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→Before 'enforced monogamy', 2-to-17x as many women as men successfully reproduced
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* Fugère MA, Cousins AJ, MacLaren SA. 2015. ''(Mis)matching in physical attractiveness and women's resistance to mate guarding.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 87: 190-195. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019188691500505X Abstract]] | * Fugère MA, Cousins AJ, MacLaren SA. 2015. ''(Mis)matching in physical attractiveness and women's resistance to mate guarding.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 87: 190-195. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019188691500505X Abstract]] | ||
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:24px; font-weight: normal;">Before 'enforced monogamy', | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:24px; font-weight: normal;">Before 'enforced monogamy', women's effective population size was up to 17x larger than men's</span>=== | ||
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Karmin et al. (2015)<ref name=karmin2015/> analyzed the genetic diversity of exclusively male and female parts of the DNA (male Y chromosome and female mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA) to estimate effective population sizes of both sexes throughout human history. The analysis revealed the following: | |||
* 8-4 thousand years ago, | * 8-4 thousand years ago, around the time Agricultural Civilization began to emerge, women's effective population size grew substantially to around 17 times the size of men's. | ||
* This disparity | * This disparity can possibly be explained by increasingly polygynous mating practices that resulted from increased wealth and wealth inequality between men. | ||
* The development of agriculture and more centralized political systems led to greater variance in male fitness due to inheritance of resources and social status (hereditary systems of political and religious succession, i.e chiefdoms, hereditary priesthood, early monarchies). | * The development of agriculture and more centralized political systems led to greater variance in male fitness due to inheritance of resources and social status (hereditary systems of political and religious succession, i.e chiefdoms, hereditary priesthood, early monarchies). | ||
* Societies that practice monogamy tend to show roughly equal ratios of male to female reproductive success, while societies that favor serial monogamy or polygyny tend to cause more variation in male reproductive success, while not affecting female success in the same way. | * Societies that practice monogamy tend to show roughly equal ratios of male to female reproductive success, while societies that favor serial monogamy or polygyny tend to cause more variation in male reproductive success, while not affecting female success in the same way. | ||
Note: This study was misquoted by Pacific Standard (psmag.com)<ref name=diep2017/> to imply that ''17 women reproduced for every one man''. In truth, only the ''effective population size'' of women was 17 times as large as men's. The effective population size does not clearly distinguish parents and their offspring due to the similarity of their genes. A man with 20 children, each of which has 10 children in turn, would not contribute with 1 + 20 × 10 individuals to the effective population size, but considerably less than that. Anyhow, the result still points to substantial sex differences in variance of reproductive success. Roy Baumeister estimated the sex ratio of historical reproductive success to be 2:1. Half the branches on a tree of ancestors represent males, but half of the males are repeats.<ref name=baumeister2007a/><ref name=baumeister2007b/> | |||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span> | <span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span> | ||
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span> | <span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span> | ||
<references> | |||
<ref name=karmin2015>Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Sayres MAW, Järve M, Talas UG, et al. 2015. ''A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture.'' Genome Research. 25: 459-466. [[https://genome.cshlp.org/content/25/4/459.abstract Abstract]] [[https://genome.cshlp.org/content/25/4/459.full.pdf+html FullText]]</ref> | |||
<ref name=diep2017>Diep F. 2017. ''8,000 Years Ago, 17 Women Reproduced for Every One Man.'' Pacific Standard. [[https://psmag.com/environment/17-to-1-reproductive-success News]]</ref> | |||
<ref name=wilder2004>Wilder JA, Mobasher Z, Hammer MF. 2004. ''Genetic Evidence for Unequal Effective Population Sizes of Human Females and Males.'' Molecular Biology and Evolution, 21(11): 2047–2057. [[https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/21/11/2047/1147770#20340635 FullText]]</ref> | |||
<ref name=baumeister2007a>Baumeister R. 2007. ''Is There Anything Good About Men?'' [[https://psy.fsu.edu/~baumeisterticelab/goodaboutmen.htm FullText]]</ref> | |||
<ref name=baumeister2007b>Baumeister R. 2007. ''The missing men in your family tree''. [[https://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/09/05/the-missing-men-in-your-family-tree FullText]]</ref> | |||
</references> | |||
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:24px; font-weight: normal;">Women bitterly reject unattractive men after facing rejection themselves by an attractive man</span>=== | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:24px; font-weight: normal;">Women bitterly reject unattractive men after facing rejection themselves by an attractive man</span>=== | ||