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Dominance hierarchies: Difference between revisions
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=== Smiling === | === Smiling === | ||
Smiling signals positive emotion, benevolence, submission | Smiling signals positive emotion, benevolence, submission/compliance/appeasement and absence of threat. | ||
For example, people often smile in cases of excuses and embarrassment.<ref>Ekman, P.& Keltner, D (1997). The social function of "smile" and "laughter": Variations across primatespecies and societies. In U. C. Segerstraleand P. Molnar (Eds),Nonverbal communication: Where naturemeets culture, (pp. 27-46). Hillsdale, New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum.</ref> | For example, people often smile in cases of excuses and embarrassment.<ref>Ekman, P.& Keltner, D (1997). The social function of "smile" and "laughter": Variations across primatespecies and societies. In U. C. Segerstraleand P. Molnar (Eds),Nonverbal communication: Where naturemeets culture, (pp. 27-46). Hillsdale, New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum.</ref> | ||
Dominant individuals smile less, perhaps to maintain the threat of their dominance and acts as a costly signal of their status in that they do not need to fear being judged not needing to signal compliance. | Dominant individuals smile less, perhaps to maintain the threat of their dominance and acts as a costly signal of their status in that they do not need to fear being judged not needing to signal compliance. | ||