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→Before 'enforced monogamy', women's effective population size was up to 17x larger than men's
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[[File:Karmin2015.png|thumb|500px|Karmin et al. (2015) found a peak in the sex ratio of genetic diversity around 8,000 to 4,000 years ago]] Karmin et al. (2015) analyzed the genetic diversity of exclusively male and female parts of the DNA (male Y chromosome and female mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA) to estimate effective population sizes of both sexes throughout human history. The analysis revealed the following: | [[File:Karmin2015.png|thumb|500px|Karmin et al. (2015) found a peak in the sex ratio of genetic diversity around 8,000 to 4,000 years ago]] Karmin et al. (2015) analyzed the genetic diversity of exclusively male and female parts of the DNA (male Y chromosome and female mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA) to estimate effective population sizes of both sexes throughout human history. The analysis revealed the following: | ||
* Genetic diversity in female DNA is much higher | * Genetic diversity in female DNA is much higher, replicating earlier findings by Wilder (2004). This implies that men have had higher variance in reproductive success. Some men had hundreds of children, but others none. Women were more rarely had none (due to greater male promiscuity), but women cannot produce hundreds of children in a lifetime. This finding generally agrees with evidence of moderate polygyny across human cultures. | ||
* 4,000 to 8,000 years ago, women's effective population size grew substantially compared to men's, peaking around 17 times the size of men's. | * 4,000 to 8,000 years ago, women's effective population size grew substantially compared to men's, peaking around 17 times the size of men's. | ||
* The peak coincides with early agricultural revolutions, hence a plausible explanation is increasingly polygynous mating practices enabled by the power concentration and wealth accumulation of farmers. Economic inequality and hereditary systems may also have disproportionately increased the reproductive success of few wealthy men and their descendants, e.g. through political and religious succession, e.g. chiefdoms, hereditary priesthoods and early monarchies. | * The peak coincides with early agricultural revolutions, hence a plausible explanation is increasingly polygynous mating practices enabled by the power concentration and wealth accumulation of farmers. Economic inequality and hereditary systems may also have disproportionately increased the reproductive success of few wealthy men and their descendants, e.g. through political and religious succession, e.g. chiefdoms, hereditary priesthoods and early monarchies. | ||