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 *Koos C, Neupert-Wentz C. 2019. ''Polygynous Neighbors, Excess Men, and Intergroup Conflict in Rural Africa'' [[http://doi.org/10.1177/0022002719859636 Abstract]]
+===Living with a step-parent is the greatest single risk factor for child abuse===
+Daly & Wilson (1988) presented an examination of the causes of child homicide through the lense of evolutionary psychology in their book ''Homicide''.
+They found that an American child living with one or more substitute parents in 1976 was 100 times more likely to be killed than a child living with its natural birth parents. (Bachrach, 1983).
+Similar trends were also discovered in Canada (Burch, 1985) with a child living with a stepparent having a 70 fold increase in risk of being killed if it lived with a step-parent.
+An examination of other data also found a 40-fold increase in risk severe child abuse in a Canadian sample (Daly & Wilson, 1985).
+The risk of a child being murdered by a step-parent was found to be greatest when the child was an infant (aged 0-2 years old), with the risk steeply declining when the child was above the age of 5.
+They concluded that step-parenthood clearly represented the single greatest risk factor for severe child abuse, with these studies controlling for factors such as parental income.
+Later analysis (2007) of child abuse statistics found similar trends cross-culturally, with the children is a Swedish sample exhibiting the lowest elevated risk of being killed by a stepparent (8 times more likely), perhaps explicable by Sweden's generous welfare state putting less demands on stepparents (typically stepfathers) in terms of provision of offspring.
+The phenomena of children in households with step-parents being at much greater risk of being abuse has been dubbed the ''Cinderella Effect'', reflecting the preponderance of such figures as Cinderella's wicked step-mother in European and worldwide folklore and fairytales, demonstrated that this phenomena is not modern or recent, but has likely been found throughout all of human history.
+<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
+The authors stated that the 'social roles' hypothesis was inadequate in the case of child abuse committed by stepparents. The social role hypothesis states that stepparenthood is a stressful 'role' unclearly defined by societal norms, and that the stress caused by the nebulous nature of the role and the parent's consequence uncertainty is what leads to the greater incidence of abuse in such relationships.
+They regard parental investment theory as a better explanation of the phenomena. It is not the 'role' that makes the stepparent uneasy, but the underlying conflict caused by the fact theat they are expected to invest heavily in offspring that aren't their own and that they therefore do not see as worthy of such investment.
+Investing resources in such children may be seen as evolutionarily maladaptive, as they are competitiors for scarce resources with any children of their own that are produced by the relationship. It also creates tension because one is seen as sacrificing their own fitness interests in the favor of their partner, which is not generally seen in cases of adoption. It is common in the animal kingdom for a newly established dominant male to kill the young offspring produced by the defeated male, most notably seen in polygynous animals such as lions and gorillas.
+Infanticide for this purpose has likely been common throughout human evolutionary history also.
+Such step-parent child conflict may also partly explained by the theory that a toddler has a adaptive interest in acting annoying and disruptive towards their parents in an attempt to interrupt their parent's sex lives. This is supposedly to prevent a potential competitor (in the form of a sibling) from being born too soon while the toddler still requires heavy investment from the parents.
+While such behavior would generally be forgiven in the case of a biological parent, one would expect such disruptive behaviors to be far more likely to lead to violence against the child on behalf of a stepparent.
+The purported existence of a 'Cinderella Effect' being driven by innate evolutionary fitness related motives has drawn extensive criticism over the years, with the subject being heavily politicized due to implications of such research being that serial monogamy, non-monogamy and single mothers are social phenomena that severely enhance the risk of children suffering serious abuse and neglect.
+It is important to note that instances of severe child abuse are still rare, even in households with unrelated adults ''loco parentis'', however stepparenthood likely does greatly enhance the risk of such crimes.
+<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
+*''Stepparenthood per se remains the single most powerful risk factor for child abuse that has yet been identified.''
+* ''American child living with one or more substitute parents in 1976 was therefore approximately 100 times as likely to be fatally abused as a child living with natural parents only.''
+* '' Evidence for Cinderella effects in nonlethal abuse is even more extensive. One kind of evidence comes from case data collected by child protection agencies, in which stepfamily households and stepparent perpetrators are greatly overrepresented relative to their prevalence in the population at large (e.g., Craissati McClurg, 1996; Creighton, 1985; Creighton Noyes, 1989; Cyr, Wright, McDuff, Perron, 2002; Daly Wilson, 1985; Gordon, 1989; Gordon Creighton, 1988; Kievens, Bayon, Sierra, 2000; Rodney, 1999; Sides Franke, 1989; Trocme et al., 2001; Wilson et al., 1980)''.
+* ''More direct evidence of the stress associated with being stepchild comes from remarkable long-term study of child health in Dominica, where stepchildren exhibit reduced growth (Flinn, Leone, Quinlan, 1999) and have chronically higher circulating levels of the stress hormone cortisol (Flinn England, 1995; Flinn, Quinlan, Decker, Turner, England, 1996) than their age mates living with only their genetic parents under similar material circumstances in the same village.''
+<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
+Daly MC, Daly M. 1988. ''Homicide: Foundations of Human Behavior.''
+Daly MC, Wilson DJ. 2007. ''Is the "Cinderella Effect Controversial?''. Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology. [[http://www.martindaly.ca/uploads/2/3/7/0/23707972/cinderella_effect_2008.pdf Book]]
 ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Serial_monogamy_increases_reproductive_success_in_men_but_not_in_women">Serial monogamy increases reproductive success in men but not in women</span>===
 <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Serial_monogamy_increases_reproductive_success_in_men_but_not_in_women|permalink]] | [[#tocMonogamy|category: Monogamy]] | [[#tocSerial_monogamy_increases_reproductive_success_in_men_but_not_in_women|table of contents]]</div>

Scientific Blackpill (Supplemental): Difference between revisions

Scientific Blackpill (Supplemental) (edit)

Revision as of 15:36, 6 December 2019

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