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===Intelligence physiognomy=== | ===Intelligence physiognomy=== | ||
*A twin study in 2017 found a weak but significant relationship between wider [[IPD]] (Interpupillary distance) and actual measured [[IQ]].<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160289617300843</ref> An earlier study found that people were able to gauge measured IQ accurately from a photograph, but this only held in the case of men's IQ, not women's.<ref> https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0081237</ref> Other research has indicated that the ability to discern men's intelligence from their facial appearance increases with age among women. One study found teenage girls did not discern a man's IQ from his physiognomy above chance, while older women could.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269757629_Adolescents_but_not_Older_Women_Misjudge_Intelligence_from_Faces_and_Do_not_Consider_Intelligent-Looking_Men_Attractive</ref> This may be linked to shifting mate preferences with age. Or it may imply more broadly that physiognomic judgements become more accurate with increased life experience. | *A twin study in 2017 found a weak but significant relationship between wider [[IPD]] (Interpupillary distance) and actual measured [[IQ]].<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160289617300843</ref> An earlier study found that people were able to gauge measured IQ accurately from a photograph, but this only held in the case of men's IQ, not women's.<ref> https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0081237</ref> Other research has indicated that the ability to discern men's intelligence from their facial appearance increases with age among women. One study found teenage girls did not discern a man's IQ from his physiognomy above chance, while older women could.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269757629_Adolescents_but_not_Older_Women_Misjudge_Intelligence_from_Faces_and_Do_not_Consider_Intelligent-Looking_Men_Attractive</ref> This may be linked to shifting mate preferences with age. Or it may imply more broadly that physiognomic judgements become more accurate with increased life experience. | ||
*There is evidence that there is some validity to the popular 'four-eyes nerd' stereotype that people who wear glasses are more likely to be highly intelligent. Specifically, myopia (short-sightedness) has been found to be positively linearly linked to intelligence:<br />Rosner & Belkin (1987) examined the medical data of 157,748 Israeli military conscripts aged 17-19 and their intelligence test scores. They found a linear association between intelligence and myopia (controlling for education), with the lowest-scoring cohort (IQ ≤ 80) having rates of myopia much lower than the general population (8% vs. 15.8%). Conversely, the highest-scoring cohort (IQ ≥ 128) had significantly higher incidences of myopia (27.3% vs. 15.8%). The authors also found a positive association between myopia and attained education level, with intelligence test performance being controlled for in this analysis.<ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3675282/</ref><br />It is not entirely clear how this positive relationship between intelligence relates to the different lower-order factors that derive from general intelligence in the standard model of general intelligence (i.e., non-verbal vs. verbal intelligence). Some studies have found no association between myopia and non-verbal intelligence, indicating that the link between intelligence and myopia may be environmental in nature, i.e., myopic people read more or reading puts strain on the eyes that can induce myopia; however, they did not control for reading frequency or preference for near-work. Saw et al. (2004) found a large positive link between myopia and non-verbal intelligence in a large sample of Singapore Chinese children (aged 8-12, N = 1204), controlling for books read a week and preference for near work (multivariate OR for myopia among the highest quartile of intelligence: 2.4, 95% CI 1.7-3.4, as compared to the lowest quartile of intelligence, the reference group).<ref>https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2163349</ref> <br />In order to determine the root cause(s) of the observed link between myopia and intelligence, Williams et al. (2017) conducted a study on a large number of twin pairs aged 14-18) who were administered a verbal and non-verbal intelligence test at age 16. The genotypic, lifestyle, and medical data of this cohort were pooled and subjected to extensive statistical analysis. The conclusion was that the phenotypic link between myopia and intelligence was largely a result of pleiotropic (several genes influencing the development of the same trait) genetic influences and that this indicates that brain and eye growth may be partially determined by the pleiotropic effects of several genes that may be co-inherited, as both traits are strongly polygenetic (the result of additive effects of several genes).<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/srep45977#Sec5>/</ref><br /> | *There is evidence that there is some validity to the popular 'four-eyes nerd' stereotype that people who wear glasses are more likely to be highly intelligent. Specifically, myopia (short-sightedness) has been found to be positively linearly linked to intelligence:<br />Rosner & Belkin (1987) examined the medical data of 157,748 Israeli military conscripts aged 17-19 and their intelligence test scores. They found a linear association between intelligence and myopia (controlling for education), with the lowest-scoring cohort (IQ ≤ 80) having rates of myopia much lower than the general population (8% vs. 15.8%). Conversely, the highest-scoring cohort (IQ ≥ 128) had significantly higher incidences of myopia (27.3% vs. 15.8%). The authors also found a positive association between myopia and attained education level, with intelligence test performance being controlled for in this analysis.<ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3675282/</ref><br />It is not entirely clear how this positive relationship between intelligence relates to the different lower-order factors that derive from general intelligence in the standard model of general intelligence (i.e., non-verbal vs. verbal intelligence). Some studies have found no association between myopia and non-verbal intelligence, indicating that the link between intelligence and myopia may be environmental in nature, i.e., myopic people read more or reading puts strain on the eyes that can induce myopia; however, they did not control for reading frequency or preference for near-work. Saw et al. (2004) found a large positive link between myopia and non-verbal intelligence in a large sample of Singapore Chinese children (aged 8-12, N = 1204), controlling for books read a week and preference for near work (multivariate OR for myopia among the highest quartile of intelligence: 2.4, 95% CI 1.7-3.4, as compared to the lowest quartile of intelligence, the reference group).<ref>https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2163349</ref> <br />In order to determine the root cause(s) of the observed link between myopia and intelligence, Williams et al. (2017) conducted a study on a large number of twin pairs aged 14-18) who were administered a verbal and non-verbal intelligence test at age 16. The genotypic, lifestyle, and medical data of this cohort were pooled and subjected to extensive statistical analysis. The conclusion was that the phenotypic link between myopia and intelligence was largely a result of pleiotropic (several genes influencing the development of the same trait) genetic influences and that this indicates that brain and eye growth may be partially determined by the pleiotropic effects of several genes that may be co-inherited, as both traits are strongly polygenetic (the result of additive effects of several genes).<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/srep45977#Sec5>/</ref><br /> | ||
===Mental health physiognomy=== | ===Mental health physiognomy=== | ||
====Affect==== | ====Affect==== | ||
*Certain neurodevelopmental conditions and mental illnesses can be associated with particular fixed facial expressions. For example, very intense people might bite their lips, crunch their teeth, chew their nails, and engage in other nervous tics. Autistics are often described as having a blank, unexpressive face. This is also found in schizophrenia.<ref>https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/flat-affect</ref> Some mental conditions result in a tilted mouth. Socially excluded individuals may make odd facial expressions or engage in tics as nobody is there to correct their behavior, or such behavior may be induced by the greater stress such people often face. Alternatively, these expressions are revealing the personality traits and inner affect of such people in a way they cannot disguise without conscious control. People are, in fact, able to infer other's mental conditions above chance level based on photos.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0092656618300394</ref> Autists are recognized as less approachable and attractive within seconds.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Autists_are_judged_as_awkward.2C_less_physically_attractive_and_less_approachable_within_seconds</ref> More broadly, mental illness may be associated with the use of less positive and more negative facial expressions.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920996421005107</ref> When individuals assess others for the personality trait of neuroticism, which is generally associated with mental illness, they often perceive negative emotions in the facial expressions of those being evaluated.<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jopy.12262</ref> Neurotic people are also less emotionally expressive, while extraverts are more expressive.<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1022117500440</ref> Negative facial emotions, particularly anger, are generally judged as less favorable.<ref>https://guilfordjournals.com/doi/abs/10.1521/soco.2011.29.4.415</ref> This would promote less favorable evaluations of people with negative resting expressions. Thus, mental illness is broadly associated with affective facial traits that prompt perceptions of weirdness and less socially desirable personality traits in those these people interact with, particularly in social interactions with strangers. These negative perceptions would be | *Certain neurodevelopmental conditions and mental illnesses can be associated with particular fixed facial expressions. For example, very intense people might bite their lips, crunch their teeth, chew their nails, and engage in other nervous tics. Autistics are often described as having a blank, unexpressive face. This is also found in schizophrenia.<ref>https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/flat-affect</ref> Some mental conditions result in a tilted mouth. Socially excluded individuals may make odd facial expressions or engage in tics as nobody is there to correct their behavior, or such behavior may be induced by the greater stress such people often face. Alternatively, these expressions are revealing the personality traits and inner affect of such people in a way they cannot disguise without conscious control. People are, in fact, able to infer other's mental conditions above chance level based on photos.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0092656618300394</ref> Autists are recognized as less approachable and attractive within seconds.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Autists_are_judged_as_awkward.2C_less_physically_attractive_and_less_approachable_within_seconds</ref> More broadly, mental illness may be associated with the use of less positive and more negative facial expressions.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920996421005107</ref> When individuals assess others for the personality trait of neuroticism, which is generally associated with mental illness, they often perceive negative emotions in the facial expressions of those being evaluated.<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jopy.12262</ref> Neurotic people are also less emotionally expressive, while extraverts are more expressive.<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1022117500440</ref> Negative facial emotions, particularly anger, are generally judged as less favorable.<ref>https://guilfordjournals.com/doi/abs/10.1521/soco.2011.29.4.415</ref> This would promote less favorable evaluations of people with negative resting expressions. Thus, mental illness is broadly associated with affective facial traits that prompt perceptions of weirdness and less socially desirable personality traits in those these people interact with, particularly in social interactions with strangers. These negative perceptions would be excepted to further promote more less rewarding social interactions. In some cases, it would be expected that consistent patterns of automatic social aversion directed towards such people would serve to compound their feelings of social rejection, thus worsening their mental health in a vicious cycle. | ||
===Infidelity physiognomy=== | ===Infidelity physiognomy=== | ||
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==Life history theory and physiognomy== | ==Life history theory and physiognomy== | ||
There is some evidence that several physical traits are related to a person's [[life history]] strategy (whether someone is adapted to a | There is some evidence that several physical traits are related to a person's [[life history]] strategy (whether someone is adapted to a life-fast die young ecology or is geared towards higher long-term resource acquisition and investment in offspring). Thus, physical life-history traits may also be somewhat reflective of people's personality. | ||
For instance, tattooing is associated with impulsiveness and promiscuity. Heywood et al. (2012) found that tattooing was associated with drug use, promiscuity, and lower SES despite changes in the societal acceptance of tattooing. Other studies have replicated this finding,<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02791.x</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7266169_College_students_tattoos_and_sexual_activity</ref> and also found that various forms of body modification such as piercings are also associated with greater levels of promiscuity, particularly in women.<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-006-9087-6</ref> | For instance, tattooing is associated with impulsiveness and promiscuity. Heywood et al. (2012) found that tattooing was associated with drug use, promiscuity, and lower SES despite changes in the societal acceptance of tattooing. Other studies have replicated this finding,<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02791.x</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7266169_College_students_tattoos_and_sexual_activity</ref> and also found that various forms of body modification such as piercings are also associated with greater levels of promiscuity, particularly in women.<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-006-9087-6</ref> | ||