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Peripheralized males engaging in homosexual behavior (grooming, penis display and touching, and sodomy) can be also found in various primate species, and has been observed in all-male societies of pirates, as well as in vulnerable British men transported to Australia as punishment for crimes. | Peripheralized males engaging in homosexual behavior (grooming, penis display and touching, and sodomy) can be also found in various primate species, and has been observed in all-male societies of pirates, as well as in vulnerable British men transported to Australia as punishment for crimes. | ||
Homoerotically reinforced alliances between socially peripheralized males and males with higher social status are also evidenced in reports of working-class England at the turn of the century, Australian Aborigines, tribes in Melanesia and Papua (though homosexuality in some Melanesian cultures often has a ritualized, religious element<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/646389?seq=1</ref>), New Guinea, contemporary Thailand, and Edo era Japan.<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J082v40n01_03</ref><ref>https://soranews24.com/2015/01/21/edo-era-samurai-were-pretty-gay/</ref> | Homoerotically reinforced alliances between socially peripheralized males and males with higher social status are also evidenced in reports of working-class England at the turn of the century, Australian Aborigines, tribes in Melanesia and Papua (though homosexuality in some Melanesian cultures often has a ritualized, religious element<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/646389?seq=1</ref>), New Guinea, contemporary Thailand, and Edo era Japan.<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J082v40n01_03</ref><ref>https://soranews24.com/2015/01/21/edo-era-samurai-were-pretty-gay/</ref> | ||
Muscarella suggested peripheralized men | Muscarella suggested peripheralized men can establish sexually intimate social ties with sexually frustrated men of higher social standing, to partially re-gain their access to resources and potentially restoring some amount of [[reproductive success]] (and hence be adaptive behavior).<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J082v40n01_03</ref> Pederasty in several cultures like Romans and Ancient Japan may be related to such adaptive behavior as the growing boys often lack status and can gain access to resources through a more dominant/older male. | ||
Evidence for homocel hypothesis can also be found in [[Behavioral sink|mouse utopia experiments]], where socially deprived rodents in extremely overpopulated environments started engaging in deviant sexual behavior, including homosexuality. | Evidence for homocel hypothesis can also be found in [[Behavioral sink|mouse utopia experiments]], where socially deprived rodents in extremely overpopulated environments started engaging in deviant sexual behavior, including homosexuality. |