ref>


A survey published in the ''Journal of the American Medical Association'' estimated that nearly as many men as women were raped in the civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the 1990s (22% of men and 30% of women in Eastern Congo reported conflict-related sexual violence, which would likely be heavily influenced by social desirability bias in the case of male survivors in particular). Many of the men who were raped in the Congo reported being abandoned by their wives after the experience, with the wives citing the rape as evidence that the man was weak and therefore could not protect her.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/jul/17/the-rape-of-men</ref>
Supporting the idea that homosexual penetration can serve to signal status (or to diminish the status of rivals) there is evidence that homosexual penetration of another man is, arguably, the ultimate act of domination.


Male inmates of prison camps in Pinochet era Chile were also frequently sodomized by guards to break their will to resist.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_violations_in_Pinochet%27s_Chile#Sexual_abuse</ref>
In Ancient Rome, gay sex was socially permissible among high status men who penetrated other men (the emperor Nero, for example, had a ''catamite'' which is a receptive homosexual slave, whom he had castrated),<ref>https://culturacolectiva.com/history/sporus-emperor-nero-eunuch-wife</ref> but receptive homosexuals were deemed outlaws (infamia).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome</ref> The Christian religion seemingly broke with Roman precedent by utterly condemning both forms of homosexuality, though Paul's condemnation of the act has been argued to reflect contemporary Roman ideas of the passive role being particularly shameful, as it places the receptive homosexual in the role of a woman.<ref>https://www.patheos.com/blogs/religionprof/2010/04/homosexuality-as-divine-punishment-in-romans-1.html</ref>
This stigma against receptive homosexual sex due to the association of it with effeminacy, weakness and failure to compete explains why accusation of being a receptive homosexual was historically one of, if not the worst, insults one could level at a man.


== Penetrative gay sex is high status ==
One striking historical example is the mass rape of Chinese male captives ordered by the Mongol Great Khan, Ogedei. Prior to the battle, the Chinese, thinking themselves secure with their superior numbers, boasted they would rape the Mongol's women after the battle. This was not an idle threat, as Mongol women often operated near the front lines in supportive roles. After the Mongol's victory, the Khan ordered that the thousands of Chinese captives should be sodomized to punish them for their impertinance. <ref>https://amgalant.com/mongols-rape-and-popular-culture/</ref>


Since gayness is associated with failure to compete, horny men of high status can use gay sex as a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costly_signal costly signal] of their high status, and also as additional sexual pleasure.
This type of thinking persists in modern modern times, for instance, homosexual rape (or the threat of it) is commonly used to emasculate rivals in prison (in addition to satisfaction of sexual frustration).<ref>Hensley, Christopher; Tewksbury, Richard (2002). "Inmate-to-Inmate Prison Sexuality : A Review of Empirical Studies". Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 3 (3): 226–243. doi:10.1177/15248380020033005</ref> Authoritarian regimes have also made use of homosexual acts to torture and control dissidents, for example the inmates of prison camps in Pinochet era Chile were frequently sodomized by guards to break their will to resist.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_violations_in_Pinochet%27s_Chile#Sexual_abuse</ref> Rape of male prisoners is still common in modern conflicts, for instance in the Civil War in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/jul/17/the-rape-of-men</ref> and the Bosnian civil war that occurred after the dissolution of Yugoslavia.<ref>https://balkaninsight.com/2017/05/18/male-victims-of-war-related-sexual-abuse-shunned-in-bosnia-05-18-2017-1/</ref> The Congolese men who were raped often reported being abandoned by their wives, who apparently coldly asserted that they were weak and therefore couldn't protect her. Many of the men who were raped in the former Yugoslavia claimed they were seen as outcasts in their own villages after the rapes.
For example Robison and Anderson from University of Winchester found that most highly confident and masculine men (sport athletes) do engage in homosocial tactility.<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1097184X17730386?journalCode=jmma</ref><ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/straight-men-cuddle-guys-study_n_5241953?ri18n=true&guccounter=2</ref>
More examples can be found throughout human history. E.g. in Ancient Rome, gay sex was socially permissible among high status men who penetrated other men (the emperor Nero, for example, had a ''catamite'' which is a receptive homosexual slave, whom he had castrated),<ref>https://culturacolectiva.com/history/sporus-emperor-nero-eunuch-wife</ref> but receptive homosexuals were deemed outlaws (infamia).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome</ref><ref>https://www.patheos.com/blogs/religionprof/2010/04/homosexuality-as-divine-punishment-in-romans-1.html</ref> Only a highly dominant man can afford to playfully kiss another man on his mouth in public.


Historically, homosexual penetration of another man was arguably the ultimate act of domination.
There are reports of other middle-eastern cultures, such as war torn post-Gaddafi Libya, making common use of homosexual penetration or the penetration of subjugated men with objects as a means of diminishing the man's social status and will to resist his bondage.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/03/revealed-male-used-systematically-in-libya-as-instrument-of-war</ref> Colonel Gaddafi himself was sodomized with a bayonet before being executed.<ref>https://www.pri.org/stories/2011-10-24/gaddafi-sodomized-video-shows-abuse-frame-frame-graphic</ref> Another disgraced ruler that was dispatched in such a manner
It is, for example used to emasculate rivals in prison (in addition to satisfaction of sexual frustration).<ref>Hensley, Christopher; Tewksbury, Richard (2002). "Inmate-to-Inmate Prison Sexuality : A Review of Empirical Studies". Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 3 (3): 226–243. doi:10.1177/15248380020033005</ref> Honor-shame cultures also frequently employ sodomy for this purpose, as is e.g. reported in the Christian Bible (Genesis 19).<ref>http://honorshame.com/inhospitality-as-sodomy/</ref> A more concrete historical example would be the gang rape of Lawrence of Arabia by his Ottoman Turkish captors during the First World War.<ref>https://spartacus-educational.com/IRQlawrence.htm</ref> Rape of male prisoners of war was common in the wars that eventuated from the break-up of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s (particularly in the Bosnian Civil War), with survivors being shunned in their communities due to strong stigma against receptive homosexuality.<ref>https://balkaninsight.com/2017/05/18/male-victims-of-war-related-sexual-abuse-shunned-in-bosnia-05-18-2017-1/</ref> The active-passive contrast in homosexuality was also prevalent in medieval Scandinavia and contemporary Latin America.<ref>http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Active.pdf</ref> Pederasty, which is also an instance of homosexual power differentials, has flourished in many lower cultures, e.g. Indians of Noah America,<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/berdache</ref> but also in a number of high cultures, including ancient Greece, medieval Islam, Japan, and Korea.<ref>http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Pederasty.pdf</ref>
was King Edward II of England, a homosexual, who was claimed by some contemporary accounts to have been executed by having a heated poker shoved up his rectum, though this account has been hotly disputed.<ref>https://thehistoryvault.co.uk/the-mystery-of-edward-iis-death/</ref> Such acts also occurred during the First World War (the gang rape of Lawrence of Arabia by the Turks),<ref>https://spartacus-educational.com/IRQlawrence.htm</ref> and the Syrian Civil War.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/working-in-development/2017/nov/21/male-sexual-torture-in-the-syrian-war-it-is-everywhere</ref> Arguably, the tale of Lot and the Sodomites in the Bible contains allusions to such behavior.<ref>http://honorshame.com/inhospitality-as-sodomy/</ref>  


There are reports of other middle-eastern cultures, such as war torn post-Gaddafi Libya, making common use of homosexual penetration or the penetration of subjugated men with objects as a means of diminishing the man's social status and will to resist his bondage.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/03/revealed-male-used-systematically-in-libya-as-instrument-of-war</ref> Colonel Gaddafi himself was sodomized with a bayonet before being executed.<ref>https://www.pri.org/stories/2011-10-24/gaddafi-sodomized-video-shows-abuse-frame-frame-graphic</ref>
The active-passive contrast in homosexuality was also prevalent in medieval Scandinavia and contemporary Latin America.<ref>http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Active.pdf</ref> Pederasty, which is also an instance of homosexual power differentials, has flourished in many lower cultures, e.g. Indians of North America,<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/berdache</ref> but also in a number of high cultures, including ancient Greece, medieval Islam (especially among Sufis), Japan (among the Samurai nobility), and Korea.<ref>http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Pederasty.pdf</ref>


King Edward II of England, a homosexual, was claimed by some contemporary accounts to have been executed by having a heated poker shoved up his rectum, though this account has been disputed by many historians.<ref>https://thehistoryvault.co.uk/the-mystery-of-edward-iis-death/</ref>
Less violent forms of homoerotic behavior are arguably employed as signals of high status, for example Robison and Anderson from University of Winchester found that most highly confident and masculine men (sport athletes) do engage in homosocial tactility.<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1097184X17730386?journalCode=jmma</ref><ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/straight-men-cuddle-guys-study_n_5241953?ri18n=true&guccounter=2</ref>


One particularly barbaric method of execution, Impalement, widespread throughout the Ottoman Empire in particular, typically involved shoving a sharpened stake up a man's rectum through his body to exit out of the shoulder, with the stake typically being inserted in the vagina in the case of women.<ref>https://emadion.it/en/tortures/the-excruciating-torture-of-impalement/</ref>
Only a highly dominant man can afford to playfully kiss another man on his mouth in public.


== Androphilia as adaptation ==
== Androphilia as adaptation ==
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