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Dominance hierarchies: Difference between revisions
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Higher levels of testosterone are associated with dominant behavior and less smiling.<ref>Dabbs, J. M. (1997). Testosterone, smiling, and facial appearance.Journal of NonverbalBehavior,Vol.21,pp.45-55</ref> Smaller (less dominant) football players displayed more smiling than larger (more dominant) football players (F(1.41, 38.10) = 111.80, partial η² = .81).<ref>http://doi.org/10.1177/147470491201000301</ref> | Higher levels of testosterone are associated with dominant behavior and less smiling.<ref>Dabbs, J. M. (1997). Testosterone, smiling, and facial appearance.Journal of NonverbalBehavior,Vol.21,pp.45-55</ref> Smaller (less dominant) football players displayed more smiling than larger (more dominant) football players (F(1.41, 38.10) = 111.80, partial η² = .81).<ref>http://doi.org/10.1177/147470491201000301</ref> | ||
Men smile less than women because they have higher status and women are more agreeable/compliant, presumably related to their more child-like, shorter and weaker | Men smile less than women because they have higher status and women are more agreeable/compliant, presumably related to their more child-like, shorter and weaker stature.<ref>LaFrance, M., Hecht, M. A.,andLevy Paluck, E. (2003). The contingentsmile: A meta-analysis of sexdifferences in smiling.PsychologicalBulletin,Vol.129,pp.305–334</ref> In social encounters women smile 87%, but men only in 67% of the time. | ||
In portrait photographs from high school and university yearbooks, women do not smile 8% of the time, but men do not smile 41% of the time.<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00287672</ref> | In portrait photographs from high school and university yearbooks, women do not smile 8% of the time, but men do not smile 41% of the time.<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00287672</ref> | ||