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Dual-mating refers to a hypothesis that women have an innate mating strategy that involves two mates: A primary partner as [[long-term relationship|long-term]] support (a beta [[cuckold]]), and secondary sex partner of higher mate quality in order to get "good genes" for the offspring (an [[Chad|alpha male]]).<ref>http://pillse.bol.ucla.edu/Publications/Pillsworth&Haselton_ARSR.pdf</ref>
Dual-mating refers to a hypothesis that women have an innate mating strategy that involves two mates: A primary partner as [[long-term relationship|long-term]] support (a beta [[cuckold]]), and secondary sex partner of higher mate quality in order to get "good genes" for the offspring (an [[Chad|alpha male]]).<ref>http://pillse.bol.ucla.edu/Publications/Pillsworth&Haselton_ARSR.pdf</ref>
In recent time, this hypothesis was used to explain seemingly higher rates of [[cuck|cuckoldry]] and seemingly increasing rates of beta men providing for single mothers in their 30s or 40s [[pumped and dumped|after]] they had obtained a child from a more desirable male, which is dubbed [[alpha fucks, beta bucks]] (AF/BB).
In recent time, this hypothesis was used to explain seemingly higher rates of [[cuck|cuckoldry]] and seemingly increasing rates of beta men providing for single mothers in their 30s or 40s [[pumped and dumped|after]] they had obtained a child from a more desirable male, which is dubbed [[alpha fucks, beta bucks]] (AF/BB).
More recently, however, the dual-mating strategy fell in disfavor in the scientific community for a number of reasons. One reason is that non-paternity rates are globally very low even though contraceptives and relaxed marital norms should make AF/BB much more likely if it was natural.<ref>https://labs.la.utexas.edu/buss/files/2013/02/The-Mate-Switching-Hypothesis-FINAL-PUBLISHED-2017.pdf (see Section 6)</ref>
More recently, however, the dual-mating strategy fell in disfavor in the scientific community for a number of reasons. One reason is that non-paternity rates are globally very low even though contraceptives and relaxed marital norms should make AF/BB more likely if it was natural.<ref>https://labs.la.utexas.edu/buss/files/2013/02/The-Mate-Switching-Hypothesis-FINAL-PUBLISHED-2017.pdf (see Section 6)</ref>
E.g. only 3% of all children in the U.S. live with a step father.<ref>https://ifstudies.org/blog/more-than-60-of-u-s-kids-live-with-two-biological-parents/</ref>
E.g. only 3% of all children in the U.S. live with a step father.<ref>https://ifstudies.org/blog/more-than-60-of-u-s-kids-live-with-two-biological-parents/</ref> Non-paternity rates are sometimes high in hunter-gatherers though and the men also often do not invest much in their offspring beyond childhood.<ref>https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0caa/60bcadd5768c6619ec01dbe1f6d77a93ffbc.pdf</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_at_Dawn</ref>
This suggests, dual-mating was at best a minor female mating strategy in the past, if it is an evolved adaptation at all. Women are only especially prone to lose sex drive and initiate divorce in relationships in which the man hasn't higher educational status. This may suggest that a high number of single mothers is likely an outcome of welfare states, women's education, feminism and other socioeconomic circumstances rather than a AF/BB adaptation.


=== Conclusion ===
=== Conclusion ===
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