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50.2% of the girls who watched pornography, reported watching violent pornography, including pornography that contained extreme depictions of sexual violence against women. It was also found that girls who had reported experiencing sexual victimization were much more likely to watch pornography, especially violent pornography, (Odds-ratio 3.27 for women subject to sexual violence, who reported currently watching pornography). Only 6.6.% of girls reported being pressured into watching the pornography by another person, with most reporting they watched it for personal enjoyment, and no association was found between participants reporting being a victim of sexual violence and them being coerced into watching the pornography. | 50.2% of the girls who watched pornography, reported watching violent pornography, including pornography that contained extreme depictions of sexual violence against women. It was also found that girls who had reported experiencing sexual victimization were much more likely to watch pornography, especially violent pornography, (Odds-ratio 3.27 for women subject to sexual violence, who reported currently watching pornography). Only 6.6.% of girls reported being pressured into watching the pornography by another person, with most reporting they watched it for personal enjoyment, and no association was found between participants reporting being a victim of sexual violence and them being coerced into watching the pornography. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
It is also plausible that, due to a generally greater [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_desirability_bias social desirability bias] related to female porn use (especially the extreme content that was included in the survey, i.e. snuff films, rape, pornography involving minors, and bestiality), that these figures substantially underestimate the number of girls who regularly watch such content. | It is also plausible that, due to a generally greater [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_desirability_bias social desirability bias] related to female porn use (especially the extreme content that was included in the survey, i.e. snuff films, rape, pornography involving minors, and bestiality), that these figures substantially underestimate the number of girls who regularly watch such content. | ||
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The suggested that the primary reasons women might be interested in these books is for "survival tips" to avoid becoming victims themselves. Associations were found which may suggest this is in part a motivation, but these were very weak. Women's responses on evaluation of how much their reading was for "safety" were not very different from men's, and were greatly inadequate to explain the dramatic gender difference in preference for this material. | The suggested that the primary reasons women might be interested in these books is for "survival tips" to avoid becoming victims themselves. Associations were found which may suggest this is in part a motivation, but these were very weak. Women's responses on evaluation of how much their reading was for "safety" were not very different from men's, and were greatly inadequate to explain the dramatic gender difference in preference for this material. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
They did not attempt to evaluate to what extent female preference for these types of stories relates to other evidence such as that women are more attracted to sociopathic men, men with criminal histories have more consensual female partners, male serial killers are often inundated with female love letters ([[hybristophilia]]), women have a disproportionate preference for pornography featuring violence against women, and that most women admit to harboring "rape fantasies." | They did not attempt to evaluate to what extent female preference for these types of stories relates to other evidence such as that women are more attracted to sociopathic men, men with criminal histories have more consensual female partners, male serial killers are often inundated with female love letters ([[hybristophilia]]), women have a disproportionate preference for pornography featuring violence against women, and that most women admit to harboring "rape fantasies." | ||
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Research has shown that men with antisocial and criminal tendencies have considerably higher [[reproductive success|reproductive and sexual success]] than men who lack this predisposition. In one study, antisocial men only represented 10% of the male cohort, but yet fathered 27% of the babies in that group. (Jaffee et al. 2003) | Research has shown that men with antisocial and criminal tendencies have considerably higher [[reproductive success|reproductive and sexual success]] than men who lack this predisposition. In one study, antisocial men only represented 10% of the male cohort, but yet fathered 27% of the babies in that group. (Jaffee et al. 2003) | ||
Another study investigating the links between criminal behavior and reproductive success found criminal men were more likely to have more children with lower commitment, as they were more likely to have multiple children with multiple women. It was concluded that in a contemporary industrialized country, criminal and antisocial behaviors can be considered successful reproductive strategies for men, leading to more female sexual partners and childbirths | Another study investigating the links between criminal behavior and reproductive success found criminal men were more likely to have more children with lower commitment, as they were more likely to have multiple children with multiple women. It was concluded that in a contemporary industrialized country, criminal and antisocial behaviors can be considered successful reproductive strategies for men, leading to more female sexual partners and childbirths (Yao et al. 2014). | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span> | <span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span> | ||
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Examples of men who have received numerous love letters and even proposals from women while on trial or imprisoned are listed below. | Examples of men who have received numerous love letters and even proposals from women while on trial or imprisoned are listed below. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | style="width: 75%" | | {| class="wikitable" | style="width: 75%" | | ||
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It was found that high degrees of female narcissism predicted a decline in marital quality and satisfaction over time. However, male narcissism did not negatively affect marital quality or satisfaction. | It was found that high degrees of female narcissism predicted a decline in marital quality and satisfaction over time. However, male narcissism did not negatively affect marital quality or satisfaction. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
This would seem to imply men are greatly bothered by narcissistic wives, but women are not so typically bothered by narcissistic husbands. This conclusion is in keeping with evidence reviewed that women find narcissistic men more attractive and actively seek them as husbands. | This would seem to imply men are greatly bothered by narcissistic wives, but women are not so typically bothered by narcissistic husbands. This conclusion is in keeping with evidence reviewed that women find narcissistic men more attractive and actively seek them as husbands. | ||
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On the other hand, '''when women perceived their male partner to be more responsive, they were less attracted to the man.''' | On the other hand, '''when women perceived their male partner to be more responsive, they were less attracted to the man.''' | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
The Internet is full of women claiming the reason they "don't give [[nice guy]]s a chance" is that those "[[nice guy]]s" are not actually truly "nice". The more scientifically valid explanation for this behavior based on these findings is that a man's niceness does not appear to be sexually valued by women at all or is perhaps even negatively valued. | The Internet is full of women claiming the reason they "don't give [[nice guy]]s a chance" is that those "[[nice guy]]s" are not actually truly "nice". The more scientifically valid explanation for this behavior based on these findings is that a man's niceness does not appear to be sexually valued by women at all or is perhaps even negatively valued. | ||
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Perceiver ratings were also utilized to calculate a "readability" score (how easy it was to perceive the participants emotional and affective states), and it was found that over the course of two studies, the readability score correlated moderately to strongly (r = 0.58 for the first study and 0.63 for the second) with the negative or positive evaluations of the target's characteristics. Thus the negative perceptions of autistic individuals are possibly mediated by the observers difficulty in reading their emotions or intentions. The researchers stated this could either be because this unreadability was associated with perceptions of lower trustworthiness or simply because this unreadability is associated with behaving in a manner that is perceived as eccentric or "out of the ordinary", which therefore results in the greater negative perceptions of them. | Perceiver ratings were also utilized to calculate a "readability" score (how easy it was to perceive the participants emotional and affective states), and it was found that over the course of two studies, the readability score correlated moderately to strongly (r = 0.58 for the first study and 0.63 for the second) with the negative or positive evaluations of the target's characteristics. Thus the negative perceptions of autistic individuals are possibly mediated by the observers difficulty in reading their emotions or intentions. The researchers stated this could either be because this unreadability was associated with perceptions of lower trustworthiness or simply because this unreadability is associated with behaving in a manner that is perceived as eccentric or "out of the ordinary", which therefore results in the greater negative perceptions of them. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
In combination with Geoffrey Miller's ''mating mind'' hypothesis of human intelligence, namely that highly human behavior may have evolved though sexual selection, this result may suggest the struggles high-functioning autists face may in part be rooted in social exclusion based on sexually selected preferences for highly specific modes of facial and emotional expressiveness in similar manner as humans superficially, but strongly judge based on subtle cues of physical appearance despite it being largely unrelated to health and ability, i.e. it may be the ''few millimeters of emotional expressiveness'' and [[charisma]] in analogy to [[a few millimeters of bone]] that disproportionally decide about social and sexual exclusion. | |||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span> | <span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span> | ||
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A clinical cohort study of adults recently diagnosed with Asperger's Syndrome (N = 374, 256 men, 116 women) in 2014 found a much greater prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempts/plans for suicide among adults with Asperger's as compared to the general population. Specifically adults with Asperger’s syndrome are much more likely to report lifetime experience of suicidal ideation than were individuals from a general UK population sample (odds ratio 9.6), and 35% of respondents reported having actually planned their suicide. | A clinical cohort study of adults recently diagnosed with Asperger's Syndrome (N = 374, 256 men, 116 women) in 2014 found a much greater prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempts/plans for suicide among adults with Asperger's as compared to the general population. Specifically adults with Asperger’s syndrome are much more likely to report lifetime experience of suicidal ideation than were individuals from a general UK population sample (odds ratio 9.6), and 35% of respondents reported having actually planned their suicide. | ||
Due to the social deficits of those with this condition, bullying and persecution they often suffer, and lack of human connection often concomitant with this illness, it could be reasonably argued that autists are among the most marginalized groups in society, particularly autistic males. Based on above data previously reviewed, a significant percent of male autists will die never having experienced anything close to resembling a loving romantic relationship, or indeed having experienced sexual intercourse at all. | <span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | ||
Due to the social deficits of those with this condition, bullying and persecution they often suffer, and lack of human connection often concomitant with this illness, it could be reasonably argued that autists are among the most marginalized groups in society, particularly autistic males, occupying the lowest [[dominance hierarchy|social status]]. Based on above data previously reviewed, a significant percent of male autists will die never having experienced anything close to resembling a loving romantic relationship, or indeed having experienced sexual intercourse at all. | |||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span> | <span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span> | ||
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At the low end of the spectrum, an interesting trend emerges, as we see that low IQs affect male and female sexual activity differently. 46.7% of low IQ men were sexually active, while only 18.4% of low IQ women were. Thus low IQ men were 2.5x as likely as low IQ women to be sexually successful. | At the low end of the spectrum, an interesting trend emerges, as we see that low IQs affect male and female sexual activity differently. 46.7% of low IQ men were sexually active, while only 18.4% of low IQ women were. Thus low IQ men were 2.5x as likely as low IQ women to be sexually successful. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
This would suggest that high IQ impairs both men and women from sexual success, but low IQ does not as greatly impair men's sexual success as it would for a woman. | This would suggest that high IQ impairs both men and women from sexual success, but low IQ does not as greatly impair men's sexual success as it would for a woman. | ||
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Rokeach & Weiner (2014) administering questionnaires on sexual behavior to 58 participants (30 ADHD, 28 TD), found that irrespective of gender, individuals with ADHD reported nearly double the number of lifetime sexual partners as compared to TD participants. Boys with ADHD also reported a 2 year earlier age of sexual debut as compared to TD boys, with the age of sexual debut between ADHD and TD girls not being significantly different. | Rokeach & Weiner (2014) administering questionnaires on sexual behavior to 58 participants (30 ADHD, 28 TD), found that irrespective of gender, individuals with ADHD reported nearly double the number of lifetime sexual partners as compared to TD participants. Boys with ADHD also reported a 2 year earlier age of sexual debut as compared to TD boys, with the age of sexual debut between ADHD and TD girls not being significantly different. | ||
A | A possible explanation for the ADHD boys being more sexually successful than TD males is due to the overlapping behavioral elements of ADHD and Psychopathy. Bodalski (2017) reviewed research demonstrating a link between ADHD and psychopathic affect and also similar levels of impulsive behavior, while noting that the literature elucidating the possible relationship between the two was scarce. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span> | <span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span> | ||
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Namely, those individuals high in type-B personality cluster traits (Narcissism, Anti-Social, Borderline, Histrionic) of both sexes has 3.5x as many mates as low B subjects, with five times as many short-term mates and twice as many long term mates. It was also found that those higher in cluster B had 39% more offspring then those lower in cluster B traits. | Namely, those individuals high in type-B personality cluster traits (Narcissism, Anti-Social, Borderline, Histrionic) of both sexes has 3.5x as many mates as low B subjects, with five times as many short-term mates and twice as many long term mates. It was also found that those higher in cluster B had 39% more offspring then those lower in cluster B traits. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
Thus it can be surmised that these personality traits, with all their concomitant negative outcomes; both for the bearers of these disorders and their potential victims, are most likely being significantly sexually selected for in various modern societies. | Thus it can be surmised that these personality traits, with all their concomitant negative outcomes; both for the bearers of these disorders and their potential victims, are most likely being significantly sexually selected for in various modern societies. | ||
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* '''Pacific Islanders''': 71% of women vs. 39% of men found whites most attractive. | * '''Pacific Islanders''': 71% of women vs. 39% of men found whites most attractive. | ||
Thus although many women claim to oppose "white male privilege" or "white supremacy," it seems one of the greatest privileges white men are afforded is the overwhelming view from all races of women that they are the most attractive of all men. | Thus although many women claim to oppose "white male privilege" or "white supremacy," it seems one of the greatest privileges white men are afforded is the overwhelming view from all races of women that they are the most attractive of all men. This does of course not mean all Causcasians are [[volcels]]. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span> | <span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span> | ||
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To remove racial bias from the equation, researchers asked Caucasian participants to change the skin color of Caucasian male and female faces on a computer screen to make them look as healthy as possible. The participants overwhelmingly increased the rosiness, yellowness and brightness of the subjects' skin. Past research from the same team showed this same preference in other races as well, where South Africans also tended to judge rosier faces as healthier. | To remove racial bias from the equation, researchers asked Caucasian participants to change the skin color of Caucasian male and female faces on a computer screen to make them look as healthy as possible. The participants overwhelmingly increased the rosiness, yellowness and brightness of the subjects' skin. Past research from the same team showed this same preference in other races as well, where South Africans also tended to judge rosier faces as healthier. | ||
A combination of bright, rosy, and golden skin is suggested to represent an objective biological indicator of health. This is likely ingrained in the human species from an evolutionary perspective, as the same preference has been observed in nonhuman animals. | A combination of bright, rosy, and golden skin is suggested to represent an objective biological indicator of health, even though a weak one. This is likely ingrained in the human species from an evolutionary perspective, as the same preference has been observed in nonhuman animals. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span> | <span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span> | ||
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Burke et al. (2013) built on these findings by asking Japanese and Caucasian participants to rate the masculinity and femininity of Caucasian, Asian, and African men and women. African female faces were judged to be significantly less feminine than Caucasian or Asian females faces. Asian men were also rated as significantly lower in masculinity than Caucasian men. | Burke et al. (2013) built on these findings by asking Japanese and Caucasian participants to rate the masculinity and femininity of Caucasian, Asian, and African men and women. African female faces were judged to be significantly less feminine than Caucasian or Asian females faces. Asian men were also rated as significantly lower in masculinity than Caucasian men. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
These findings contribute towards a biological explanation for the poor performance of Asian men and black women in online dating, as masculinity for men and femininity for women are known to form a major part of attractiveness for each gender. These findings have been replicated across several cultures and countries, but further study will help to clarify the degree to which this perception is global or likely evolutionary rather than cultural. | These findings contribute towards a biological explanation for the poor performance of Asian men and black women in online dating, as masculinity for men and femininity for women are known to form a major part of attractiveness for each gender. These findings have been replicated across several cultures and countries, but further study will help to clarify the degree to which this perception is global or likely evolutionary rather than cultural. | ||
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* Attractive children and adults exhibit more positive behaviors and traits than unattractive children and adults. | * Attractive children and adults exhibit more positive behaviors and traits than unattractive children and adults. | ||
* Attractive people may exhibit more positive behaviors because attractive and unattractive people are treated differently, so they learn to behave differently. | * Attractive people may exhibit more positive behaviors because attractive and unattractive people are treated differently, so they learn to behave differently. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
According to this data, the positive or negative impacts of one's attractiveness can be universally appreciated and resonate through an entire lifetime. | According to this data, the positive or negative impacts of one's attractiveness can be universally appreciated and resonate through an entire lifetime. | ||
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<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Parents_treat_attractive_children_better_than_ugly_children|permalink]] | [[#tocLooks_.28Life.29|category: Looks (Life)]] | [[#tocParents_treat_attractive_children_better_than_ugly_children|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Parents_treat_attractive_children_better_than_ugly_children|permalink]] | [[#tocLooks_.28Life.29|category: Looks (Life)]] | [[#tocParents_treat_attractive_children_better_than_ugly_children|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Parental treatment of their children was evaluated by monitoring their parenting styles in supermarkets. Particularly, researchers observed whether or not parents used the available seat belts on shopping carts or paid attention to if the child was behaving in a way that could be dangerous. They found that the attractiveness of the child directly determined how often the parent used seatbelts and paid attention to the child's safety. | Parental treatment of their children was evaluated by monitoring their parenting styles in supermarkets. Particularly, researchers observed whether or not parents used the available seat belts on shopping carts or paid attention to if the child was behaving in a way that could be dangerous. They found that the attractiveness of the child directly determined how often the parent used seatbelts and paid attention to the child's safety. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
This demonstrates that attractiveness determines a great degree of our early life experience, even in terms of how affectionate or protective our parents are, from the earliest years. Thus the psychological differences between adults who are attractive vs. those that are unattractive can be seen as an interaction of nature and nurture. Children who are attractive by nature get nurtured more, and thus develop into more confident, successful, and happy people later in life. Their looks provide a constant positive feedback cycle where people care more about contributing to their well-being over time. | This demonstrates that attractiveness determines a great degree of our early life experience, even in terms of how affectionate or protective our parents are, from the earliest years. Thus the psychological differences between adults who are attractive vs. those that are unattractive can be seen as an interaction of nature and nurture. Children who are attractive by nature get nurtured more, and thus develop into more confident, successful, and happy people later in life. Their looks provide a constant positive feedback cycle where people care more about contributing to their well-being over time. | ||
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Although unattractive participants scored slightly higher in funniness in the audio only condition, they were viewed as less funny in the video and photograph conditions, with this effect being especially apparent in the photograph condition as compared to the audio only condition. The opposite was true for attractive men—thus demonstrating perceptions of humor are significantly influenced by the attractiveness halo effect. Good looking people were not any funnier when their looks were removed from the equation. But when their good looks were evident, they were perceived as funnier. | Although unattractive participants scored slightly higher in funniness in the audio only condition, they were viewed as less funny in the video and photograph conditions, with this effect being especially apparent in the photograph condition as compared to the audio only condition. The opposite was true for attractive men—thus demonstrating perceptions of humor are significantly influenced by the attractiveness halo effect. Good looking people were not any funnier when their looks were removed from the equation. But when their good looks were evident, they were perceived as funnier. | ||
For a more humorous take on this subject, comedian Gilbert Gottfried wrote an article summarizing his experiences which mirror the findings of this study | For a more humorous take on this subject, comedian Gilbert Gottfried wrote an article summarizing his experiences which mirror the findings of this study: [https://playboysfw.kinja.com/women-say-they-want-a-guy-with-a-sense-of-humor-they-d-1487449484 "Women Say They Want a Guy With a Sense of Humor. They Don't."] | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span> | <span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span> | ||
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* Women's Pre-Conceptions: Personality (8.1) > Money (7.73) > Looks (7.18) | * Women's Pre-Conceptions: Personality (8.1) > Money (7.73) > Looks (7.18) | ||
* Both Genders' Actual Factors: '''Looks > Personality > Money''' | * Both Genders' Actual Factors: '''Looks > Personality > Money''' | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
Thus while women rated physical attractiveness for a man as their lowest priority, it turned out to be their strongest priority and even more important than it was for men. Studies like this suggest why it may not be useful to ask women what is most important to them, as in many scientific studies (mainly those relying on rating traits of hypothetical partners, or self reported preferences), they have not been able to give reliable or factual answers on this subject. As in most cases, nature is best learnt through objective observation i.e. revealed preferences vs. stated preferences. | Thus while women rated physical attractiveness for a man as their lowest priority, it turned out to be their strongest priority and even more important than it was for men. Studies like this suggest why it may not be useful to ask women what is most important to them, as in many scientific studies (mainly those relying on rating traits of hypothetical partners, or self reported preferences), they have not been able to give reliable or factual answers on this subject. As in most cases, nature is best learnt through objective observation i.e. revealed preferences vs. stated preferences. | ||
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In the end OkCupid disabled the feature, and now only allows one global rating to be given. They published their data from when looks and personality were rated individually so others can see how online dating users consider these two factors essentially the same thing. | In the end OkCupid disabled the feature, and now only allows one global rating to be given. They published their data from when looks and personality were rated individually so others can see how online dating users consider these two factors essentially the same thing. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
Related to this, OkCupid conducted an unwitting experiment pertaining to the effects of profile pictures on one's success in online dating, and the user perceptions of compatibility based on profile text vs photographs. On January 15, 2013, OkCupid celebrated the release of a new app dealing with blind dates by disabling all profile pictures on OkCupid, which they dubbed “Love Is Blind Day”. They found that while overall traffic declined, users were 44% more willing to message first, conversations were lengthier, and contact details were exchanged more often. However, when they restored the profile pictures after the end of the day, they noticed that many of the conversations starting on the day abruptly finished. This further reinforces the idea that displaying one's personality through profile text and messages on online dating apps in an attempt to compensate for physical unattractiveness is likely a doomed endeavor. | Related to this, OkCupid conducted an unwitting experiment pertaining to the effects of profile pictures on one's success in online dating, and the user perceptions of compatibility based on profile text vs photographs. On January 15, 2013, OkCupid celebrated the release of a new app dealing with blind dates by disabling all profile pictures on OkCupid, which they dubbed “Love Is Blind Day”. They found that while overall traffic declined, users were 44% more willing to message first, conversations were lengthier, and contact details were exchanged more often. However, when they restored the profile pictures after the end of the day, they noticed that many of the conversations starting on the day abruptly finished. This further reinforces the idea that displaying one's personality through profile text and messages on online dating apps in an attempt to compensate for physical unattractiveness is likely a doomed endeavor. | ||
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However, in all areas of study, no major effects were seen for women based on their attractiveness. Female physical attractiveness generally played little or no role, however being unattractive presented a slight penalty to the likelihood of forming a couple among women of working-class origin, with the researchers noting this effect was much weaker among women of this social class then the one found among corresponding males of this class. | However, in all areas of study, no major effects were seen for women based on their attractiveness. Female physical attractiveness generally played little or no role, however being unattractive presented a slight penalty to the likelihood of forming a couple among women of working-class origin, with the researchers noting this effect was much weaker among women of this social class then the one found among corresponding males of this class. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
Related to this, OkCupid conducted an unwitting experiment pertaining to the effects of profile pictures on one's success in online dating, and the user perceptions of compatibility based on profile text vs photographs. On January 15, 2013, OkCupid celebrated the release of a new app dealing with blind dates by disabling all profile pictures on OkCupid, which they dubbed “Love Is Blind Day”. They found that while overall traffic declined, users were 44% more willing to message first, conversations were lengthier, and contact details were exchanged more often. However, when they restored the profile pictures after the end of the day, they noticed that many of the conversations starting on the day abruptly finished. This further reinforces the idea that displaying one's personality through profile text and messages on online dating apps in an attempt to compensate for physical unattractiveness is likely a doomed endeavor. | |||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span> | |||
[[File:OK Cupid Looks Personality.png|300px|thumb|none|OkCupid's data showing personality ratings vs. looks ratings of profiles which demonstrate almost perfect 1:1 correlation]] | |||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span> | |||
* ''According to our users, "looks" and "personality" were the same thing.'' | |||
* ''And it wasn’t that “looks weren’t important” to the users who’d chosen to stick around. When the photos were restored at 4PM, 2,200 people were in the middle of conversations that had started “blind”. Those conversations melted away. The goodness was gone, in fact worse than gone. It was like we’d turned on the bright lights at the bar at midnight.'' | |||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span> | |||
* Rudder C. 2014. ''We Experiment On Human Beings!'' OkTrends: Dating Research from OkCupid. [[https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/weexperimentonhumanbeings.html Web]] | |||
When speaking of the challenges that being an unattractive man poses in dating, many women are unsympathetic and cannot understand how being unattractive as a man could be so detrimental to success. Research suggests this may be because women do not suffer the same disadvantages from being unattractive, and thus have no personal reference for understanding the struggles of unattractive men. This is a cognitive bias known as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy_gap hot-cold empathy gap]. | When speaking of the challenges that being an unattractive man poses in dating, many women are unsympathetic and cannot understand how being unattractive as a man could be so detrimental to success. Research suggests this may be because women do not suffer the same disadvantages from being unattractive, and thus have no personal reference for understanding the struggles of unattractive men. This is a cognitive bias known as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy_gap hot-cold empathy gap]. | ||
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In other words, whether a man is attractive is the most important predictor of whether women will use a condom during intercourse with him. Furthermore, '''women are less likely to use a condom with a man they judge as being high risk for carrying or transmitting an STD to them.''' | In other words, whether a man is attractive is the most important predictor of whether women will use a condom during intercourse with him. Furthermore, '''women are less likely to use a condom with a man they judge as being high risk for carrying or transmitting an STD to them.''' | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
This result can be regarded as evidence for the [[sexy son hypothesis]], proposed by statistician and geneticist Ronald Fisher (1930). His theory—expanding upon Darwin's much overlooked emphasis on the sexual selection for male traits by females—states that [[beauty]] may have evolved by a feedback loop ([[Fisherian runaway]]) to become so attractive that women are readily willing to copulate with a beautiful male irrespective of other considerations (e.g. his ability or willingness to provide for and protect the female), because the males' beauty—which is partly heritable—confer on their offspring a potential reproductive advantage. The same does hold true for the opposite case i.e. men more readily copulate with beautiful women, but men can afford to be much more less selective/more promiscuous in any case because they do not need to pay the cost of carrying and giving birth to the child and do not need to consider women's ability to provide ([[Bateman's Principle]] of differential parental investment). Hence, women's behavior of disregarding the ability to provide merely at the benefit of better looking offspring has much more drastic implications. | This result can be regarded as evidence for the [[sexy son hypothesis]], proposed by statistician and geneticist Ronald Fisher (1930). His theory—expanding upon Darwin's much overlooked emphasis on the sexual selection for male traits by females—states that [[beauty]] may have evolved by a feedback loop ([[Fisherian runaway]]) to become so attractive that women are readily willing to copulate with a beautiful male irrespective of other considerations (e.g. his ability or willingness to provide for and protect the female), because the males' beauty—which is partly heritable—confer on their offspring a potential reproductive advantage. The same does hold true for the opposite case i.e. men more readily copulate with beautiful women, but men can afford to be much more less selective/more promiscuous in any case because they do not need to pay the cost of carrying and giving birth to the child and do not need to consider women's ability to provide ([[Bateman's Principle]] of differential parental investment). Hence, women's behavior of disregarding the ability to provide merely at the benefit of better looking offspring has much more drastic implications. | ||
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Analysis of outcomes showed that men's fWHR explained fully 34% of the variance in women's interest in men for short-term relationships. fWHR was a very powerful predictor of being chosen for future dates by the women, even when higher fWHR faces were not deemed more attractive by women. High fWHR men were perceived as more dominant and thus more desirable to women for short-term sexual involvement. | Analysis of outcomes showed that men's fWHR explained fully 34% of the variance in women's interest in men for short-term relationships. fWHR was a very powerful predictor of being chosen for future dates by the women, even when higher fWHR faces were not deemed more attractive by women. High fWHR men were perceived as more dominant and thus more desirable to women for short-term sexual involvement. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
It is not clear to which extent the preferences for long-term dating are affected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_desirability_bias social desirability bias], i.e. women plausibly say they are not as choosy about superficial, masculine traits for LTRs because there is societal pressure for them to value non-superficial traits instead. Actual mate choices would be more informative than expressed preferences. | It is not clear to which extent the preferences for long-term dating are affected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_desirability_bias social desirability bias], i.e. women plausibly say they are not as choosy about superficial, masculine traits for LTRs because there is societal pressure for them to value non-superficial traits instead. Actual mate choices would be more informative than expressed preferences. | ||
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To test the behavior that the chickens had learned, the researchers counted the times the chicken picked at a given face within a certain time interval. Interestingly, it was discovered that human and chicken preferences for opposite sex faces were very highly correlated when varying the degree of sexual dimorphism of the presented faces (r² = 0.98); that is to say nearly identical. That means the chickens were nearly equally as likely to peck at the highly dimorphic faces as the human subjects were to prefer them as potential romantic partners. This result even generalized to when the researchers added faces with even more exaggerated dimorphism not present during training, i.e. both humans and chickens agreed on the more exaggerated faces being more attractive. | To test the behavior that the chickens had learned, the researchers counted the times the chicken picked at a given face within a certain time interval. Interestingly, it was discovered that human and chicken preferences for opposite sex faces were very highly correlated when varying the degree of sexual dimorphism of the presented faces (r² = 0.98); that is to say nearly identical. That means the chickens were nearly equally as likely to peck at the highly dimorphic faces as the human subjects were to prefer them as potential romantic partners. This result even generalized to when the researchers added faces with even more exaggerated dimorphism not present during training, i.e. both humans and chickens agreed on the more exaggerated faces being more attractive. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
The findings provide support for the hypothesis that human preferences for sexually dimorphic faces are innate and hardwired in our 'lizard brain', that is, there is a deep-seated desire for such aesthetic features, and this desire even predates the evolution of modern humans, with the last common ancestor of humans and chickens [https://www.nature.com/news/2004/041206/full/041206-8.html thought] to have been a reptilian creature that lived more than 310 million years ago. The result strongly suggests that the preference for extremely masculine and feminine faces is not a cultural construct, but it inevitably emerges in biological brains. | The findings provide support for the hypothesis that human preferences for sexually dimorphic faces are innate and hardwired in our 'lizard brain', that is, there is a deep-seated desire for such aesthetic features, and this desire even predates the evolution of modern humans, with the last common ancestor of humans and chickens [https://www.nature.com/news/2004/041206/full/041206-8.html thought] to have been a reptilian creature that lived more than 310 million years ago. The result strongly suggests that the preference for extremely masculine and feminine faces is not a cultural construct, but it inevitably emerges in biological brains. | ||
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In study 2 and 3, bald men were rated as significantly less attractive. | In study 2 and 3, bald men were rated as significantly less attractive. | ||
Study 3b provides barely significant evidence for the common ''"embrace your baldness"'' advice: Men with thinning hair can possibly ''slightly'' improve their looks by shaving their hair entirely. | Study 3b provides barely significant evidence for the common ''"embrace your baldness"'' advice: Men with thinning hair can possibly ''slightly'' improve their looks by shaving their hair entirely. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
The study is limited in that it does not analyze potential multiplicative utility effects of attractiveness/physical dominance and baldness, i.e. baldness could have less of a detrimental effect in dominant/good looking men, but have a larger negative effect in unattractive/weak men, as suggested in this [https://i.imgur.com/IMmmP8A.gif comic]. | The study is limited in that it does not analyze potential multiplicative utility effects of attractiveness/physical dominance and baldness, i.e. baldness could have less of a detrimental effect in dominant/good looking men, but have a larger negative effect in unattractive/weak men, as suggested in this [https://i.imgur.com/IMmmP8A.gif comic]. | ||
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* 30% of women believe there is no such thing as a man being "too tall." | * 30% of women believe there is no such thing as a man being "too tall." | ||
* Over 94% of women will reject a man solely for him being too short. | * Over 94% of women will reject a man solely for him being too short. | ||
[[File:Women-s-Acceptance-of-Potential-Male-Partners-Based-on-Male-Height.png|600px|none|thumb|The percent of women willing to accept a man as a potential partner based solely on his height.]] | [[File:Women-s-Acceptance-of-Potential-Male-Partners-Based-on-Male-Height.png|600px|none|thumb|The percent of women willing to accept a man as a potential partner based solely on his height.]] | ||
'''2) Every Inch Counts:''' | '''2) Every Inch Counts:''' | ||
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* Benefits become insignificant past 5'10". | * Benefits become insignificant past 5'10". | ||
* Below 5'1" a 2" height gain also makes an insignificant difference, as even after 2" gain, a man at this height is still "too short" for most women to consider. | * Below 5'1" a 2" height gain also makes an insignificant difference, as even after 2" gain, a man at this height is still "too short" for most women to consider. | ||
[[File:Women-s-Acceptance-Height-Multiplier.png|600px|none|thumb|The multiplication in dating pool size a man experiences for a 2" gain in height due to women's height cutoffs]] | [[File:Women-s-Acceptance-Height-Multiplier.png|600px|none|thumb|The multiplication in dating pool size a man experiences for a 2" gain in height due to women's height cutoffs]] | ||
'''3) Competition:''' | '''3) Competition:''' | ||
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* A 5'4" man will have to "beat" over 7 other men (most of whom will be taller) to get a girl accepting of his height. | * A 5'4" man will have to "beat" over 7 other men (most of whom will be taller) to get a girl accepting of his height. | ||
* 5'10 to 6'4" men have the least competition as the demand for these men outpaces their supply, and statistically overall women must compete for these men rather than vice versa. | * 5'10 to 6'4" men have the least competition as the demand for these men outpaces their supply, and statistically overall women must compete for these men rather than vice versa. | ||
[[File:Women-s-Height-Preferences-Number-of-Competitors.png|600px|none|thumb|The number of men competing for a woman who will accept their height at each male height]] | [[File:Women-s-Height-Preferences-Number-of-Competitors.png|600px|none|thumb|The number of men competing for a woman who will accept their height at each male height]] | ||
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Results did not suggest different odds of any behavior based on sexual orientation. | Results did not suggest different odds of any behavior based on sexual orientation. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
The increasing obsession with grooming and superficial traits (ornament) related to physical appearance, can likely be interpreted in the context of ''[[Fisherian runaway]] sexual selection''. Fisherian runaway refers a process that leads to the evolution of increasingly extreme and eventually maladaptive traits that increase sexual dimorphism, in response to ever narrowing preference for these traits in the opposite sex. When the sexual market place becomes more competitive e.g. due to increasing economic inequality or greater competition online, both sexes are driven towards more aggressive strategies optimizing their physical appearance, often to an arguably narcissistic, even obsessive-compulsive extent. | The increasing obsession with grooming and superficial traits (ornament) related to physical appearance, can likely be interpreted in the context of ''[[Fisherian runaway]] sexual selection''. Fisherian runaway refers a process that leads to the evolution of increasingly extreme and eventually maladaptive traits that increase sexual dimorphism, in response to ever narrowing preference for these traits in the opposite sex. When the sexual market place becomes more competitive e.g. due to increasing economic inequality or greater competition online, both sexes are driven towards more aggressive strategies optimizing their physical appearance, often to an arguably narcissistic, even obsessive-compulsive extent. | ||
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This result has since been replicated many times over the following decades. The conclusion scientific researchers have drawn from this study and others is that it is therefore normal for a healthy heterosexual man to be capable of sexual arousal by adolescent females in almost all cases, and even to be capable of arousal to female children in more than half of cases. | This result has since been replicated many times over the following decades. The conclusion scientific researchers have drawn from this study and others is that it is therefore normal for a healthy heterosexual man to be capable of sexual arousal by adolescent females in almost all cases, and even to be capable of arousal to female children in more than half of cases. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
Many people in modern society will attempt to label any man who is sexually aroused by any female under 18 years old "a deviant." Scientifically, however, we can see there would be nothing deviant about any such arousal. It would in fact be completely normal. Whether any such arousal should be acted upon is a different subject altogether. Regardless, it can likely be agreed that vilifying men for simply possessing and acknowledging the natural, healthy sex drive they were born with is not helpful or productive. | Many people in modern society will attempt to label any man who is sexually aroused by any female under 18 years old "a deviant." Scientifically, however, we can see there would be nothing deviant about any such arousal. It would in fact be completely normal. Whether any such arousal should be acted upon is a different subject altogether. Regardless, it can likely be agreed that vilifying men for simply possessing and acknowledging the natural, healthy sex drive they were born with is not helpful or productive. | ||
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By contrast, women prefer men who are within a few years of their own age, and as they get older, they prefer men who more closely match their age. Only after 31 do they prefer men who are younger, and then only by a few years. | By contrast, women prefer men who are within a few years of their own age, and as they get older, they prefer men who more closely match their age. Only after 31 do they prefer men who are younger, and then only by a few years. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
Currently, it has become commonplace in online communities for people to shame an older man for pursuing women in the age range he would find most attractive. This is deemed "creepy" and many people claim it makes him a "pervert". However, we can see from a male biological perspective it is totally natural. This can be understood as a further manifestation of an overly feminist society which deems anything women want as valid and beyond reproach, and anything men want differently as "toxic". | Currently, it has become commonplace in online communities for people to shame an older man for pursuing women in the age range he would find most attractive. This is deemed "creepy" and many people claim it makes him a "pervert". However, we can see from a male biological perspective it is totally natural. This can be understood as a further manifestation of an overly feminist society which deems anything women want as valid and beyond reproach, and anything men want differently as "toxic". | ||
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<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_rate_80.25_of_men_as_.22below_average.22.2C_while_men_rate_women_on_a_bell_curve|permalink]] | [[#tocHypergamy|category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocWomen_rate_80.25_of_men_as_.22below_average.22.2C_while_men_rate_women_on_a_bell_curve|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_rate_80.25_of_men_as_.22below_average.22.2C_while_men_rate_women_on_a_bell_curve|permalink]] | [[#tocHypergamy|category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocWomen_rate_80.25_of_men_as_.22below_average.22.2C_while_men_rate_women_on_a_bell_curve|table of contents]]</div> | ||
In 2009, the dating site OkCupid published a blog article titled "Your Looks and Your Inbox" which analyzed the messaging patterns of their userbase broken down by sex and looks. They found that while men rated women on roughly a bell curve distribution centered around medium (5/10), women rated 80% of men as below medium. This data was further analyzed for the book Dataclysm (2014) by OkCupid founder Christian Rudder, providing a more detailed graphing of the original data, demonstrated below, converted to a 0 to 10 rating scale. Christian Rudder expounded on his findings in an interview in 2014, available [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_islsqquXAo&feature=youtu.be&t=2161 here]. | In 2009, the dating site OkCupid published a blog article titled "Your Looks and Your Inbox" which analyzed the messaging patterns of their userbase broken down by sex and looks. They found that while men rated women on roughly a bell curve distribution centered around medium (5/10), women rated 80% of men as below medium. This data was further analyzed for the book Dataclysm (2014) by OkCupid founder Christian Rudder, providing a more detailed graphing of the original data, demonstrated below, converted to a 0 to 10 rating scale. Christian Rudder expounded on his findings in an interview in 2014, available [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_islsqquXAo&feature=youtu.be&t=2161 here]. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
Many in the [[manosphere]] took the blog article as evidence of [[hypergamy]] and the [[80/20 rule]]. It is, however, not as straight forward: The article further mentions that "two-thirds of male messages go to the best-looking third of women. So basically, guys are fighting each other 2-for-1 for the absolute best-rated females, while plenty of potentially charming, even cute, girls go unwritten." Further, "women shift their expectations only just slightly ahead […], which is a healthier pattern than guys’". However, they did not quantify this difference. Another study based on an unspecified online dating website by Bruch & Newman (2018) did quantify this and found no sex difference with both men and women aiming 25% higher than their own [[SMV]] on average. Burch & Newman also found that only few aim excessively high which is in agreement with observations made by K. Grammer: "If she is too attractive he might consider his chances low and accordingly refrain from courting in order to save face." (see Eibl-Eibesfeldt 2017, ch. 4.5, p. 239). | Many in the [[manosphere]] took the blog article as evidence of [[hypergamy]] and the [[80/20 rule]]. It is, however, not as straight forward: The article further mentions that "two-thirds of male messages go to the best-looking third of women. So basically, guys are fighting each other 2-for-1 for the absolute best-rated females, while plenty of potentially charming, even cute, girls go unwritten." Further, "women shift their expectations only just slightly ahead […], which is a healthier pattern than guys’". However, they did not quantify this difference. Another study based on an unspecified online dating website by Bruch & Newman (2018) did quantify this and found no sex difference with both men and women aiming 25% higher than their own [[SMV]] on average. Burch & Newman also found that only few aim excessively high which is in agreement with observations made by K. Grammer: "If she is too attractive he might consider his chances low and accordingly refrain from courting in order to save face." (see Eibl-Eibesfeldt 2017, ch. 4.5, p. 239). | ||
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And indeed, he found men's status accounts for as much as 62% of the variance in potential fertility. This pattern is remarkably similar to what is found in many traditional societies, e.g. even in the most egalitarian contemporary hunter-gatherers such as the Ache and the Sharanahua, one finds that the most successful hunters have the most offspring (Cashdan, 1996). | And indeed, he found men's status accounts for as much as 62% of the variance in potential fertility. This pattern is remarkably similar to what is found in many traditional societies, e.g. even in the most egalitarian contemporary hunter-gatherers such as the Ache and the Sharanahua, one finds that the most successful hunters have the most offspring (Cashdan, 1996). | ||
For women, on the other hand, high status is associated with ''lower [[reproductive success|reproductive success]]'', and has been in history. This can likely be explained by their hypergamous instincts to avoid men of lower status than their own. | For women, on the other hand, high status is associated with ''lower [[reproductive success|reproductive success]]'', and has been in history. This can likely be explained by their [[hypergamy|hypergamous]] instincts to avoid men of lower status than their own. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span> | <span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span> | ||
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The Tinder study also found some evidence for [[hypergamy]], which, they report, matched findings from other online dating studies, namely women tended to visit more educated men than themselves about twice as often and less educated men only half as often compared to someone of equal educational status. They also found that, contrary to the popular notion that men are "intimidated" by highly educated women, a woman's education level did not significantly change a man's swiping behavior. It was ultimately found that Tinder users do not engage in educationally assortative mating patterns as similarly educated people were not more likely to match, rather there was only evidence for the existence of female hypergamy. | The Tinder study also found some evidence for [[hypergamy]], which, they report, matched findings from other online dating studies, namely women tended to visit more educated men than themselves about twice as often and less educated men only half as often compared to someone of equal educational status. They also found that, contrary to the popular notion that men are "intimidated" by highly educated women, a woman's education level did not significantly change a man's swiping behavior. It was ultimately found that Tinder users do not engage in educationally assortative mating patterns as similarly educated people were not more likely to match, rather there was only evidence for the existence of female hypergamy. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
Similarly large sex differences as in "superliking" have previously been found in natural, non-online settings, e.g. for sex-receptivity at Florida State University where 0% (N = 48) of the women accepted real-world random sex invitations, whereas 75% (N = 48) of men did (Clark & Hatfield 1989). | Similarly large sex differences as in "superliking" have previously been found in natural, non-online settings, e.g. for sex-receptivity at Florida State University where 0% (N = 48) of the women accepted real-world random sex invitations, whereas 75% (N = 48) of men did (Clark & Hatfield 1989). | ||
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Journalists from the French newspaper Le Monde performed a dating experiment on Tinder using an average looking man and woman, finding that the average match rate for women was 50% and for men only 2%. Thus women in this experiment had a 25x greater match rate than men. | Journalists from the French newspaper Le Monde performed a dating experiment on Tinder using an average looking man and woman, finding that the average match rate for women was 50% and for men only 2%. Thus women in this experiment had a 25x greater match rate than men. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
This provides evidence for women generally being far more sexually selective than men, and shows that most men are never given consideration. However, they also raise the important point that Tinder manipulates male profile visibility such that the only ways a man's profile is shown to women at all is if many other women also like that man (i.e. proving he is very attractive) or the man is paying for Boosts or other monetized solutions. They even go so far as to suggest Tinder is intentionally targeting men who can most easily pay for these services to maximize their frustration and thus revenue potential from them. | This provides evidence for women generally being far more sexually selective than men, and shows that most men are never given consideration. However, they also raise the important point that Tinder manipulates male profile visibility such that the only ways a man's profile is shown to women at all is if many other women also like that man (i.e. proving he is very attractive) or the man is paying for Boosts or other monetized solutions. They even go so far as to suggest Tinder is intentionally targeting men who can most easily pay for these services to maximize their frustration and thus revenue potential from them. | ||
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It was found that while the female participants didn't rate the 'attached' male targets as any more attractive, they rated then as significantly more desirable for a romantic relationship. This effect was not found for female participants already in a romantic relationship, and no significant effect was found on the men's evaluations of attached female targets. | It was found that while the female participants didn't rate the 'attached' male targets as any more attractive, they rated then as significantly more desirable for a romantic relationship. This effect was not found for female participants already in a romantic relationship, and no significant effect was found on the men's evaluations of attached female targets. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
Therefore there is evidence that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mate_choice_copying mate choice copying] applies to humans as well as being a widely observed phenomenon throughout the animal world. | Therefore there is evidence that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mate_choice_copying mate choice copying] applies to humans as well as being a widely observed phenomenon throughout the animal world. | ||
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<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_are_prone_to_instability_when_they_are_more_attractive_than_their_male_partner|permalink]] | [[#tocHypergamy|category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocWomen_are_prone_to_instability_when_they_are_more_attractive_than_their_male_partner|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_are_prone_to_instability_when_they_are_more_attractive_than_their_male_partner|permalink]] | [[#tocHypergamy|category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocWomen_are_prone_to_instability_when_they_are_more_attractive_than_their_male_partner|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Women reported a tendency towards dating men who they perceived as more attractive than them. When their partners were less attractive than them, they reported more resistance to their partner's attempts to "mate guard," i.e they displayed less commitment, more resistance to men's public displays of affection, more flirting with other men, seeing other men as appealing dating alternatives, and more frequent thoughts about breaking up. | Women reported a tendency towards dating men who they perceived as more attractive than them. When their partners were less attractive than them, they reported more resistance to their partner's attempts to "mate guard," i.e they displayed less commitment, more resistance to men's public displays of affection, more flirting with other men, seeing other men as appealing dating alternatives, and more frequent thoughts about breaking up. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
Thus it seems apparent that relationship satisfaction is most probable for a woman when a man "dates down." "Dating up" on the other hand for a man will more likely create a situation of relationship instability with the woman initiating destabilizing behaviors. | Thus it seems apparent that relationship satisfaction is most probable for a woman when a man "dates down." "Dating up" on the other hand for a man will more likely create a situation of relationship instability with the woman initiating destabilizing behaviors. | ||
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* The peak coincides with early agricultural revolutions, hence a plausible explanation is increasingly polygynous mating practices enabled by the power concentration and wealth accumulation of farmers. Economic inequality and hereditary systems may also have disproportionately increased the reproductive success of few wealthy men and their descendants, e.g. through political and religious succession, e.g. chiefdoms, hereditary priesthoods and early monarchies. | * The peak coincides with early agricultural revolutions, hence a plausible explanation is increasingly polygynous mating practices enabled by the power concentration and wealth accumulation of farmers. Economic inequality and hereditary systems may also have disproportionately increased the reproductive success of few wealthy men and their descendants, e.g. through political and religious succession, e.g. chiefdoms, hereditary priesthoods and early monarchies. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
This study was ''misquoted'' by Pacific Standard (psmag.com) and others to imply that ''17 women reproduced for every one man'' (see Cochran, 2015). In truth, the study only considered ''effective population size'' estimated based on genetic diversity. The ability to afford many children was inherited in wealthy demes, reducing genetic diversity and hence effective population size disproportionally due to the genetic similarity within such demes. Since women's fertility is much more limited, this increases the F:M ratio in genetic diversity beyond the sex ratio in actual reproductive success. | |||
Nonetheless, the result points to substantial sex differences in variance of reproductive success. Earlier DNA studies by Wilder and colleges (2004) estimated the historical sex ratio of reproductive success to be 2:1. Half the branches on a tree of ancestors represent males, but half of the males are repeats. Around 80% of women, but only 40% of men (i.e. half as many) have reproduced, or 60%-30% or 70%-35%, depending e.g. on child mortality. | Nonetheless, the result points to substantial sex differences in variance of reproductive success. Earlier DNA studies by Wilder and colleges (2004) estimated the historical sex ratio of reproductive success to be 2:1. Half the branches on a tree of ancestors represent males, but half of the males are repeats. Around 80% of women, but only 40% of men (i.e. half as many) have reproduced, or 60%-30% or 70%-35%, depending e.g. on child mortality. | ||
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The researchers suggested that this revealed an attempt by the participants to lessen the social impact of rejection by a desirable mate, by derogating and thus asserting one's superiority towards a man seen as 'lesser' than oneself. | The researchers suggested that this revealed an attempt by the participants to lessen the social impact of rejection by a desirable mate, by derogating and thus asserting one's superiority towards a man seen as 'lesser' than oneself. | ||
The opposite situation was not found, rejection by the unattractive man had no effect on the women's acceptance towards the attractive man. | The opposite situation was not found, rejection by the unattractive man had no effect on the women's acceptance towards the attractive man. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
Perhaps this study helps explain one reason why many incels report being the recipient of callous and dismissive behavior by women they attempt to make romantic connections with. It could be that many of these women 'punch down' on unattractive men in an attempt to restore their damaged self-esteem and social status because of them having experiencing rejection by at the hands of an [[chad|attractive man.]] | Perhaps this study helps explain one reason why many incels report being the recipient of callous and dismissive behavior by women they attempt to make romantic connections with. It could be that many of these women 'punch down' on unattractive men in an attempt to restore their damaged self-esteem and social status because of them having experiencing rejection by at the hands of an [[chad|attractive man.]] | ||
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Baumeister et al. (2001) conducted a comprehensive survey study of sex difference in sex drive and found not a single study that significantly showed women have a higher sex drive. Baumeister's and related results are also summarized in the '''[[libido]] article'''. | Baumeister et al. (2001) conducted a comprehensive survey study of sex difference in sex drive and found not a single study that significantly showed women have a higher sex drive. Baumeister's and related results are also summarized in the '''[[libido]] article'''. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
A higher male sex drive implies that women are the bottleneck in reproduction and that, on average, multiple men end up competing over any given woman. This is aggravated by the fact that women have a shorter reproductive window and that women are reproductively unavailable 10-15% of the time due to menstruation and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_women 106 men are born for every 100 women], so there is a larger group of men competing over the few fertile women. As a consequence, men's love style is more active and promiscuous and women's love style is more passive and choosy. Since men have fewer mating options, they more likely make compromises and date down, explaining, in part, why hypergamy exists. | A higher male sex drive implies that women are the bottleneck in reproduction and that, on average, multiple men end up competing over any given woman. This is aggravated by the fact that women have a shorter reproductive window and that women are reproductively unavailable 10-15% of the time due to menstruation and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_women 106 men are born for every 100 women], so there is a larger group of men competing over the few fertile women. As a consequence, men's love style is more active and promiscuous and women's love style is more passive and choosy. Since men have fewer mating options, they more likely make compromises and date down, explaining, in part, why hypergamy exists. | ||
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<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Aversion_to_having_the_wife_earn_more_explains_29.25_of_the_decline_in_marriages|permalink]] | [[#tocHypergamy|category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocAversion_to_having_the_wife_earn_more_explains_29.25_of_the_decline_in_marriages|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Aversion_to_having_the_wife_earn_more_explains_29.25_of_the_decline_in_marriages|permalink]] | [[#tocHypergamy|category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocAversion_to_having_the_wife_earn_more_explains_29.25_of_the_decline_in_marriages|table of contents]]</div> | ||
In a very large sample (N = 73,654), Bertrand et al. (2015) examined the causes and consequences of the income gap within households. They found that within marriage markets, when a randomly chosen woman becomes more likely to earn more than a randomly chosen man, marriage rates decline. | In a very large sample (N = 73,654), Bertrand et al. (2015) examined the causes and consequences of the income gap within households. They found that within marriage markets, when a randomly chosen woman becomes more likely to earn more than a randomly chosen man, marriage rates decline. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
Provided that men did not care about women's educational and income status in other studies, this must imply that this effect is mostly due to women's aversion to earning more than their potential husband. | Provided that men did not care about women's educational and income status in other studies, this must imply that this effect is mostly due to women's aversion to earning more than their potential husband. | ||
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The author stated that these results appear to support the assertion that differentiation of desire over the course of a relationship is explained by different evolutionary motivations between the sexes. Men have a motivation to maintain a high level of sexual desire to ensure regular [[copulation|copulations]] to guard against cuckoldry by potential rivals and maximize reproduction. Whereas, in women the primary motivator when it comes to relationships desire to create and maintain a pair-bond with the male, to ensure his continued investment in her and her offspring. | The author stated that these results appear to support the assertion that differentiation of desire over the course of a relationship is explained by different evolutionary motivations between the sexes. Men have a motivation to maintain a high level of sexual desire to ensure regular [[copulation|copulations]] to guard against cuckoldry by potential rivals and maximize reproduction. Whereas, in women the primary motivator when it comes to relationships desire to create and maintain a pair-bond with the male, to ensure his continued investment in her and her offspring. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
Contrary to common dating advice emphasizing soul matching and deep intimacy, the result suggests that, on average, high degree of familiarity is detrimental to relationship stability because the woman gets bored. | Contrary to common dating advice emphasizing soul matching and deep intimacy, the result suggests that, on average, high degree of familiarity is detrimental to relationship stability because the woman gets bored. | ||
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* Men showed affection by initiating sex, sharing leisure activities, and doing housework with their wife. | * Men showed affection by initiating sex, sharing leisure activities, and doing housework with their wife. | ||
* Women showed affection by enacting fewer negative or antagonistic behaviors. | * Women showed affection by enacting fewer negative or antagonistic behaviors. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
Perhaps this study best explains many [[MGTOW|MGTOWs]] frustration from their experiences with marriages. It seems this study would suggest sex to a woman is a goal-directed activity to establish a loving relationship, and once that loving relationship is strong, she feels little further need for it. | Perhaps this study best explains many [[MGTOW|MGTOWs]] frustration from their experiences with marriages. It seems this study would suggest sex to a woman is a goal-directed activity to establish a loving relationship, and once that loving relationship is strong, she feels little further need for it. | ||
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* 25% said they had feelings as strong for their back-up partner as they do for their primary partner. | * 25% said they had feelings as strong for their back-up partner as they do for their primary partner. | ||
* 15% said their feelings were stronger for the back-up then for their primary partner. | * 15% said their feelings were stronger for the back-up then for their primary partner. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
Related to this, Fincham and May (2017), found that the gender gap in infidelity is closing (currently affecting 20–25% of all marriages, rising). This is an interesting development because men are known to exhibit stronger mate guarding behavior (see e.g. Buss, 2002). For example a poll of 2,000 British men and women for laundry specialists Dr. Beckmann published in the DailyMail (2012) revealed that 53% of women, but only 13% of men would forgive infidelity. An evolutionary explanation for stronger mate guarding in males could be that "men, but not women, have recurrently faced the problem of uncertainty in their genetic parenthood" (see Buss, 2018). Men are also less likely to be infected by STDs and obviously cannot get pregnant themselves. | Related to this, Fincham and May (2017), found that the gender gap in infidelity is closing (currently affecting 20–25% of all marriages, rising). This is an interesting development because men are known to exhibit stronger mate guarding behavior (see e.g. Buss, 2002). For example a poll of 2,000 British men and women for laundry specialists Dr. Beckmann published in the DailyMail (2012) revealed that 53% of women, but only 13% of men would forgive infidelity. An evolutionary explanation for stronger mate guarding in males could be that "men, but not women, have recurrently faced the problem of uncertainty in their genetic parenthood" (see Buss, 2018). Men are also less likely to be infected by STDs and obviously cannot get pregnant themselves. | ||
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It was found that women viewed promiscuous women as less competent, warm and emotionally stable, regardless of their own level of permissiveness. They viewed promiscuous women more negatively than the more chaste women in all respects except for viewing more promiscuous women as being more extroverted. While expressing a general aversion for promiscuous behavior in women, the men in the study didn't perceive the more permissive women as possessing more negative personality characteristics. In fact, men viewed more promiscuous women as being more competent and emotionally stable. Non-permissive men perceived promiscuous women as less desirable friendship candidates. | It was found that women viewed promiscuous women as less competent, warm and emotionally stable, regardless of their own level of permissiveness. They viewed promiscuous women more negatively than the more chaste women in all respects except for viewing more promiscuous women as being more extroverted. While expressing a general aversion for promiscuous behavior in women, the men in the study didn't perceive the more permissive women as possessing more negative personality characteristics. In fact, men viewed more promiscuous women as being more competent and emotionally stable. Non-permissive men perceived promiscuous women as less desirable friendship candidates. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
This finding suggests that the sexual 'double standard' originates from evolutionary motives. More promiscuous men are seen as inherently more successful and desirable (because they fulfill the general male strategy of 'spreading their seed'). However, more promiscuous women are seen as unstable and undesirable, particularly by women. | This finding suggests that the sexual 'double standard' originates from evolutionary motives. More promiscuous men are seen as inherently more successful and desirable (because they fulfill the general male strategy of 'spreading their seed'). However, more promiscuous women are seen as unstable and undesirable, particularly by women. | ||
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The authors note that men and women experience casual sexual encounters differently, and that for women, having emotional investment in the encounter tends to make it more rewarding. | The authors note that men and women experience casual sexual encounters differently, and that for women, having emotional investment in the encounter tends to make it more rewarding. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
In light of what is known about female intrasexual competition especially in order to maintain a reputation of chastity and loyalty (qualities necessary to attract a highly valuable man since men value sexual exclusivity and certainty about their parenthood), it is plausible that evolved intra-sexual competition in slut shaming among women and girls explain this pattern. | In light of what is known about female intrasexual competition especially in order to maintain a reputation of chastity and loyalty (qualities necessary to attract a highly valuable man since men value sexual exclusivity and certainty about their parenthood), it is plausible that evolved intra-sexual competition in slut shaming among women and girls explain this pattern. | ||
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They found that young women had significantly more entitlement to sexual partner pleasure than men did, and entitlement increased over time and with more sexual experience. The researchers review prior studies confirming these findings to be valid. They note that other research has also confirmed women place a greater emphasis than men on the role of having a sexual partner to meet their sexual desires and pleasure. | They found that young women had significantly more entitlement to sexual partner pleasure than men did, and entitlement increased over time and with more sexual experience. The researchers review prior studies confirming these findings to be valid. They note that other research has also confirmed women place a greater emphasis than men on the role of having a sexual partner to meet their sexual desires and pleasure. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
Many criticisms about incels in the media have centered around the notion that men feel too "entitled" to sex and female bodies for sexual pleasure. However, scientific research has shown women, not men, feel the greatest amount of entitlement to sexual pleasure from the opposite gender's bodies. Thus the idea that there is a problem because men are "too entitled" to women's bodies is not founded in the scientific literature. The the contrary, women clearly feel more "entitled" to men's bodies for sexual pleasure than vice versa. | Many criticisms about incels in the media have centered around the notion that men feel too "entitled" to sex and female bodies for sexual pleasure. However, scientific research has shown women, not men, feel the greatest amount of entitlement to sexual pleasure from the opposite gender's bodies. Thus the idea that there is a problem because men are "too entitled" to women's bodies is not founded in the scientific literature. The the contrary, women clearly feel more "entitled" to men's bodies for sexual pleasure than vice versa. | ||
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Thus, it was demonstrated by the researchers that women generally deflate their self-reported number of partners (i.e their 'n count') and that this tendency is strongest when they are threatened with social shame or peer exposure for reporting their true number of sexual partners. | Thus, it was demonstrated by the researchers that women generally deflate their self-reported number of partners (i.e their 'n count') and that this tendency is strongest when they are threatened with social shame or peer exposure for reporting their true number of sexual partners. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
This study is frequently misquoted in the manosphere that men would exaggerate their partner counts. In this particular study there was no significant effect for men, and there is also elsewhere no evidence that men exaggerate nearly as much as women downplay their sexual activity, except perhaps for a small subset of men (Clark, 1966). | This study is frequently misquoted in the manosphere that men would exaggerate their partner counts. In this particular study there was no significant effect for men, and there is also elsewhere no evidence that men exaggerate nearly as much as women downplay their sexual activity, except perhaps for a small subset of men (Clark, 1966). | ||
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<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_get_2-3_times_as_many_casual_sexual_relationships_from_Tinder_than_men|permalink]] | [[#tocSluts|category: Sluts]] | [[#tocWomen_get_2-3_times_as_many_casual_sexual_relationships_from_Tinder_than_men|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_get_2-3_times_as_many_casual_sexual_relationships_from_Tinder_than_men|permalink]] | [[#tocSluts|category: Sluts]] | [[#tocWomen_get_2-3_times_as_many_casual_sexual_relationships_from_Tinder_than_men|table of contents]]</div> | ||
A study about Tinder usage in Belgium by Timmermans and Courtois (2018) found that 21.87% (95% CI: 18.66, 25.07) of female users, but only 9.33% (6.48, 12.18) of male users used Tinder to engage in casual sexual relationships, i.e. ''2.34 times'' (1.67, 3.29) as likely as men ([https://www.reddit.com/r/BlackPillScience/comments/bnj3jj/doing_some_math_on_that_belgian_tinder_study_to/ source of these figures], also replicated below). These sex differences are likely in truth even more extreme because women are known to [[Scientific Blackpill#Women.27s_reported_sex_partner_count_dramatically_increases_when_hooked_up_to_a_polygraph|lie and downplay their partner counts]], especially when it comes to short-term dating and sluttiness. As expected, women engage less frequently in one-night stands because that's particularly slutty. | A study about Tinder usage in Belgium by Timmermans and Courtois (2018) found that 21.87% (95% CI: 18.66, 25.07) of female users, but only 9.33% (6.48, 12.18) of male users used Tinder to engage in casual sexual relationships, i.e. ''2.34 times'' (1.67, 3.29) as likely as men ([https://www.reddit.com/r/BlackPillScience/comments/bnj3jj/doing_some_math_on_that_belgian_tinder_study_to/ source of these figures], also replicated below). These sex differences are likely in truth even more extreme because women are known to [[Scientific Blackpill#Women.27s_reported_sex_partner_count_dramatically_increases_when_hooked_up_to_a_polygraph|lie and downplay their partner counts]], especially when it comes to short-term dating and sluttiness. As expected, women engage less frequently in one-night stands because that's particularly slutty. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
Some, but not all of this may be explained by a gender imbalance in the sex ratio of Tinder users: In 2015, 62% of Tinder users were male and 38% female. | Some, but not all of this may be explained by a gender imbalance in the sex ratio of Tinder users: In 2015, 62% of Tinder users were male and 38% female. | ||
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<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#28.25_of_young_women_now_consider_men_even_winking_at_them_to_be_sexual_harassment|permalink]] | [[#tocMeToo|category: MeToo]] | [[#toc28.25_of_young_women_now_consider_men_even_winking_at_them_to_be_sexual_harassment|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#28.25_of_young_women_now_consider_men_even_winking_at_them_to_be_sexual_harassment|permalink]] | [[#tocMeToo|category: MeToo]] | [[#toc28.25_of_young_women_now_consider_men_even_winking_at_them_to_be_sexual_harassment|table of contents]]</div> | ||
YouGov performed a study survey on 2775 British adults to assess perspectives on what constitutes sexual harassment in the fallout from the #METOO movement. They found that young women have a far more draconian perspective on what constitutes sexual harassment compared to the previous generations of women. Young women were far more likely to view behavior that was only considered flirtatious in prior generations as now clearly sexual harassment. | YouGov performed a study survey on 2775 British adults to assess perspectives on what constitutes sexual harassment in the fallout from the #METOO movement. They found that young women have a far more draconian perspective on what constitutes sexual harassment compared to the previous generations of women. Young women were far more likely to view behavior that was only considered flirtatious in prior generations as now clearly sexual harassment. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
In a society where even simple measures of flirtation are now penalized and outlawed, it becomes difficult to understand how young people are meant to find romance in natural, real life settings, as men and women have done successfully for centuries before. It seems evident that we are moving towards expectations for more puritanical and sanitized gender interactions than any previous generation in recent history. The fear of sexual advances and assumption that any sexual advance ought to be punished as "harassment" correlates with increasing loneliness, isolation, and celibacy for both genders. | In a society where even simple measures of flirtation are now penalized and outlawed, it becomes difficult to understand how young people are meant to find romance in natural, real life settings, as men and women have done successfully for centuries before. It seems evident that we are moving towards expectations for more puritanical and sanitized gender interactions than any previous generation in recent history. The fear of sexual advances and assumption that any sexual advance ought to be punished as "harassment" correlates with increasing loneliness, isolation, and celibacy for both genders. | ||
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* Using [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%27s_t-test t-tests] comparing the responses of the participants of either sex, it was found that women were far more likely to perceive a sexual threat from a 'creepy' individual then men. | * Using [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%27s_t-test t-tests] comparing the responses of the participants of either sex, it was found that women were far more likely to perceive a sexual threat from a 'creepy' individual then men. | ||
* Respondents noted that appearance was a significant factor of whether someone was 'creepy' or not. Reported appearance based factors included: The person was dressed oddly (.601), had unkempt hair (.609), had bags under his or her eyes (.599), had bulging eyes (.563), had a peculiar smile (.546), had very pale skin (.566), with parentheses indicating how 'loaded on' or correlated these variables are with the composite general appearance based factor created by the researchers. | * Respondents noted that appearance was a significant factor of whether someone was 'creepy' or not. Reported appearance based factors included: The person was dressed oddly (.601), had unkempt hair (.609), had bags under his or her eyes (.599), had bulging eyes (.563), had a peculiar smile (.546), had very pale skin (.566), with parentheses indicating how 'loaded on' or correlated these variables are with the composite general appearance based factor created by the researchers. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
It is notable that lots of the factors that determine creepiness are about largely genetically determined conditions about physical appearance and neurotypical behavior, so creepiness is likely primarily a judgement about genes rather than driven by the intention to correct correctable behavior. | It is notable that lots of the factors that determine creepiness are about largely genetically determined conditions about physical appearance and neurotypical behavior, so creepiness is likely primarily a judgement about genes rather than driven by the intention to correct correctable behavior. | ||
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*19% of men said they were reluctant to hire attractive women. | *19% of men said they were reluctant to hire attractive women. | ||
*21% of men said they were reluctant to hire women for jobs involving close interpersonal interactions with men. | *21% of men said they were reluctant to hire women for jobs involving close interpersonal interactions with men. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
It could reasonably be observed that the responses to this survey reveal a growing male fear of being wrongfully accused of sexual harassment; a fear that can't merely be dismissed as paranoia, given the previous research linked in this section that reveals that women's perceptions of 'harassment' can vary significantly depending on the physical traits of the 'harasser', regardless of the actual harassing behaviors exhibited by them. | It could reasonably be observed that the responses to this survey reveal a growing male fear of being wrongfully accused of sexual harassment; a fear that can't merely be dismissed as paranoia, given the previous research linked in this section that reveals that women's perceptions of 'harassment' can vary significantly depending on the physical traits of the 'harasser', regardless of the actual harassing behaviors exhibited by them. | ||
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Furthermore, the law in most states of the U.S and in many other legal jurisdictions worldwide, proclaim that if a person is to any extent intoxicated with alcohol (drunk), they are unable to give consent. It is important to note the legal definition of 'intoxication' varies depending on legal jurisdiction, and some jurisdictions categorize sexual assault differently based on whether the victim was voluntarily intoxicated or not (i.e 'date rape'). The man is not generally legally protected if he was himself intoxicated when the act was alleged to have taken place. | Furthermore, the law in most states of the U.S and in many other legal jurisdictions worldwide, proclaim that if a person is to any extent intoxicated with alcohol (drunk), they are unable to give consent. It is important to note the legal definition of 'intoxication' varies depending on legal jurisdiction, and some jurisdictions categorize sexual assault differently based on whether the victim was voluntarily intoxicated or not (i.e 'date rape'). The man is not generally legally protected if he was himself intoxicated when the act was alleged to have taken place. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
In previous generations it was considered normal that two people might meet at a bar or party while drunk and then have sex. However, the combination of these two legal conditions creates a situation where if this now occurs, the man is guilty of rape should the woman choose to later press charges and prove she was intoxicated. This is an example of what happens when the creation of laws is guided by emotional reasons rather than rational thought. Laws like this open up men to grave legal risk for participating in common mutual social sexual liaisons. | In previous generations it was considered normal that two people might meet at a bar or party while drunk and then have sex. However, the combination of these two legal conditions creates a situation where if this now occurs, the man is guilty of rape should the woman choose to later press charges and prove she was intoxicated. This is an example of what happens when the creation of laws is guided by emotional reasons rather than rational thought. Laws like this open up men to grave legal risk for participating in common mutual social sexual liaisons. | ||
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* 1.1% of women were raped by a perpetrator. (An insignificant number of men were raped.) | * 1.1% of women were raped by a perpetrator. (An insignificant number of men were raped.) | ||
* 1.1% of men were made to penetrate a perpetrator. (An insignificant number of women were forced to penetrate.) | * 1.1% of men were made to penetrate a perpetrator. (An insignificant number of women were forced to penetrate.) | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
This data suggests that on an annual basis, men are equally likely as women to be forced against their will to participate in sexual intercourse when the definitions that are used are appropriate for each gender and not skewed so that only men can legally be considered "rapists." These statistics do not also take into account the [https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2449454/More-men-raped-US-women-including-prison-sexual-abuse.html hundreds of thousands of US men who are raped each year in prisons.] | This data suggests that on an annual basis, men are equally likely as women to be forced against their will to participate in sexual intercourse when the definitions that are used are appropriate for each gender and not skewed so that only men can legally be considered "rapists." These statistics do not also take into account the [https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2449454/More-men-raped-US-women-including-prison-sexual-abuse.html hundreds of thousands of US men who are raped each year in prisons.] | ||
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It was also found that time spent with one's partner/spouse was rated as the happiest and most pleasurable social contact, very similar to time spent with friends (p. 87). | It was also found that time spent with one's partner/spouse was rated as the happiest and most pleasurable social contact, very similar to time spent with friends (p. 87). | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
Related to this, in a French survey, 68.8% of men (N = 8,948) and 59.5% of women (N = 11,098) said that "sexual intercourse is essential to feeling good about oneself" (Bajos, 2010). | Related to this, in a French survey, 68.8% of men (N = 8,948) and 59.5% of women (N = 11,098) said that "sexual intercourse is essential to feeling good about oneself" (Bajos, 2010). | ||
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Abstract from the paper: A sexual double standard in adolescence has important implications for sexual development and gender inequality. The present study uses longitudinal social network data (N = 914; 11–16 years of age) to test if gender moderates associations between adolescents’ sexual behaviors and peer acceptance. Consistent with a traditional sexual double standard, female adolescents who reported having sex had significant decreases in peer acceptance over time, whereas male adolescents reporting the same behavior had significant increases in peer acceptance. This pattern was observed net of respondents’ own perceived friendships, further suggesting that the social responses to sex vary by gender of the sexual actor. However, findings for “making out” showed a reverse double standard, such that female adolescents reporting this behavior had increases in peer acceptance and male adolescents reporting the same behavior had decreases in peer acceptance over time. Results thus suggest that peers enforce traditional sexual scripts for both “heavy” and “light” sexual behaviors during adolescence. These findings have important implications for sexual health education, encouraging educators to develop curricula that emphasize the gendered social construction of sexuality and to combat inequitable and stigmatizing peer responses to real or perceived deviations from traditional sexual scripts. | Abstract from the paper: A sexual double standard in adolescence has important implications for sexual development and gender inequality. The present study uses longitudinal social network data (N = 914; 11–16 years of age) to test if gender moderates associations between adolescents’ sexual behaviors and peer acceptance. Consistent with a traditional sexual double standard, female adolescents who reported having sex had significant decreases in peer acceptance over time, whereas male adolescents reporting the same behavior had significant increases in peer acceptance. This pattern was observed net of respondents’ own perceived friendships, further suggesting that the social responses to sex vary by gender of the sexual actor. However, findings for “making out” showed a reverse double standard, such that female adolescents reporting this behavior had increases in peer acceptance and male adolescents reporting the same behavior had decreases in peer acceptance over time. Results thus suggest that peers enforce traditional sexual scripts for both “heavy” and “light” sexual behaviors during adolescence. These findings have important implications for sexual health education, encouraging educators to develop curricula that emphasize the gendered social construction of sexuality and to combat inequitable and stigmatizing peer responses to real or perceived deviations from traditional sexual scripts. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
While the study does not show a causal relationship of sexual status on social status, it at least hints at the possibility that it exists. This is perfectly in line with the evolutionary psychological hypothesis that women compete in denigration of reputation by accusation of sluttishness (because men prefer young fertile virgins and exclusive sexual access to be certain of their fatherhood), and men competing in "slaying" as a costly signal of their dominance (since women choose dominant men). Even women themselves seem to agree that male virgins have less status (and hence less attractive) which manifests in them preferring men who have sex with other women ([[Scientific Blackpill#Women_are_more_attracted_to_men_who_are_already_in_relationships_than_single_men|mate choice copying]]). Historically, especially during times of economic recession, women have deferred their virginity into their mid or late twenties to attract to a man of high economic standing (Roth 2001). | While the study does not show a causal relationship of sexual status on social status, it at least hints at the possibility that it exists. This is perfectly in line with the evolutionary psychological hypothesis that women compete in denigration of reputation by accusation of sluttishness (because men prefer young fertile virgins and exclusive sexual access to be certain of their fatherhood), and men competing in "slaying" as a costly signal of their dominance (since women choose dominant men). Even women themselves seem to agree that male virgins have less status (and hence less attractive) which manifests in them preferring men who have sex with other women ([[Scientific Blackpill#Women_are_more_attracted_to_men_who_are_already_in_relationships_than_single_men|mate choice copying]]). Historically, especially during times of economic recession, women have deferred their virginity into their mid or late twenties to attract to a man of high economic standing (Roth 2001). | ||
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The pain task involved exposure to thermal stimulation (burning) on their left forearm. It was found that both tasks displayed similar neural activation patterns on the fMRI scanner. Both tasks were administered separately, to minimize potential 'priming' effects that could have lead to anticipation of physical pain during the social rejection task. Thus the conclusion of the study was that social rejection is associated with physical pain. | The pain task involved exposure to thermal stimulation (burning) on their left forearm. It was found that both tasks displayed similar neural activation patterns on the fMRI scanner. Both tasks were administered separately, to minimize potential 'priming' effects that could have lead to anticipation of physical pain during the social rejection task. Thus the conclusion of the study was that social rejection is associated with physical pain. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
Most men in the modern dating world must now face staggering amounts of rejection to even get a few replies or matches. This study may shed some light on what such a sense of overwhelming rejection can feel like. | Most men in the modern dating world must now face staggering amounts of rejection to even get a few replies or matches. This study may shed some light on what such a sense of overwhelming rejection can feel like. | ||
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The only two methods of starting relationships that are on the rise are online dating and meeting in bars/restaurants, both of which favor the most physically attractive (and possibly physically dominant) men heavily and are generally oriented around "hook-up" type relationships and therefore offer minimal opportunities for demonstrating one's personal values and compatibility over time. All other methods of meeting partners are on the decline. | The only two methods of starting relationships that are on the rise are online dating and meeting in bars/restaurants, both of which favor the most physically attractive (and possibly physically dominant) men heavily and are generally oriented around "hook-up" type relationships and therefore offer minimal opportunities for demonstrating one's personal values and compatibility over time. All other methods of meeting partners are on the decline. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span> | |||
When men often complain of unfairness in online dating, they are typically told, "online dating is not real life." Based on the available data, online dating has become very much real life as it is the most powerful and dominant way to potentially connect couples. | When men often complain of unfairness in online dating, they are typically told, "online dating is not real life." Based on the available data, online dating has become very much real life as it is the most powerful and dominant way to potentially connect couples. | ||