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For the primary Scientific Blackpill article, '''[[Scientific_Blackpill|please see here.]]''' | For the primary Scientific Blackpill article, '''[[Scientific_Blackpill|please see here.]]''' | ||
<div id="mytoc" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 2px 7px 7px 7px; font-size: 95%; display: table"><center>'''Contents'''</center><p style="max-width: 700px; line-height: 1.8">Categories: [[#tocFeminism|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Feminism</span>]] [[#tocTee-Hee|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Tee-Hee</span>]] [[#tocHypergamy|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Hypergamy</span>]] [[#tocStoicism|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Stoicism</span>]] [[#tocCrime|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Crime</span>]] [[#tocRace|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Race</span>]] [[#tocBody|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Body</span>]] [[#tocMisandry|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Misandry</span>]] [[#tocLooks|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Looks</span>]] [[#tocFace|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Face</span>]] [[#tocHeight|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Height</span>]] [[#tocVoice|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Voice</span>]] [[#tocMonogamy|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Monogamy</span>]] [[#tocCucks|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Cucks</span>]] [[#tocTinder|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Tinder</span>]] [[#tocPolitics|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Politics</span>]] [[#tocSex|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Sex</span>]] [[#tocSluts|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Sluts</span>]] [[#tocHealth|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Health</span>]] [[#tocItsOver|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">ItsOver</span>]] </p><ul style="list-style: none; margin-left: 0"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocFeminism">[[#Feminism|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Feminism</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocEven_feminist_women_tend_to_prefer_men_who_patronize_and_care_for_them">[[#Even_feminist_women_tend_to_prefer_men_who_patronize_and_care_for_them|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Even feminist women tend to prefer men who patronize and care for them</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_.22Gender_Pay_Gap.22_does_not_exist">[[#The_.22Gender_Pay_Gap.22_does_not_exist|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The "Gender Pay Gap" does not exist</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThere_is_no_significant_gender_disparity_in_STEM_graduates_by_sex_in_the_U.S">[[#There_is_no_significant_gender_disparity_in_STEM_graduates_by_sex_in_the_U.S|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>There is no significant gender disparity in STEM graduates by sex in the U.S</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_face_more_discrimination_overall_in_society_than_women">[[#Men_face_more_discrimination_overall_in_society_than_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men face more discrimination overall in society than women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocCountries_with_pronounced_feminist_policies_have_fewer_women_in_leadership_positions">[[#Countries_with_pronounced_feminist_policies_have_fewer_women_in_leadership_positions|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Countries with pronounced feminist policies have fewer women in leadership positions</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_have_a_4.5x_greater_preference_for_their_own_sex_then_men_do">[[#Women_have_a_4.5x_greater_preference_for_their_own_sex_then_men_do|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women have a 4.5x greater preference for their own sex then men do</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_report_lower_job_satisfaction_working_under_a_female_boss.2C_men_don.27t">[[#Women_report_lower_job_satisfaction_working_under_a_female_boss.2C_men_don.27t|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1. | <div id="mytoc" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 2px 7px 7px 7px; font-size: 95%; display: table"><center>'''Contents'''</center><p style="max-width: 700px; line-height: 1.8">Categories: [[#tocFeminism|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Feminism</span>]] [[#tocTee-Hee|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Tee-Hee</span>]] [[#tocHypergamy|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Hypergamy</span>]] [[#tocStoicism|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Stoicism</span>]] [[#tocCrime|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Crime</span>]] [[#tocRace|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Race</span>]] [[#tocBody|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Body</span>]] [[#tocMisandry|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Misandry</span>]] [[#tocLooks|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Looks</span>]] [[#tocFace|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Face</span>]] [[#tocHeight|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Height</span>]] [[#tocVoice|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Voice</span>]] [[#tocMonogamy|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Monogamy</span>]] [[#tocCucks|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Cucks</span>]] [[#tocTinder|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Tinder</span>]] [[#tocPolitics|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Politics</span>]] [[#tocSex|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Sex</span>]] [[#tocSluts|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Sluts</span>]] [[#tocHealth|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Health</span>]] [[#tocItsOver|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">ItsOver</span>]] </p><ul style="list-style: none; margin-left: 0"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocFeminism">[[#Feminism|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Feminism</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocEven_feminist_women_tend_to_prefer_men_who_patronize_and_care_for_them">[[#Even_feminist_women_tend_to_prefer_men_who_patronize_and_care_for_them|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Even feminist women tend to prefer men who patronize and care for them</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_.22Gender_Pay_Gap.22_does_not_exist">[[#The_.22Gender_Pay_Gap.22_does_not_exist|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The "Gender Pay Gap" does not exist</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThere_is_no_significant_gender_disparity_in_STEM_graduates_by_sex_in_the_U.S">[[#There_is_no_significant_gender_disparity_in_STEM_graduates_by_sex_in_the_U.S|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>There is no significant gender disparity in STEM graduates by sex in the U.S</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_face_more_discrimination_overall_in_society_than_women">[[#Men_face_more_discrimination_overall_in_society_than_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men face more discrimination overall in society than women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocCountries_with_pronounced_feminist_policies_have_fewer_women_in_leadership_positions">[[#Countries_with_pronounced_feminist_policies_have_fewer_women_in_leadership_positions|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Countries with pronounced feminist policies have fewer women in leadership positions</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_have_a_4.5x_greater_preference_for_their_own_sex_then_men_do">[[#Women_have_a_4.5x_greater_preference_for_their_own_sex_then_men_do|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women have a 4.5x greater preference for their own sex then men do</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocHigh_potential_women_earn_higher_premiums_in_the_workplace_than_.22high_potential.22_men.2C_but_don.27t_report_higher_pay_satisfaction">[[#High_potential_women_earn_higher_premiums_in_the_workplace_than_.22high_potential.22_men.2C_but_don.27t_report_higher_pay_satisfaction|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>High potential women earn higher premiums in the workplace than "high potential" men, but don't report higher pay satisfaction</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_report_lower_job_satisfaction_working_under_a_female_boss.2C_men_don.27t">[[#Women_report_lower_job_satisfaction_working_under_a_female_boss.2C_men_don.27t|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women report lower job satisfaction working under a female boss, men don't</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_report_greater_levels_of_incivility_at_work_from_other_women">[[#Women_report_greater_levels_of_incivility_at_work_from_other_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women report greater levels of incivility at work from other women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocCompetitive_women_are_more_likely_to_.27slut_shame.27_sexual_rivals">[[#Competitive_women_are_more_likely_to_.27slut_shame.27_sexual_rivals|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Competitive women are more likely to 'slut shame' sexual rivals</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocHigh_ranking_women_are_less_generous_towards_same_sex_subordinates_then_men">[[#High_ranking_women_are_less_generous_towards_same_sex_subordinates_then_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>High ranking women are less generous towards same sex subordinates then men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocSelf-rated_female_happiness_has_been_declining_since_the_1970s_in_the_US">[[#Self-rated_female_happiness_has_been_declining_since_the_1970s_in_the_US|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Self-rated female happiness has been declining since the 1970s in the US</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocIndividuals_of_both_sexes_generally_evaluate_females_in_aggregate_more_positively_than_males">[[#Individuals_of_both_sexes_generally_evaluate_females_in_aggregate_more_positively_than_males|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Individuals of both sexes generally evaluate females in aggregate more positively than males</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocIt_is_not_men_who_suppress_female_sexuality_but_women">[[#It_is_not_men_who_suppress_female_sexuality_but_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>It is not men who suppress female sexuality but women themselves</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocGender-biased_grading_accounts_for_21_percent_of_boys_falling_behind_girls_in_math_during_middle_school">[[#Gender-biased_grading_accounts_for_21_percent_of_boys_falling_behind_girls_in_math_during_middle_school|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.15</span> <span class="toctext"><span> Gender-biased grading accounts for 21 percent of boys falling behind girls in math during middle school </span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_were_historically_mainly_involved_in_cooking_and_they_never_lead_a_country">[[#Women_were_historically_mainly_involved_in_cooking_and_they_never_lead_a_country|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.16</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women were historically mainly involved in cooking and they never lead a country</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocTee-Hee">[[#Tee-Hee|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Tee-Hee</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_around_twice_as_likely_to_be_described_as_.27difficult.27_to_deal_with_then_men">[[#Women_are_around_twice_as_likely_to_be_described_as_.27difficult.27_to_deal_with_then_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are around twice as likely to be described as 'difficult' to deal with then men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_strategically_manipulate_other_women.27s_reputation_to_win_out_attracting_the_attention_from_males">[[#Women_strategically_manipulate_other_women.27s_reputation_to_win_out_attracting_the_attention_from_males|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women strategically manipulate other women's reputation to win out attracting the attention from men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_gossip_significantly_more_about_physical_appearance_then_men">[[#Women_gossip_significantly_more_about_physical_appearance_then_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women gossip significantly more about physical appearance then men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_twice_as_talkative_in_small_groups_than_men">[[#Women_are_twice_as_talkative_in_small_groups_than_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are twice as talkative in small groups than men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_gossip_2.5_times_as_much_about_friends_and_close_acquaintances_than_men">[[#Women_gossip_2.5_times_as_much_about_friends_and_close_acquaintances_than_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women gossip 2.5 times as much about friends and close acquaintances than men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_prefer_to_talk.2C_men_prefer_to_do_things">[[#Women_prefer_to_talk.2C_men_prefer_to_do_things|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women prefer to talk, men prefer to do things</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_less_cooperative_towards_their_own_sex_than_men_in_the_iterated_prisoner.27s_dilemma">[[#Women_are_less_cooperative_towards_their_own_sex_than_men_in_the_iterated_prisoner.27s_dilemma|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are less cooperative towards their own sex than men in the iterated prisoner's dilemma</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_more_likely_to_socially_exclude_others_as_early_as_age_six">[[#Women_are_more_likely_to_socially_exclude_others_as_early_as_age_six|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are more likely to socially exclude others as early as age six</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_who_engage_in_BDSM_as_.27submissives.27_have_lower_levels_of_empathy">[[#Women_who_engage_in_BDSM_as_.27submissives.27_have_lower_levels_of_empathy|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women who engage in BDSM as 'submissives' have lower levels of empathy</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_who_have_experienced_rape_or_violent_abuse_are_more_likely_to_watch_violent_pornography">[[#Women_who_have_experienced_rape_or_violent_abuse_are_more_likely_to_watch_violent_pornography|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women who have experienced rape or violent abuse are more likely to watch violent pornography</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_have_a_greater_anti-women_bias_in_scientific_peer_review_than_men">[[#Women_have_a_greater_anti-women_bias_in_scientific_peer_review_than_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women have a greater anti-women bias in scientific peer review than men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_interrupted_the_most_by_other_women.2C_not_by_men">[[#Women_are_interrupted_the_most_by_other_women.2C_not_by_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are interrupted the most by other women, not by men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_angrier_in_intrasexual_conflicts_than_men_and_need_more_time_for_conflict_resolution">[[#Women_are_angrier_in_intrasexual_conflicts_than_men_and_need_more_time_for_conflict_resolution|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are angrier in intrasexual conflicts than men and need more time for conflict resolution</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocHypergamy">[[#Hypergamy|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Hypergamy</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_lose_mating_opportunities_with_higher_status.2C_men_gain_mating_opportunities">[[#Women_lose_mating_opportunities_with_higher_status.2C_men_gain_mating_opportunities|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women lose mating opportunities with higher status, men gain mating opportunities</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_.28and_men.29_pay_more_attention_to_high_status_men.2C_not_high_status_women">[[#Women_.28and_men.29_pay_more_attention_to_high_status_men.2C_not_high_status_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women (and men) pay more attention to high status men, not high status women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBrazil_women.27s_preference_for_wealthy_men_was_unchanged_over_30_years_despite_feminism">[[#Brazil_women.27s_preference_for_wealthy_men_was_unchanged_over_30_years_despite_feminism|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Brazil women's preference for wealthy men was unchanged over 30 years despite feminism</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocStoicism">[[#Stoicism|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Stoicism</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_regard_brave_male_war_heroes_as_sexually_attractive">[[#Women_regard_brave_male_war_heroes_as_sexually_attractive|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women regard brave male war heroes as sexually attractive</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocCrime">[[#Crime|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Crime</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocGood_looking_people_are_less_likely_to_be_arrested_or_convicted">[[#Good_looking_people_are_less_likely_to_be_arrested_or_convicted|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Good looking people are less likely to be arrested or convicted</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocUgly_people_are_more_likely_to_become_criminals">[[#Ugly_people_are_more_likely_to_become_criminals|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Ugly people are more likely to become criminals</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocRace">[[#Race|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Race</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAcross_Europe.2C_for_both_genders_combined.2C_whites_are_most_desired_race_online">[[#Across_Europe.2C_for_both_genders_combined.2C_whites_are_most_desired_race_online|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Across Europe, for both genders combined, whites are most desired race online</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocBody">[[#Body|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Body</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMost_normal_weight_people_are_still_overly_fat">[[#Most_normal_weight_people_are_still_overly_fat|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Most normal weight people are still overly fat</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc69.25_of_millennial_women_have_turned_down_sex_due_to_their_vaginal_odor">[[#69.25_of_millennial_women_have_turned_down_sex_due_to_their_vaginal_odor|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>69% of millennial women have turned down sex due to their vaginal odor</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocMisandry">[[#Misandry|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Misandry</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPlayful_children_are_more_likely_to_be_deemed_.22disruptive.22_for_it_if_they_are_boys">[[#Playful_children_are_more_likely_to_be_deemed_.22disruptive.22_for_it_if_they_are_boys|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Playful children are more likely to be deemed "disruptive" for it if they are boys</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFemale_bullies_often_go_unpunished.2C_even_when_they_engage_in_harsh_physical_bullying_against_boys">[[#Female_bullies_often_go_unpunished.2C_even_when_they_engage_in_harsh_physical_bullying_against_boys|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Female bullies often go unpunished, even when they engage in harsh physical bullying against boys</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFathers_are_more_attentive_and_care_more_for_daughters_than_sons">[[#Fathers_are_more_attentive_and_care_more_for_daughters_than_sons|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Fathers are more attentive and care more for daughters than sons</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_are_typically_stereotyped_as_aggressors.2C_and_women_are_stereotyped_as_victims">[[#Men_are_typically_stereotyped_as_aggressors.2C_and_women_are_stereotyped_as_victims|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men are typically stereotyped as aggressors, and women are stereotyped as victims</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBoys_put_less_effort_into_schoolwork.2C_because_effort_is_viewed_as_feminine">[[#Boys_put_less_effort_into_schoolwork.2C_because_effort_is_viewed_as_feminine|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Boys put less effort into schoolwork, because effort is viewed as feminine</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocLooks">[[#Looks|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Looks</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocChildren_trust_attractive_adults_more_than_unattractive_adults">[[#Children_trust_attractive_adults_more_than_unattractive_adults|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Children trust attractive adults more than unattractive adults</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocGood_looking_people_are_perceived_to_have_a_higher_intellect_and_a_better_personality">[[#Good_looking_people_are_perceived_to_have_a_higher_intellect_and_a_better_personality|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Good looking people are perceived to have a higher intellect and a better personality</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPhysically_attractive_individuals_are_more_optimistic">[[#Physically_attractive_individuals_are_more_optimistic|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Physically attractive individuals are more optimistic</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocFace">[[#Face|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">10</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Face</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_have_a_preference_for_more_masculine_faces_in_more_stable_and_prosperous_societies">[[#Women_have_a_preference_for_more_masculine_faces_in_more_stable_and_prosperous_societies|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">10.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women have a preference for more masculine faces in more stable and prosperous societies</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocHeight">[[#Height|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">11</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Height</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_lie_more_about_their_heights_in_online_dating_than_men">[[#Women_lie_more_about_their_heights_in_online_dating_than_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">11.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women lie more about their heights in online dating than men</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocVoice">[[#Voice|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Voice</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLower_vocal_pitch_predicts_who_will_win_an_election">[[#Lower_vocal_pitch_predicts_who_will_win_an_election|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Lower vocal pitch predicts who will win an election</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocMonogamy">[[#Monogamy|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Monogamy</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_die_more_under_polygyny">[[#Men_die_more_under_polygyny|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men die more under polygyny</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMonogamy_has_stabilizing_effects_on_society_and_children">[[#Monogamy_has_stabilizing_effects_on_society_and_children|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Monogamy has stabilizing effects on society and children</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocYoung_men_in_polygynous_societies_are_more_prone_to_violence_than_those_in_monogamous_ones">[[#Young_men_in_polygynous_societies_are_more_prone_to_violence_than_those_in_monogamous_ones|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Young men in polygynous societies are more prone to violence than those in monogamous ones</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocSerial_monogamy_increases_reproductive_success_in_men_but_not_in_women">[[#Serial_monogamy_increases_reproductive_success_in_men_but_not_in_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Serial monogamy increases reproductive success in men but not in women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_with_higher_income_expressed_an_even_stronger_preference_for_high-earning_men">[[#Women_with_higher_income_expressed_an_even_stronger_preference_for_high-earning_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women with higher income expressed an even stronger preference for high-earning men</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocCucks">[[#Cucks|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Cucks</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc22.6.25_of_U.S_Airmen_discovered_their_wives_infidelity_after_returning_from_a_year-long_deployment">[[#22.6.25_of_U.S_Airmen_discovered_their_wives_infidelity_after_returning_from_a_year-long_deployment|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>22.6% of U.S Airmen discovered their wives infidelity after returning from a year-long deployment</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_partnered_to_low_income_men_are_more_prone_to_infidelity">[[#Women_partnered_to_low_income_men_are_more_prone_to_infidelity|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women partnered to low income men are more prone to infidelity</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocTinder">[[#Tinder|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Tinder</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_Tinder_economy_has_more_inequality_than_95.1.25_of_all_the_world.E2.80.99s_national_economies.">[[#The_Tinder_economy_has_more_inequality_than_95.1.25_of_all_the_world.E2.80.99s_national_economies.|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The Tinder economy has more inequality than 95.1% of all the world’s national economies.</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocTinder_users_have_higher_levels_of_the_.27dark_triad.27_traits_than_non-users">[[#Tinder_users_have_higher_levels_of_the_.27dark_triad.27_traits_than_non-users|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Tinder users have higher levels of the 'dark triad' traits than non-users</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFemale_tinder_users_have_a_172.25_higher_chance_of_.27hooking_up.27_with_a_male_user_then_vice_versa">[[#Female_tinder_users_have_a_172.25_higher_chance_of_.27hooking_up.27_with_a_male_user_then_vice_versa|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Female tinder users have a 172% higher chance of 'hooking up' with a male user then vice versa</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocPolitics">[[#Politics|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Politics</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLeftists_of_both_genders_are_less_attractive_than_conservatives">[[#Leftists_of_both_genders_are_less_attractive_than_conservatives|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Leftists of both genders are less attractive than conservatives</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPhysically_weak_men_prefer_socialism.2C_physically_strong_men_do_not">[[#Physically_weak_men_prefer_socialism.2C_physically_strong_men_do_not|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Physically weak men prefer socialism, physically strong men do not</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPolitical_extremists_report_having_more_sex">[[#Political_extremists_report_having_more_sex|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Political extremists report having more sex</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocConservatives_have_less_distinct_preferences_regarding_long_and_short-term_partners">[[#Conservatives_have_less_distinct_preferences_regarding_long_and_short-term_partners|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Conservatives have less distinct preferences regarding long and short-term partners </span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPolitical_conservatism_may_be_mediated_by_a_more_monogamous_mating_strategy">[[#Political_conservatism_may_be_mediated_by_a_more_monogamous_mating_strategy|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Political conservatism may be mediated by a more monogamous mating strategy</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocSex">[[#Sex|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Sex</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocSex_improves_health_in_numerous_ways">[[#Sex_improves_health_in_numerous_ways|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Sex improves health in numerous ways</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocSluts">[[#Sluts|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Sluts</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPromiscuous_females_have_a_stronger_preference_for_more_physically_masculine_males">[[#Promiscuous_females_have_a_stronger_preference_for_more_physically_masculine_males|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Promiscuous females have a stronger preference for more physically masculine males</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocHealth">[[#Health|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">19</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Health</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBoth_voluntary_and_involuntary_celibacy_are_related_to_poorer_mental_health">[[#Both_voluntary_and_involuntary_celibacy_are_related_to_poorer_mental_health|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">19.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Both voluntary and involuntary celibacy are related to poorer mental health</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocItsOver">[[#ItsOver|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">20</span> <span class="toctext"><i>ItsOver</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLoneliness_and_mental_health_problems_are_rising_for_both_genders">[[#Loneliness_and_mental_health_problems_are_rising_for_both_genders|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">20.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Loneliness and mental health problems are rising for both genders</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocMiscellaneous">[[#Miscellaneous|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">21</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Miscellaneous</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"></ul></li></ul></div> | ||
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Feminism''</span>== | ==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Feminism''</span>== | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Even_feminist_women_tend_to_prefer_men_who_patronize_and_care_for_them">Even feminist women tend to prefer men who patronize and care for them</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Even_feminist_women_tend_to_prefer_men_who_patronize_and_care_for_them">Even feminist women tend to prefer men who patronize and care for them</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Even_feminist_women_tend_to_prefer_men_who_patronize_and_care_for_them|permalink]] | [[#tocFeminism|category: Feminism]] | [[#tocEven_feminist_women_tend_to_prefer_men_who_patronize_and_care_for_them|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Even_feminist_women_tend_to_prefer_men_who_patronize_and_care_for_them|permalink]] | [[#tocFeminism|category: Feminism]] | [[#tocEven_feminist_women_tend_to_prefer_men_who_patronize_and_care_for_them|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Women prefer men with BS attitudes over those without. The predominant explanation for this paradox is that women respond to the superficially positive appearance of BS without being aware of its subtly harmful effects. We propose an alternative explanation drawn from evolutionary and sociocultural theories on mate preferences: Women find BS men attractive because BS attitudes and behaviors signal that a man is willing to invest. Five studies showed that women prefer men with BS attitudes (Studies 1a, 1b, and 3) and behaviors (Studies 2a and 2b), especially in mating contexts, because BS mates are perceived as willing to invest (protect, provide, and commit). Women preferred BS men despite also perceiving them as patronizing and undermining. These findings extend understanding of women’s motives for endorsing BS and suggest that women prefer BS men despite having awareness of the harmful consequences. | Abstract from the paper: Women prefer men with BS attitudes over those without. The predominant explanation for this paradox is that women respond to the superficially positive appearance of BS without being aware of its subtly harmful effects. We propose an alternative explanation drawn from evolutionary and sociocultural theories on mate preferences: Women find BS men attractive because BS attitudes and behaviors signal that a man is willing to invest. Five studies showed that women prefer men with BS attitudes (Studies 1a, 1b, and 3) and behaviors (Studies 2a and 2b), especially in mating contexts, because BS mates are perceived as willing to invest (protect, provide, and commit). Women preferred BS men despite also perceiving them as patronizing and undermining. These findings extend understanding of women’s motives for endorsing BS and suggest that women prefer BS men despite having awareness of the harmful consequences. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="The_.22Gender_Pay_Gap.22_does_not_exist">The "Gender Pay Gap" does not exist</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="The_.22Gender_Pay_Gap.22_does_not_exist">The "Gender Pay Gap" does not exist</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#The_.22Gender_Pay_Gap.22_does_not_exist|permalink]] | [[#tocFeminism|category: Feminism]] | [[#tocThe_.22Gender_Pay_Gap.22_does_not_exist|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#The_.22Gender_Pay_Gap.22_does_not_exist|permalink]] | [[#tocFeminism|category: Feminism]] | [[#tocThe_.22Gender_Pay_Gap.22_does_not_exist|table of contents]]</div> | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span> | <span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span> | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_face_more_discrimination_overall_in_society_than_women">Men face more discrimination overall in society than women</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_face_more_discrimination_overall_in_society_than_women">Men face more discrimination overall in society than women</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Men_face_more_discrimination_overall_in_society_than_women|permalink]] | [[#tocFeminism|category: Feminism]] | [[#tocMen_face_more_discrimination_overall_in_society_than_women|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Men_face_more_discrimination_overall_in_society_than_women|permalink]] | [[#tocFeminism|category: Feminism]] | [[#tocMen_face_more_discrimination_overall_in_society_than_women|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: The Global Gender Gap Index is one of the best-known measures of national gender inequality, used by both academics and policy makers. We argue that that this measure has a number of problems and introduce a simpler measure of national levels of gender inequality. Our proposed measure is based on sex differences in the opportunity to lead a long healthy and satisfied life that is grounded on educational opportunities. The measure better captures variation in gender inequality than other measures, with inclusion of outcomes that can be favorable or unfavorable to either sex, not simply unfavorable to women. We focus on some of the most basic measures available for 134 countries from 2012–2016 (i.e., disadvantages in children’s basic education, life satisfaction, and healthy life span) and we relate these to various measures, including the United Nations' Human Development Index. We found that low levels of human development are typically associated with disadvantages for girls and women, while medium and high levels of development are typically associated with disadvantages for boys and men. Countries with the highest levels of human development are closest to gender parity, albeit typically with a slight advantage for women. We argue that the disparities, when they are found, are related to the sexual division of labor (i.e., traditional gender roles) in poorly developed countries as well as the underinvestment in preventative health care in more developed nations. | Abstract from the paper: The Global Gender Gap Index is one of the best-known measures of national gender inequality, used by both academics and policy makers. We argue that that this measure has a number of problems and introduce a simpler measure of national levels of gender inequality. Our proposed measure is based on sex differences in the opportunity to lead a long healthy and satisfied life that is grounded on educational opportunities. The measure better captures variation in gender inequality than other measures, with inclusion of outcomes that can be favorable or unfavorable to either sex, not simply unfavorable to women. We focus on some of the most basic measures available for 134 countries from 2012–2016 (i.e., disadvantages in children’s basic education, life satisfaction, and healthy life span) and we relate these to various measures, including the United Nations' Human Development Index. We found that low levels of human development are typically associated with disadvantages for girls and women, while medium and high levels of development are typically associated with disadvantages for boys and men. Countries with the highest levels of human development are closest to gender parity, albeit typically with a slight advantage for women. We argue that the disparities, when they are found, are related to the sexual division of labor (i.e., traditional gender roles) in poorly developed countries as well as the underinvestment in preventative health care in more developed nations. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Countries_with_pronounced_feminist_policies_have_fewer_women_in_leadership_positions">Countries with pronounced feminist policies have fewer women in leadership positions</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Countries_with_pronounced_feminist_policies_have_fewer_women_in_leadership_positions">Countries with pronounced feminist policies have fewer women in leadership positions</span>=== | ||
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span> | <span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span> | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_have_a_4.5x_greater_preference_for_their_own_sex_then_men_do">Women have a 4.5x greater preference for their own sex then men do</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_have_a_4.5x_greater_preference_for_their_own_sex_then_men_do">Women have a 4.5x greater preference for their own sex then men do</span>=== | ||
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Abstract from the paper: Four experiments confirmed that women's automatic in-group bias is remarkably stronger than men's and investigated explanations for this sex difference, derived from potential sources of implicit attitudes (L. A. Rudman, 2004). In Experiment 1, only women (not men) showed cognitive balance among in-group bias, identity, and self-esteem (A. G. Greenwald et al., 2002), revealing that men lack a mechanism that bolsters automatic own group preference. Experiments 2 and 3 found pro-female bias to the extent that participants automatically favored their mothers over their fathers or associated male gender with violence, suggesting that maternal bonding and male intimidation influence gender attitudes. Experiment 4 showed that for sexually experienced men, the more positive their attitude was toward sex, the more they implicitly favored women. In concert, the findings help to explain sex differences in automatic in-group bias and underscore the uniqueness of gender for intergroup relations theorists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) | Abstract from the paper: Four experiments confirmed that women's automatic in-group bias is remarkably stronger than men's and investigated explanations for this sex difference, derived from potential sources of implicit attitudes (L. A. Rudman, 2004). In Experiment 1, only women (not men) showed cognitive balance among in-group bias, identity, and self-esteem (A. G. Greenwald et al., 2002), revealing that men lack a mechanism that bolsters automatic own group preference. Experiments 2 and 3 found pro-female bias to the extent that participants automatically favored their mothers over their fathers or associated male gender with violence, suggesting that maternal bonding and male intimidation influence gender attitudes. Experiment 4 showed that for sexually experienced men, the more positive their attitude was toward sex, the more they implicitly favored women. In concert, the findings help to explain sex differences in automatic in-group bias and underscore the uniqueness of gender for intergroup relations theorists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) | ||
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*Rudman LA, Goodwin SA. 2004. ''Gender differences in automatic in-group bias: Why do women like women more than men like men?'' [[http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.494 Abstract]] | *Rudman LA, Goodwin SA. 2004. ''Gender differences in automatic in-group bias: Why do women like women more than men like men?'' [[http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.494 Abstract]] | ||
===High potential women earn higher premiums in the workplace than "high potential" men, but don't report higher pay satisfaction=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="High_potential_women_earn_higher_premiums_in_the_workplace_than_.22high_potential.22_men.2C_but_don.27t_report_higher_pay_satisfaction">High potential women earn higher premiums in the workplace than "high potential" men, but don't report higher pay satisfaction</span>=== | ||
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Abstract from the paper: In this constructive replication, we revisit a provocative study by Leslie, Manchester, and Dahm (2017). They found that gender and being designated a high‐potential employee interacted in accounting for pay and that this resulted in a reversal in the commonly observed gender pay gap favoring men. Our primary aim was to examine important boundary conditions associated with their work by (a) conducting a study using a sample that would better generalize across industries and to individuals who aspire to reach senior management, (b) adding critical control variables to the statistical models used in the pay equation, and (c) by introducing a different conceptualization of the high‐potential construct. Also, to better understand the consequences of their study, we considered an additional dependent variable that addressed pay satisfaction. Even after making these model additions, the gender by high‐potential interaction term was significant—ruling out four plausible third‐variable explanations for the Leslie et al. finding. Moreover, these confirming results were observed using a sample that represented individuals employed in a wide range of industries, who had the educational backgrounds, career histories, and motivational states typically required of candidates competing for senior executive roles. Furthermore, high‐potential women did not report higher levels of pay satisfaction, suggesting that high‐potential women did not perceive their pay premium to be an inequitable advantage and that there may be limited positive return associated with using a pay premium to retain high‐potential talent. | Abstract from the paper: In this constructive replication, we revisit a provocative study by Leslie, Manchester, and Dahm (2017). They found that gender and being designated a high‐potential employee interacted in accounting for pay and that this resulted in a reversal in the commonly observed gender pay gap favoring men. Our primary aim was to examine important boundary conditions associated with their work by (a) conducting a study using a sample that would better generalize across industries and to individuals who aspire to reach senior management, (b) adding critical control variables to the statistical models used in the pay equation, and (c) by introducing a different conceptualization of the high‐potential construct. Also, to better understand the consequences of their study, we considered an additional dependent variable that addressed pay satisfaction. Even after making these model additions, the gender by high‐potential interaction term was significant—ruling out four plausible third‐variable explanations for the Leslie et al. finding. Moreover, these confirming results were observed using a sample that represented individuals employed in a wide range of industries, who had the educational backgrounds, career histories, and motivational states typically required of candidates competing for senior executive roles. Furthermore, high‐potential women did not report higher levels of pay satisfaction, suggesting that high‐potential women did not perceive their pay premium to be an inequitable advantage and that there may be limited positive return associated with using a pay premium to retain high‐potential talent. | ||
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* [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/peps.12357?campaign=wolearlyview& Abstract]] | * [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/peps.12357?campaign=wolearlyview& Abstract]] | ||
===Women report lower job satisfaction working under a female boss, men don't=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_report_lower_job_satisfaction_working_under_a_female_boss.2C_men_don.27t">Women report lower job satisfaction working under a female boss, men don't</span>=== | ||
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Abstract from the paper: The participation of women in the labor force has grown significantly over the past 50 years, and with this, women are increasingly holding managerial and supervisory positions. Yet little is known about how female supervisors impact employee well-being. Using two distinct datasets of US workers, we provide previously undocumented evidence that women are less satisfied with their jobs when they have a female boss. Male job satisfaction, by contrast, is unaffected. Crucially our study is able to control for individual worker fixed effects and to identify the impact of a change in supervisor gender on worker well-being without other alterations in the worker's job. | Abstract from the paper: The participation of women in the labor force has grown significantly over the past 50 years, and with this, women are increasingly holding managerial and supervisory positions. Yet little is known about how female supervisors impact employee well-being. Using two distinct datasets of US workers, we provide previously undocumented evidence that women are less satisfied with their jobs when they have a female boss. Male job satisfaction, by contrast, is unaffected. Crucially our study is able to control for individual worker fixed effects and to identify the impact of a change in supervisor gender on worker well-being without other alterations in the worker's job. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_report_greater_levels_of_incivility_at_work_from_other_women">Women report greater levels of incivility at work from other women</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_report_greater_levels_of_incivility_at_work_from_other_women">Women report greater levels of incivility at work from other women</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_report_greater_levels_of_incivility_at_work_from_other_women|permalink]] | [[#tocFeminism|category: Feminism]] | [[#tocWomen_report_greater_levels_of_incivility_at_work_from_other_women|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_report_greater_levels_of_incivility_at_work_from_other_women|permalink]] | [[#tocFeminism|category: Feminism]] | [[#tocWomen_report_greater_levels_of_incivility_at_work_from_other_women|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Research conducted on workplace incivility—a low intensity form of deviant behavior—has generally shown that women report higher levels of incivility at work. However, to date, it is unclear as to whether women are primarily treated uncivilly by men (i.e., members of the socially dominant group/out-group) or other women (i.e., members of in-group) in organizations. In light of different theorizing surrounding gender and incivility, we examine whether women experience increased incivility from other women or men, and whether this effect is amplified for women who exhibit higher agency and less communion at work given that these traits and behaviors violate stereotypical gender norms. Across three complementary studies, results indicate that women report experiencing more incivility from other women than from men, with this effect being amplified for women who are more agentic at work. Further, agentic women who experience increased female-instigated incivility from their coworkers report lower well-being (job satisfaction, psychological vitality) and increased work withdrawal (turnover intentions). Theoretical implications tied to gender and incivility are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) | Abstract from the paper: Research conducted on workplace incivility—a low intensity form of deviant behavior—has generally shown that women report higher levels of incivility at work. However, to date, it is unclear as to whether women are primarily treated uncivilly by men (i.e., members of the socially dominant group/out-group) or other women (i.e., members of in-group) in organizations. In light of different theorizing surrounding gender and incivility, we examine whether women experience increased incivility from other women or men, and whether this effect is amplified for women who exhibit higher agency and less communion at work given that these traits and behaviors violate stereotypical gender norms. Across three complementary studies, results indicate that women report experiencing more incivility from other women than from men, with this effect being amplified for women who are more agentic at work. Further, agentic women who experience increased female-instigated incivility from their coworkers report lower well-being (job satisfaction, psychological vitality) and increased work withdrawal (turnover intentions). Theoretical implications tied to gender and incivility are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Competitive_women_are_more_likely_to_.27slut_shame.27_sexual_rivals">Competitive women are more likely to 'slut shame' sexual rivals</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Competitive_women_are_more_likely_to_.27slut_shame.27_sexual_rivals">Competitive women are more likely to 'slut shame' sexual rivals</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Competitive_women_are_more_likely_to_.27slut_shame.27_sexual_rivals|permalink]] | [[#tocFeminism|category: Feminism]] | [[#tocCompetitive_women_are_more_likely_to_.27slut_shame.27_sexual_rivals|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Competitive_women_are_more_likely_to_.27slut_shame.27_sexual_rivals|permalink]] | [[#tocFeminism|category: Feminism]] | [[#tocCompetitive_women_are_more_likely_to_.27slut_shame.27_sexual_rivals|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Researchers have suggested that women compete with same-sex peers using indirect social tactics. However, the specific predictors and mechanisms of this form of female intrasexual competition are less well understood. We propose that one mechanism by which women harm rivals' social opportunities is through selectively transmitting reputation-relevant social information. Moreover, we contend that this behavior is designed to undermine the romantic and social appeal of same-sex romantic rivals who are perceived to be threatening. Evidence from five studies suggests that women's dissemination of social information is strategic and reliably predicted by various cues of romantic rival threat: attempts at mate poaching (Study 1), physical attractiveness (Studies 2 and 3), and provocative clothing (Studies 4 and 5). Women strategically harmed and failed to enhance the reputations of other women who threatened their romantic prospects directly (by flirting with their romantic partners) and indirectly (by being attractive or provocatively dressed). Women's dispositional levels of competitiveness also predicted their information transmission: highly competitive women (both generally and in romantic domains specifically) disclosed more reputation-damaging information than did less competitive women. Furthermore, women transmitted reputation-harming information about female targets independent of how much they explicitly liked those targets, suggesting a disconnect between women's intentions and their gossip behavior. Irrespective of the gossiper's intentions, pilot data confirmed that social harm is likely to befall the women targeted by the transmission of reputation-damaging social information. | Abstract from the paper: Researchers have suggested that women compete with same-sex peers using indirect social tactics. However, the specific predictors and mechanisms of this form of female intrasexual competition are less well understood. We propose that one mechanism by which women harm rivals' social opportunities is through selectively transmitting reputation-relevant social information. Moreover, we contend that this behavior is designed to undermine the romantic and social appeal of same-sex romantic rivals who are perceived to be threatening. Evidence from five studies suggests that women's dissemination of social information is strategic and reliably predicted by various cues of romantic rival threat: attempts at mate poaching (Study 1), physical attractiveness (Studies 2 and 3), and provocative clothing (Studies 4 and 5). Women strategically harmed and failed to enhance the reputations of other women who threatened their romantic prospects directly (by flirting with their romantic partners) and indirectly (by being attractive or provocatively dressed). Women's dispositional levels of competitiveness also predicted their information transmission: highly competitive women (both generally and in romantic domains specifically) disclosed more reputation-damaging information than did less competitive women. Furthermore, women transmitted reputation-harming information about female targets independent of how much they explicitly liked those targets, suggesting a disconnect between women's intentions and their gossip behavior. Irrespective of the gossiper's intentions, pilot data confirmed that social harm is likely to befall the women targeted by the transmission of reputation-damaging social information. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="High_ranking_women_are_less_generous_towards_same_sex_subordinates_then_men">High ranking women are less generous towards same sex subordinates then men</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="High_ranking_women_are_less_generous_towards_same_sex_subordinates_then_men">High ranking women are less generous towards same sex subordinates then men</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#High_ranking_women_are_less_generous_towards_same_sex_subordinates_then_men|permalink]] | [[#tocFeminism|category: Feminism]] | [[#tocHigh_ranking_women_are_less_generous_towards_same_sex_subordinates_then_men|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#High_ranking_women_are_less_generous_towards_same_sex_subordinates_then_men|permalink]] | [[#tocFeminism|category: Feminism]] | [[#tocHigh_ranking_women_are_less_generous_towards_same_sex_subordinates_then_men|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Studies on human cooperation using economic games rarely include ecologically relevant factors. In studies on non-human primates however, both status and sex typically influence patterns of cooperation. Across primate species, high status individuals are more likely to cooperate, though this depends on the species-specific social structure of each sex. Based on human social structure, we predict that higher status males who interact more in hierarchical groups than females, will invest more than high status females in valued same-sex peers after successful cooperation. Across three studies, 187 male and 188 female participants cooperated with a (fictitious) same-sex partner who varied in competence. Participants then divided a reward between themselves and their partner. High status was induced in three different ways in each study, social influence, leadership and power. No overall sex difference in reward sharing was observed. Consistent with the hypothesis however, across all three studies, high status males invested more than high status females in cooperative partners, suggesting that high status males intuitively evaluate sharing rewards with same-sex partners as more beneficial. | Abstract from the paper: Studies on human cooperation using economic games rarely include ecologically relevant factors. In studies on non-human primates however, both status and sex typically influence patterns of cooperation. Across primate species, high status individuals are more likely to cooperate, though this depends on the species-specific social structure of each sex. Based on human social structure, we predict that higher status males who interact more in hierarchical groups than females, will invest more than high status females in valued same-sex peers after successful cooperation. Across three studies, 187 male and 188 female participants cooperated with a (fictitious) same-sex partner who varied in competence. Participants then divided a reward between themselves and their partner. High status was induced in three different ways in each study, social influence, leadership and power. No overall sex difference in reward sharing was observed. Consistent with the hypothesis however, across all three studies, high status males invested more than high status females in cooperative partners, suggesting that high status males intuitively evaluate sharing rewards with same-sex partners as more beneficial. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Self-rated_female_happiness_has_been_declining_since_the_1970s_in_the_US">Self-rated female happiness has been declining since the 1970s in the US</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Self-rated_female_happiness_has_been_declining_since_the_1970s_in_the_US">Self-rated female happiness has been declining since the 1970s in the US</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Self-rated_female_happiness_has_been_declining_since_the_1970s_in_the_US|permalink]] | [[#tocFeminism|category: Feminism]] | [[#tocSelf-rated_female_happiness_has_been_declining_since_the_1970s_in_the_US|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Self-rated_female_happiness_has_been_declining_since_the_1970s_in_the_US|permalink]] | [[#tocFeminism|category: Feminism]] | [[#tocSelf-rated_female_happiness_has_been_declining_since_the_1970s_in_the_US|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: By many objective measures the lives of women in the United States have improved over the past 35 years, yet we show that measures of subjective well-being indicate that women's happiness has declined both absolutely and relative to men. The paradox of women's declining relative well-being is found across various datasets, measures of subjective well-being, and is pervasive across demographic groups and industrialized countries. Relative declines in female happiness have eroded a gender gap in happiness in which women in the 1970s typically reported higher subjective well-being than did men. These declines have continued and a new gender gap is emerging -- one with higher subjective well-being for men. | Abstract from the paper: By many objective measures the lives of women in the United States have improved over the past 35 years, yet we show that measures of subjective well-being indicate that women's happiness has declined both absolutely and relative to men. The paradox of women's declining relative well-being is found across various datasets, measures of subjective well-being, and is pervasive across demographic groups and industrialized countries. Relative declines in female happiness have eroded a gender gap in happiness in which women in the 1970s typically reported higher subjective well-being than did men. These declines have continued and a new gender gap is emerging -- one with higher subjective well-being for men. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Individuals_of_both_sexes_generally_evaluate_females_in_aggregate_more_positively_than_males">Individuals of both sexes generally evaluate females in aggregate more positively than males</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Individuals_of_both_sexes_generally_evaluate_females_in_aggregate_more_positively_than_males">Individuals of both sexes generally evaluate females in aggregate more positively than males</span>=== | ||
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Abstract from the paper: In an experiment in which male and female respondents evaluated the social category of women or men on several types of measures, analysis of respondents' attitudes toward the sexes and of the evaluative content of their beliefs established that they evaluated women more favorably than men. In addition, analysis of respondents' emotional reactions toward women and men did not yield evidence of negativity toward women at the emotional level. Nor did it appear that respondents' very positive evaluations of women masked ambivalence toward them. This research, therefore, provides strong evidence that women are evaluated quite favorably—in fact, more favorably than men. | Abstract from the paper: In an experiment in which male and female respondents evaluated the social category of women or men on several types of measures, analysis of respondents' attitudes toward the sexes and of the evaluative content of their beliefs established that they evaluated women more favorably than men. In addition, analysis of respondents' emotional reactions toward women and men did not yield evidence of negativity toward women at the emotional level. Nor did it appear that respondents' very positive evaluations of women masked ambivalence toward them. This research, therefore, provides strong evidence that women are evaluated quite favorably—in fact, more favorably than men. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="It_is_not_men_who_suppress_female_sexuality_but_women">It is not men who suppress female sexuality but women themselves</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="It_is_not_men_who_suppress_female_sexuality_but_women">It is not men who suppress female sexuality but women themselves</span>=== | ||
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Abstract from the paper: Whether it is men or women who suppress female sexuality has important implications for understanding gendered relations, ultimately providing insight into one widespread cause of female disadvantage. The question of which sex suppresses female sexuality more avidly, however, neglects that our interests are never unambiguously masculine or feminine; each of us has a combination of male and female kin which alters how much of our future fitness derive from each sex. Here we exploit a nationally representative sample of 600 Tunisians to test whether support for Islamic veiling—a proxy for female sexual suppression—is more common amongst one sex than the other, and is affected by the relative sex of one's offspring (i.e., the number of sons relative to daughters). We find that men are more supportive of Islamic veiling than women, but women with more sons are more supportive of veiling and more likely to wear veils than women with fewer sons. All effects were robust to the inclusion of religiosity, which was weaker amongst men and unrelated to the number of sons a woman had. The number of daughters affected neither religiosity nor support for veiling, but did increase women's likelihood of wearing contemporary, fashionable Tunisian veils compared with no head covering. We further found that men were more religious if they had more sons. Overall, these findings highlight that far from being the fixed strategy of one sex or the other, female sexual suppression manifests facultatively to promote one's reproductive interests directly or indirectly by creating conditions beneficial to one's descendent kin. These results show that both men and women can suppress female sexuality, although the function in either case appears more closely aligned with male rather than female interests. | Abstract from the paper: Whether it is men or women who suppress female sexuality has important implications for understanding gendered relations, ultimately providing insight into one widespread cause of female disadvantage. The question of which sex suppresses female sexuality more avidly, however, neglects that our interests are never unambiguously masculine or feminine; each of us has a combination of male and female kin which alters how much of our future fitness derive from each sex. Here we exploit a nationally representative sample of 600 Tunisians to test whether support for Islamic veiling—a proxy for female sexual suppression—is more common amongst one sex than the other, and is affected by the relative sex of one's offspring (i.e., the number of sons relative to daughters). We find that men are more supportive of Islamic veiling than women, but women with more sons are more supportive of veiling and more likely to wear veils than women with fewer sons. All effects were robust to the inclusion of religiosity, which was weaker amongst men and unrelated to the number of sons a woman had. The number of daughters affected neither religiosity nor support for veiling, but did increase women's likelihood of wearing contemporary, fashionable Tunisian veils compared with no head covering. We further found that men were more religious if they had more sons. Overall, these findings highlight that far from being the fixed strategy of one sex or the other, female sexual suppression manifests facultatively to promote one's reproductive interests directly or indirectly by creating conditions beneficial to one's descendent kin. These results show that both men and women can suppress female sexuality, although the function in either case appears more closely aligned with male rather than female interests. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Gender-biased_grading_accounts_for_21_percent_of_boys_falling_behind_girls_in_math_during_middle_school"> Gender-biased grading accounts for 21 percent of boys falling behind girls in math during middle school </span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Gender-biased_grading_accounts_for_21_percent_of_boys_falling_behind_girls_in_math_during_middle_school"> Gender-biased grading accounts for 21 percent of boys falling behind girls in math during middle school </span>=== | ||
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Abstract from the paper: I use a combination of blind and non-blind test scores to show that middle school teachers favor girls when they grade. This favoritism, estimated in the form of individual teacher effects, has long-term consequences: as measured by their national evaluations three years later, male students make less progress than their female counterparts. Gender-biased grading accounts for 21 percent of boys falling behind girls in math during middle school. On the other hand, girls who benefit from gender bias in math are more likely to select a science track in high school. (Terrier 2016) | Abstract from the paper: I use a combination of blind and non-blind test scores to show that middle school teachers favor girls when they grade. This favoritism, estimated in the form of individual teacher effects, has long-term consequences: as measured by their national evaluations three years later, male students make less progress than their female counterparts. Gender-biased grading accounts for 21 percent of boys falling behind girls in math during middle school. On the other hand, girls who benefit from gender bias in math are more likely to select a science track in high school. (Terrier 2016) | ||
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* [[https://doi.org/10.3386/w19331 Abstract]] | * [[https://doi.org/10.3386/w19331 Abstract]] | ||
===Women were historically mainly involved in cooking and they never lead a country=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_were_historically_mainly_involved_in_cooking_and_they_never_lead_a_country">Women were historically mainly involved in cooking and they never lead a country</span>=== | ||
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Kinship and Gender (2010), anthropologist Linda Stone writes that, “Today anthropologists generally agree that cases of true matriarchy do not exist in human society, and that they most probably never have.” | Kinship and Gender (2010), anthropologist Linda Stone writes that, “Today anthropologists generally agree that cases of true matriarchy do not exist in human society, and that they most probably never have.” | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_around_twice_as_likely_to_be_described_as_.27difficult.27_to_deal_with_then_men">Women are around twice as likely to be described as 'difficult' to deal with then men</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_around_twice_as_likely_to_be_described_as_.27difficult.27_to_deal_with_then_men">Women are around twice as likely to be described as 'difficult' to deal with then men</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_are_around_twice_as_likely_to_be_described_as_.27difficult.27_to_deal_with_then_men|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_are_around_twice_as_likely_to_be_described_as_.27difficult.27_to_deal_with_then_men|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_are_around_twice_as_likely_to_be_described_as_.27difficult.27_to_deal_with_then_men|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_are_around_twice_as_likely_to_be_described_as_.27difficult.27_to_deal_with_then_men|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Why do people maintain ties with individuals whom they find difficult? Standard network theories imply that such alters are avoided or dropped. Drawing on a survey of over 1,100 diverse respondents who described over 12,000 relationships, we examined which among those ties respondents nominated as a person whom they “sometimes find demanding or difficult.” Those so listed composed about 15 percent of all alters in the network. After holding ego and alter traits constant, close kin, especially women relatives and aging parents, were especially likely to be named as difficult alters. Non-kin described as friends were less likely, and those described as co-workers more likely, to be listed only as difficult alters. These results suggest that normative and institutional constraints may force people to retain difficult and demanding alters in their networks. We also found that providing support to alters, but not receiving support from those alters, was a major source of difficulty in these relationships. Furthermore, the felt burden of providing support was not attenuated by receiving assistance, suggesting that alters involved in reciprocated exchanges were not less often labeled difficult than were those in unreciprocated ones. This study underlines the importance of constraints in personal networks. | Abstract from the paper: Why do people maintain ties with individuals whom they find difficult? Standard network theories imply that such alters are avoided or dropped. Drawing on a survey of over 1,100 diverse respondents who described over 12,000 relationships, we examined which among those ties respondents nominated as a person whom they “sometimes find demanding or difficult.” Those so listed composed about 15 percent of all alters in the network. After holding ego and alter traits constant, close kin, especially women relatives and aging parents, were especially likely to be named as difficult alters. Non-kin described as friends were less likely, and those described as co-workers more likely, to be listed only as difficult alters. These results suggest that normative and institutional constraints may force people to retain difficult and demanding alters in their networks. We also found that providing support to alters, but not receiving support from those alters, was a major source of difficulty in these relationships. Furthermore, the felt burden of providing support was not attenuated by receiving assistance, suggesting that alters involved in reciprocated exchanges were not less often labeled difficult than were those in unreciprocated ones. This study underlines the importance of constraints in personal networks. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_strategically_manipulate_other_women.27s_reputation_to_win_out_attracting_the_attention_from_males">Women strategically manipulate other women's reputation to win out attracting the attention from men</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_strategically_manipulate_other_women.27s_reputation_to_win_out_attracting_the_attention_from_males">Women strategically manipulate other women's reputation to win out attracting the attention from men</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_strategically_manipulate_other_women. | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_strategically_manipulate_other_women.27s_reputation_to_win_out_attracting_the_attention_from_males|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_strategically_manipulate_other_women.27s_reputation_to_win_out_attracting_the_attention_from_males|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Researchers have suggested that women compete with same-sex peers using indirect social tactics. However, the specific predictors and mechanisms of this form of female intrasexual competition are less well understood. We propose that one mechanism by which women harm rivals' social opportunities is through selectively transmitting reputation-relevant social information. Moreover, we contend that this behavior is designed to undermine the romantic and social appeal of same-sex romantic rivals who are perceived to be threatening. Evidence from five studies suggests that women's dissemination of social information is strategic and reliably predicted by various cues of romantic rival threat: attempts at mate poaching (Study 1), physical attractiveness (Studies 2 and 3), and provocative clothing (Studies 4 and 5). Women strategically harmed and failed to enhance the reputations of other women who threatened their romantic prospects directly (by flirting with their romantic partners) and indirectly (by being attractive or provocatively dressed). Women's dispositional levels of competitiveness also predicted their information transmission: highly competitive women (both generally and in romantic domains specifically) disclosed more reputation-damaging information than did less competitive women. Furthermore, women transmitted reputation-harming information about female targets independent of how much they explicitly liked those targets, suggesting a disconnect between women's intentions and their gossip behavior. Irrespective of the gossiper's intentions, pilot data confirmed that social harm is likely to befall the women targeted by the transmission of reputation-damaging social information. | Abstract from the paper: Researchers have suggested that women compete with same-sex peers using indirect social tactics. However, the specific predictors and mechanisms of this form of female intrasexual competition are less well understood. We propose that one mechanism by which women harm rivals' social opportunities is through selectively transmitting reputation-relevant social information. Moreover, we contend that this behavior is designed to undermine the romantic and social appeal of same-sex romantic rivals who are perceived to be threatening. Evidence from five studies suggests that women's dissemination of social information is strategic and reliably predicted by various cues of romantic rival threat: attempts at mate poaching (Study 1), physical attractiveness (Studies 2 and 3), and provocative clothing (Studies 4 and 5). Women strategically harmed and failed to enhance the reputations of other women who threatened their romantic prospects directly (by flirting with their romantic partners) and indirectly (by being attractive or provocatively dressed). Women's dispositional levels of competitiveness also predicted their information transmission: highly competitive women (both generally and in romantic domains specifically) disclosed more reputation-damaging information than did less competitive women. Furthermore, women transmitted reputation-harming information about female targets independent of how much they explicitly liked those targets, suggesting a disconnect between women's intentions and their gossip behavior. Irrespective of the gossiper's intentions, pilot data confirmed that social harm is likely to befall the women targeted by the transmission of reputation-damaging social information. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_gossip_significantly_more_about_physical_appearance_then_men">Women gossip significantly more about physical appearance then men</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_gossip_significantly_more_about_physical_appearance_then_men">Women gossip significantly more about physical appearance then men</span>=== | ||
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Abstract from the paper: Gossip has been related to friendship as it can increase the bond between people and sense of belonging to a group. However, the role of gender in the relationship between gossip and friendship has not been examined in the literature. So, the present study examined gender differences in the relationship between friendship quality and gossip tendency with a sample of 167 female and 69 male Western Canadian undergraduate University students using the Friendship questionnaire and the Tendency to Gossip questionnaire. Given gender differences in friendship, with males being more agentic and females more communal, the relationship between gossip and friendship was predicted to be stronger in the males compared to the females. Friendship quality was positively correlated with gossip tendency in the males, but this effect was not present with the females. The information gossip scale was strongly associated with male friendship quality. This finding may be related to the greater emphasis on status with males, and that possession of knowledge and control of information is a method of attaining status. Physical appearance gossip was found to be more prevalent in females, but not related to friendship quality. This type of gossip may be a more of a competitive threat to the relationship in females. Achievement related gossip was also related to male friendship quality, which reflects the greater emphasis on individuation in male friendships. | Abstract from the paper: Gossip has been related to friendship as it can increase the bond between people and sense of belonging to a group. However, the role of gender in the relationship between gossip and friendship has not been examined in the literature. So, the present study examined gender differences in the relationship between friendship quality and gossip tendency with a sample of 167 female and 69 male Western Canadian undergraduate University students using the Friendship questionnaire and the Tendency to Gossip questionnaire. Given gender differences in friendship, with males being more agentic and females more communal, the relationship between gossip and friendship was predicted to be stronger in the males compared to the females. Friendship quality was positively correlated with gossip tendency in the males, but this effect was not present with the females. The information gossip scale was strongly associated with male friendship quality. This finding may be related to the greater emphasis on status with males, and that possession of knowledge and control of information is a method of attaining status. Physical appearance gossip was found to be more prevalent in females, but not related to friendship quality. This type of gossip may be a more of a competitive threat to the relationship in females. Achievement related gossip was also related to male friendship quality, which reflects the greater emphasis on individuation in male friendships. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_twice_as_talkative_in_small_groups_than_men">Women are twice as talkative in small groups than men</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_twice_as_talkative_in_small_groups_than_men">Women are twice as talkative in small groups than men</span>=== | ||
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Abstract from the paper: Research on human social interactions has traditionally relied on self-reports. Despite their widespread use, self-reported accounts of behaviour are prone to biases and necessarily reduce the range of behaviours, and the number of subjects, that may be studied simultaneously. The development of ever smaller sensors makes it possible to study group-level human behaviour in naturalistic settings outside research laboratories. We used such sensors, sociometers, to examine gender, talkativeness and interaction style in two different contexts. Here, we find that in the collaborative context, women were much more likely to be physically proximate to other women and were also significantly more talkative than men, especially in small groups. In contrast, there were no gender-based differences in the non-collaborative setting. Our results highlight the importance of objective measurement in the study of human behaviour, here enabling us to discern context specific, gender-based differences in interaction style. | Abstract from the paper: Research on human social interactions has traditionally relied on self-reports. Despite their widespread use, self-reported accounts of behaviour are prone to biases and necessarily reduce the range of behaviours, and the number of subjects, that may be studied simultaneously. The development of ever smaller sensors makes it possible to study group-level human behaviour in naturalistic settings outside research laboratories. We used such sensors, sociometers, to examine gender, talkativeness and interaction style in two different contexts. Here, we find that in the collaborative context, women were much more likely to be physically proximate to other women and were also significantly more talkative than men, especially in small groups. In contrast, there were no gender-based differences in the non-collaborative setting. Our results highlight the importance of objective measurement in the study of human behaviour, here enabling us to discern context specific, gender-based differences in interaction style. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_gossip_2.5_times_as_much_about_friends_and_close_acquaintances_than_men">Women gossip 2.5 times as much about friends and close acquaintances than men</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_gossip_2.5_times_as_much_about_friends_and_close_acquaintances_than_men">Women gossip 2.5 times as much about friends and close acquaintances than men</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_gossip_2.5_times_as_much_about_friends_and_close_acquaintances_than_men|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_gossip_2.5_times_as_much_about_friends_and_close_acquaintances_than_men|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_gossip_2.5_times_as_much_about_friends_and_close_acquaintances_than_men|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_gossip_2.5_times_as_much_about_friends_and_close_acquaintances_than_men|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: This study examined sex differences in the quantity, targets, tone, and topics of gossip in the conversations of 76 male and 120 female college students. Contrary to popular beliefs, results indicated that the gossip of men and women contained similarities as well as differences. The data revealed that women spent more time gossiping than men and that women were much more likely than men to gossip about close friends and family members. However, no significant sex differences were uncovered regarding the derogatory tone of gossip and men and women were found to gossip about many of the same topics. | Abstract from the paper: This study examined sex differences in the quantity, targets, tone, and topics of gossip in the conversations of 76 male and 120 female college students. Contrary to popular beliefs, results indicated that the gossip of men and women contained similarities as well as differences. The data revealed that women spent more time gossiping than men and that women were much more likely than men to gossip about close friends and family members. However, no significant sex differences were uncovered regarding the derogatory tone of gossip and men and women were found to gossip about many of the same topics. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_prefer_to_talk.2C_men_prefer_to_do_things">Women prefer to talk, men prefer to do things</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_prefer_to_talk.2C_men_prefer_to_do_things">Women prefer to talk, men prefer to do things</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_prefer_to_talk.2C_men_prefer_to_do_things|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_prefer_to_talk.2C_men_prefer_to_do_things|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_prefer_to_talk.2C_men_prefer_to_do_things|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_prefer_to_talk.2C_men_prefer_to_do_things|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Two studies examined sex differences in the same-sex friendships of college men and women. In a questionnaire study, self-reports were obtained of number of friends and frequency of interaction, typical and preferred kinds of interactions with friends, and emotional intimacy. A role-play study provided more direct information about conversations between friends. Men and women did not differ in quantitative aspects of friendship such as number of friends or amount of time spent with friends, nor in the value placed on intimate friendships. However, clear sex differences were found in both studies in the nature of interactions with friends. Women showed emphasis on emotional sharing and talking; men emphasized activities and doing things together. Results are discussed in terms of life-cycle constraints on friendship, and the possibility of sex differences in standards for assessing intimacy in friendship is considered. | Abstract from the paper: Two studies examined sex differences in the same-sex friendships of college men and women. In a questionnaire study, self-reports were obtained of number of friends and frequency of interaction, typical and preferred kinds of interactions with friends, and emotional intimacy. A role-play study provided more direct information about conversations between friends. Men and women did not differ in quantitative aspects of friendship such as number of friends or amount of time spent with friends, nor in the value placed on intimate friendships. However, clear sex differences were found in both studies in the nature of interactions with friends. Women showed emphasis on emotional sharing and talking; men emphasized activities and doing things together. Results are discussed in terms of life-cycle constraints on friendship, and the possibility of sex differences in standards for assessing intimacy in friendship is considered. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_less_cooperative_towards_their_own_sex_than_men_in_the_iterated_prisoner.27s_dilemma">Women are less cooperative towards their own sex than men in the iterated prisoner's dilemma</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_less_cooperative_towards_their_own_sex_than_men_in_the_iterated_prisoner.27s_dilemma">Women are less cooperative towards their own sex than men in the iterated prisoner's dilemma</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_are_less_cooperative_towards_their_own_sex_than_men_in_the_iterated_prisoner.27s_dilemma|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_are_less_cooperative_towards_their_own_sex_than_men_in_the_iterated_prisoner.27s_dilemma|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_are_less_cooperative_towards_their_own_sex_than_men_in_the_iterated_prisoner.27s_dilemma|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_are_less_cooperative_towards_their_own_sex_than_men_in_the_iterated_prisoner.27s_dilemma|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: In the finite-horizon repeated Prisoner's Dilemma, a compelling backward induction argument shows that rational players will defect in every round, following the uniquely optimal Nash equilibrium path. It is frequently asserted that cooperation gradually declines when a Prisoner's Dilemma is repeated multiple times by the same players, but the evidence for this is unconvincing, and a classic experiment by Rapoport and Chammah in the 1960s reported that cooperation eventually recovers if the game is repeated hundreds of times. They also reported that men paired with men cooperate almost twice as frequently as women paired with women. Our conceptual replication with Prisoner's Dilemmas repeated over 300 rounds with no breaks, using more advanced, computerized methodology, revealed no decline in cooperation, apart from endgame effects in the last few rounds, and replicated the substantial gender difference, confirming, in the UK, a puzzling finding first reported in the US in the 1960s. | Abstract from the paper: In the finite-horizon repeated Prisoner's Dilemma, a compelling backward induction argument shows that rational players will defect in every round, following the uniquely optimal Nash equilibrium path. It is frequently asserted that cooperation gradually declines when a Prisoner's Dilemma is repeated multiple times by the same players, but the evidence for this is unconvincing, and a classic experiment by Rapoport and Chammah in the 1960s reported that cooperation eventually recovers if the game is repeated hundreds of times. They also reported that men paired with men cooperate almost twice as frequently as women paired with women. Our conceptual replication with Prisoner's Dilemmas repeated over 300 rounds with no breaks, using more advanced, computerized methodology, revealed no decline in cooperation, apart from endgame effects in the last few rounds, and replicated the substantial gender difference, confirming, in the UK, a puzzling finding first reported in the US in the 1960s. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_more_likely_to_socially_exclude_others_as_early_as_age_six">Women are more likely to socially exclude others as early as age six</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_more_likely_to_socially_exclude_others_as_early_as_age_six">Women are more likely to socially exclude others as early as age six</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_are_more_likely_to_socially_exclude_others_as_early_as_age_six|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_are_more_likely_to_socially_exclude_others_as_early_as_age_six|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_are_more_likely_to_socially_exclude_others_as_early_as_age_six|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_are_more_likely_to_socially_exclude_others_as_early_as_age_six|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Throughout their lives, women provide for their own and their children's and grandchildren's needs and thus must minimize their risk of incurring physical harm. Alliances with individuals who will assist them in attaining these goals increase their probability of survival and reproductive success. High status in the community enhances access to physical resources and valuable allies. Kin, a mate, and affines share a mother's genetic interests, whereas unrelated women constitute primary competitors. From early childhood onwards, girls compete using strategies that minimize the risk of retaliation and reduce the strength of other girls. Girls’ competitive strategies include avoiding direct interference with another girl's goals, disguising competition, competing overtly only from a position of high status in the community, enforcing equality within the female community and socially excluding other girls. | Abstract from the paper: Throughout their lives, women provide for their own and their children's and grandchildren's needs and thus must minimize their risk of incurring physical harm. Alliances with individuals who will assist them in attaining these goals increase their probability of survival and reproductive success. High status in the community enhances access to physical resources and valuable allies. Kin, a mate, and affines share a mother's genetic interests, whereas unrelated women constitute primary competitors. From early childhood onwards, girls compete using strategies that minimize the risk of retaliation and reduce the strength of other girls. Girls’ competitive strategies include avoiding direct interference with another girl's goals, disguising competition, competing overtly only from a position of high status in the community, enforcing equality within the female community and socially excluding other girls. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_who_engage_in_BDSM_as_.27submissives.27_have_lower_levels_of_empathy">Women who engage in BDSM as 'submissives' have lower levels of empathy</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_who_engage_in_BDSM_as_.27submissives.27_have_lower_levels_of_empathy">Women who engage in BDSM as 'submissives' have lower levels of empathy</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_who_engage_in_BDSM_as_.27submissives.27_have_lower_levels_of_empathy|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_who_engage_in_BDSM_as_.27submissives.27_have_lower_levels_of_empathy|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_who_engage_in_BDSM_as_.27submissives.27_have_lower_levels_of_empathy|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_who_engage_in_BDSM_as_.27submissives.27_have_lower_levels_of_empathy|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: The practice of bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, sadism/masochism (BDSM) sometimes is associated with giving and receiving pain. It remains unresolved how BDSM practitioners perceive the pain of other people. This study investigated whether and how the BDSM experience affects human empathy. Experiment 1 measured trait empathy and subjective empathic responses in BDSM practitioners and control respondents. The results revealed lower trait empathy scores and subjective pain intensity ratings in the female submissive group (Subs) compared to controls. Experiment 2 measured participants’ neural responses to others’ suffering by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) from female Subs and controls while viewing painful and neutral expressions. We found that the differential amplitudes between painful and neutral expressions in the frontal N1 (92–112 ms), frontal P2 (132–172 ms) and central late LPP (700–1000 ms) were reduced in the submissive group versus the control group. These findings suggest that being in the submissive role during BDSM practice weakens female individuals’ empathic responses to others’ suffering at both the behavioral and neural levels. | Abstract from the paper: The practice of bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, sadism/masochism (BDSM) sometimes is associated with giving and receiving pain. It remains unresolved how BDSM practitioners perceive the pain of other people. This study investigated whether and how the BDSM experience affects human empathy. Experiment 1 measured trait empathy and subjective empathic responses in BDSM practitioners and control respondents. The results revealed lower trait empathy scores and subjective pain intensity ratings in the female submissive group (Subs) compared to controls. Experiment 2 measured participants’ neural responses to others’ suffering by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) from female Subs and controls while viewing painful and neutral expressions. We found that the differential amplitudes between painful and neutral expressions in the frontal N1 (92–112 ms), frontal P2 (132–172 ms) and central late LPP (700–1000 ms) were reduced in the submissive group versus the control group. These findings suggest that being in the submissive role during BDSM practice weakens female individuals’ empathic responses to others’ suffering at both the behavioral and neural levels. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_who_have_experienced_rape_or_violent_abuse_are_more_likely_to_watch_violent_pornography">Women who have experienced rape or violent abuse are more likely to watch violent pornography</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_who_have_experienced_rape_or_violent_abuse_are_more_likely_to_watch_violent_pornography">Women who have experienced rape or violent abuse are more likely to watch violent pornography</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_who_have_experienced_rape_or_violent_abuse_are_more_likely_to_watch_violent_pornography|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_who_have_experienced_rape_or_violent_abuse_are_more_likely_to_watch_violent_pornography|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_who_have_experienced_rape_or_violent_abuse_are_more_likely_to_watch_violent_pornography|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_who_have_experienced_rape_or_violent_abuse_are_more_likely_to_watch_violent_pornography|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: The aims of this article are to analyze exposure to pornography, its content, and the associations between victimization and pornography in a sample of 303 students (49.2% female). The questionnaire included questions on pornography exposure, psychological and physical family violence, and sexual violence. Almost all male students and 67% of female students had ever watched pornography; 42% and 32%, respectively, had watched violence against women. Female students exposed to family psychological violence and to sexual violence were significantly more likely to watch pornography, especially violent pornography than those who had not been exposed. No such association was found among male students. | Abstract from the paper: The aims of this article are to analyze exposure to pornography, its content, and the associations between victimization and pornography in a sample of 303 students (49.2% female). The questionnaire included questions on pornography exposure, psychological and physical family violence, and sexual violence. Almost all male students and 67% of female students had ever watched pornography; 42% and 32%, respectively, had watched violence against women. Female students exposed to family psychological violence and to sexual violence were significantly more likely to watch pornography, especially violent pornography than those who had not been exposed. No such association was found among male students. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_have_a_greater_anti-women_bias_in_scientific_peer_review_than_men">Women have a greater anti-women bias in scientific peer review than men</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_have_a_greater_anti-women_bias_in_scientific_peer_review_than_men">Women have a greater anti-women bias in scientific peer review than men</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_have_a_greater_anti-women_bias_in_scientific_peer_review_than_men|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_have_a_greater_anti-women_bias_in_scientific_peer_review_than_men|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_have_a_greater_anti-women_bias_in_scientific_peer_review_than_men|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_have_a_greater_anti-women_bias_in_scientific_peer_review_than_men|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Even though women׳s position in academia has changed dramatically over the last few decades, there is still some evidence that when it comes to evaluation of scientific achievements, gender may play a significant role. Gender bias is particularly likely to take the form of statistical discrimination. In this study we sought to verify the hypothesis that researcher׳s gender affects evaluation of his or her work, especially in a field where women only represent a minority. Towards this end we asked a sample of subjects, mostly economics majors, to evaluate a paper written by mixed-gender couples, indicating that it was (co-)authored by a “female economist”, “male economist”, “young female economist” or “young male economist” or giving no information about the author at all. While age factor played no role, female authors appeared to be seen as less competent than males, in that subjects (being incentivized to give their best judgment) less often believed that their papers have been published. This effect did not interact strongly with the gender of the subject. | Abstract from the paper: Even though women׳s position in academia has changed dramatically over the last few decades, there is still some evidence that when it comes to evaluation of scientific achievements, gender may play a significant role. Gender bias is particularly likely to take the form of statistical discrimination. In this study we sought to verify the hypothesis that researcher׳s gender affects evaluation of his or her work, especially in a field where women only represent a minority. Towards this end we asked a sample of subjects, mostly economics majors, to evaluate a paper written by mixed-gender couples, indicating that it was (co-)authored by a “female economist”, “male economist”, “young female economist” or “young male economist” or giving no information about the author at all. While age factor played no role, female authors appeared to be seen as less competent than males, in that subjects (being incentivized to give their best judgment) less often believed that their papers have been published. This effect did not interact strongly with the gender of the subject. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_interrupted_the_most_by_other_women.2C_not_by_men">Women are interrupted the most by other women, not by men</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_interrupted_the_most_by_other_women.2C_not_by_men">Women are interrupted the most by other women, not by men</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_are_interrupted_the_most_by_other_women.2C_not_by_men|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_are_interrupted_the_most_by_other_women.2C_not_by_men|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_are_interrupted_the_most_by_other_women.2C_not_by_men|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_are_interrupted_the_most_by_other_women.2C_not_by_men|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Forty participants (20 male) had 3-minute conversations with trained male and female communication partners in a repeated-measures, within-subject design. Eighty 3-minute conversations were transcribed and coded for dependent clauses, fillers, tag questions, intensive adverbs, negations, hedges, personal pronouns, self-references, justifiers, and interruptions. Results suggest no significant changes in language based on speaker gender. However, when speaking with a female, participants interrupted more and used more dependent clauses than when speaking with a male. There was no significant interaction to suggest that the language differences based on communication partner was specific to one gender group. These results are discussed in context of previous research, communication accommodation theory, and general process model for gendered language. | Abstract from the paper: Forty participants (20 male) had 3-minute conversations with trained male and female communication partners in a repeated-measures, within-subject design. Eighty 3-minute conversations were transcribed and coded for dependent clauses, fillers, tag questions, intensive adverbs, negations, hedges, personal pronouns, self-references, justifiers, and interruptions. Results suggest no significant changes in language based on speaker gender. However, when speaking with a female, participants interrupted more and used more dependent clauses than when speaking with a male. There was no significant interaction to suggest that the language differences based on communication partner was specific to one gender group. These results are discussed in context of previous research, communication accommodation theory, and general process model for gendered language. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_angrier_in_intrasexual_conflicts_than_men_and_need_more_time_for_conflict_resolution">Women are angrier in intrasexual conflicts than men and need more time for conflict resolution</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_angrier_in_intrasexual_conflicts_than_men_and_need_more_time_for_conflict_resolution">Women are angrier in intrasexual conflicts than men and need more time for conflict resolution</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_are_angrier_in_intrasexual_conflicts_than_men_and_need_more_time_for_conflict_resolution|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_are_angrier_in_intrasexual_conflicts_than_men_and_need_more_time_for_conflict_resolution|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_are_angrier_in_intrasexual_conflicts_than_men_and_need_more_time_for_conflict_resolution|permalink]] | [[#tocTee-Hee|category: Tee-Hee]] | [[#tocWomen_are_angrier_in_intrasexual_conflicts_than_men_and_need_more_time_for_conflict_resolution|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: The aim of the study was to investigate sex differences in proximate mechanisms that precede the termination of conflicts. In Study 1, we asked women and men to report their intensity of anger in response to hypothetical, common transgressions involving a same-sex roommate. Direct verbal and physical aggression elicited the highest-intensity anger for both sexes, although overall women reported more intense anger than men to all transgressions. In Study 2, we examined sex differences in subjective and physiological reactions to a conflict using a role-playing scenario. Following recall of a conflict involving direct aggression and role-playing a reaction to it, compared with men, women reported their anger would dissipate less quickly and they would take longer to reconcile. Women also exhibited increased heart rate, but little change in cortisol, whereas men exhibited little change in heart rate but increased cortisol production. We interpret the results as indicating that women are less prepared than men to resolve a conflict with a same-sex peer. | Abstract from the paper: The aim of the study was to investigate sex differences in proximate mechanisms that precede the termination of conflicts. In Study 1, we asked women and men to report their intensity of anger in response to hypothetical, common transgressions involving a same-sex roommate. Direct verbal and physical aggression elicited the highest-intensity anger for both sexes, although overall women reported more intense anger than men to all transgressions. In Study 2, we examined sex differences in subjective and physiological reactions to a conflict using a role-playing scenario. Following recall of a conflict involving direct aggression and role-playing a reaction to it, compared with men, women reported their anger would dissipate less quickly and they would take longer to reconcile. Women also exhibited increased heart rate, but little change in cortisol, whereas men exhibited little change in heart rate but increased cortisol production. We interpret the results as indicating that women are less prepared than men to resolve a conflict with a same-sex peer. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_lose_mating_opportunities_with_higher_status.2C_men_gain_mating_opportunities">Women lose mating opportunities with higher status, men gain mating opportunities</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_lose_mating_opportunities_with_higher_status.2C_men_gain_mating_opportunities">Women lose mating opportunities with higher status, men gain mating opportunities</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_lose_mating_opportunities_with_higher_status.2C_men_gain_mating_opportunities|permalink]] | [[#tocHypergamy|category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocWomen_lose_mating_opportunities_with_higher_status.2C_men_gain_mating_opportunities|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_lose_mating_opportunities_with_higher_status.2C_men_gain_mating_opportunities|permalink]] | [[#tocHypergamy|category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocWomen_lose_mating_opportunities_with_higher_status.2C_men_gain_mating_opportunities|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Research has consistently shown that, compared to men, women are more cautious and selective and maintain greater marital aspirations in entering and maintaining sexual relationships. One explanation of this sex difference is that women have traditionally had inferior access to earning power and social status and consequently were forced to acquire socioeconomic status (SES) through their choice of marriage partners. A contrasting view is that this difference is a component of the basic sex difference identified in the Kinsey studies: Men are more likely than women to dissociate coitus from emotional attachment and to desire and seek coitus with a variety of partners. These two explanations were explored in open-ended interviews with matched samples of 20 male and 20 female medical students. The results were more consistent with the perspective of basic sex differences than with the differential resources explanation. Increasing female SES does not appear to eliminate or even substantially reduce this sex difference. Increasing SES tends to enlarge the pool of acceptable, available sexual and marital partners for men while it tends to reduce the pool for women. Increasing SES thus tends to have different effects on men and women and may cause sex differences in the tendency to associate coitus with emotional attachments and marital aspirations to be more, rather than less, apparent. Extensive case data with verbatim quotations are presented to reveal the emotions and desires underlying subjects' overt behavior. (Townsend) | Abstract from the paper: Research has consistently shown that, compared to men, women are more cautious and selective and maintain greater marital aspirations in entering and maintaining sexual relationships. One explanation of this sex difference is that women have traditionally had inferior access to earning power and social status and consequently were forced to acquire socioeconomic status (SES) through their choice of marriage partners. A contrasting view is that this difference is a component of the basic sex difference identified in the Kinsey studies: Men are more likely than women to dissociate coitus from emotional attachment and to desire and seek coitus with a variety of partners. These two explanations were explored in open-ended interviews with matched samples of 20 male and 20 female medical students. The results were more consistent with the perspective of basic sex differences than with the differential resources explanation. Increasing female SES does not appear to eliminate or even substantially reduce this sex difference. Increasing SES tends to enlarge the pool of acceptable, available sexual and marital partners for men while it tends to reduce the pool for women. Increasing SES thus tends to have different effects on men and women and may cause sex differences in the tendency to associate coitus with emotional attachments and marital aspirations to be more, rather than less, apparent. Extensive case data with verbatim quotations are presented to reveal the emotions and desires underlying subjects' overt behavior. (Townsend) | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_.28and_men.29_pay_more_attention_to_high_status_men.2C_not_high_status_women">Women (and men) pay more attention to high status men, not high status women</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_.28and_men.29_pay_more_attention_to_high_status_men.2C_not_high_status_women">Women (and men) pay more attention to high status men, not high status women</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_.28and_men.29_pay_more_attention_to_high_status_men.2C_not_high_status_women|permalink]] | [[#tocHypergamy|category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocWomen_.28and_men.29_pay_more_attention_to_high_status_men.2C_not_high_status_women|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_.28and_men.29_pay_more_attention_to_high_status_men.2C_not_high_status_women|permalink]] | [[#tocHypergamy|category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocWomen_.28and_men.29_pay_more_attention_to_high_status_men.2C_not_high_status_women|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Two studies tested the hypothesis that people attend preferentially to high status men (but not women). Participants overestimated the frequency of high status men in rapidly presented arrays (Experiment 1) and fixated their visual attention on high status men in an eye-tracking study (Experiment 2). Neither study showed any evidence of preferential attention to high status women, but there was evidence that physically attractive women captured attention. The results from both studies support evolutionary theories regarding differential prioritization of social status and physical attractiveness in men versus women. These findings illustrate how examination of early-in-the-stream social cognition can provide useful insights into the adapted mind. | Abstract from the paper: Two studies tested the hypothesis that people attend preferentially to high status men (but not women). Participants overestimated the frequency of high status men in rapidly presented arrays (Experiment 1) and fixated their visual attention on high status men in an eye-tracking study (Experiment 2). Neither study showed any evidence of preferential attention to high status women, but there was evidence that physically attractive women captured attention. The results from both studies support evolutionary theories regarding differential prioritization of social status and physical attractiveness in men versus women. These findings illustrate how examination of early-in-the-stream social cognition can provide useful insights into the adapted mind. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Brazil_women.27s_preference_for_wealthy_men_was_unchanged_over_30_years_despite_feminism">Brazil women's preference for wealthy men was unchanged over 30 years despite feminism</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Brazil_women.27s_preference_for_wealthy_men_was_unchanged_over_30_years_despite_feminism">Brazil women's preference for wealthy men was unchanged over 30 years despite feminism</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Brazil_women.27s_preference_for_wealthy_men_was_unchanged_over_30_years_despite_feminism|permalink]] | [[#tocHypergamy|category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocBrazil_women.27s_preference_for_wealthy_men_was_unchanged_over_30_years_despite_feminism|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Brazil_women.27s_preference_for_wealthy_men_was_unchanged_over_30_years_despite_feminism|permalink]] | [[#tocHypergamy|category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocBrazil_women.27s_preference_for_wealthy_men_was_unchanged_over_30_years_despite_feminism|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Mate preferences provide unique windows into evolved mating psychology and extant cultural values. The current study used two research instruments—one ranking and one rating—to examine mate preferences in Brazil. We compared modern Brazilians (n = 1186) with a Brazilian sample studied three decades earlier, in 1984 (n = 630). Mate preferences for mutual attraction and love, kindness, and intelligence remained important and relatively invariant over time. Sex differences in mate preferences for cues to fertility (relative youth, physical attractiveness) and resources (earning capacity, financial prospects, social status) also remained relatively invariant over time. Several changes in mate preferences emerged over time for both men and women, including a stronger preference for mates who have good financial prospects and a dramatic decline in the desire for children. Discussion highlights limitations of the study, and stresses the importance of mate preferences as windows into evolved mating psychology and both the expression and reflection of cultural values. | Abstract from the paper: Mate preferences provide unique windows into evolved mating psychology and extant cultural values. The current study used two research instruments—one ranking and one rating—to examine mate preferences in Brazil. We compared modern Brazilians (n = 1186) with a Brazilian sample studied three decades earlier, in 1984 (n = 630). Mate preferences for mutual attraction and love, kindness, and intelligence remained important and relatively invariant over time. Sex differences in mate preferences for cues to fertility (relative youth, physical attractiveness) and resources (earning capacity, financial prospects, social status) also remained relatively invariant over time. Several changes in mate preferences emerged over time for both men and women, including a stronger preference for mates who have good financial prospects and a dramatic decline in the desire for children. Discussion highlights limitations of the study, and stresses the importance of mate preferences as windows into evolved mating psychology and both the expression and reflection of cultural values. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_regard_brave_male_war_heroes_as_sexually_attractive">Women regard brave male war heroes as sexually attractive</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_regard_brave_male_war_heroes_as_sexually_attractive">Women regard brave male war heroes as sexually attractive</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_regard_brave_male_war_heroes_as_sexually_attractive|permalink]] | [[#tocStoicism|category: Stoicism]] | [[#tocWomen_regard_brave_male_war_heroes_as_sexually_attractive|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_regard_brave_male_war_heroes_as_sexually_attractive|permalink]] | [[#tocStoicism|category: Stoicism]] | [[#tocWomen_regard_brave_male_war_heroes_as_sexually_attractive|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: We report three studies which test a sexual selection hypothesis for male war heroism. Based on evolutionary theories of mate choice we hypothesize that men signal their fitness through displaying heroism in combat. First, we report the results of an archival study on US-American soldiers who fought in World War II. We compare proxies for reproductive success between a control sample of 449 regular veterans and 123 surviving Medal of Honor recipients of WWII. Results suggest that the heroes sired more offspring than the regular veterans. Supporting a causal link between war heroism and mating success, we then report the results of two experimental studies (n’s = 92 and 340). We find evidence that female participants specifically regard men more sexually attractive if they are war heroes. This effect is absent for male participants judging female war heroes, suggesting that bravery in war is a gender specific signal. Finally, we discuss possible implications of our results. | Abstract from the paper: We report three studies which test a sexual selection hypothesis for male war heroism. Based on evolutionary theories of mate choice we hypothesize that men signal their fitness through displaying heroism in combat. First, we report the results of an archival study on US-American soldiers who fought in World War II. We compare proxies for reproductive success between a control sample of 449 regular veterans and 123 surviving Medal of Honor recipients of WWII. Results suggest that the heroes sired more offspring than the regular veterans. Supporting a causal link between war heroism and mating success, we then report the results of two experimental studies (n’s = 92 and 340). We find evidence that female participants specifically regard men more sexually attractive if they are war heroes. This effect is absent for male participants judging female war heroes, suggesting that bravery in war is a gender specific signal. Finally, we discuss possible implications of our results. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Good_looking_people_are_less_likely_to_be_arrested_or_convicted">Good looking people are less likely to be arrested or convicted</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Good_looking_people_are_less_likely_to_be_arrested_or_convicted">Good looking people are less likely to be arrested or convicted</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Good_looking_people_are_less_likely_to_be_arrested_or_convicted|permalink]] | [[#tocCrime|category: Crime]] | [[#tocGood_looking_people_are_less_likely_to_be_arrested_or_convicted|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Good_looking_people_are_less_likely_to_be_arrested_or_convicted|permalink]] | [[#tocCrime|category: Crime]] | [[#tocGood_looking_people_are_less_likely_to_be_arrested_or_convicted|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Physical attractiveness has been known to act as a cue in determining perceptions of other individuals. Possession of a positive characteristic, such as attractiveness, results in a positive cognitive bias towards the individual. Similarly, possession of a negative characteristic, such as unattractiveness, results in the opposite effect. In addition to unattractiveness, the violation of social norms has been known to act as a cue for this negative bias. This experiment sought to examine how male facial attractiveness interacted with norm violation to alter females’ perceptions of males. Two male faces (attractive and unattractive) bearing similar features were paired with two scenarios of norm violation (high violation and low violation) while being rated on perceived personality characteristics. It was expected that halo/devil effects would occur based on facial attractiveness, and that norm violation would produce a devil effect in the men. An interaction effect between the two was also expected. Participants were 170 female college students. Results were analyzed using a repeated ANOVA and independent t tests. Findings show that a “double” devil effect occurred with the unattractive high violation condition. Norm violation also presented significant results, while facial attractiveness alone did not. Findings pose implications for online dating and jury deliberations. (Gore) | Abstract from the paper: Physical attractiveness has been known to act as a cue in determining perceptions of other individuals. Possession of a positive characteristic, such as attractiveness, results in a positive cognitive bias towards the individual. Similarly, possession of a negative characteristic, such as unattractiveness, results in the opposite effect. In addition to unattractiveness, the violation of social norms has been known to act as a cue for this negative bias. This experiment sought to examine how male facial attractiveness interacted with norm violation to alter females’ perceptions of males. Two male faces (attractive and unattractive) bearing similar features were paired with two scenarios of norm violation (high violation and low violation) while being rated on perceived personality characteristics. It was expected that halo/devil effects would occur based on facial attractiveness, and that norm violation would produce a devil effect in the men. An interaction effect between the two was also expected. Participants were 170 female college students. Results were analyzed using a repeated ANOVA and independent t tests. Findings show that a “double” devil effect occurred with the unattractive high violation condition. Norm violation also presented significant results, while facial attractiveness alone did not. Findings pose implications for online dating and jury deliberations. (Gore) | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Female_bullies_often_go_unpunished.2C_even_when_they_engage_in_harsh_physical_bullying_against_boys">Female bullies often go unpunished, even when they engage in harsh physical bullying against boys</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Female_bullies_often_go_unpunished.2C_even_when_they_engage_in_harsh_physical_bullying_against_boys">Female bullies often go unpunished, even when they engage in harsh physical bullying against boys</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Female_bullies_often_go_unpunished.2C_even_when_they_engage_in_harsh_physical_bullying_against_boys|permalink]] | [[#tocMisandry|category: Misandry]] | [[#tocFemale_bullies_often_go_unpunished.2C_even_when_they_engage_in_harsh_physical_bullying_against_boys|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Female_bullies_often_go_unpunished.2C_even_when_they_engage_in_harsh_physical_bullying_against_boys|permalink]] | [[#tocMisandry|category: Misandry]] | [[#tocFemale_bullies_often_go_unpunished.2C_even_when_they_engage_in_harsh_physical_bullying_against_boys|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Despite a large amount of research focusing on bullying and exclusion in secondary schools, there is far less research focusing on cross‐gender bullying and ‘popular’ students who experience bullying. This research provides an analysis of interactions between male and female students (aged 13–14) in a school in England. The data provides multiple examples, both in the form of observations and group interviews, of girls teasing, intimidating and bullying boys and other popular girls. The analysis also considers teachers’ reactions to this behaviour, highlighting that it is often unnoticed. This paper raises this as an area for concern and suggests that future research should explore this further, both gaining more in‐depth knowledge of female bullying and intimidation of boys and popular girls, and exploring ways of working with teachers and schools to support students. | Abstract from the paper: Despite a large amount of research focusing on bullying and exclusion in secondary schools, there is far less research focusing on cross‐gender bullying and ‘popular’ students who experience bullying. This research provides an analysis of interactions between male and female students (aged 13–14) in a school in England. The data provides multiple examples, both in the form of observations and group interviews, of girls teasing, intimidating and bullying boys and other popular girls. The analysis also considers teachers’ reactions to this behaviour, highlighting that it is often unnoticed. This paper raises this as an area for concern and suggests that future research should explore this further, both gaining more in‐depth knowledge of female bullying and intimidation of boys and popular girls, and exploring ways of working with teachers and schools to support students. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Fathers_are_more_attentive_and_care_more_for_daughters_than_sons">Fathers are more attentive and care more for daughters than sons</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Fathers_are_more_attentive_and_care_more_for_daughters_than_sons">Fathers are more attentive and care more for daughters than sons</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Fathers_are_more_attentive_and_care_more_for_daughters_than_sons|permalink]] | [[#tocMisandry|category: Misandry]] | [[#tocFathers_are_more_attentive_and_care_more_for_daughters_than_sons|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Fathers_are_more_attentive_and_care_more_for_daughters_than_sons|permalink]] | [[#tocMisandry|category: Misandry]] | [[#tocFathers_are_more_attentive_and_care_more_for_daughters_than_sons|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Multiple lines of research indicate that fathers often treat boys and girls differently in ways that impactchild outcomes. The complex picture that has emerged, however, is obscured by methodologicalchallenges inherent to the study of parental caregiving, and no studies to date have examined thepossibility that gender differences in observed real-world paternal behavior are related to differentialpaternal brain responses to male and female children. Here we compare fathers of daughters and fathersof sons in terms of naturalistically observed everyday caregiving behavior and neural responses to childpicture stimuli. Compared with fathers of sons, fathers of daughters were more attentively engaged withtheir daughters, sang more to their daughters, used more analytical language and language related tosadness and the body with their daughters, and had a stronger neural response to their daughter’s happyfacial expressions in areas of the brain important for reward and emotion regulation (medial and lateralorbitofrontal cortex [OFC]). In contrast, fathers of sons engaged in more rough and tumble play (RTP),used more achievement language with their sons, and had a stronger neural response to their son’s neutralfacial expressions in the medial OFC (mOFC). Whereas the mOFC response to happy faces wasnegatively related to RTP, the mOFC response to neutral faces was positively related to RTP, specificallyfor fathers of boys. These results indicate that real-world paternal behavior and brain function differ asa function of child gender. | Abstract from the paper: Multiple lines of research indicate that fathers often treat boys and girls differently in ways that impactchild outcomes. The complex picture that has emerged, however, is obscured by methodologicalchallenges inherent to the study of parental caregiving, and no studies to date have examined thepossibility that gender differences in observed real-world paternal behavior are related to differentialpaternal brain responses to male and female children. Here we compare fathers of daughters and fathersof sons in terms of naturalistically observed everyday caregiving behavior and neural responses to childpicture stimuli. Compared with fathers of sons, fathers of daughters were more attentively engaged withtheir daughters, sang more to their daughters, used more analytical language and language related tosadness and the body with their daughters, and had a stronger neural response to their daughter’s happyfacial expressions in areas of the brain important for reward and emotion regulation (medial and lateralorbitofrontal cortex [OFC]). In contrast, fathers of sons engaged in more rough and tumble play (RTP),used more achievement language with their sons, and had a stronger neural response to their son’s neutralfacial expressions in the medial OFC (mOFC). Whereas the mOFC response to happy faces wasnegatively related to RTP, the mOFC response to neutral faces was positively related to RTP, specificallyfor fathers of boys. These results indicate that real-world paternal behavior and brain function differ asa function of child gender. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_are_typically_stereotyped_as_aggressors.2C_and_women_are_stereotyped_as_victims">Men are typically stereotyped as aggressors, and women are stereotyped as victims</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_are_typically_stereotyped_as_aggressors.2C_and_women_are_stereotyped_as_victims">Men are typically stereotyped as aggressors, and women are stereotyped as victims</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Men_are_typically_stereotyped_as_aggressors.2C_and_women_are_stereotyped_as_victims|permalink]] | [[#tocMisandry|category: Misandry]] | [[#tocMen_are_typically_stereotyped_as_aggressors.2C_and_women_are_stereotyped_as_victims|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Men_are_typically_stereotyped_as_aggressors.2C_and_women_are_stereotyped_as_victims|permalink]] | [[#tocMisandry|category: Misandry]] | [[#tocMen_are_typically_stereotyped_as_aggressors.2C_and_women_are_stereotyped_as_victims|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Moral typecasting is the tendency to categorize intentional perpetrators and suffering victims within moral interactions. We predicted a bias in typecasting, such that women are more easily typecast as victims and men as perpetrators. In Study 1, participants more readily assumed a harmed target was female than male, but especially when the targets were described as ‘victim’ and ‘perpetrator’. Study 2 participants typecast animated shapes perpetuating harm as male and victimized shapes as female. In Study 3, female victims were expected to experience more pain from an ambiguous joke and participants desired harsher punishments for male perpetrators. In Study 4, managers were perceived as less moral and fair when they fired a group of female (versus male) employees. Across four studies (N=1,319), harm was evaluated differently based on victim and perpetrator gender, suggesting a gender bias in moral typecasting. | Abstract from the paper: Moral typecasting is the tendency to categorize intentional perpetrators and suffering victims within moral interactions. We predicted a bias in typecasting, such that women are more easily typecast as victims and men as perpetrators. In Study 1, participants more readily assumed a harmed target was female than male, but especially when the targets were described as ‘victim’ and ‘perpetrator’. Study 2 participants typecast animated shapes perpetuating harm as male and victimized shapes as female. In Study 3, female victims were expected to experience more pain from an ambiguous joke and participants desired harsher punishments for male perpetrators. In Study 4, managers were perceived as less moral and fair when they fired a group of female (versus male) employees. Across four studies (N=1,319), harm was evaluated differently based on victim and perpetrator gender, suggesting a gender bias in moral typecasting. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Boys_put_less_effort_into_schoolwork.2C_because_effort_is_viewed_as_feminine">Boys put less effort into schoolwork, because effort is viewed as feminine</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Boys_put_less_effort_into_schoolwork.2C_because_effort_is_viewed_as_feminine">Boys put less effort into schoolwork, because effort is viewed as feminine</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Boys_put_less_effort_into_schoolwork.2C_because_effort_is_viewed_as_feminine|permalink]] | [[#tocMisandry|category: Misandry]] | [[#tocBoys_put_less_effort_into_schoolwork.2C_because_effort_is_viewed_as_feminine|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Boys_put_less_effort_into_schoolwork.2C_because_effort_is_viewed_as_feminine|permalink]] | [[#tocMisandry|category: Misandry]] | [[#tocBoys_put_less_effort_into_schoolwork.2C_because_effort_is_viewed_as_feminine|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Male students show less academic effort and lower academic achievement than do female students. The present study aimed to shed more light on the reasons for why male students show low academic effort despite the finding that this undermines their academic achievement. We explored whether students experience psychological benefits from showing low effort or “effortless” achievement in school and whether these benefits are greater for male than for female students. In two experimental vignette studies with independent samples of German ninth graders (N = 210) and teachers (N = 176), we systematically varied student targets’ gender, effort, and achievement and tested for effects on targets’ ascribed intelligence, popularity, likeability, masculinity, femininity, and gender-typicality. The “effortless” achiever was rated as more popular than students showing high effort. Teachers perceived the effortless achiever as the most intelligent target. Academic effort further increased students’ ratings of a low-achieving target’s likeability and students’ and teachers’ ratings of all targets’ femininity as well as decreased students’ ratings of all targets’ masculinity. Students and teachers perceived targets showing low (vs. high) effort as more similar to a typical boy, whereas teachers perceived targets showing high (vs. low) effort as more similar to a typical girl. Results indicate a need to understand the psychological benefits of low academic engagement, especially for male students, and to address the feminine stereotyping of (academic) effort. | Abstract from the paper: Male students show less academic effort and lower academic achievement than do female students. The present study aimed to shed more light on the reasons for why male students show low academic effort despite the finding that this undermines their academic achievement. We explored whether students experience psychological benefits from showing low effort or “effortless” achievement in school and whether these benefits are greater for male than for female students. In two experimental vignette studies with independent samples of German ninth graders (N = 210) and teachers (N = 176), we systematically varied student targets’ gender, effort, and achievement and tested for effects on targets’ ascribed intelligence, popularity, likeability, masculinity, femininity, and gender-typicality. The “effortless” achiever was rated as more popular than students showing high effort. Teachers perceived the effortless achiever as the most intelligent target. Academic effort further increased students’ ratings of a low-achieving target’s likeability and students’ and teachers’ ratings of all targets’ femininity as well as decreased students’ ratings of all targets’ masculinity. Students and teachers perceived targets showing low (vs. high) effort as more similar to a typical boy, whereas teachers perceived targets showing high (vs. low) effort as more similar to a typical girl. Results indicate a need to understand the psychological benefits of low academic engagement, especially for male students, and to address the feminine stereotyping of (academic) effort. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Children_trust_attractive_adults_more_than_unattractive_adults">Children trust attractive adults more than unattractive adults</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Children_trust_attractive_adults_more_than_unattractive_adults">Children trust attractive adults more than unattractive adults</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Children_trust_attractive_adults_more_than_unattractive_adults|permalink]] | [[#tocLooks|category: Looks]] | [[#tocChildren_trust_attractive_adults_more_than_unattractive_adults|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Children_trust_attractive_adults_more_than_unattractive_adults|permalink]] | [[#tocLooks|category: Looks]] | [[#tocChildren_trust_attractive_adults_more_than_unattractive_adults|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: | Abstract from the paper: | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Good_looking_people_are_perceived_to_have_a_higher_intellect_and_a_better_personality">Good looking people are perceived to have a higher intellect and a better personality</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Good_looking_people_are_perceived_to_have_a_higher_intellect_and_a_better_personality">Good looking people are perceived to have a higher intellect and a better personality</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Good_looking_people_are_perceived_to_have_a_higher_intellect_and_a_better_personality|permalink]] | [[#tocLooks|category: Looks]] | [[#tocGood_looking_people_are_perceived_to_have_a_higher_intellect_and_a_better_personality|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Good_looking_people_are_perceived_to_have_a_higher_intellect_and_a_better_personality|permalink]] | [[#tocLooks|category: Looks]] | [[#tocGood_looking_people_are_perceived_to_have_a_higher_intellect_and_a_better_personality|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Demonstrates that the physical attractiveness stereotype established by studies of person perception is not as strong or general as suggested by the often-used summary phrase what is beautiful is good. Although Ss in these studies ascribed more favorable personality traits and more successful life outcomes to attractive than unattractive targets, the average magnitude of this beauty-is-good effect was moderate, and the strength of the effect varied considerably from study to study. Consistent with the authors' implicit personality theory framework, a substantial portion of this variation was explained by the specific content of the inferences that Ss were asked to make: The differences in Ss' perception of attractive and unattractive targets were largest for indexes of social competence; intermediate for potency, adjustment, and intellectual competence; and near zero for integrity and concern for others. The strength of the physical attractiveness stereotype also varied as a function of other attributes of the studies, including the presence of individuating information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) | Abstract from the paper: Demonstrates that the physical attractiveness stereotype established by studies of person perception is not as strong or general as suggested by the often-used summary phrase what is beautiful is good. Although Ss in these studies ascribed more favorable personality traits and more successful life outcomes to attractive than unattractive targets, the average magnitude of this beauty-is-good effect was moderate, and the strength of the effect varied considerably from study to study. Consistent with the authors' implicit personality theory framework, a substantial portion of this variation was explained by the specific content of the inferences that Ss were asked to make: The differences in Ss' perception of attractive and unattractive targets were largest for indexes of social competence; intermediate for potency, adjustment, and intellectual competence; and near zero for integrity and concern for others. The strength of the physical attractiveness stereotype also varied as a function of other attributes of the studies, including the presence of individuating information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Physically_attractive_individuals_are_more_optimistic">Physically attractive individuals are more optimistic</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Physically_attractive_individuals_are_more_optimistic">Physically attractive individuals are more optimistic</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Physically_attractive_individuals_are_more_optimistic|permalink]] | [[#tocLooks|category: Looks]] | [[#tocPhysically_attractive_individuals_are_more_optimistic|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Physically_attractive_individuals_are_more_optimistic|permalink]] | [[#tocLooks|category: Looks]] | [[#tocPhysically_attractive_individuals_are_more_optimistic|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Physical attractiveness tends to inspire friendlier reactions and more positive evaluations from others, so that the beautiful are likelier to succeed across many kinds of endeavors. Does this history of success lead to a more optimistic, hopeful attitude? Evidence from the 2016 General Social Survey and the 1972 National Election Study suggests that it often does: those whom interviewers rate as better-looking tend to report higher expectations that life will turn out well for them, and show signs of greater upward social mobility. Since optimism is itself an important contributor to success in many social endeavors, these findings suggest an understudied mechanism by which beauty leads to better life outcomes, as well as a means by which social interactions may shape personal dispositions. | Abstract from the paper: Physical attractiveness tends to inspire friendlier reactions and more positive evaluations from others, so that the beautiful are likelier to succeed across many kinds of endeavors. Does this history of success lead to a more optimistic, hopeful attitude? Evidence from the 2016 General Social Survey and the 1972 National Election Study suggests that it often does: those whom interviewers rate as better-looking tend to report higher expectations that life will turn out well for them, and show signs of greater upward social mobility. Since optimism is itself an important contributor to success in many social endeavors, these findings suggest an understudied mechanism by which beauty leads to better life outcomes, as well as a means by which social interactions may shape personal dispositions. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_lie_more_about_their_heights_in_online_dating_than_men">Women lie more about their heights in online dating than men</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_lie_more_about_their_heights_in_online_dating_than_men">Women lie more about their heights in online dating than men</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_lie_more_about_their_heights_in_online_dating_than_men|permalink]] | [[#tocHeight|category: Height]] | [[#tocWomen_lie_more_about_their_heights_in_online_dating_than_men|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_lie_more_about_their_heights_in_online_dating_than_men|permalink]] | [[#tocHeight|category: Height]] | [[#tocWomen_lie_more_about_their_heights_in_online_dating_than_men|table of contents]]</div> | ||
* [[https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/itseemsthatwomenlieabouttheirheightmorethanmendo.html Archive]] | * [[https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/itseemsthatwomenlieabouttheirheightmorethanmendo.html Archive]] | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Serial_monogamy_increases_reproductive_success_in_men_but_not_in_women">Serial monogamy increases reproductive success in men but not in women</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Serial_monogamy_increases_reproductive_success_in_men_but_not_in_women">Serial monogamy increases reproductive success in men but not in women</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Serial_monogamy_increases_reproductive_success_in_men_but_not_in_women|permalink]] | [[#tocMonogamy|category: Monogamy]] | [[#tocSerial_monogamy_increases_reproductive_success_in_men_but_not_in_women|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Serial_monogamy_increases_reproductive_success_in_men_but_not_in_women|permalink]] | [[#tocMonogamy|category: Monogamy]] | [[#tocSerial_monogamy_increases_reproductive_success_in_men_but_not_in_women|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Evolutionary theory predicts that males seek more sexual partners than females because of their higher fitness benefits from such a reproductive strategy. Accordingly, variance in numbers of partners and offspring is expected to be greater and association between mating and reproductive success to be stronger in males. Studies testing key predictions of this hypothesis in humans are lacking. Using data of 3700 men and 4010 women living in contemporary United States, we examined sex differences in the variance of number of spouses and offspring and in the association between spouse number and number of offspring. The results suggested a stronger selective advantage of serial monogamy in men than in women. Variance in spouse and offspring number was, respectively, 5% and 10% higher in men. In addition, the association between mating and reproductive success was stronger in men, so that men with 3 or more consecutive spouses had 19% more children than men with only spouse, whereas spouse number beyond the first partner was not associated with number of children in women. When the sample was stratified by ethnic group, the sex differences were stronger among Black and Hispanic participants than among White participants. | Abstract from the paper: Evolutionary theory predicts that males seek more sexual partners than females because of their higher fitness benefits from such a reproductive strategy. Accordingly, variance in numbers of partners and offspring is expected to be greater and association between mating and reproductive success to be stronger in males. Studies testing key predictions of this hypothesis in humans are lacking. Using data of 3700 men and 4010 women living in contemporary United States, we examined sex differences in the variance of number of spouses and offspring and in the association between spouse number and number of offspring. The results suggested a stronger selective advantage of serial monogamy in men than in women. Variance in spouse and offspring number was, respectively, 5% and 10% higher in men. In addition, the association between mating and reproductive success was stronger in men, so that men with 3 or more consecutive spouses had 19% more children than men with only spouse, whereas spouse number beyond the first partner was not associated with number of children in women. When the sample was stratified by ethnic group, the sex differences were stronger among Black and Hispanic participants than among White participants. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_partnered_to_low_income_men_are_more_prone_to_infidelity">Women partnered to low income men are more prone to infidelity</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_partnered_to_low_income_men_are_more_prone_to_infidelity">Women partnered to low income men are more prone to infidelity</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_partnered_to_low_income_men_are_more_prone_to_infidelity|permalink]] | [[#tocCucks|category: Cucks]] | [[#tocWomen_partnered_to_low_income_men_are_more_prone_to_infidelity|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Women_partnered_to_low_income_men_are_more_prone_to_infidelity|permalink]] | [[#tocCucks|category: Cucks]] | [[#tocWomen_partnered_to_low_income_men_are_more_prone_to_infidelity|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: The nature of extra-relational sex in societies with rapidly changing sexual mores and widespread commercial sex remains under-explored. The 2006 Sexuality Survey of China provides a national probability survey with data on 3,567 people 18-49 years old who were in a marital (89%) or dating/cohabiting (11%) relationship. In attitudes, extramarital sex was completely unacceptable to 74% of women and 60% of men and either somewhat or completely unacceptable to 95% of women and men. Most (77%) women wanted severe punishment of men's short-term commercial sex and women's jealousy was equally elevated by their primary partner's episodes of commercial and non-commercial sex. Nevertheless, the prevalence of infidelity during the last 12 months was 4.5% (women's non-commercial sex), 11.0% (men's non-commercial), and 5.5% (men's commercial), with each percent matching or exceeding the median for other countries. In multivariate equations for non-commercial infidelity, men's infidelity was significantly more responsive to sexual dissatisfaction with his primary partner while women's was more responsive to deficits in love. In commercial sex, men were uninfluenced by primary partner deficits in love, sexual satisfaction or oral sex-pursuing, it would seem, simply a greater variety of sexual partners. In a "trading up" pattern, women partnered with low income men had elevated infidelity. The minority of women reporting early masturbation and premarital sex were just as likely as men with these backgrounds to have elevated infidelity. The Chinese patterns provide ample material for deliberations on gender similarities and differences in extra-relational sex. | Abstract from the paper: The nature of extra-relational sex in societies with rapidly changing sexual mores and widespread commercial sex remains under-explored. The 2006 Sexuality Survey of China provides a national probability survey with data on 3,567 people 18-49 years old who were in a marital (89%) or dating/cohabiting (11%) relationship. In attitudes, extramarital sex was completely unacceptable to 74% of women and 60% of men and either somewhat or completely unacceptable to 95% of women and men. Most (77%) women wanted severe punishment of men's short-term commercial sex and women's jealousy was equally elevated by their primary partner's episodes of commercial and non-commercial sex. Nevertheless, the prevalence of infidelity during the last 12 months was 4.5% (women's non-commercial sex), 11.0% (men's non-commercial), and 5.5% (men's commercial), with each percent matching or exceeding the median for other countries. In multivariate equations for non-commercial infidelity, men's infidelity was significantly more responsive to sexual dissatisfaction with his primary partner while women's was more responsive to deficits in love. In commercial sex, men were uninfluenced by primary partner deficits in love, sexual satisfaction or oral sex-pursuing, it would seem, simply a greater variety of sexual partners. In a "trading up" pattern, women partnered with low income men had elevated infidelity. The minority of women reporting early masturbation and premarital sex were just as likely as men with these backgrounds to have elevated infidelity. The Chinese patterns provide ample material for deliberations on gender similarities and differences in extra-relational sex. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Tinder_users_have_higher_levels_of_the_.27dark_triad.27_traits_than_non-users">Tinder users have higher levels of the 'dark triad' traits than non-users</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Tinder_users_have_higher_levels_of_the_.27dark_triad.27_traits_than_non-users">Tinder users have higher levels of the 'dark triad' traits than non-users</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Tinder_users_have_higher_levels_of_the_.27dark_triad.27_traits_than_non-users|permalink]] | [[#tocTinder|category: Tinder]] | [[#tocTinder_users_have_higher_levels_of_the_.27dark_triad.27_traits_than_non-users|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Tinder_users_have_higher_levels_of_the_.27dark_triad.27_traits_than_non-users|permalink]] | [[#tocTinder|category: Tinder]] | [[#tocTinder_users_have_higher_levels_of_the_.27dark_triad.27_traits_than_non-users|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: Tinder is the leading online dating application. This study (N = 271) explored the Dark Triad personality traits (i.e., Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) and sociosexuality as correlates of Tinder use. The results revealed that Tinder users had higher scores on the Dark Triad traits and sociosexuality, compared to non-users. Also, Tinder users with higher scores on the Dark Triad traits and sociosexuality significantly showed greater motivation to use Tinder for short-term mating; however, there was no significant relation with Tinder use and motivation for long-term mating. This finding supports the idea that Tinder can be a new venue for people high on the Dark Triad to pursue their short-term mating strategies. | Abstract from the paper: Tinder is the leading online dating application. This study (N = 271) explored the Dark Triad personality traits (i.e., Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) and sociosexuality as correlates of Tinder use. The results revealed that Tinder users had higher scores on the Dark Triad traits and sociosexuality, compared to non-users. Also, Tinder users with higher scores on the Dark Triad traits and sociosexuality significantly showed greater motivation to use Tinder for short-term mating; however, there was no significant relation with Tinder use and motivation for long-term mating. This finding supports the idea that Tinder can be a new venue for people high on the Dark Triad to pursue their short-term mating strategies. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Female_tinder_users_have_a_172.25_higher_chance_of_.27hooking_up.27_with_a_male_user_then_vice_versa">Female tinder users have a 172% higher chance of 'hooking up' with a male user then vice versa</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Female_tinder_users_have_a_172.25_higher_chance_of_.27hooking_up.27_with_a_male_user_then_vice_versa">Female tinder users have a 172% higher chance of 'hooking up' with a male user then vice versa</span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Female_tinder_users_have_a_172.25_higher_chance_of_.27hooking_up.27_with_a_male_user_then_vice_versa|permalink]] | [[#tocTinder|category: Tinder]] | [[#tocFemale_tinder_users_have_a_172.25_higher_chance_of_.27hooking_up.27_with_a_male_user_then_vice_versa|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Female_tinder_users_have_a_172.25_higher_chance_of_.27hooking_up.27_with_a_male_user_then_vice_versa|permalink]] | [[#tocTinder|category: Tinder]] | [[#tocFemale_tinder_users_have_a_172.25_higher_chance_of_.27hooking_up.27_with_a_male_user_then_vice_versa|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: To better understand if and how the mechanics of the process Tinder imposes on its users (i.e., swiping, matching, and starting conversations) influences the resulting sexual or romantic interactions, we collected data from 1038 Belgian Tinder users. Our findings show that a user’s swiping quantity does not guarantee a higher number of Tinder matches, women have generally more matches than men and men usually have to start a conversation on Tinder. Moreover, while having conversations was positively associated with reporting having had offline Tinder encounters, less than half of our sample reported having had an offline meeting with another Tinder user. Whereas more than one third of those offline encounters lead to casual sex, more than a quarter of those offline encounters result in the formation of a committed relationship. Such findings indicate that Tinder is not “just a hookup app”, as often assumed in public discourse. We argue it is plausible that sexual encounters will eventually lead to committed relationships in a society where initiation of relationship formation with dating has been replaced by hooking up. | Abstract from the paper: To better understand if and how the mechanics of the process Tinder imposes on its users (i.e., swiping, matching, and starting conversations) influences the resulting sexual or romantic interactions, we collected data from 1038 Belgian Tinder users. Our findings show that a user’s swiping quantity does not guarantee a higher number of Tinder matches, women have generally more matches than men and men usually have to start a conversation on Tinder. Moreover, while having conversations was positively associated with reporting having had offline Tinder encounters, less than half of our sample reported having had an offline meeting with another Tinder user. Whereas more than one third of those offline encounters lead to casual sex, more than a quarter of those offline encounters result in the formation of a committed relationship. Such findings indicate that Tinder is not “just a hookup app”, as often assumed in public discourse. We argue it is plausible that sexual encounters will eventually lead to committed relationships in a society where initiation of relationship formation with dating has been replaced by hooking up. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Leftists_of_both_genders_are_less_attractive_than_conservatives">Leftists of both genders are less attractive than conservatives</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Leftists_of_both_genders_are_less_attractive_than_conservatives">Leftists of both genders are less attractive than conservatives</span>=== | ||
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Abstract from the paper: Physical attractiveness is an important social factor in our daily interactions. Scholars in social psychology provide evidence that attractiveness stereotypes and the “halo effect” are prominent in affecting the traits we attribute to others. However, the interest in attractiveness has not directly filtered down to questions of political behavior beyond candidates and elites. Utilizing measures of attractiveness across multiple surveys, we examine the relationship between attractiveness and political beliefs. Controlling for socioeconomic status, we find that more attractive individuals are more likely to report higher levels of political efficacy, identify as conservative, and identify as Republican. These findings suggest an additional mechanism for political socialization that has further implications for understanding how the body intertwines with the social nature of politics. | Abstract from the paper: Physical attractiveness is an important social factor in our daily interactions. Scholars in social psychology provide evidence that attractiveness stereotypes and the “halo effect” are prominent in affecting the traits we attribute to others. However, the interest in attractiveness has not directly filtered down to questions of political behavior beyond candidates and elites. Utilizing measures of attractiveness across multiple surveys, we examine the relationship between attractiveness and political beliefs. Controlling for socioeconomic status, we find that more attractive individuals are more likely to report higher levels of political efficacy, identify as conservative, and identify as Republican. These findings suggest an additional mechanism for political socialization that has further implications for understanding how the body intertwines with the social nature of politics. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Physically_weak_men_prefer_socialism.2C_physically_strong_men_do_not">Physically weak men prefer socialism, physically strong men do not</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Physically_weak_men_prefer_socialism.2C_physically_strong_men_do_not">Physically weak men prefer socialism, physically strong men do not</span>=== | ||
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span> | <span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span> | ||
* [[https://nationaleconomicseditorial.com/2017/05/25/weak-men-prefer-socialism/ Article]] | * [[https://nationaleconomicseditorial.com/2017/05/25/weak-men-prefer-socialism/ Article]] | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Conservatives_have_less_distinct_preferences_regarding_long_and_short-term_partners">Conservatives have less distinct preferences regarding long and short-term partners </span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Conservatives_have_less_distinct_preferences_regarding_long_and_short-term_partners">Conservatives have less distinct preferences regarding long and short-term partners </span>=== | ||
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Conservatives_have_less_distinct_preferences_regarding_long_and_short-term_partners|permalink]] | [[#tocPolitics|category: Politics]] | [[#tocConservatives_have_less_distinct_preferences_regarding_long_and_short-term_partners|table of contents]]</div> | <div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#Conservatives_have_less_distinct_preferences_regarding_long_and_short-term_partners|permalink]] | [[#tocPolitics|category: Politics]] | [[#tocConservatives_have_less_distinct_preferences_regarding_long_and_short-term_partners|table of contents]]</div> | ||
Abstract from the paper: When choosing a mate, humans favour genetic traits (attractiveness, high sex drive) for short-term relationships and parental traits (warmth, high status) for long-term relationships. These preferences serve to maximise fitness of future offspring. But this model neglects the role of social norms in shaping evolved mating strategies. For example, in conservative cultures, individuals are likely to face costs such as punishment for short-term mating. Here we show that conservatives over-perceive some mates' suitability as long-term partners. Study 1 found that conservatives were less likely to use a short-term strategy that was distinctive from their long-term strategy. Study 2 showed that conservatives over-perceived hypothetical mates as long-term investing partners, despite their lack of commitment-compatible traits. Conservatism was measured at the regional- (India, USA, UK) and individual-level. Our results demonstrate how social norms may bias behaviour. We anticipate our findings to be a starting point for more sophisticated models, drawing on developments from evolutionary and social psychology. | Abstract from the paper: When choosing a mate, humans favour genetic traits (attractiveness, high sex drive) for short-term relationships and parental traits (warmth, high status) for long-term relationships. These preferences serve to maximise fitness of future offspring. But this model neglects the role of social norms in shaping evolved mating strategies. For example, in conservative cultures, individuals are likely to face costs such as punishment for short-term mating. Here we show that conservatives over-perceive some mates' suitability as long-term partners. Study 1 found that conservatives were less likely to use a short-term strategy that was distinctive from their long-term strategy. Study 2 showed that conservatives over-perceived hypothetical mates as long-term investing partners, despite their lack of commitment-compatible traits. Conservatism was measured at the regional- (India, USA, UK) and individual-level. Our results demonstrate how social norms may bias behaviour. We anticipate our findings to be a starting point for more sophisticated models, drawing on developments from evolutionary and social psychology. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Political_conservatism_may_be_mediated_by_a_more_monogamous_mating_strategy">Political conservatism may be mediated by a more monogamous mating strategy</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Political_conservatism_may_be_mediated_by_a_more_monogamous_mating_strategy">Political conservatism may be mediated by a more monogamous mating strategy</span>=== | ||
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Abstract from the paper: Multiple recent studies report that measures of pathogen avoidance (e.g., disgust sensitivity) correlate with political ideology. This relationship has been interpreted as suggesting that certain political views (specifically, those views that are categorized as socially conservative) function to mitigate the pathogen threats posed either by intergroup interactions or by departures from traditional societal norms, which sometimes evolve culturally for anti-pathogen functions. We propose and test the alternative hypothesis that pathogen avoidance relates to conservatism indirectly via sexual strategies (e.g., relatively monogamous versus relatively promiscuous). Specifically, we argue that individuals who are more invested in avoiding pathogens follow a more monogamous mating strategy to mitigate against pathogens transmitted during sexual contact, and individuals following a more monogamous mating strategy adopt socially conservative political ideologies to support their reproductive interests. Results from three studies (N's = 819, 238, and 248) using multiple measures of pathogen avoidance, sexual strategies, and ideology support this account, with sexual strategies fully mediating the relationship between measures of pathogen avoidance and conservatism in each study. | Abstract from the paper: Multiple recent studies report that measures of pathogen avoidance (e.g., disgust sensitivity) correlate with political ideology. This relationship has been interpreted as suggesting that certain political views (specifically, those views that are categorized as socially conservative) function to mitigate the pathogen threats posed either by intergroup interactions or by departures from traditional societal norms, which sometimes evolve culturally for anti-pathogen functions. We propose and test the alternative hypothesis that pathogen avoidance relates to conservatism indirectly via sexual strategies (e.g., relatively monogamous versus relatively promiscuous). Specifically, we argue that individuals who are more invested in avoiding pathogens follow a more monogamous mating strategy to mitigate against pathogens transmitted during sexual contact, and individuals following a more monogamous mating strategy adopt socially conservative political ideologies to support their reproductive interests. Results from three studies (N's = 819, 238, and 248) using multiple measures of pathogen avoidance, sexual strategies, and ideology support this account, with sexual strategies fully mediating the relationship between measures of pathogen avoidance and conservatism in each study. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Promiscuous_females_have_a_stronger_preference_for_more_physically_masculine_males">Promiscuous females have a stronger preference for more physically masculine males</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Promiscuous_females_have_a_stronger_preference_for_more_physically_masculine_males">Promiscuous females have a stronger preference for more physically masculine males</span>=== | ||
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Abstract from the paper: Sociosexual orientation reflects individual differences in openness to short-term sexual relationships. We predicted that women with less restricted sociosexuality would be differentially attracted to highly masculinized male faces and bodies. In 2 studies, we investigated preference for male masculinization as a function of female sociosexuality. In Study 1, 40 female university students rated the attractiveness of pictures of male faces and somatotypes differing in masculinization level. All women preferred the faces with average levels of masculinity and the mesomorph somatotype; however, women with less restricted sociosexuality found the faces of men more attractive in general and showed relatively greater preference for masculinized bodies than did women with more restricted sociosexuality. In Study 2, 56 women met with 2 equally attractive male confederates, 1 highly masculinized and 1 less masculinized, in a "speed dating" scenario. After each date, women indicated their interest in each man for short-term and long-term relationships via questionnaire. In this more naturalistic context, sociosexuality was related to an increased interest for the more highly masculinized man in the context of short-term dating. Female sociosexuality appears to be related to preferences for higher levels of male masculinization. | Abstract from the paper: Sociosexual orientation reflects individual differences in openness to short-term sexual relationships. We predicted that women with less restricted sociosexuality would be differentially attracted to highly masculinized male faces and bodies. In 2 studies, we investigated preference for male masculinization as a function of female sociosexuality. In Study 1, 40 female university students rated the attractiveness of pictures of male faces and somatotypes differing in masculinization level. All women preferred the faces with average levels of masculinity and the mesomorph somatotype; however, women with less restricted sociosexuality found the faces of men more attractive in general and showed relatively greater preference for masculinized bodies than did women with more restricted sociosexuality. In Study 2, 56 women met with 2 equally attractive male confederates, 1 highly masculinized and 1 less masculinized, in a "speed dating" scenario. After each date, women indicated their interest in each man for short-term and long-term relationships via questionnaire. In this more naturalistic context, sociosexuality was related to an increased interest for the more highly masculinized man in the context of short-term dating. Female sociosexuality appears to be related to preferences for higher levels of male masculinization. | ||
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Both_voluntary_and_involuntary_celibacy_are_related_to_poorer_mental_health">Both voluntary and involuntary celibacy are related to poorer mental health</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Both_voluntary_and_involuntary_celibacy_are_related_to_poorer_mental_health">Both voluntary and involuntary celibacy are related to poorer mental health</span>=== | ||
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Abstract from the paper: The present study tested the hypothesis that single young adults who perceive their singlehood as voluntary would report a higher level of positive mental health (i.e., emotional, psychological and social well-being), lower levels of mental health illness (i.e., somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction, severe depression) and romantic loneliness in comparison to young adults who perceive their singlehood as involuntary. This paper also investigated whether romantic loneliness mediates the relationship between voluntary and involuntary singlehood, positive mental health, and mental health illness. The study sample included 151 participants (86 females and 65 males) aged 20-26 (M = 22.48, SD = 2.01) from Poland. The main findings were that voluntarily single young adults reported a lower level of romantic loneliness compared to involuntarily single young adults. The two groups differed neither in regard to positive mental health nor in regard to mental health problems. In addition, gender differences were observed solely in the domain of romantic loneliness, with women reporting greater romantic loneliness than men. The mediation analysis revealed that romantic loneliness does not mediate the relationship between voluntary and involuntary singlehood, positive mental health, and mental health illness. Voluntary and involuntary singlehood was predictive of somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, severe depression, and romantic loneliness. | Abstract from the paper: The present study tested the hypothesis that single young adults who perceive their singlehood as voluntary would report a higher level of positive mental health (i.e., emotional, psychological and social well-being), lower levels of mental health illness (i.e., somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction, severe depression) and romantic loneliness in comparison to young adults who perceive their singlehood as involuntary. This paper also investigated whether romantic loneliness mediates the relationship between voluntary and involuntary singlehood, positive mental health, and mental health illness. The study sample included 151 participants (86 females and 65 males) aged 20-26 (M = 22.48, SD = 2.01) from Poland. The main findings were that voluntarily single young adults reported a lower level of romantic loneliness compared to involuntarily single young adults. The two groups differed neither in regard to positive mental health nor in regard to mental health problems. In addition, gender differences were observed solely in the domain of romantic loneliness, with women reporting greater romantic loneliness than men. The mediation analysis revealed that romantic loneliness does not mediate the relationship between voluntary and involuntary singlehood, positive mental health, and mental health illness. Voluntary and involuntary singlehood was predictive of somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, severe depression, and romantic loneliness. | ||