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Rape: Difference between revisions
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== The evolution of rape == | == The evolution of rape == | ||
Rape, tendencies to rape and desires to be raped are more common in humans and animals than commonly assumed, which suggests rape is an adaptive behavior that evolved because it enabled men to reproduce more often in the past. | Rape, tendencies to rape and desires to be raped are more common in humans and animals than commonly assumed, which suggests rape is an adaptive behavior that evolved because it enabled men to reproduce more often in the past. | ||
For example, as much as 35% of men admit they would commit rape in certain contexts, if there was no repercussion, and likely [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_desirability_bias even more] would actually do it.<ref>https://spssi.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1981.tb01075.x</ref> | For example, as much as 35% of men admit they would commit rape in certain contexts, if there was no repercussion, and likely [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_desirability_bias even more] would actually do it.<ref>https://spssi.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1981.tb01075.x</ref> | ||
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or male orangutans that lack sexual dimorphism frequently use their increased mobility compared to heavier and fully developed "flanged" male orangutans to rape orangutan females.<ref>https://cherylknott.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/knott-2009-chapter-4-sexual-coercion-in-orangutans.pdf</ref> Although typically solitary apes, female orangutans often seek to form transitory pair-bonds with imposing males to protect themselves from rapist male orangutans.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/4602112</ref> Similar behavioral mechanisms are argued to be salient in regards to female humans mate preferences, there being evidence some women seek dominant and physically imposing males in order to protect themselves from male sexual violence.<ref>https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-5985-6_21</ref> | or male orangutans that lack sexual dimorphism frequently use their increased mobility compared to heavier and fully developed "flanged" male orangutans to rape orangutan females.<ref>https://cherylknott.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/knott-2009-chapter-4-sexual-coercion-in-orangutans.pdf</ref> Although typically solitary apes, female orangutans often seek to form transitory pair-bonds with imposing males to protect themselves from rapist male orangutans.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/4602112</ref> Similar behavioral mechanisms are argued to be salient in regards to female humans mate preferences, there being evidence some women seek dominant and physically imposing males in order to protect themselves from male sexual violence.<ref>https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-5985-6_21</ref> | ||
Evolutionary psychology can provide potential explanations for such behavior. For example, during warfare, which was likely common between ancestral tribes, men of both high and low status could likely vastly increase their [[reproductive success|reproductive success]] by raping the captured women with little fear of reprisal. Some have also proposed that men's tendency to rape during war can be seen as a mechanism that promotes in-group cohesion by having men break a powerful social taboo together.<ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/explaining-rape-during-civil-war-crossnational-evidence-19802009/30FC323D6DA7E923547156CC0E947213</ref> Men's urge to rape may also have evolved because men have less [[Bateman's principle|parental investment]]. They do not need to give birth to the offspring nor care for it, hence can increase their reproductive success by impregnating/raping many women. For the same reason, women have evolved a natural disgust of being raped by [[beauty|ugly]] men. But women have likely also evolved to prefer healthy and good looking rapists because the tendency to rape will be passed on and enable high reproductive success in the offspring as well. This may explain why most women [[Scientific Blackpill#Personality|have secret desires]] to be raped (by good looking men that is). It has also been proposed that men may rape in response to being deprived of sex (though this has been disputed<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0162309596000763</ref>), in order to satisfy a fetish for violent and coercive sex, out of a psychopathic drive for high levels of sexual stimulation (these rapists typically being sexually experienced), or men being driven in some cases to rape their partner when they suspect cuckoldry,<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12110-006-1009-8</ref> in order to compete with the male rival for impregnation of their partner.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1037%2F1089-2680.12.1.86</ref> The ability to rape may also act as a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_theory costly signal] of physical strength and high status, and may tie into [[Scientific Blackpill#On_average.2C_women_are_attracted_to_the_Dark_Triad.E2.80.94narcissism.2C_manipulativeness.2C_.26_psychopathy|women's preference for low-empathy men]]. | ==The evolutionary psychology behind rape== | ||
Evolutionary psychology can provide potential explanations for such behavior. For example, during warfare, which was likely common between ancestral tribes, men of both high and low status could likely vastly increase their [[reproductive success|reproductive success]] by raping the captured women with little fear of reprisal. Some have also proposed that men's tendency to rape during war can be seen as a mechanism that promotes in-group cohesion by having men break a powerful social taboo together.<ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/explaining-rape-during-civil-war-crossnational-evidence-19802009/30FC323D6DA7E923547156CC0E947213</ref> Men's urge to rape may also have evolved because men have less [[Bateman's principle|parental investment]]. They do not need to give birth to the offspring nor care for it, hence can increase their reproductive success by impregnating/raping many women. For the same reason, women have evolved a natural disgust of being raped by [[beauty|ugly]] men. But women have likely also evolved to prefer healthy and good looking rapists because the tendency to rape will be passed on and enable high reproductive success in the offspring as well. This may explain why most women [[Scientific Blackpill#Personality|have secret desires]] to be raped (by good looking men that is). | |||
It has also been proposed that men may rape in response to being deprived of sex (though this has been disputed<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0162309596000763</ref>), in order to satisfy a fetish for violent and coercive sex, out of a psychopathic drive for high levels of sexual stimulation (these rapists typically being sexually experienced), or men being driven in some cases to rape their partner when they suspect cuckoldry,<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12110-006-1009-8</ref> in order to compete with the male rival for impregnation of their partner.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1037%2F1089-2680.12.1.86</ref> The ability to rape may also act as a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_theory costly signal] of physical strength and high status, and may tie into [[Scientific Blackpill#On_average.2C_women_are_attracted_to_the_Dark_Triad.E2.80.94narcissism.2C_manipulativeness.2C_.26_psychopathy|women's preference for low-empathy men]]. | |||
==Harassment== | ==Harassment== | ||