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This page maintains a neutral tone and conveys the scientific findings without judgment. However, sections demarcated as "discussion" may occasionally contain un-sourced speculation or writing from a blackpill perspective.
This page maintains a neutral tone and conveys the scientific findings without judgment. However, sections demarcated as "discussion" may occasionally contain un-sourced speculation or writing from a blackpill perspective.
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<center>'''See also'''</center>
<center>'''See also'''</center>
{|style="max-width: 700px"
{|style="max-width: 700px"
<!--|[[Scientific Blackpill (Summary)|Summary]]
 
| A summary of the Scientific Blackpill
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|width="150px"|[[Scientific Blackpill (Supplemental)|Supplemental page]]
|width="150px"|[[Scientific Blackpill (Supplemental)|Supplemental page]]
|Another science compilation with a broader focus on feminism and gender
|Another science compilation with a broader focus on feminism and gender
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</div><center>'''Contents'''</center><p style="max-width: 700px; line-height: 1.9">Categories: [[#tocPersonality|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Personality</span>]] [[#tocMental|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Mental</span>]] [[#tocRace|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Race</span>]] [[#tocLooks_.28Life.29|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Looks (Life)</span>]] [[#tocLooks_.28Love.29|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Looks (Love)</span>]] [[#tocFace|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Face</span>]] [[#tocMoney|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Money</span>]] [[#tocHeight|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Height</span>]] [[#tocBody|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Body</span>]] [[#tocPenis|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Penis</span>]] [[#tocVoice|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Voice</span>]] [[#tocAge|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Age</span>]] [[#tocHypergamy|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Hypergamy</span>]] [[#tocCucks|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Cucks</span>]] [[#tocSluts|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Sluts</span>]] [[#tocMeToo|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">MeToo</span>]] [[#tocHealth|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Health</span>]] [[#tocItsOver|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">ItsOver</span>]] </p><ul style="list-style: none; margin-left: 0"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocPersonality">[[#Personality|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Personality</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocOn_average.2C_women_are_attracted_to_the_Dark_Triad.E2.80.94narcissism.2C_manipulativeness.2C_.26_psychopathy">[[#On_average.2C_women_are_attracted_to_the_Dark_Triad.E2.80.94narcissism.2C_manipulativeness.2C_.26_psychopathy|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women tend to be attracted to the Dark Triad—narcissism, manipulativeness, & psychopathy</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_more_attracted_to_psychopathic_men">[[#Women_are_more_attracted_to_psychopathic_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>More psychopathic men tend to receive higher attractiveness ratings from women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocOn_PornHub.2C_women_consume_most_of_the_porn_where_women_are_violently_raped_and_abused">[[#On_PornHub.2C_women_consume_most_of_the_porn_where_women_are_violently_raped_and_abused|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>On PornHub, women consume most of the porn where women are violently raped and abused</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc62.25_of_women_have_fantasies_about_rape_and_other_forced_sex_acts">[[#62.25_of_women_have_fantasies_about_rape_and_other_forced_sex_acts|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>62% of women have fantasies about rape and other forced sex acts</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc50.25_of_female_porn_viewers_admitted_to_watching_porn_involving_extreme_violence_against_women">[[#50.25_of_female_porn_viewers_admitted_to_watching_porn_involving_extreme_violence_against_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>50% of female porn viewers admitted to watching porn involving extreme violence against women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_drawn_more_than_men_to_nonfiction_stories_of_rape.2C_murder.2C_and_serial_killers">[[#Women_are_drawn_more_than_men_to_nonfiction_stories_of_rape.2C_murder.2C_and_serial_killers|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are drawn more than men to nonfiction stories of rape, murder, and serial killers</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocCriminal_and_anti-social_men_have_more_sexual_partners_and_have_sex_earlier">[[#Criminal_and_anti-social_men_have_more_sexual_partners_and_have_sex_earlier|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Criminal and antisocial men have more sexual partners and have sex earlier</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_who_exhibit_antisocial_and_criminal_behaviors_reproduce_more_successfully">[[#Men_who_exhibit_antisocial_and_criminal_behaviors_reproduce_more_successfully|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Antisocial, criminal and violent men have greater sexual access to women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMale_serial_killers.2C_terrorists.2C_and_rapists_receive_thousands_of_love_letters_from_women_in_prison">[[#Male_serial_killers.2C_terrorists.2C_and_rapists_receive_thousands_of_love_letters_from_women_in_prison|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Imprisoned serial killers, terrorists and rapists receive thousands of love letters from women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMale_gang_members_have_dramatically_more_female_sexual_partners">[[#Male_gang_members_have_dramatically_more_female_sexual_partners|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Male gang members have dramatically more female sexual partners</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocChildhood_bullies_experience_greater_sexual_success_than_non-bullies">[[#Childhood_bullies_experience_greater_sexual_success_than_non-bullies|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Childhood bullies experience greater sexual success than non-bullies</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMore_than_half_of_prison_staff_sexual_misconduct_involves_female_guards.2Fstaff">[[#More_than_half_of_prison_staff_sexual_misconduct_involves_female_guards.2Fstaff|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>More than half of prison staff sexual misconduct involves female guards/staff</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc39.25_of_hospitalized_male_psychopaths_had_consensual_sex_with_female_mental_health_staff">[[#39.25_of_hospitalized_male_psychopaths_had_consensual_sex_with_female_mental_health_staff|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>39% of hospitalized male psychopaths had consensual sex with female mental health staff</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_desiring_marriage_and_commitment_are_more_attracted_to_narcissistic_men">[[#Women_desiring_marriage_and_commitment_are_more_attracted_to_narcissistic_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women desiring marriage and commitment are more attracted to narcissistic men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFemale_narcissism_reduces_marital_quality_for_men.2C_but_male_narcissism_does_not_for_women">[[#Female_narcissism_reduces_marital_quality_for_men.2C_but_male_narcissism_does_not_for_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.15</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Female narcissism reduces marital quality for men, but male narcissism does not for women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_are_attracted_to_.22nice.22_women.2C_but_women_are_not_attracted_to_.22nice.22_men">[[#Men_are_attracted_to_.22nice.22_women.2C_but_women_are_not_attracted_to_.22nice.22_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.16</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men are attracted to "nice" women, but women are not attracted to "nice" men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocVegetarian_men_are_less_attractive.2C_likable.2C_and_masculine_to_women_than_omnivorous_men">[[#Vegetarian_men_are_less_attractive.2C_likable.2C_and_masculine_to_women_than_omnivorous_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.17</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Vegetarian men are less attractive, likable, and masculine to women than omnivorous men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocRapists_are_far_more_sexually_active_than_other_men">[[#Rapists_are_far_more_sexually_active_than_other_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.18</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Rapists are far more sexually active than other men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBenevolent_sexism_is_approved_in_society_by_both_men_and_women">[[#Benevolent_sexism_is_approved_in_society_by_both_men_and_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.19</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Benevolent sexism is approved in society by both men and women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMisogynistic_men_are_more_sexually_active_than_most_men">[[#Misogynistic_men_are_more_sexually_active_than_most_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.20</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Misogynistic men are more sexually active than most men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPhysically_attractive_people_convey_personality_traits_better_during_first_impressions">[[#Physically_attractive_people_convey_personality_traits_better_during_first_impressions|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.21</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Physically attractive people convey personality traits better during first impressions</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocMental">[[#Mental|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Mental</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc69.25_of_high_functioning_autistic_adolescents_want_relationships.2C_but_almost_none_succeed">[[#69.25_of_high_functioning_autistic_adolescents_want_relationships.2C_but_almost_none_succeed|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>69% of high functioning autistic adolescents want relationships, but almost none succeed</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc44.6.25_of_high_functioning_adult_autistic_men_remain_virgins.2C_despite_high_sex.2Frelationship_drive">[[#44.6.25_of_high_functioning_adult_autistic_men_remain_virgins.2C_despite_high_sex.2Frelationship_drive|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>44.6% of high functioning adult autistic men remain virgins, despite high sex/relationship drive</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAutistic_males_are_more_likely_to_have_physically_unusual_facial_traits">[[#Autistic_males_are_more_likely_to_have_physically_unusual_facial_traits|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Autistic males are more likely to have physically unusual facial traits</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAutists_are_judged_as_awkward.2C_less_physically_attractive_and_less_approachable_within_seconds">[[#Autists_are_judged_as_awkward.2C_less_physically_attractive_and_less_approachable_within_seconds|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Autists are judged as awkward, less physically attractive and less approachable within seconds</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAutistic_men_have_10_times_as_many_suicidal_thoughts_as_normal_men">[[#Autistic_men_have_10_times_as_many_suicidal_thoughts_as_normal_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Autistic men have 10 times as many suicidal thoughts as normal men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocHigh_IQ_men_are_more_likely_to_remain_virgins_longer">[[#High_IQ_men_are_more_likely_to_remain_virgins_longer|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>High IQ men are more likely to remain virgins longer</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocTeenage_boys_with_ADHD_have_double_the_amount_of_sexual_partners_vs._.27normal.27_teens">[[#Teenage_boys_with_ADHD_have_double_the_amount_of_sexual_partners_vs._.27normal.27_teens|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Teenage boys with ADHD have double the amount of sexual partners vs. 'normal' teens</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocCluster-B_personality_disorders_lead_to_3.5x_as_many_sexual_partners_and_more_offspring">[[#Cluster-B_personality_disorders_lead_to_3.5x_as_many_sexual_partners_and_more_offspring|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Cluster-B personality disorders lead to 3.5x as many sexual partners and more offspring</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMental_disorders_significantly_reduce_male_fertility.2C_substantially_more_than_they_do_for_women">[[#Mental_disorders_significantly_reduce_male_fertility.2C_substantially_more_than_they_do_for_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Mental disorders significantly reduce men's fertility, substantially more than they do for women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPeople_accurately_perceive_a_man.27s_mental_health_from_facial_appearance_alone">[[#People_accurately_perceive_a_man.27s_mental_health_from_facial_appearance_alone|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>People accurately perceive a man's mental health from facial appearance alone</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocRace">[[#Race|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Race</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_more_racist_in_online_dating.2C_and_92-95.25_with_a_.22preference.22_exclude_any_ethnic_men">[[#Women_are_more_racist_in_online_dating.2C_and_92-95.25_with_a_.22preference.22_exclude_any_ethnic_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are more racist in online dating, and 92-95% with a "preference" exclude any ethnic men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAll_races_agree_that_whites_are_most_attractive.2C_but_women_prefer_whites_far_more_than_men">[[#All_races_agree_that_whites_are_most_attractive.2C_but_women_prefer_whites_far_more_than_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>All races agree that whites are most attractive, but women prefer whites far more than men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_more_racist_than_men_in_speed_dating.2C_and_find_Asian_men_least_physically_attractive">[[#Women_are_more_racist_than_men_in_speed_dating.2C_and_find_Asian_men_least_physically_attractive|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are more racist than men in speed dating, and find Asian men least physically attractive</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWhite_men_get_11-14_times_as_much_interest_from_women_on_Tinder_vs._equivalent_Asian_men">[[#White_men_get_11-14_times_as_much_interest_from_women_on_Tinder_vs._equivalent_Asian_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>White men get 11-14 times as much interest from women on Tinder vs. equivalent Asian men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBeing_an_Asian_male_in_the_USA_is_a_primary_predictor_of_.27never_being_kissed.27">[[#Being_an_Asian_male_in_the_USA_is_a_primary_predictor_of_.27never_being_kissed.27|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Being Asian in the USA is a primary predictor of 'never being kissed'</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAsian_women_marry_interracially_more_than_twice_as_often_as_Asian_men">[[#Asian_women_marry_interracially_more_than_twice_as_often_as_Asian_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Asian women marry interracially more than twice as often as Asian men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAsian_men_have_half_the_relationships_as_white_men_due_to_women.27s_.27racial_hierarchy.27">[[#Asian_men_have_half_the_relationships_as_white_men_due_to_women.27s_.27racial_hierarchy.27|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Asian men have half the relationships as white men due to women's 'racial hierarchy'</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWhite_and_Asian_women_agree_white_men_are_30-50.25_more_attractive_than_Asian_men">[[#White_and_Asian_women_agree_white_men_are_30-50.25_more_attractive_than_Asian_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>White and Asian women agree white men are 30-50% more attractive than Asian men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_reply_most_online_to_white_men_and_least_to_Indian_men">[[#Women_reply_most_online_to_white_men_and_least_to_Indian_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women reply most online to white men and least to Indian men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAcross_America.2C_women_most_desire_white_men.2C_followed_by_black.2C_Hispanic.2C_and_Asian_men">[[#Across_America.2C_women_most_desire_white_men.2C_followed_by_black.2C_Hispanic.2C_and_Asian_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Across America, women most desire white men, followed by black, Hispanic, and Asian men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_enforce_stricter_racial_requirements_than_men.2C_advantaging_primarily_white_men">[[#Women_enforce_stricter_racial_requirements_than_men.2C_advantaging_primarily_white_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women enforce stricter racial requirements than men, advantaging primarily white men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFemale_porn_actresses_.27racially_dodge.27_scenes_with_Black_male_actors_or_demand_a_premium">[[#Female_porn_actresses_.27racially_dodge.27_scenes_with_Black_male_actors_or_demand_a_premium|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Female porn actresses 'racially dodge' scenes with Black male actors or demand a premium</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWhiter.2C_golden.2C_.26_rosier_.28ie._Caucasian.29_skin_is_seen_as_healthier_and_more_attractive">[[#Whiter.2C_golden.2C_.26_rosier_.28ie._Caucasian.29_skin_is_seen_as_healthier_and_more_attractive|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Whiter, golden, & rosier (ie. Caucasian) skin is seen as healthier and more attractive</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAn_Asian_face_is_more_.27similar_to_that_of_an_infant.27_than_other_races">[[#An_Asian_face_is_more_.27similar_to_that_of_an_infant.27_than_other_races|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>An Asian face is more 'similar to that of an infant' than other races</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBlack_men_and_women_appear_.27more_masculine.27_than_whites.3B_Asian_men_appear_.27less_masculine.27">[[#Black_men_and_women_appear_.27more_masculine.27_than_whites.3B_Asian_men_appear_.27less_masculine.27|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.15</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Black men and women appear 'more masculine' than whites; Asian men appear 'less masculine'</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_who_don.27t_express_a_.27racial_preference.27_in_dating_behave_the_same_as_women_who_do">[[#Women_who_don.27t_express_a_.27racial_preference.27_in_dating_behave_the_same_as_women_who_do|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.16</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women who don't express a 'racial preference' in dating behave the same as women who do</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocRacism_in_dating_is_stable_or_worsening.2C_not_improving.2C_over_time">[[#Racism_in_dating_is_stable_or_worsening.2C_not_improving.2C_over_time|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.17</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Racism in dating is stable or worsening, not improving, over time</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocLooks_.28Life.29">[[#Looks_.28Life.29|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Looks (Life)</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBeauty_is_objective_and_measurable_in_the_brain">[[#Beauty_is_objective_and_measurable_in_the_brain|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Beauty is objective and measurable in the brain</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPeople_broadly_agree_on_who_is_good_looking_or_not.2C_and_it_affects_every_aspect_of_life">[[#People_broadly_agree_on_who_is_good_looking_or_not.2C_and_it_affects_every_aspect_of_life|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>People broadly agree on who is good looking or not, and it affects every aspect of life</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocIt_takes_less_than_one_second_for_people_to_accurately_judge_beauty">[[#It_takes_less_than_one_second_for_people_to_accurately_judge_beauty|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>It takes less than one second for people to accurately judge beauty</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBabies_can_easily_differentiate_between_attractive_and_unattractive_faces">[[#Babies_can_easily_differentiate_between_attractive_and_unattractive_faces|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Babies can easily differentiate between attractive and unattractive faces</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocParents_treat_attractive_children_better_than_ugly_children">[[#Parents_treat_attractive_children_better_than_ugly_children|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Parents treat attractive children better than ugly children</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPhysical_attractiveness_in_adolescence_predicts_better_socioeconomic_status_in_adulthood">[[#Physical_attractiveness_in_adolescence_predicts_better_socioeconomic_status_in_adulthood|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Physical attractiveness in adolescence predicts better socioeconomic status in adulthood</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPhysically_attractive_individuals_are_more_likely_to_believe_in_a_.27just_world.27">[[#Physically_attractive_individuals_are_more_likely_to_believe_in_a_.27just_world.27|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Physically attractive individuals are more likely to believe in a 'just world'</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAttractive_people_are_perceived_much_more_positively_than_they_really_are">[[#Attractive_people_are_perceived_much_more_positively_than_they_really_are|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Attractive people are perceived much more positively than they really are</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAttractive_men_are_perceived_as_.27funnier.27.2C_even_when_they_are_actually_not">[[#Attractive_men_are_perceived_as_.27funnier.27.2C_even_when_they_are_actually_not|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Attractive men are perceived as 'funnier', even when they are actually not</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man.27s_looks_are_significantly_correlated_with_his_popularity_and_peer_status">[[#A_man.27s_looks_are_significantly_correlated_with_his_popularity_and_peer_status|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man's looks are significantly correlated with his popularity and peer status</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocLooks_.28Love.29">[[#Looks_.28Love.29|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Looks (Love)</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_feel_sexual_disgust_when_they_imagine_even_talking_to_an_unattractive_man">[[#Women_feel_sexual_disgust_when_they_imagine_even_talking_to_an_unattractive_man|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women feel sexual disgust when they imagine even talking to an unattractive man</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAcross_multiple_studies.2C_it_was_found_that_physical_attractiveness_determines_romantic_evaluations_equally_for_both_sexes">[[#Across_multiple_studies.2C_it_was_found_that_physical_attractiveness_determines_romantic_evaluations_equally_for_both_sexes|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Across multiple studies; attractiveness determines romantic evaluations equally for both sexes</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc70.25_of_women_would_openly_avoid_a_man_solely_because_of_his_looks">[[#70.25_of_women_would_openly_avoid_a_man_solely_because_of_his_looks|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>70% of women would avoid someone solely based on their looks, compared to 31% of men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLove_at_first_sight_can_be_predicted_by_physical_attractiveness">[[#Love_at_first_sight_can_be_predicted_by_physical_attractiveness|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Love at first sight can be predicted by physical attractiveness</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc">[[#|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Only a man's looks and race matter in online dating - his personality does not</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLooks_are_most_important_to_women_in_speed_dating">[[#Looks_are_most_important_to_women_in_speed_dating|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Looks are most important in speed dating</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLooks_are_most_important_to_women_in_video_dating">[[#Looks_are_most_important_to_women_in_video_dating|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Looks are most important in video dating</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLooks_are_most_important_to_women_in_blind_dating">[[#Looks_are_most_important_to_women_in_blind_dating|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Looks are most important in blind dating</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocIt_is_Looks_.3E_Personality_.3E_Money_for_both_genders.2C_but_women_lie_more_about_it">[[#It_is_Looks_.3E_Personality_.3E_Money_for_both_genders.2C_but_women_lie_more_about_it|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>It is Looks > Personality > Money for both genders, but women lie more about it</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocYour_looks_define_perception_of_your_personality_in_online_dating">[[#Your_looks_define_perception_of_your_personality_in_online_dating|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Your looks define perception of your personality in online dating</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man.27s_personality_only_matters_to_a_woman_if_he_meets_her_basic_looks_cutoff_first">[[#A_man.27s_personality_only_matters_to_a_woman_if_he_meets_her_basic_looks_cutoff_first|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man's personality only matters to a woman if he meets her basic looks cutoff first</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBeing_unattractive_reduces_men.27s_chances_of_finding_partners.2C_but_not_women.27s">[[#Being_unattractive_reduces_men.27s_chances_of_finding_partners.2C_but_not_women.27s|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Being unattractive reduces men's chances of finding partners, but not women's</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocIn_short-term_dating_and_when_women_have_many_dating_options_they_are_more_choosy_about_looks_than_men">[[#In_short-term_dating_and_when_women_have_many_dating_options_they_are_more_choosy_about_looks_than_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>In short-term dating and provided many options, women care more about looks than men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc.27Very_unattractive.27_women_are_more_likely_to_be_married_than_other_women">[[#.27Very_unattractive.27_women_are_more_likely_to_be_married_than_other_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>'Very unattractive' women are more likely to be married than other women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_less_likely_to_use_a_condom_with_a_more_attractive_male_partner">[[#Women_are_less_likely_to_use_a_condom_with_a_more_attractive_male_partner|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.15</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are less likely to use a condom with a more attractive male partner</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man.27s_masculinity_and_physical_attractiveness_predicts_a_woman.27s_chance_of_orgasm">[[#A_man.27s_masculinity_and_physical_attractiveness_predicts_a_woman.27s_chance_of_orgasm|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.16</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man's masculinity and physical attractiveness predicts a woman's chance of orgasm</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man.27s_physical_attractiveness_to_other_women_predicts_his_partner.27s_chance_of_orgasm">[[#A_man.27s_physical_attractiveness_to_other_women_predicts_his_partner.27s_chance_of_orgasm|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.17</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man's physical attractiveness to other women predicts his partner's chance of orgasm</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_attractiveness_gap_in_a_couple_predicts_how_long_they_wait_before_engaging_in_sex">[[#The_attractiveness_gap_in_a_couple_predicts_how_long_they_wait_before_engaging_in_sex|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.18</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The attractiveness gap in a couple predicts how long they wait before engaging in sex</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocFace">[[#Face|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Face</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen.27s_facial_masculinity_determines_female_interest_for_friendship_vs._short.2Flong-term_dating">[[#Men.27s_facial_masculinity_determines_female_interest_for_friendship_vs._short.2Flong-term_dating|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men's facial masculinity determines female interest for friendship vs. short/long-term dating</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_with_dominant.2C_aggressive_faces_.28high_fWHR.29_are_preferred_for_short_term_relationships">[[#Men_with_dominant.2C_aggressive_faces_.28high_fWHR.29_are_preferred_for_short_term_relationships|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women prefer men with dominant, aggressive and wide faces (high fWHR)</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocHigh_fWHR_men_express_greater_psychopathy.2C_aggression.2C_cheating.2C_and_exploitative_behavior">[[#High_fWHR_men_express_greater_psychopathy.2C_aggression.2C_cheating.2C_and_exploitative_behavior|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>High fWHR men express greater psychopathy, aggression, cheating, and exploitative behavior</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocTeenage_boys_with_.27dominant.27_facial_features_have_sex_earlier">[[#Teenage_boys_with_.27dominant.27_facial_features_have_sex_earlier|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Teenage boys with 'dominant' facial features have sex earlier</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_who_have_experienced_domestic_violence_find_men_with_higher_fWHRs_more_attractive">[[#Women_who_have_experienced_domestic_violence_find_men_with_higher_fWHRs_more_attractive|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women who have experienced domestic violence find men with higher fWHRs more attractive</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocHigh_fWHR_is_associated_with_greater_lifetime_reproductive_success">[[#High_fWHR_is_associated_with_greater_lifetime_reproductive_success|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>High fWHR is associated with greater lifetime reproductive success</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocEven_chickens_prefer_sexually_dimorphic_human_faces.2C_to_the_same_extent_as_humans">[[#Even_chickens_prefer_sexually_dimorphic_human_faces.2C_to_the_same_extent_as_humans|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Even chickens prefer sexually dimorphic human faces, to the same extent as humans</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocSymmetry_is_universally_beautiful_and_leads_to_more_sexual_partners">[[#Symmetry_is_universally_beautiful_and_leads_to_more_sexual_partners|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Symmetry is universally beautiful and leads to more sexual partners</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFacial_plastic_surgery_significantly_changes_how_a_man.27s_personality_is_perceived">[[#Facial_plastic_surgery_significantly_changes_how_a_man.27s_personality_is_perceived|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Facial plastic surgery significantly changes how a man's personality is perceived</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFacial_shape_predicts_perceived_leadership_ability_and_election_outcomes">[[#Facial_shape_predicts_perceived_leadership_ability_and_election_outcomes|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Facial shape predicts perceived leadership ability and election outcomes</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFacial_attractiveness_contributes_more_to_overall_attractiveness_than_body.2C_particularly_in_men">[[#Facial_attractiveness_contributes_more_to_overall_attractiveness_than_body.2C_particularly_in_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Facial attractiveness contributes more to overall attractiveness than body, particularly in men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFacial_attractiveness_is_more_important_than_body_because_a_face_can.27t_easily_be_changed">[[#Facial_attractiveness_is_more_important_than_body_because_a_face_can.27t_easily_be_changed|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Facial attractiveness is more important than body because a face can't easily be changed</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBald_men_and_men_with_thinning_hair_are_perceived_as_less_attractive">[[#Bald_men_and_men_with_thinning_hair_are_perceived_as_less_attractive|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Bald men and men with thinning hair are perceived as less attractive</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMales_who_start_puberty_late_are_more_likely_to_remain_sexually_inexperienced_or_virgins">[[#Males_who_start_puberty_late_are_more_likely_to_remain_sexually_inexperienced_or_virgins|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Males who start puberty late are more likely to remain sexually inexperienced or virgins</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocMoney">[[#Money|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Money</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man_having_the_.22correct.22_race.2C_height.2C_and_face_is_worth_millions_of_dollars_to_women">[[#A_man_having_the_.22correct.22_race.2C_height.2C_and_face_is_worth_millions_of_dollars_to_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man having the "correct" race, height, and face is worth millions of dollars to women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc23-33.25_of_women_intentionally_mislead_men_they_are_not_interested_in_for_free_meals">[[#23-33.25_of_women_intentionally_mislead_men_they_are_not_interested_in_for_free_meals|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>23-33% of women intentionally mislead men they are not interested in for free meals</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_orgasm_more_when_having_sex_with_rich_men">[[#Women_orgasm_more_when_having_sex_with_rich_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women orgasm more when having sex with rich men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMost_women_fake_orgasms_and_moan_loudly_without_having_orgasms">[[#Most_women_fake_orgasms_and_moan_loudly_without_having_orgasms|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Most women fake orgasms and moan loudly without having orgasms</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_with_much_lower_incomes_than_their_wives_are_more_than_twice_as_likely_to_not_have_sex">[[#Men_with_much_lower_incomes_than_their_wives_are_more_than_twice_as_likely_to_not_have_sex|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men with much lower incomes than their wives are more than twice as likely to not have sex</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPhotoshopping_a_man_into_a_luxury_apartment_made_women_rate_him_as_30.25_more_attractive">[[#Photoshopping_a_man_into_a_luxury_apartment_made_women_rate_him_as_30.25_more_attractive|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Photoshopping a man into a luxury apartment made women rate him as 30% more attractive</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_1.2C000x_more_sensitive_than_men_to_economic_status_cues_when_rating_attractiveness">[[#Women_are_1.2C000x_more_sensitive_than_men_to_economic_status_cues_when_rating_attractiveness|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are 1,000x more sensitive than men to economic status cues when rating attractiveness</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBy_the_end_of_her_life.2C_the_average_woman_will_have_a_negative_.24122.2C000_net_fiscal_impact">[[#By_the_end_of_her_life.2C_the_average_woman_will_have_a_negative_.24122.2C000_net_fiscal_impact|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>By the end of her life, the average woman will have a negative $122,000 net fiscal impact</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocHeight">[[#Height|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Height</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man.27s_height_determines_his_dating_pool._Over_94.25_of_women_reject_men_for_being_.22too_short.22">[[#A_man.27s_height_determines_his_dating_pool._Over_94.25_of_women_reject_men_for_being_.22too_short.22|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man's height determines his dating pool. Over 94% of women reject men for being "too short"</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_happiest_with_their_partner.27s_heights_when_they_are_8.24.22_inches_taller_then_them">[[#Women_are_happiest_with_their_partner.27s_heights_when_they_are_8.24.22_inches_taller_then_them|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are happiest with their partner's heights when they are 8.24" inches taller then them</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocShort_men_have_twice_the_suicide_rate_of_tall_men">[[#Short_men_have_twice_the_suicide_rate_of_tall_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Short men have twice the suicide rate of tall men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc24.25_of_men_under_5.279.22_would_undergo_surgery_costing_31.25_of_their_life_savings_to_be_taller">[[#24.25_of_men_under_5.279.22_would_undergo_surgery_costing_31.25_of_their_life_savings_to_be_taller|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>24% of men under 5'9" would undergo surgery costing 31% of their life savings to be taller</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc.27Short_man_syndrome.27_is_a_myth_-_taller_men_are_quicker_to_lose_their_tempers_than_short_men">[[#.27Short_man_syndrome.27_is_a_myth_-_taller_men_are_quicker_to_lose_their_tempers_than_short_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Taller men are quicker to engage in physical aggression than short men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocTaller_men_have_more_partners_and_father_more_children">[[#Taller_men_have_more_partners_and_father_more_children|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Taller men have more partners and father more children</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocSperm_banks_require_that_men_be_at_least_5.278.22_tall">[[#Sperm_banks_require_that_men_be_at_least_5.278.22_tall|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Sperm banks require that men be at least 5'8" tall</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_.231_most_important_thing_to_women_in_a_man.27s_online_dating_bio_is_if_he_says_he_is_6.27_tall">[[#The_.231_most_important_thing_to_women_in_a_man.27s_online_dating_bio_is_if_he_says_he_is_6.27_tall|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The most important thing to women in a man's online dating bio is that he claims to be 6' tall</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocTaller_men_report_more_satisfaction_in_their_romantic_relationships_than_shorter_men">[[#Taller_men_report_more_satisfaction_in_their_romantic_relationships_than_shorter_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Taller men report more satisfaction in their romantic relationships than shorter men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocShort_students_more_likely_to_be_bullied_in_school">[[#Short_students_more_likely_to_be_bullied_in_school|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Short students more likely to be bullied in school</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocShort_men_more_likely_to_experience_premature_hair_loss">[[#Short_men_more_likely_to_experience_premature_hair_loss|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Short men more likely to experience premature hair loss</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocBody">[[#Body|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Body</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc36.4.25_of_US_male_online_daters_are_now_resorting_to_anabolic_steroids_.26_bulimia_to_compete">[[#36.4.25_of_US_male_online_daters_are_now_resorting_to_anabolic_steroids_.26_bulimia_to_compete|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>36.4% of US male online daters are now resorting to anabolic steroids & bulimia to compete</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocRated_strength_is_the_main_predictor_of_men.27s_bodily_attractiveness._No_women_prefer_weak_men">[[#Rated_strength_is_the_main_predictor_of_men.27s_bodily_attractiveness._No_women_prefer_weak_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Rated strength is the main predictor of men's bodily attractiveness. No women prefer weak men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_most_attractive_BMI_range_for_men_is_~24.5-27_and_for_women_~17-19_as_it_is_most_youthful">[[#The_most_attractive_BMI_range_for_men_is_~24.5-27_and_for_women_~17-19_as_it_is_most_youthful|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The most attractive BMI range for men is ~24.5-27 and for women ~17-19 as it is most youthful</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_prefer_low_waist-hip_ratios_in_women">[[#Men_prefer_low_waist-hip_ratios_in_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men prefer low waist-hip ratios in women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocEven_congenitally_blind_men_prefer_a_low_waist-hip_ratio_in_women">[[#Even_congenitally_blind_men_prefer_a_low_waist-hip_ratio_in_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Even congenitally blind men prefer a low waist-hip ratio in women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man.27s_muscle_building_capacity_is_primarily_determined_by_genetics">[[#A_man.27s_muscle_building_capacity_is_primarily_determined_by_genetics|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man's muscle building capacity is primarily determined by genetics</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAmong_male_university_students.2C_only_cues_of_physical_dominance_over_other_men_predicted_their_mating_success">[[#Among_male_university_students.2C_only_cues_of_physical_dominance_over_other_men_predicted_their_mating_success|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Among university students, only physical dominance over other men predicted mating success</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAntisocial_personality_disorders_are_linked_with_being_overweight.2Fobese_in_women_but_not_men">[[#Antisocial_personality_disorders_are_linked_with_being_overweight.2Fobese_in_women_but_not_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Antisocial personality disorders are linked with being overweight/obese in women but not men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAcross_91_studies.2C_bodily_masculinity_was_predictive_of_men.27s_mating_and_reproductive_success">[[#Across_91_studies.2C_bodily_masculinity_was_predictive_of_men.27s_mating_and_reproductive_success|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Across 91 studies, bodily masculinity was predictive of men's mating and reproductive success</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocPenis">[[#Penis|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">10</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Penis</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_most_prefer_penises_longer_than_84.8.25_of_all_men.27s">[[#Women_most_prefer_penises_longer_than_84.8.25_of_all_men.27s|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">10.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women most prefer penises longer than 84.8% of all men's</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLarger_penis_size_has_an_equivalent_effect_on_male_attractiveness_to_women_as_greater_height">[[#Larger_penis_size_has_an_equivalent_effect_on_male_attractiveness_to_women_as_greater_height|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">10.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Larger penis size has an equivalent effect on male attractiveness to women as greater height</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_who_prefer_longer_penises_are_more_likely_to_have_vaginal_orgasms">[[#Women_who_prefer_longer_penises_are_more_likely_to_have_vaginal_orgasms|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">10.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women who prefer longer penises are more likely to have vaginal orgasms</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc90.25_of_women_agree_that_penis_girth_is_more_important_than_length_for_their_sexual_satisfaction">[[#90.25_of_women_agree_that_penis_girth_is_more_important_than_length_for_their_sexual_satisfaction|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">10.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>90% of women agree that penis girth is more important than length for their sexual satisfaction</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocVoice">[[#Voice|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">11</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Voice</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_with_deeper_voices_have_more_children_and_sexual_partners">[[#Men_with_deeper_voices_have_more_children_and_sexual_partners|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">11.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men with deeper voices have more children and sexual partners</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocSocial_dialect_and_men.E2.80.99s_voice_pitch_influence_women.E2.80.99s_mate_preferences">[[#Social_dialect_and_men.E2.80.99s_voice_pitch_influence_women.E2.80.99s_mate_preferences|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">11.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Social dialect and men’s voice pitch influence women’s mate preferences</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAmong_male_CEOs.2C_voice_pitch_is_a_significant_predictor_of_earnings">[[#Among_male_CEOs.2C_voice_pitch_is_a_significant_predictor_of_earnings|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">11.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Among male CEOs, voice pitch is a significant predictor of earnings</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAutistic_males_are_much_more_likely_to_have_a_nasal_voice">[[#Autistic_males_are_much_more_likely_to_have_a_nasal_voice|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">11.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Autistic males are much more likely to have a nasal voice</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocAge">[[#Age|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Age</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocIt_is_normal_for_healthy_men_to_find_pubescent_.26_prepubescent_females_sexually_arousing">[[#It_is_normal_for_healthy_men_to_find_pubescent_.26_prepubescent_females_sexually_arousing|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>It is normal for healthy men to find pubescent & prepubescent females sexually arousing</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_rate_the_faces_of_adolescent_girls_as_more_attractive_and_feminine_than_adult_women">[[#Men_rate_the_faces_of_adolescent_girls_as_more_attractive_and_feminine_than_adult_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men rate the faces of adolescent girls as more attractive and feminine than adult women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_downplay_their_sexual_attraction_to_adolescent_girls.2C_even_where_they_are_of_legal_age">[[#Men_downplay_their_sexual_attraction_to_adolescent_girls.2C_even_where_they_are_of_legal_age|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men downplay their sexual attraction to adolescent girls, even where they are of legal age</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_sexually_prefer_young_women_throughout_life.2C_while_women_prefer_age-matched_men">[[#Men_sexually_prefer_young_women_throughout_life.2C_while_women_prefer_age-matched_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men sexually prefer young women throughout life, while women prefer age-matched men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen.27s_desirability_to_women_online_peaks_at_50.2C_while_women.27s_peaks_at_18_and_then_falls_rapidly">[[#Men.27s_desirability_to_women_online_peaks_at_50.2C_while_women.27s_peaks_at_18_and_then_falls_rapidly|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men's desirability to women online peaks at 50, while women's peaks at 18 and then falls rapidly</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocYounger_female_prostitutes_are_in_higher_demand_and_charge_more.2C_across_numerous_cultures">[[#Younger_female_prostitutes_are_in_higher_demand_and_charge_more.2C_across_numerous_cultures|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Younger female prostitutes are in higher demand and charge more, across numerous cultures</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_age_facially_at_2-3_times_the_rate_of_men">[[#Women_age_facially_at_2-3_times_the_rate_of_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women age facially at 2-3 times the rate of men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAge_gap_couples_fare_better_than_age_similar_couples">[[#Age_gap_couples_fare_better_than_age_similar_couples|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Age gap couples fare better than age similar couples</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocYoung_Americans_are_harsher_critics_than_older_Americans_of_older_men_dating_younger_women">[[#Young_Americans_are_harsher_critics_than_older_Americans_of_older_men_dating_younger_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Young Americans are harsher critics than older Americans of older men dating younger women</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocHypergamy">[[#Hypergamy|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Hypergamy</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_rate_80.25_of_men_as_.22below_average.22.2C_while_men_rate_women_on_a_bell_curve">[[#Women_rate_80.25_of_men_as_.22below_average.22.2C_while_men_rate_women_on_a_bell_curve|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women rate 80% of men as "below medium", while men rate women on a bell curve</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocIn_sexually_liberated_societies.2C_only_women_decide_when_sex_occurs">[[#In_sexually_liberated_societies.2C_only_women_decide_when_sex_occurs|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>In sexually liberated societies, only women decide when sex occurs</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_prefer_men_with_high_income_and_high_educational_status">[[#Women_prefer_men_with_high_income_and_high_educational_status|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women prefer men with high income and high educational status</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocCareer_women_are_refusing_to_marry_down_facing_a_.27shortage.27_of_equally_or_more_successful_men">[[#Career_women_are_refusing_to_marry_down_facing_a_.27shortage.27_of_equally_or_more_successful_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Career women are refusing to marry down facing a 'shortage' of equally or more successful men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_survey_found_a_dramatically_higher_median_sex_partner_count_for_young_women_than_young_men">[[#A_survey_found_a_dramatically_higher_median_sex_partner_count_for_young_women_than_young_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A survey found a dramatically higher median sex partner count for young women than young men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen.27s_social_status_accounts_for_62.25_of_the_variance_of_copulation_opportunities">[[#Men.27s_social_status_accounts_for_62.25_of_the_variance_of_copulation_opportunities|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men's social status accounts for 62% of the variance of copulation opportunities</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc93.25_of_women_preferred_being_asked_out_on_a_date_rather_than_doing_the_asking">[[#93.25_of_women_preferred_being_asked_out_on_a_date_rather_than_doing_the_asking|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>93% of women preferred being asked out on a date rather than doing the asking</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_top_10.25_of_men_get_58.25_of_women.27s_likes_in_online_dating">[[#The_top_10.25_of_men_get_58.25_of_women.27s_likes_in_online_dating|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The top 10% of men get 58% of women's likes in online dating</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_like_61.9.25_of_female_profiles.2C_women_like_only_4.5.25_of_male_profiles">[[#Men_like_61.9.25_of_female_profiles.2C_women_like_only_4.5.25_of_male_profiles|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men like 61.9% of female profiles, women like only 4.5% of male profiles</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_top_5-20.25_of_men_.28ie._.22Chads.22.29_are_now_having_more_sex_than_ever_before">[[#The_top_5-20.25_of_men_.28ie._.22Chads.22.29_are_now_having_more_sex_than_ever_before|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The top 5-20% of men (ie. "Chads") are now having more sex than ever before</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAverage_women_receive_15_times_as_many_matches_as_average_men_on_Tinder">[[#Average_women_receive_15_times_as_many_matches_as_average_men_on_Tinder|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Average women receive 15 times as many matches as average men on Tinder</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocTinder_manipulates_male_profile_visibility_to_promote_hypergamy_.26_maximize_revenues_from_men">[[#Tinder_manipulates_male_profile_visibility_to_promote_hypergamy_.26_maximize_revenues_from_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Tinder manipulates male profile visibility to promote hypergamy & maximize revenues from men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_more_attracted_to_men_who_are_already_in_relationships_than_single_men">[[#Women_are_more_attracted_to_men_who_are_already_in_relationships_than_single_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are more attracted to men who are already in relationships than single men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_prone_to_instability_when_they_are_more_attractive_than_their_male_partner">[[#Women_are_prone_to_instability_when_they_are_more_attractive_than_their_male_partner|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are prone to instability when they are more attractive than their male partner</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBefore_.27enforced_monogamy.27.2C_women.27s_effective_population_size_was_up_to_17x_larger_than_men.27s">[[#Before_.27enforced_monogamy.27.2C_women.27s_effective_population_size_was_up_to_17x_larger_than_men.27s|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.15</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Before 'enforced monogamy', women's effective population size was up to 17x larger than men's</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_bitterly_reject_unattractive_men_after_facing_rejection_themselves_by_an_attractive_man">[[#Women_bitterly_reject_unattractive_men_after_facing_rejection_themselves_by_an_attractive_man|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.16</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women bitterly reject unattractive men after facing rejection themselves by an attractive man</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_large_survey_study_found_no_clues_to_stronger_sexual_motivation_among_women">[[#A_large_survey_study_found_no_clues_to_stronger_sexual_motivation_among_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.17</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A large survey study found no clues to stronger sexual motivation among women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAversion_to_having_the_wife_earn_more_explains_29.25_of_the_decline_in_marriages">[[#Aversion_to_having_the_wife_earn_more_explains_29.25_of_the_decline_in_marriages|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.18</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Aversion to having the wife earn more explains 29% of the decline in marriages</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocCucks">[[#Cucks|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Cucks</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_name_the_wrong_man_as_the_.22father.22_for_3.36.25_of_all_childbirths">[[#Women_name_the_wrong_man_as_the_.22father.22_for_3.36.25_of_all_childbirths|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women name the wrong man as the "father" for 3.36% of all childbirths</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_rapidly_lose_interest_in_sex_once_in_a_stable_relationship_or_living_with_a_man">[[#Women_rapidly_lose_interest_in_sex_once_in_a_stable_relationship_or_living_with_a_man|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women rapidly lose interest in sex once in a stable relationship or living with a man</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_more_women_love_their_husbands.2C_the_less_likely_they_are_to_initiate_sex">[[#The_more_women_love_their_husbands.2C_the_less_likely_they_are_to_initiate_sex|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The more women love their husbands, the less likely they are to initiate sex</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_initiate_69.25_of_divorces">[[#Women_initiate_69.25_of_divorces|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women initiate 69% of divorces</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocHalf_of_women_in_relationships_report_maintaining_a_.27back-up.27_partner_in_their_social_circle">[[#Half_of_women_in_relationships_report_maintaining_a_.27back-up.27_partner_in_their_social_circle|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Half of women in relationships report maintaining a 'back-up' partner in their social circle</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocSluts">[[#Sluts|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Sluts</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_who_have_premarital_sex_partners_have_higher_divorce_rates">[[#Women_who_have_premarital_sex_partners_have_higher_divorce_rates|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women who have premarital sex partners have higher divorce rates</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPromiscuous_women_are_more_incompetent.2C_cold.2C_and_unstable.2C_according_to_women">[[#Promiscuous_women_are_more_incompetent.2C_cold.2C_and_unstable.2C_according_to_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Promiscuous women are more incompetent, cold, and unstable, according to women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_.27dehumanize.27_and_act_more_aggressively_towards_promiscuous_women">[[#Women_.27dehumanize.27_and_act_more_aggressively_towards_promiscuous_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women 'dehumanize' and act more aggressively towards promiscuous women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_write_45.0-61.3.25_of_all_.27misogynistic.27_tweets_on_Twitter_about_female_promiscuity">[[#Women_write_45.0-61.3.25_of_all_.27misogynistic.27_tweets_on_Twitter_about_female_promiscuity|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women write 45.0-61.3% of all 'misogynistic' tweets on Twitter about female promiscuity</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_sexualize_themselves_online_to_attract_high_status_mates">[[#Women_sexualize_themselves_online_to_attract_high_status_mates|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Income inequality not gender inequality explains female sexualization on social media</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_half_as_likely_as_men_to_be_very_satisfied_by_a_one_night_stand">[[#Women_are_half_as_likely_as_men_to_be_very_satisfied_by_a_one_night_stand|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are half as likely as men to be very satisfied by a one night stand</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocCasual_sex_is_associated_with_less_depression_for_men_and_more_depression_for_women">[[#Casual_sex_is_associated_with_less_depression_for_men_and_more_depression_for_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Casual sex is associated with less depression for men and more depression for women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_feel_more_.22entitlement.22_to_men.27s_bodies_for_sexual_pleasure_than_vice_versa">[[#Women_feel_more_.22entitlement.22_to_men.27s_bodies_for_sexual_pleasure_than_vice_versa|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women feel more "entitlement" to men's bodies for sexual pleasure than vice versa</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen.27s_reported_sex_partner_count_dramatically_increases_when_hooked_up_to_a_polygraph">[[#Women.27s_reported_sex_partner_count_dramatically_increases_when_hooked_up_to_a_polygraph|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women's reported sex partner count dramatically increases when hooked up to a polygraph</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_get_2-3_times_as_many_casual_sexual_relationships_from_Tinder_than_men">[[#Women_get_2-3_times_as_many_casual_sexual_relationships_from_Tinder_than_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women get 2-3 times as many casual sexual relationships from Tinder than men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc69.25_of_young_women_have_turned_down_sex_due_to_concerns_about_their_vaginal_odor">[[#69.25_of_young_women_have_turned_down_sex_due_to_concerns_about_their_vaginal_odor|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>69% of young women have turned down sex due to concerns about their vaginal odor</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_who_have_tattoos_or_piercings_or_wear_chokers_are_more_promiscuous">[[#Women_who_have_tattoos_or_piercings_or_wear_chokers_are_more_promiscuous|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women who have tattoos or piercings or wear chokers are more promiscuous</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_with_5.2B_lifetime_sexual_partners_have_a_.3E21.8.25_chance_of_carrying_genital_herpes">[[#Women_with_5.2B_lifetime_sexual_partners_have_a_.3E21.8.25_chance_of_carrying_genital_herpes|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women with 5+ lifetime sexual partners have a >21.8% chance of carrying genital herpes</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocMeToo">[[#MeToo|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16</span> <span class="toctext"><i>MeToo</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc28.25_of_young_women_now_consider_men_even_winking_at_them_to_be_sexual_harassment">[[#28.25_of_young_women_now_consider_men_even_winking_at_them_to_be_sexual_harassment|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>28% of young women now consider men even winking at them to be sexual harassment</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen.27s_definition_of_.27harassment.27_in_online_dating_depends_on_the_attractiveness_of_the_man">[[#Women.27s_definition_of_.27harassment.27_in_online_dating_depends_on_the_attractiveness_of_the_man|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women's definition of 'harassment' in online dating depends on the attractiveness of the man</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_attractiveness_of_a_male_.27harasser.27_determines_if_the_experience_is_enjoyable_or_traumatic">[[#The_attractiveness_of_a_male_.27harasser.27_determines_if_the_experience_is_enjoyable_or_traumatic|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The attractiveness of a male 'harasser' determines if the experience is enjoyable or traumatic</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAttractiveness_determines_perceptions_of_guilt_or_innocence_in_cases_of_sexual_harassment">[[#Attractiveness_determines_perceptions_of_guilt_or_innocence_in_cases_of_sexual_harassment|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Attractiveness determines perceptions of guilt or innocence in cases of sexual harassment</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_.26_especially_ugly_men_are_considered_inherently_.27creepier.27_than_women">[[#Men_.26_especially_ugly_men_are_considered_inherently_.27creepier.27_than_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men & especially ugly men are considered inherently 'creepier' than women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_permit_.27creepy.27_behavior_from_attractive_but_not_unattractive_men">[[#Women_permit_.27creepy.27_behavior_from_attractive_but_not_unattractive_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women permit 'creepy' behavior from attractive but not unattractive men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc27.25_of_men_report_avoiding_one-on-one_meetings_with_female_work_colleagues">[[#27.25_of_men_report_avoiding_one-on-one_meetings_with_female_work_colleagues|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>27% of men report avoiding one-on-one meetings with female work colleagues</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_are_equally_likely_as_women_to_be_victims_of_violent_crime">[[#Men_are_equally_likely_as_women_to_be_victims_of_violent_crime|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men are equally likely as women to be victims of violent crime</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAny_sex_a_woman_has_while_intoxicated_can_be_defined_as_rape_by_a_man_under_US_law">[[#Any_sex_a_woman_has_while_intoxicated_can_be_defined_as_rape_by_a_man_under_US_law|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Any sex a woman has while intoxicated can be defined as rape by a man under US law</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAs_many_US_men_report_being_.27forced_to_penetrate.27_each_year_as_women_report_being_raped">[[#As_many_US_men_report_being_.27forced_to_penetrate.27_each_year_as_women_report_being_raped|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>As many US men report being 'forced to penetrate' each year as women report being raped</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMore_teenage_boys_are_victims_of_.27partner_directed_violence.27_than_teenage_girls">[[#More_teenage_boys_are_victims_of_.27partner_directed_violence.27_than_teenage_girls|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>More teenage boys are victims of 'partner directed violence' than teenage girls</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMore_adult_men_are_victims_of_intimate_partner_physical_violence_than_women">[[#More_adult_men_are_victims_of_intimate_partner_physical_violence_than_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Many adult men are victims of intimate partner physical violence</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocHealth">[[#Health|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Health</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMany_people_prefer_life_without_social_media_over_life_without_sex">[[#Many_people_prefer_life_without_social_media_over_life_without_sex|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Many people prefer life without social media over life without sex</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocSex_is_the_most_pleasurable.2C_joyous.2C_and_meaningful_human_experience">[[#Sex_is_the_most_pleasurable.2C_joyous.2C_and_meaningful_human_experience|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Sex is the most pleasurable, joyous, and meaningful human experience</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMating_performance_is_significantly_related_to_happiness_and_life_satisfaction">[[#Mating_performance_is_significantly_related_to_happiness_and_life_satisfaction|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Mating performance is significantly related to happiness and life satisfaction</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPenile.E2.80.93vaginal_intercourse_is_associated_with_health.2C_but_masturbation_is_not">[[#Penile.E2.80.93vaginal_intercourse_is_associated_with_health.2C_but_masturbation_is_not|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Penile–vaginal intercourse is associated with health, but masturbation and anal sex are not</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLoneliness_increases_premature_death_rates_by_26.25_and_is_as_deadly_as_obesity">[[#Loneliness_increases_premature_death_rates_by_26.25_and_is_as_deadly_as_obesity|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Loneliness increases premature death rates by 26% and is as deadly as obesity</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_are_unhappier_being_single_than_women">[[#Men_are_unhappier_being_single_than_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men are unhappier being single than women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMales_gained_peer_status_through_having_had_sex_and_females_lost_peer_status">[[#Males_gained_peer_status_through_having_had_sex_and_females_lost_peer_status|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Males gained peer status through having had sex and females lost peer status</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBeing_single_is_a_greater_risk_factor_for_developing_depression_in_men_than_in_women">[[#Being_single_is_a_greater_risk_factor_for_developing_depression_in_men_than_in_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Being single is a greater risk factor for developing depression in men than in women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPeople_that_are_married_are_2.4x_more_likely_to_recover_early_from_clinical_depression">[[#People_that_are_married_are_2.4x_more_likely_to_recover_early_from_clinical_depression|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>People that are married are 2.4x more likely to recover early from clinical depression</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_brain_reacts_to_rejection_in_the_same_manner_as_physical_pain">[[#The_brain_reacts_to_rejection_in_the_same_manner_as_physical_pain|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The brain reacts to rejection in the same manner as physical pain</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBeing_shown_a_picture_of_a_romantic_partner_results_in_higher_pain_tolerance">[[#Being_shown_a_picture_of_a_romantic_partner_results_in_higher_pain_tolerance|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Being shown a picture of a romantic partner results in higher pain tolerance</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWarm_partner_contact_lowers_stress_levels">[[#Warm_partner_contact_lowers_stress_levels|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Warm partner contact lowers stress levels</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_prefer_stoic_men_who_downplay_their_health_problems_in_a_long-term_relationship">[[#Women_prefer_stoic_men_who_downplay_their_health_problems_in_a_long-term_relationship|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women prefer stoic men who downplay their health problems in a long-term relationship</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocSocial_life_in_college_and_at_age_30_predicts_well-being_during_midlife">[[#Social_life_in_college_and_at_age_30_predicts_well-being_during_midlife|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Social life in college and at age 30 predicts well-being during midlife</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocTinder_usage_is_associated_with_lower_self-esteem_for_men_but_not_women">[[#Tinder_usage_is_associated_with_lower_self-esteem_for_men_but_not_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.15</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Tinder usage is associated with lower self-esteem for men but not women</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocItsOver">[[#ItsOver|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18</span> <span class="toctext"><i>ItsOver</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocSexlessness_among_young_U.S._men_is_at_a_record_high">[[#Sexlessness_among_young_U.S._men_is_at_a_record_high|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Sexlessness among young U.S. men is at a record high affecting especially Asian men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocCollege_women_nowadays_are_more_likely_to_be_sexually_active_than_college_men">[[#College_women_nowadays_are_more_likely_to_be_sexually_active_than_college_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>College women nowadays are more likely to be sexually active than college men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocIncel_forums_are_disproportionately_populated_by_suicidal.2C_disabled.2C_autistic.2C_and_ethnic_men">[[#Incel_forums_are_disproportionately_populated_by_suicidal.2C_disabled.2C_autistic.2C_and_ethnic_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Incel forums are disproportionately populated by suicidal, disabled, autistic, and ethnic men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc42.25_of_men_and_44.25_of_women_18-34_years_old_and_unmarried_in_Japan_are_now_virgins">[[#42.25_of_men_and_44.25_of_women_18-34_years_old_and_unmarried_in_Japan_are_now_virgins|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>42% of men and 44% of women 18-34 years old and unmarried in Japan are now virgins</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThere_are_now_70_million_excess_men_in_China_and_India_who_will_live_and_die_without_partners">[[#There_are_now_70_million_excess_men_in_China_and_India_who_will_live_and_die_without_partners|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>There are now 70 million excess men in China and India who will live and die without partners</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_percent_of_high_school_students_who_date_is_plummeting">[[#The_percent_of_high_school_students_who_date_is_plummeting|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The percent of high school students who date is plummeting</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMeeting_online_is_now_the_primary_way_relationships_are_formed">[[#Meeting_online_is_now_the_primary_way_relationships_are_formed|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Meeting online is now the primary way relationships are formed</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMost_online_dating_sites_are_dominated_by_men.2C_only_21.25-34.25_of_users_are_female">[[#Most_online_dating_sites_are_dominated_by_men.2C_only_21.25-34.25_of_users_are_female|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Most online dating sites are dominated by men, only 21%-34% of users are female</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc30.25_of_millennials_are_often_or_always_lonely_and_22.25_have_no_friends">[[#30.25_of_millennials_are_often_or_always_lonely_and_22.25_have_no_friends|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>30% of millennials are often or always lonely and 22% have no friends</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc41.1.25_percent_of_U.S_college_students_report_being_depressed.3B_6.6.25_have_planned_their_suicide">[[#41.1.25_percent_of_U.S_college_students_report_being_depressed.3B_6.6.25_have_planned_their_suicide|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>41.1% percent of U.S college students report being depressed; 6.6% have planned their suicide</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_are_more_likely_than_women_to_commit_suicide">[[#Men_are_more_likely_than_women_to_commit_suicide|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men are more likely than women to commit suicide</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWinners_in_a_rigged_game_will_consider_the_game_fair_as_long_as_they_keep_winning">[[#Winners_in_a_rigged_game_will_consider_the_game_fair_as_long_as_they_keep_winning|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Winners in a rigged game will consider the game fair as long as they keep winning</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocInvoluntary_celibacy_is_defined_academically_as_6_months_of_celibacy_despite_effort_for_sex">[[#Involuntary_celibacy_is_defined_academically_as_6_months_of_celibacy_despite_effort_for_sex|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Involuntary celibacy is defined academically as 6 months of celibacy despite effort for sex</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBeing_widowed_in_one.27s_20s_increases_suicide_risk_by_~17x_for_men.2C_but_only_~4x_for_women">[[#Being_widowed_in_one.27s_20s_increases_suicide_risk_by_~17x_for_men.2C_but_only_~4x_for_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Being widowed in one's 20s increases suicide risk by ~17x for men, but only ~4x for women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMonogamy_may_have_been_selected_by_cultural_evolution_because_of_its_benefits_for_society">[[#Monogamy_may_have_been_selected_by_cultural_evolution_because_of_its_benefits_for_society|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.15</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Monogamy may have been selected by cultural evolution because of its benefits for society</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocArranged_marriage_may_be_natural_for_humans">[[#Arranged_marriage_may_be_natural_for_humans|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.16</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Arranged marriage may be natural for humans</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPopularity_continues_to_exist_in_college_and_bullying_exists_both_in_college_and_after_college">[[#Popularity_continues_to_exist_in_college_and_bullying_exists_both_in_college_and_after_college|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.17</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Popularity continues to exist in college and bullying exists both in college and after college</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMissing_out_on_teenage_love_damages_sexual_success_later_on">[[#Missing_out_on_teenage_love_damages_sexual_success_later_on|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.18</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Missing out on teenage love damages sexual success later on</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_stigma_against_virginity_exists_and_many_women_refuse_to_date_a_virgin">[[#A_stigma_against_virginity_exists_and_many_women_refuse_to_date_a_virgin|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.19</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A stigma against virginity exists and many women refuse to date a virgin</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocInvoluntarily_celibates_often_were_ostracized.2C_bullied.2C_and_socially_withdrawn_during_childhood">[[#Involuntarily_celibates_often_were_ostracized.2C_bullied.2C_and_socially_withdrawn_during_childhood|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.20</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Involuntarily celibates often were ostracized, bullied, and socially withdrawn during childhood</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocYoung_men_are_now_more_likely_to_be_single_than_young_women">[[#Young_men_are_now_more_likely_to_be_single_than_young_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.21</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Young men are now more likely to be single than young women</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocSee_also">[[#See_also|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">19</span> <span class="toctext"><i>See also</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"></ul></li></ul></div>
</div><center>'''Contents'''</center><p style="max-width: 700px; line-height: 1.9">Categories: [[#tocPersonality|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Personality</span>]] [[#tocMental|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Mental</span>]] [[#tocRace|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Race</span>]] [[#tocLooks_.28Life.29|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Looks (Life)</span>]] [[#tocLooks_.28Love.29|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Looks (Love)</span>]] [[#tocFace|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Face</span>]] [[#tocMoney|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Money</span>]] [[#tocHeight|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Height</span>]] [[#tocBody|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Body</span>]] [[#tocPenis|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Penis</span>]] [[#tocVoice|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Voice</span>]] [[#tocAge|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Age</span>]] [[#tocHypergamy|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Hypergamy</span>]] [[#tocCucks|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Cucks</span>]] [[#tocSluts|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Sluts</span>]] [[#tocMeToo|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">MeToo</span>]] [[#tocHealth|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Health</span>]] [[#tocItsOver|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">ItsOver</span>]] </p><ul style="list-style: none; margin-left: 0"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocPersonality">[[#Personality|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Personality</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocOn_average.2C_women_are_attracted_to_the_Dark_Triad.E2.80.94narcissism.2C_manipulativeness.2C_.26_psychopathy">[[#On_average.2C_women_are_attracted_to_the_Dark_Triad.E2.80.94narcissism.2C_manipulativeness.2C_.26_psychopathy|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women tend to be attracted to the Dark Triad—narcissism, manipulativeness, & psychopathy</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_more_attracted_to_psychopathic_men">[[#Women_are_more_attracted_to_psychopathic_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>More psychopathic men tend to receive higher attractiveness ratings from women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocOn_PornHub.2C_women_consume_most_of_the_porn_where_women_are_violently_raped_and_abused">[[#On_PornHub.2C_women_consume_most_of_the_porn_where_women_are_violently_raped_and_abused|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>On PornHub, women consume most of the porn where women are violently raped and abused</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc62.25_of_women_have_fantasies_about_rape_and_other_forced_sex_acts">[[#62.25_of_women_have_fantasies_about_rape_and_other_forced_sex_acts|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>62% of women have fantasies about rape and other forced sex acts</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc50.25_of_female_porn_viewers_admitted_to_watching_porn_involving_extreme_violence_against_women">[[#50.25_of_female_porn_viewers_admitted_to_watching_porn_involving_extreme_violence_against_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>50% of female porn viewers admitted to watching porn involving extreme violence against women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_drawn_more_than_men_to_nonfiction_stories_of_rape.2C_murder.2C_and_serial_killers">[[#Women_are_drawn_more_than_men_to_nonfiction_stories_of_rape.2C_murder.2C_and_serial_killers|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are drawn more than men to nonfiction stories of rape, murder, and serial killers</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocCriminal_and_anti-social_men_have_more_sexual_partners_and_have_sex_earlier">[[#Criminal_and_anti-social_men_have_more_sexual_partners_and_have_sex_earlier|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Criminal and antisocial men have more sexual partners and have sex earlier</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_who_exhibit_antisocial_and_criminal_behaviors_reproduce_more_successfully">[[#Men_who_exhibit_antisocial_and_criminal_behaviors_reproduce_more_successfully|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Antisocial, criminal and violent men have greater sexual access to women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMale_serial_killers.2C_terrorists.2C_and_rapists_receive_thousands_of_love_letters_from_women_in_prison">[[#Male_serial_killers.2C_terrorists.2C_and_rapists_receive_thousands_of_love_letters_from_women_in_prison|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Imprisoned serial killers, terrorists and rapists receive thousands of love letters from women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMale_gang_members_have_dramatically_more_female_sexual_partners">[[#Male_gang_members_have_dramatically_more_female_sexual_partners|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Male gang members have dramatically more female sexual partners</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocChildhood_bullies_experience_greater_sexual_success_than_non-bullies">[[#Childhood_bullies_experience_greater_sexual_success_than_non-bullies|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Childhood bullies experience greater sexual success than non-bullies</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMore_than_half_of_prison_staff_sexual_misconduct_involves_female_guards.2Fstaff">[[#More_than_half_of_prison_staff_sexual_misconduct_involves_female_guards.2Fstaff|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>More than half of prison staff sexual misconduct involves female guards/staff</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc39.25_of_hospitalized_male_psychopaths_had_consensual_sex_with_female_mental_health_staff">[[#39.25_of_hospitalized_male_psychopaths_had_consensual_sex_with_female_mental_health_staff|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>39% of hospitalized male psychopaths had consensual sex with female mental health staff</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_desiring_marriage_and_commitment_are_more_attracted_to_narcissistic_men">[[#Women_desiring_marriage_and_commitment_are_more_attracted_to_narcissistic_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women desiring marriage and commitment are more attracted to narcissistic men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFemale_narcissism_reduces_marital_quality_for_men.2C_but_male_narcissism_does_not_for_women">[[#Female_narcissism_reduces_marital_quality_for_men.2C_but_male_narcissism_does_not_for_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.15</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Female narcissism reduces marital quality for men, but male narcissism does not for women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_are_attracted_to_.22nice.22_women.2C_but_women_are_not_attracted_to_.22nice.22_men">[[#Men_are_attracted_to_.22nice.22_women.2C_but_women_are_not_attracted_to_.22nice.22_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.16</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men are attracted to "nice" women, but women are not attracted to "nice" men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocVegetarian_men_are_less_attractive.2C_likable.2C_and_masculine_to_women_than_omnivorous_men">[[#Vegetarian_men_are_less_attractive.2C_likable.2C_and_masculine_to_women_than_omnivorous_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.17</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Vegetarian men are less attractive, likable, and masculine to women than omnivorous men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocRapists_are_far_more_sexually_active_than_other_men">[[#Rapists_are_far_more_sexually_active_than_other_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.18</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Rapists are far more sexually active than other men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBenevolent_sexism_is_approved_in_society_by_both_men_and_women">[[#Benevolent_sexism_is_approved_in_society_by_both_men_and_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.19</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Benevolent sexism is approved in society by both men and women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMisogynistic_men_are_more_sexually_active_than_most_men">[[#Misogynistic_men_are_more_sexually_active_than_most_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.20</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Misogynistic men are more sexually active than most men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPhysically_attractive_people_convey_personality_traits_better_during_first_impressions">[[#Physically_attractive_people_convey_personality_traits_better_during_first_impressions|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.21</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Physically attractive people convey personality traits better during first impressions</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocMental">[[#Mental|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Mental</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc69.25_of_high_functioning_autistic_adolescents_want_relationships.2C_but_almost_none_succeed">[[#69.25_of_high_functioning_autistic_adolescents_want_relationships.2C_but_almost_none_succeed|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>69% of high functioning autistic adolescents want relationships, but almost none succeed</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc44.6.25_of_high_functioning_adult_autistic_men_remain_virgins.2C_despite_high_sex.2Frelationship_drive">[[#44.6.25_of_high_functioning_adult_autistic_men_remain_virgins.2C_despite_high_sex.2Frelationship_drive|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>44.6% of high functioning adult autistic men remain virgins, despite high sex/relationship drive</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAutistic_males_are_more_likely_to_have_physically_unusual_facial_traits">[[#Autistic_males_are_more_likely_to_have_physically_unusual_facial_traits|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Autistic males are more likely to have physically unusual facial traits</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAutists_are_judged_as_awkward.2C_less_physically_attractive_and_less_approachable_within_seconds">[[#Autists_are_judged_as_awkward.2C_less_physically_attractive_and_less_approachable_within_seconds|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Autists are judged as awkward, less physically attractive and less approachable within seconds</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAutistic_men_have_10_times_as_many_suicidal_thoughts_as_normal_men">[[#Autistic_men_have_10_times_as_many_suicidal_thoughts_as_normal_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Autistic men have 10 times as many suicidal thoughts as normal men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocHigh_IQ_men_are_more_likely_to_remain_virgins_longer">[[#High_IQ_men_are_more_likely_to_remain_virgins_longer|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>High IQ men are more likely to remain virgins longer</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocTeenage_boys_with_ADHD_have_double_the_amount_of_sexual_partners_vs._.27normal.27_teens">[[#Teenage_boys_with_ADHD_have_double_the_amount_of_sexual_partners_vs._.27normal.27_teens|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Teenage boys with ADHD have double the amount of sexual partners vs. 'normal' teens</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocCluster-B_personality_disorders_lead_to_3.5x_as_many_sexual_partners_and_more_offspring">[[#Cluster-B_personality_disorders_lead_to_3.5x_as_many_sexual_partners_and_more_offspring|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Cluster-B personality disorders lead to 3.5x as many sexual partners and more offspring</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMental_disorders_significantly_reduce_male_fertility.2C_substantially_more_than_they_do_for_women">[[#Mental_disorders_significantly_reduce_male_fertility.2C_substantially_more_than_they_do_for_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Mental disorders significantly reduce men's fertility, substantially more than they do for women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPeople_accurately_perceive_a_man.27s_mental_health_from_facial_appearance_alone">[[#People_accurately_perceive_a_man.27s_mental_health_from_facial_appearance_alone|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>People accurately perceive a man's mental health from facial appearance alone</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocRace">[[#Race|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Race</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_more_racist_in_online_dating.2C_and_92-95.25_with_a_.22preference.22_exclude_any_ethnic_men">[[#Women_are_more_racist_in_online_dating.2C_and_92-95.25_with_a_.22preference.22_exclude_any_ethnic_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are more racist in online dating, and 92-95% with a "preference" exclude any ethnic men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAll_races_agree_that_whites_are_most_attractive.2C_but_women_prefer_whites_far_more_than_men">[[#All_races_agree_that_whites_are_most_attractive.2C_but_women_prefer_whites_far_more_than_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>All races agree that whites are most attractive, but women prefer whites far more than men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_more_racist_than_men_in_speed_dating.2C_and_find_Asian_men_least_physically_attractive">[[#Women_are_more_racist_than_men_in_speed_dating.2C_and_find_Asian_men_least_physically_attractive|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are more racist than men in speed dating, and find Asian men least physically attractive</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWhite_men_get_11-14_times_as_much_interest_from_women_on_Tinder_vs._equivalent_Asian_men">[[#White_men_get_11-14_times_as_much_interest_from_women_on_Tinder_vs._equivalent_Asian_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>White men get 11-14 times as much interest from women on Tinder vs. equivalent Asian men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBeing_an_Asian_male_in_the_USA_is_a_primary_predictor_of_.27never_being_kissed.27">[[#Being_an_Asian_male_in_the_USA_is_a_primary_predictor_of_.27never_being_kissed.27|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Being Asian in the USA is a primary predictor of 'never being kissed'</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAsian_women_marry_interracially_more_than_twice_as_often_as_Asian_men">[[#Asian_women_marry_interracially_more_than_twice_as_often_as_Asian_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Asian women marry interracially more than twice as often as Asian men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAsian_men_have_half_the_relationships_as_white_men_due_to_women.27s_.27racial_hierarchy.27">[[#Asian_men_have_half_the_relationships_as_white_men_due_to_women.27s_.27racial_hierarchy.27|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Asian men have half the relationships as white men due to women's 'racial hierarchy'</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWhite_and_Asian_women_agree_white_men_are_30-50.25_more_attractive_than_Asian_men">[[#White_and_Asian_women_agree_white_men_are_30-50.25_more_attractive_than_Asian_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>White and Asian women agree white men are 30-50% more attractive than Asian men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_reply_most_online_to_white_men_and_least_to_Indian_men">[[#Women_reply_most_online_to_white_men_and_least_to_Indian_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women reply most online to white men and least to Indian men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAcross_America.2C_women_most_desire_white_men.2C_followed_by_black.2C_Hispanic.2C_and_Asian_men">[[#Across_America.2C_women_most_desire_white_men.2C_followed_by_black.2C_Hispanic.2C_and_Asian_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Across America, women most desire white men, followed by black, Hispanic, and Asian men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_enforce_stricter_racial_requirements_than_men.2C_advantaging_primarily_white_men">[[#Women_enforce_stricter_racial_requirements_than_men.2C_advantaging_primarily_white_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women enforce stricter racial requirements than men, advantaging primarily white men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFemale_porn_actresses_.27racially_dodge.27_scenes_with_Black_male_actors_or_demand_a_premium">[[#Female_porn_actresses_.27racially_dodge.27_scenes_with_Black_male_actors_or_demand_a_premium|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Female porn actresses 'racially dodge' scenes with Black male actors or demand a premium</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWhiter.2C_golden.2C_.26_rosier_.28ie._Caucasian.29_skin_is_seen_as_healthier_and_more_attractive">[[#Whiter.2C_golden.2C_.26_rosier_.28ie._Caucasian.29_skin_is_seen_as_healthier_and_more_attractive|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Whiter, golden, & rosier (ie. Caucasian) skin is seen as healthier and more attractive</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAn_Asian_face_is_more_.27similar_to_that_of_an_infant.27_than_other_races">[[#An_Asian_face_is_more_.27similar_to_that_of_an_infant.27_than_other_races|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>An Asian face is more 'similar to that of an infant' than other races</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBlack_men_and_women_appear_.27more_masculine.27_than_whites.3B_Asian_men_appear_.27less_masculine.27">[[#Black_men_and_women_appear_.27more_masculine.27_than_whites.3B_Asian_men_appear_.27less_masculine.27|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.15</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Black men and women appear 'more masculine' than whites; Asian men appear 'less masculine'</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_who_don.27t_express_a_.27racial_preference.27_in_dating_behave_the_same_as_women_who_do">[[#Women_who_don.27t_express_a_.27racial_preference.27_in_dating_behave_the_same_as_women_who_do|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.16</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women who don't express a 'racial preference' in dating behave the same as women who do</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocRacism_in_dating_is_stable_or_worsening.2C_not_improving.2C_over_time">[[#Racism_in_dating_is_stable_or_worsening.2C_not_improving.2C_over_time|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.17</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Racism in dating is stable or worsening, not improving, over time</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocLooks_.28Life.29">[[#Looks_.28Life.29|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Looks (Life)</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBeauty_is_objective_and_measurable_in_the_brain">[[#Beauty_is_objective_and_measurable_in_the_brain|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Beauty is objective and measurable in the brain</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPeople_broadly_agree_on_who_is_good_looking_or_not.2C_and_it_affects_every_aspect_of_life">[[#People_broadly_agree_on_who_is_good_looking_or_not.2C_and_it_affects_every_aspect_of_life|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>People broadly agree on who is good looking or not, and it affects every aspect of life</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocIt_takes_less_than_one_second_for_people_to_accurately_judge_beauty">[[#It_takes_less_than_one_second_for_people_to_accurately_judge_beauty|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>It takes less than one second for people to accurately judge beauty</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBabies_can_easily_differentiate_between_attractive_and_unattractive_faces">[[#Babies_can_easily_differentiate_between_attractive_and_unattractive_faces|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Babies can easily differentiate between attractive and unattractive faces</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocParents_treat_attractive_children_better_than_ugly_children">[[#Parents_treat_attractive_children_better_than_ugly_children|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Parents treat attractive children better than ugly children</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPhysical_attractiveness_in_adolescence_predicts_better_socioeconomic_status_in_adulthood">[[#Physical_attractiveness_in_adolescence_predicts_better_socioeconomic_status_in_adulthood|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Physical attractiveness in adolescence predicts better socioeconomic status in adulthood</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPhysically_attractive_individuals_are_more_likely_to_believe_in_a_.27just_world.27">[[#Physically_attractive_individuals_are_more_likely_to_believe_in_a_.27just_world.27|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Physically attractive individuals are more likely to believe in a 'just world'</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAttractive_people_are_perceived_much_more_positively_than_they_really_are">[[#Attractive_people_are_perceived_much_more_positively_than_they_really_are|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Attractive people are perceived much more positively than they really are</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAttractive_men_are_perceived_as_.27funnier.27.2C_even_when_they_are_actually_not">[[#Attractive_men_are_perceived_as_.27funnier.27.2C_even_when_they_are_actually_not|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Attractive men are perceived as 'funnier', even when they are actually not</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man.27s_looks_are_significantly_correlated_with_his_popularity_and_peer_status">[[#A_man.27s_looks_are_significantly_correlated_with_his_popularity_and_peer_status|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man's looks are significantly correlated with his popularity and peer status</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocLooks_.28Love.29">[[#Looks_.28Love.29|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Looks (Love)</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_feel_sexual_disgust_when_they_imagine_even_talking_to_an_unattractive_man">[[#Women_feel_sexual_disgust_when_they_imagine_even_talking_to_an_unattractive_man|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women feel sexual disgust when they imagine even talking to an unattractive man</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAcross_multiple_studies.2C_it_was_found_that_physical_attractiveness_determines_romantic_evaluations_equally_for_both_sexes">[[#Across_multiple_studies.2C_it_was_found_that_physical_attractiveness_determines_romantic_evaluations_equally_for_both_sexes|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Across multiple studies; attractiveness determines romantic evaluations equally for both sexes</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc70.25_of_women_would_openly_avoid_a_man_solely_because_of_his_looks">[[#70.25_of_women_would_openly_avoid_a_man_solely_because_of_his_looks|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>70% of women would avoid someone solely based on their looks, compared to 31% of men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLove_at_first_sight_can_be_predicted_by_physical_attractiveness">[[#Love_at_first_sight_can_be_predicted_by_physical_attractiveness|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Love at first sight can be predicted by physical attractiveness</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc">[[#|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Only a man's looks and race matter in online dating - his personality does not</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLooks_are_most_important_to_women_in_speed_dating">[[#Looks_are_most_important_to_women_in_speed_dating|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Looks are most important in speed dating</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLooks_are_most_important_to_women_in_video_dating">[[#Looks_are_most_important_to_women_in_video_dating|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Looks are most important in video dating</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLooks_are_most_important_to_women_in_blind_dating">[[#Looks_are_most_important_to_women_in_blind_dating|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Looks are most important in blind dating</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocIt_is_Looks_.3E_Personality_.3E_Money_for_both_genders.2C_but_women_lie_more_about_it">[[#It_is_Looks_.3E_Personality_.3E_Money_for_both_genders.2C_but_women_lie_more_about_it|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>It is Looks > Personality > Money for both genders, but women lie more about it</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocYour_looks_define_perception_of_your_personality_in_online_dating">[[#Your_looks_define_perception_of_your_personality_in_online_dating|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Your looks define perception of your personality in online dating</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man.27s_personality_only_matters_to_a_woman_if_he_meets_her_basic_looks_cutoff_first">[[#A_man.27s_personality_only_matters_to_a_woman_if_he_meets_her_basic_looks_cutoff_first|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man's personality only matters to a woman if he meets her basic looks cutoff first</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBeing_unattractive_reduces_men.27s_chances_of_finding_partners.2C_but_not_women.27s">[[#Being_unattractive_reduces_men.27s_chances_of_finding_partners.2C_but_not_women.27s|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Being unattractive reduces men's chances of finding partners, but not women's</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocIn_short-term_dating_and_when_women_have_many_dating_options_they_are_more_choosy_about_looks_than_men">[[#In_short-term_dating_and_when_women_have_many_dating_options_they_are_more_choosy_about_looks_than_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>In short-term dating and provided many options, women care more about looks than men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc.27Very_unattractive.27_women_are_more_likely_to_be_married_than_other_women">[[#.27Very_unattractive.27_women_are_more_likely_to_be_married_than_other_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>'Very unattractive' women are more likely to be married than other women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_less_likely_to_use_a_condom_with_a_more_attractive_male_partner">[[#Women_are_less_likely_to_use_a_condom_with_a_more_attractive_male_partner|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.15</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are less likely to use a condom with a more attractive male partner</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man.27s_masculinity_and_physical_attractiveness_predicts_a_woman.27s_chance_of_orgasm">[[#A_man.27s_masculinity_and_physical_attractiveness_predicts_a_woman.27s_chance_of_orgasm|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.16</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man's masculinity and physical attractiveness predicts a woman's chance of orgasm</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man.27s_physical_attractiveness_to_other_women_predicts_his_partner.27s_chance_of_orgasm">[[#A_man.27s_physical_attractiveness_to_other_women_predicts_his_partner.27s_chance_of_orgasm|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.17</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man's physical attractiveness to other women predicts his partner's chance of orgasm</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_attractiveness_gap_in_a_couple_predicts_how_long_they_wait_before_engaging_in_sex">[[#The_attractiveness_gap_in_a_couple_predicts_how_long_they_wait_before_engaging_in_sex|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.18</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The attractiveness gap in a couple predicts how long they wait before engaging in sex</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocFace">[[#Face|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Face</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen.27s_facial_masculinity_determines_female_interest_for_friendship_vs._short.2Flong-term_dating">[[#Men.27s_facial_masculinity_determines_female_interest_for_friendship_vs._short.2Flong-term_dating|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men's facial masculinity determines female interest for friendship vs. short/long-term dating</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_with_dominant.2C_aggressive_faces_.28high_fWHR.29_are_preferred_for_short_term_relationships">[[#Men_with_dominant.2C_aggressive_faces_.28high_fWHR.29_are_preferred_for_short_term_relationships|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women prefer men with dominant, aggressive and wide faces (high fWHR)</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocHigh_fWHR_men_express_greater_psychopathy.2C_aggression.2C_cheating.2C_and_exploitative_behavior">[[#High_fWHR_men_express_greater_psychopathy.2C_aggression.2C_cheating.2C_and_exploitative_behavior|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>High fWHR men express greater psychopathy, aggression, cheating, and exploitative behavior</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocTeenage_boys_with_.27dominant.27_facial_features_have_sex_earlier">[[#Teenage_boys_with_.27dominant.27_facial_features_have_sex_earlier|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Teenage boys with 'dominant' facial features have sex earlier</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_who_have_experienced_domestic_violence_find_men_with_higher_fWHRs_more_attractive">[[#Women_who_have_experienced_domestic_violence_find_men_with_higher_fWHRs_more_attractive|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women who have experienced domestic violence find men with higher fWHRs more attractive</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocHigh_fWHR_is_associated_with_greater_lifetime_reproductive_success">[[#High_fWHR_is_associated_with_greater_lifetime_reproductive_success|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>High fWHR is associated with greater lifetime reproductive success</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocEven_chickens_prefer_sexually_dimorphic_human_faces.2C_to_the_same_extent_as_humans">[[#Even_chickens_prefer_sexually_dimorphic_human_faces.2C_to_the_same_extent_as_humans|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Even chickens prefer sexually dimorphic human faces, to the same extent as humans</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocSymmetry_is_universally_beautiful_and_leads_to_more_sexual_partners">[[#Symmetry_is_universally_beautiful_and_leads_to_more_sexual_partners|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Symmetry is universally beautiful and leads to more sexual partners</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFacial_plastic_surgery_significantly_changes_how_a_man.27s_personality_is_perceived">[[#Facial_plastic_surgery_significantly_changes_how_a_man.27s_personality_is_perceived|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Facial plastic surgery significantly changes how a man's personality is perceived</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFacial_shape_predicts_perceived_leadership_ability_and_election_outcomes">[[#Facial_shape_predicts_perceived_leadership_ability_and_election_outcomes|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Facial shape predicts perceived leadership ability and election outcomes</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFacial_attractiveness_contributes_more_to_overall_attractiveness_than_body.2C_particularly_in_men">[[#Facial_attractiveness_contributes_more_to_overall_attractiveness_than_body.2C_particularly_in_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Facial attractiveness contributes more to overall attractiveness than body, particularly in men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFacial_attractiveness_is_more_important_than_body_because_a_face_can.27t_easily_be_changed">[[#Facial_attractiveness_is_more_important_than_body_because_a_face_can.27t_easily_be_changed|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Facial attractiveness is more important than body because a face can't easily be changed</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBald_men_and_men_with_thinning_hair_are_perceived_as_less_attractive">[[#Bald_men_and_men_with_thinning_hair_are_perceived_as_less_attractive|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Bald men and men with thinning hair are perceived as less attractive</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMales_who_start_puberty_late_are_more_likely_to_remain_sexually_inexperienced_or_virgins">[[#Males_who_start_puberty_late_are_more_likely_to_remain_sexually_inexperienced_or_virgins|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Males who start puberty late are more likely to remain sexually inexperienced or virgins</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocMoney">[[#Money|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Money</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man_having_the_.22correct.22_race.2C_height.2C_and_face_is_worth_millions_of_dollars_to_women">[[#A_man_having_the_.22correct.22_race.2C_height.2C_and_face_is_worth_millions_of_dollars_to_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man having the "correct" race, height, and face is worth millions of dollars to women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc23-33.25_of_women_intentionally_mislead_men_they_are_not_interested_in_for_free_meals">[[#23-33.25_of_women_intentionally_mislead_men_they_are_not_interested_in_for_free_meals|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>23-33% of women intentionally mislead men they are not interested in for free meals</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_orgasm_more_when_having_sex_with_rich_men">[[#Women_orgasm_more_when_having_sex_with_rich_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women orgasm more when having sex with rich men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMost_women_fake_orgasms_and_moan_loudly_without_having_orgasms">[[#Most_women_fake_orgasms_and_moan_loudly_without_having_orgasms|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Most women fake orgasms and moan loudly without having orgasms</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_with_much_lower_incomes_than_their_wives_are_more_than_twice_as_likely_to_not_have_sex">[[#Men_with_much_lower_incomes_than_their_wives_are_more_than_twice_as_likely_to_not_have_sex|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men with much lower incomes than their wives are more than twice as likely to not have sex</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPhotoshopping_a_man_into_a_luxury_apartment_made_women_rate_him_as_30.25_more_attractive">[[#Photoshopping_a_man_into_a_luxury_apartment_made_women_rate_him_as_30.25_more_attractive|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Photoshopping a man into a luxury apartment made women rate him as 30% more attractive</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_1.2C000x_more_sensitive_than_men_to_economic_status_cues_when_rating_attractiveness">[[#Women_are_1.2C000x_more_sensitive_than_men_to_economic_status_cues_when_rating_attractiveness|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are 1,000x more sensitive than men to economic status cues when rating attractiveness</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBy_the_end_of_her_life.2C_the_average_woman_will_have_a_negative_.24122.2C000_net_fiscal_impact">[[#By_the_end_of_her_life.2C_the_average_woman_will_have_a_negative_.24122.2C000_net_fiscal_impact|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>By the end of her life, the average woman will have a negative $122,000 net fiscal impact</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocHeight">[[#Height|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Height</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man.27s_height_determines_his_dating_pool._Over_94.25_of_women_reject_men_for_being_.22too_short.22">[[#A_man.27s_height_determines_his_dating_pool._Over_94.25_of_women_reject_men_for_being_.22too_short.22|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man's height determines his dating pool. Over 94% of women reject men for being "too short"</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_happiest_with_their_partner.27s_heights_when_they_are_8.24.22_inches_taller_then_them">[[#Women_are_happiest_with_their_partner.27s_heights_when_they_are_8.24.22_inches_taller_then_them|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are happiest with their partner's heights when they are 8.24" inches taller then them</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocShort_men_have_twice_the_suicide_rate_of_tall_men">[[#Short_men_have_twice_the_suicide_rate_of_tall_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Short men have twice the suicide rate of tall men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc24.25_of_men_under_5.279.22_would_undergo_surgery_costing_31.25_of_their_life_savings_to_be_taller">[[#24.25_of_men_under_5.279.22_would_undergo_surgery_costing_31.25_of_their_life_savings_to_be_taller|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>24% of men under 5'9" would undergo surgery costing 31% of their life savings to be taller</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc.27Short_man_syndrome.27_is_a_myth_-_taller_men_are_quicker_to_lose_their_tempers_than_short_men">[[#.27Short_man_syndrome.27_is_a_myth_-_taller_men_are_quicker_to_lose_their_tempers_than_short_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Taller men are quicker to engage in physical aggression than short men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocTaller_men_have_more_partners_and_father_more_children">[[#Taller_men_have_more_partners_and_father_more_children|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Taller men have more partners and father more children</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocSperm_banks_require_that_men_be_at_least_5.278.22_tall">[[#Sperm_banks_require_that_men_be_at_least_5.278.22_tall|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Sperm banks require that men be at least 5'8" tall</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_.231_most_important_thing_to_women_in_a_man.27s_online_dating_bio_is_if_he_says_he_is_6.27_tall">[[#The_.231_most_important_thing_to_women_in_a_man.27s_online_dating_bio_is_if_he_says_he_is_6.27_tall|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The most important thing to women in a man's online dating bio is that he claims to be 6' tall</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocTaller_men_report_more_satisfaction_in_their_romantic_relationships_than_shorter_men">[[#Taller_men_report_more_satisfaction_in_their_romantic_relationships_than_shorter_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Taller men report more satisfaction in their romantic relationships than shorter men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocShort_students_more_likely_to_be_bullied_in_school">[[#Short_students_more_likely_to_be_bullied_in_school|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Short students more likely to be bullied in school</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocShort_men_more_likely_to_experience_premature_hair_loss">[[#Short_men_more_likely_to_experience_premature_hair_loss|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Short men more likely to experience premature hair loss</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocBody">[[#Body|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Body</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc36.4.25_of_US_male_online_daters_are_now_resorting_to_anabolic_steroids_.26_bulimia_to_compete">[[#36.4.25_of_US_male_online_daters_are_now_resorting_to_anabolic_steroids_.26_bulimia_to_compete|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>36.4% of US male online daters are now resorting to anabolic steroids & bulimia to compete</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocRated_strength_is_the_main_predictor_of_men.27s_bodily_attractiveness._No_women_prefer_weak_men">[[#Rated_strength_is_the_main_predictor_of_men.27s_bodily_attractiveness._No_women_prefer_weak_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Rated strength is the main predictor of men's bodily attractiveness. No women prefer weak men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_most_attractive_BMI_range_for_men_is_~24.5-27_and_for_women_~17-19_as_it_is_most_youthful">[[#The_most_attractive_BMI_range_for_men_is_~24.5-27_and_for_women_~17-19_as_it_is_most_youthful|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The most attractive BMI range for men is ~24.5-27 and for women ~17-19 as it is most youthful</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_prefer_low_waist-hip_ratios_in_women">[[#Men_prefer_low_waist-hip_ratios_in_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men prefer low waist-hip ratios in women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocEven_congenitally_blind_men_prefer_a_low_waist-hip_ratio_in_women">[[#Even_congenitally_blind_men_prefer_a_low_waist-hip_ratio_in_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Even congenitally blind men prefer a low waist-hip ratio in women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man.27s_muscle_building_capacity_is_primarily_determined_by_genetics">[[#A_man.27s_muscle_building_capacity_is_primarily_determined_by_genetics|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man's muscle building capacity is primarily determined by genetics</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAmong_male_university_students.2C_only_cues_of_physical_dominance_over_other_men_predicted_their_mating_success">[[#Among_male_university_students.2C_only_cues_of_physical_dominance_over_other_men_predicted_their_mating_success|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Among university students, only physical dominance over other men predicted mating success</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAntisocial_personality_disorders_are_linked_with_being_overweight.2Fobese_in_women_but_not_men">[[#Antisocial_personality_disorders_are_linked_with_being_overweight.2Fobese_in_women_but_not_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Antisocial personality disorders are linked with being overweight/obese in women but not men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAcross_91_studies.2C_bodily_masculinity_was_predictive_of_men.27s_mating_and_reproductive_success">[[#Across_91_studies.2C_bodily_masculinity_was_predictive_of_men.27s_mating_and_reproductive_success|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Across 91 studies, bodily masculinity was predictive of men's mating and reproductive success</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocPenis">[[#Penis|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">10</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Penis</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_most_prefer_penises_longer_than_84.8.25_of_all_men.27s">[[#Women_most_prefer_penises_longer_than_84.8.25_of_all_men.27s|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">10.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women most prefer penises longer than 84.8% of all men's</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLarger_penis_size_has_an_equivalent_effect_on_male_attractiveness_to_women_as_greater_height">[[#Larger_penis_size_has_an_equivalent_effect_on_male_attractiveness_to_women_as_greater_height|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">10.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Larger penis size has an equivalent effect on male attractiveness to women as greater height</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_who_prefer_longer_penises_are_more_likely_to_have_vaginal_orgasms">[[#Women_who_prefer_longer_penises_are_more_likely_to_have_vaginal_orgasms|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">10.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women who prefer longer penises are more likely to have vaginal orgasms</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc90.25_of_women_agree_that_penis_girth_is_more_important_than_length_for_their_sexual_satisfaction">[[#90.25_of_women_agree_that_penis_girth_is_more_important_than_length_for_their_sexual_satisfaction|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">10.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>90% of women agree that penis girth is more important than length for their sexual satisfaction</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocVoice">[[#Voice|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">11</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Voice</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_with_deeper_voices_have_more_children_and_sexual_partners">[[#Men_with_deeper_voices_have_more_children_and_sexual_partners|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">11.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men with deeper voices have more children and sexual partners</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocSocial_dialect_and_men.E2.80.99s_voice_pitch_influence_women.E2.80.99s_mate_preferences">[[#Social_dialect_and_men.E2.80.99s_voice_pitch_influence_women.E2.80.99s_mate_preferences|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">11.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Social dialect and men’s voice pitch influence women’s mate preferences</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAmong_male_CEOs.2C_voice_pitch_is_a_significant_predictor_of_earnings">[[#Among_male_CEOs.2C_voice_pitch_is_a_significant_predictor_of_earnings|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">11.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Among male CEOs, voice pitch is a significant predictor of earnings</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAutistic_males_are_much_more_likely_to_have_a_nasal_voice">[[#Autistic_males_are_much_more_likely_to_have_a_nasal_voice|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">11.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Autistic males are much more likely to have a nasal voice</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocAge">[[#Age|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Age</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocIt_is_normal_for_healthy_men_to_find_pubescent_.26_prepubescent_females_sexually_arousing">[[#It_is_normal_for_healthy_men_to_find_pubescent_.26_prepubescent_females_sexually_arousing|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>It is normal for healthy men to find pubescent & prepubescent females sexually arousing</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_rate_the_faces_of_adolescent_girls_as_more_attractive_and_feminine_than_adult_women">[[#Men_rate_the_faces_of_adolescent_girls_as_more_attractive_and_feminine_than_adult_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men rate the faces of adolescent girls as more attractive and feminine than adult women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_downplay_their_sexual_attraction_to_adolescent_girls.2C_even_where_they_are_of_legal_age">[[#Men_downplay_their_sexual_attraction_to_adolescent_girls.2C_even_where_they_are_of_legal_age|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men downplay their sexual attraction to adolescent girls, even where they are of legal age</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_sexually_prefer_young_women_throughout_life.2C_while_women_prefer_age-matched_men">[[#Men_sexually_prefer_young_women_throughout_life.2C_while_women_prefer_age-matched_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men sexually prefer young women throughout life, while women prefer age-matched men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen.27s_desirability_to_women_online_peaks_at_50.2C_while_women.27s_peaks_at_18_and_then_falls_rapidly">[[#Men.27s_desirability_to_women_online_peaks_at_50.2C_while_women.27s_peaks_at_18_and_then_falls_rapidly|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men's desirability to women online peaks at 50, while women's peaks at 18 and then falls rapidly</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocYounger_female_prostitutes_are_in_higher_demand_and_charge_more.2C_across_numerous_cultures">[[#Younger_female_prostitutes_are_in_higher_demand_and_charge_more.2C_across_numerous_cultures|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Younger female prostitutes are in higher demand and charge more, across numerous cultures</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_age_facially_at_2-3_times_the_rate_of_men">[[#Women_age_facially_at_2-3_times_the_rate_of_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women age facially at 2-3 times the rate of men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAge_gap_couples_fare_better_than_age_similar_couples">[[#Age_gap_couples_fare_better_than_age_similar_couples|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Age gap couples fare better than age similar couples</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocYoung_Americans_are_harsher_critics_than_older_Americans_of_older_men_dating_younger_women">[[#Young_Americans_are_harsher_critics_than_older_Americans_of_older_men_dating_younger_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Young Americans are harsher critics than older Americans of older men dating younger women</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocHypergamy">[[#Hypergamy|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Hypergamy</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_rate_80.25_of_men_as_.22below_average.22.2C_while_men_rate_women_on_a_bell_curve">[[#Women_rate_80.25_of_men_as_.22below_average.22.2C_while_men_rate_women_on_a_bell_curve|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women rate 80% of men as "below medium", while men rate women on a bell curve</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocIn_sexually_liberated_societies.2C_only_women_decide_when_sex_occurs">[[#In_sexually_liberated_societies.2C_only_women_decide_when_sex_occurs|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>In sexually liberated societies, only women decide when sex occurs</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_prefer_men_with_high_income_and_high_educational_status">[[#Women_prefer_men_with_high_income_and_high_educational_status|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women prefer men with high income and high educational status</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocCareer_women_are_refusing_to_marry_down_facing_a_.27shortage.27_of_equally_or_more_successful_men">[[#Career_women_are_refusing_to_marry_down_facing_a_.27shortage.27_of_equally_or_more_successful_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Career women are refusing to marry down facing a 'shortage' of equally or more successful men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_survey_found_a_dramatically_higher_median_sex_partner_count_for_young_women_than_young_men">[[#A_survey_found_a_dramatically_higher_median_sex_partner_count_for_young_women_than_young_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A survey found a dramatically higher median sex partner count for young women than young men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen.27s_social_status_accounts_for_62.25_of_the_variance_of_copulation_opportunities">[[#Men.27s_social_status_accounts_for_62.25_of_the_variance_of_copulation_opportunities|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men's social status accounts for 62% of the variance of copulation opportunities</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc93.25_of_women_preferred_being_asked_out_on_a_date_rather_than_doing_the_asking">[[#93.25_of_women_preferred_being_asked_out_on_a_date_rather_than_doing_the_asking|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>93% of women preferred being asked out on a date rather than doing the asking</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_top_10.25_of_men_get_58.25_of_women.27s_likes_in_online_dating">[[#The_top_10.25_of_men_get_58.25_of_women.27s_likes_in_online_dating|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The top 10% of men get 58% of women's likes in online dating</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_like_61.9.25_of_female_profiles.2C_women_like_only_4.5.25_of_male_profiles">[[#Men_like_61.9.25_of_female_profiles.2C_women_like_only_4.5.25_of_male_profiles|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men like 61.9% of female profiles, women like only 4.5% of male profiles</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_top_5-20.25_of_men_.28ie._.22Chads.22.29_are_now_having_more_sex_than_ever_before">[[#The_top_5-20.25_of_men_.28ie._.22Chads.22.29_are_now_having_more_sex_than_ever_before|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The top 5-20% of men (ie. "Chads") are now having more sex than ever before</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAverage_women_receive_15_times_as_many_matches_as_average_men_on_Tinder">[[#Average_women_receive_15_times_as_many_matches_as_average_men_on_Tinder|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Average women receive 15 times as many matches as average men on Tinder</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocTinder_manipulates_male_profile_visibility_to_promote_hypergamy_.26_maximize_revenues_from_men">[[#Tinder_manipulates_male_profile_visibility_to_promote_hypergamy_.26_maximize_revenues_from_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Tinder manipulates male profile visibility to promote hypergamy & maximize revenues from men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_more_attracted_to_men_who_are_already_in_relationships_than_single_men">[[#Women_are_more_attracted_to_men_who_are_already_in_relationships_than_single_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are more attracted to men who are already in relationships than single men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_prone_to_instability_when_they_are_more_attractive_than_their_male_partner">[[#Women_are_prone_to_instability_when_they_are_more_attractive_than_their_male_partner|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are prone to instability when they are more attractive than their male partner</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBefore_.27enforced_monogamy.27.2C_women.27s_effective_population_size_was_up_to_17x_larger_than_men.27s">[[#Before_.27enforced_monogamy.27.2C_women.27s_effective_population_size_was_up_to_17x_larger_than_men.27s|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.15</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Before 'enforced monogamy', women's effective population size was up to 17x larger than men's</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_bitterly_reject_unattractive_men_after_facing_rejection_themselves_by_an_attractive_man">[[#Women_bitterly_reject_unattractive_men_after_facing_rejection_themselves_by_an_attractive_man|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.16</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women bitterly reject unattractive men after facing rejection themselves by an attractive man</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_large_survey_study_found_no_clues_to_stronger_sexual_motivation_among_women">[[#A_large_survey_study_found_no_clues_to_stronger_sexual_motivation_among_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.17</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A large survey study found no clues to stronger sexual motivation among women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAversion_to_having_the_wife_earn_more_explains_29.25_of_the_decline_in_marriages">[[#Aversion_to_having_the_wife_earn_more_explains_29.25_of_the_decline_in_marriages|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.18</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Aversion to having the wife earn more explains 29% of the decline in marriages</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocCucks">[[#Cucks|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Cucks</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_name_the_wrong_man_as_the_.22father.22_for_3.36.25_of_all_childbirths">[[#Women_name_the_wrong_man_as_the_.22father.22_for_3.36.25_of_all_childbirths|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women name the wrong man as the "father" for 3.36% of all childbirths</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_rapidly_lose_interest_in_sex_once_in_a_stable_relationship_or_living_with_a_man">[[#Women_rapidly_lose_interest_in_sex_once_in_a_stable_relationship_or_living_with_a_man|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women rapidly lose interest in sex once in a stable relationship or living with a man</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_more_women_love_their_husbands.2C_the_less_likely_they_are_to_initiate_sex">[[#The_more_women_love_their_husbands.2C_the_less_likely_they_are_to_initiate_sex|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The more women love their husbands, the less likely they are to initiate sex</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_initiate_69.25_of_divorces">[[#Women_initiate_69.25_of_divorces|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women initiate 69% of divorces</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocHalf_of_women_in_relationships_report_maintaining_a_.27back-up.27_partner_in_their_social_circle">[[#Half_of_women_in_relationships_report_maintaining_a_.27back-up.27_partner_in_their_social_circle|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Half of women in relationships report maintaining a 'back-up' partner in their social circle</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocSluts">[[#Sluts|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Sluts</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_who_have_premarital_sex_partners_have_higher_divorce_rates">[[#Women_who_have_premarital_sex_partners_have_higher_divorce_rates|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women who have premarital sex partners have higher divorce rates</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPromiscuous_women_are_more_incompetent.2C_cold.2C_and_unstable.2C_according_to_women">[[#Promiscuous_women_are_more_incompetent.2C_cold.2C_and_unstable.2C_according_to_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Promiscuous women are more incompetent, cold, and unstable, according to women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_.27dehumanize.27_and_act_more_aggressively_towards_promiscuous_women">[[#Women_.27dehumanize.27_and_act_more_aggressively_towards_promiscuous_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women 'dehumanize' and act more aggressively towards promiscuous women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_write_45.0-61.3.25_of_all_.27misogynistic.27_tweets_on_Twitter_about_female_promiscuity">[[#Women_write_45.0-61.3.25_of_all_.27misogynistic.27_tweets_on_Twitter_about_female_promiscuity|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women write 45.0-61.3% of all 'misogynistic' tweets on Twitter about female promiscuity</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_sexualize_themselves_online_to_attract_high_status_mates">[[#Women_sexualize_themselves_online_to_attract_high_status_mates|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Income inequality not gender inequality explains female sexualization on social media</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_half_as_likely_as_men_to_be_very_satisfied_by_a_one_night_stand">[[#Women_are_half_as_likely_as_men_to_be_very_satisfied_by_a_one_night_stand|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are half as likely as men to be very satisfied by a one night stand</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocCasual_sex_is_associated_with_less_depression_for_men_and_more_depression_for_women">[[#Casual_sex_is_associated_with_less_depression_for_men_and_more_depression_for_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Casual sex is associated with less depression for men and more depression for women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_feel_more_.22entitlement.22_to_men.27s_bodies_for_sexual_pleasure_than_vice_versa">[[#Women_feel_more_.22entitlement.22_to_men.27s_bodies_for_sexual_pleasure_than_vice_versa|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women feel more "entitlement" to men's bodies for sexual pleasure than vice versa</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen.27s_reported_sex_partner_count_dramatically_increases_when_hooked_up_to_a_polygraph">[[#Women.27s_reported_sex_partner_count_dramatically_increases_when_hooked_up_to_a_polygraph|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women's reported sex partner count dramatically increases when hooked up to a polygraph</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_get_2-3_times_as_many_casual_sexual_relationships_from_Tinder_than_men">[[#Women_get_2-3_times_as_many_casual_sexual_relationships_from_Tinder_than_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women get 2-3 times as many casual sexual relationships from Tinder than men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc69.25_of_young_women_have_turned_down_sex_due_to_concerns_about_their_vaginal_odor">[[#69.25_of_young_women_have_turned_down_sex_due_to_concerns_about_their_vaginal_odor|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>69% of young women have turned down sex due to concerns about their vaginal odor</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_who_have_tattoos_or_piercings_or_wear_chokers_are_more_promiscuous">[[#Women_who_have_tattoos_or_piercings_or_wear_chokers_are_more_promiscuous|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women who have tattoos or piercings or wear chokers are more promiscuous</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_with_5.2B_lifetime_sexual_partners_have_a_.3E21.8.25_chance_of_carrying_genital_herpes">[[#Women_with_5.2B_lifetime_sexual_partners_have_a_.3E21.8.25_chance_of_carrying_genital_herpes|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women with 5+ lifetime sexual partners have a >21.8% chance of carrying genital herpes</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocMeToo">[[#MeToo|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16</span> <span class="toctext"><i>MeToo</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc28.25_of_young_women_now_consider_men_even_winking_at_them_to_be_sexual_harassment">[[#28.25_of_young_women_now_consider_men_even_winking_at_them_to_be_sexual_harassment|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>28% of young women now consider men even winking at them to be sexual harassment</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen.27s_definition_of_.27harassment.27_in_online_dating_depends_on_the_attractiveness_of_the_man">[[#Women.27s_definition_of_.27harassment.27_in_online_dating_depends_on_the_attractiveness_of_the_man|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women's definition of 'harassment' in online dating depends on the attractiveness of the man</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_attractiveness_of_a_male_.27harasser.27_determines_if_the_experience_is_enjoyable_or_traumatic">[[#The_attractiveness_of_a_male_.27harasser.27_determines_if_the_experience_is_enjoyable_or_traumatic|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The attractiveness of a male 'harasser' determines if the experience is enjoyable or traumatic</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAttractiveness_determines_perceptions_of_guilt_or_innocence_in_cases_of_sexual_harassment">[[#Attractiveness_determines_perceptions_of_guilt_or_innocence_in_cases_of_sexual_harassment|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Attractiveness determines perceptions of guilt or innocence in cases of sexual harassment</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_.26_especially_ugly_men_are_considered_inherently_.27creepier.27_than_women">[[#Men_.26_especially_ugly_men_are_considered_inherently_.27creepier.27_than_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men & especially ugly men are considered inherently 'creepier' than women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_permit_.27creepy.27_behavior_from_attractive_but_not_unattractive_men">[[#Women_permit_.27creepy.27_behavior_from_attractive_but_not_unattractive_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women permit 'creepy' behavior from attractive but not unattractive men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc27.25_of_men_report_avoiding_one-on-one_meetings_with_female_work_colleagues">[[#27.25_of_men_report_avoiding_one-on-one_meetings_with_female_work_colleagues|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>27% of men report avoiding one-on-one meetings with female work colleagues</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_are_equally_likely_as_women_to_be_victims_of_violent_crime">[[#Men_are_equally_likely_as_women_to_be_victims_of_violent_crime|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men are equally likely as women to be victims of violent crime</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAny_sex_a_woman_has_while_intoxicated_can_be_defined_as_rape_by_a_man_under_US_law">[[#Any_sex_a_woman_has_while_intoxicated_can_be_defined_as_rape_by_a_man_under_US_law|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Any sex a woman has while intoxicated can be defined as rape by a man under US law</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAs_many_US_men_report_being_.27forced_to_penetrate.27_each_year_as_women_report_being_raped">[[#As_many_US_men_report_being_.27forced_to_penetrate.27_each_year_as_women_report_being_raped|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>As many US men report being 'forced to penetrate' each year as women report being raped</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMore_teenage_boys_are_victims_of_.27partner_directed_violence.27_than_teenage_girls">[[#More_teenage_boys_are_victims_of_.27partner_directed_violence.27_than_teenage_girls|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>More teenage boys are victims of 'partner directed violence' than teenage girls</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMore_adult_men_are_victims_of_intimate_partner_physical_violence_than_women">[[#More_adult_men_are_victims_of_intimate_partner_physical_violence_than_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Many adult men are victims of intimate partner physical violence</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocHealth">[[#Health|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Health</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMany_people_prefer_life_without_social_media_over_life_without_sex">[[#Many_people_prefer_life_without_social_media_over_life_without_sex|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Many people prefer life without social media over life without sex</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocSex_is_the_most_pleasurable.2C_joyous.2C_and_meaningful_human_experience">[[#Sex_is_the_most_pleasurable.2C_joyous.2C_and_meaningful_human_experience|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Sex is the most pleasurable, joyous, and meaningful human experience</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMating_performance_is_significantly_related_to_happiness_and_life_satisfaction">[[#Mating_performance_is_significantly_related_to_happiness_and_life_satisfaction|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Mating performance is significantly related to happiness and life satisfaction</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPenile.E2.80.93vaginal_intercourse_is_associated_with_health.2C_but_masturbation_is_not">[[#Penile.E2.80.93vaginal_intercourse_is_associated_with_health.2C_but_masturbation_is_not|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Penile–vaginal intercourse is associated with health, but masturbation and anal sex are not</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLoneliness_increases_premature_death_rates_by_26.25_and_is_as_deadly_as_obesity">[[#Loneliness_increases_premature_death_rates_by_26.25_and_is_as_deadly_as_obesity|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Loneliness increases premature death rates by 26% and is as deadly as obesity</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_are_unhappier_being_single_than_women">[[#Men_are_unhappier_being_single_than_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men are unhappier being single than women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMales_gained_peer_status_through_having_had_sex_and_females_lost_peer_status">[[#Males_gained_peer_status_through_having_had_sex_and_females_lost_peer_status|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Males gained peer status through having had sex and females lost peer status</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBeing_single_is_a_greater_risk_factor_for_developing_depression_in_men_than_in_women">[[#Being_single_is_a_greater_risk_factor_for_developing_depression_in_men_than_in_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Being single is a greater risk factor for developing depression in men than in women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPeople_that_are_married_are_2.4x_more_likely_to_recover_early_from_clinical_depression">[[#People_that_are_married_are_2.4x_more_likely_to_recover_early_from_clinical_depression|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>People that are married are 2.4x more likely to recover early from clinical depression</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_brain_reacts_to_rejection_in_the_same_manner_as_physical_pain">[[#The_brain_reacts_to_rejection_in_the_same_manner_as_physical_pain|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The brain reacts to rejection in the same manner as physical pain</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBeing_shown_a_picture_of_a_romantic_partner_results_in_higher_pain_tolerance">[[#Being_shown_a_picture_of_a_romantic_partner_results_in_higher_pain_tolerance|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Being shown a picture of a romantic partner results in higher pain tolerance</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWarm_partner_contact_lowers_stress_levels">[[#Warm_partner_contact_lowers_stress_levels|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Warm partner contact lowers stress levels</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_prefer_stoic_men_who_downplay_their_health_problems_in_a_long-term_relationship">[[#Women_prefer_stoic_men_who_downplay_their_health_problems_in_a_long-term_relationship|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women prefer stoic men who downplay their health problems in a long-term relationship</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocSocial_life_in_college_and_at_age_30_predicts_well-being_during_midlife">[[#Social_life_in_college_and_at_age_30_predicts_well-being_during_midlife|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Social life in college and at age 30 predicts well-being during midlife</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocTinder_usage_is_associated_with_lower_self-esteem_for_men_but_not_women">[[#Tinder_usage_is_associated_with_lower_self-esteem_for_men_but_not_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.15</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Tinder usage is associated with lower self-esteem for men but not women</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocItsOver">[[#ItsOver|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18</span> <span class="toctext"><i>ItsOver</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocSexlessness_among_young_U.S._men_is_at_a_record_high">[[#Sexlessness_among_young_U.S._men_is_at_a_record_high|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Sexlessness among young U.S. men is at a record high affecting especially Asian men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocCollege_women_nowadays_are_more_likely_to_be_sexually_active_than_college_men">[[#College_women_nowadays_are_more_likely_to_be_sexually_active_than_college_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>College women nowadays are more likely to be sexually active than college men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocIncel_forums_are_disproportionately_populated_by_suicidal.2C_disabled.2C_autistic.2C_and_ethnic_men">[[#Incel_forums_are_disproportionately_populated_by_suicidal.2C_disabled.2C_autistic.2C_and_ethnic_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Incel forums are disproportionately populated by suicidal, disabled, autistic, and ethnic men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc42.25_of_men_and_44.25_of_women_18-34_years_old_and_unmarried_in_Japan_are_now_virgins">[[#42.25_of_men_and_44.25_of_women_18-34_years_old_and_unmarried_in_Japan_are_now_virgins|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>42% of men and 44% of women 18-34 years old and unmarried in Japan are now virgins</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThere_are_now_70_million_excess_men_in_China_and_India_who_will_live_and_die_without_partners">[[#There_are_now_70_million_excess_men_in_China_and_India_who_will_live_and_die_without_partners|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>There are now 70 million excess men in China and India who will live and die without partners</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_percent_of_high_school_students_who_date_is_plummeting">[[#The_percent_of_high_school_students_who_date_is_plummeting|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The percent of high school students who date is plummeting</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMeeting_online_is_now_the_primary_way_relationships_are_formed">[[#Meeting_online_is_now_the_primary_way_relationships_are_formed|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Meeting online is now the primary way relationships are formed</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMost_online_dating_sites_are_dominated_by_men.2C_only_21.25-34.25_of_users_are_female">[[#Most_online_dating_sites_are_dominated_by_men.2C_only_21.25-34.25_of_users_are_female|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Most online dating sites are dominated by men, only 21%-34% of users are female</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc30.25_of_millennials_are_often_or_always_lonely_and_22.25_have_no_friends">[[#30.25_of_millennials_are_often_or_always_lonely_and_22.25_have_no_friends|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>30% of millennials are often or always lonely and 22% have no friends</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc41.1.25_percent_of_U.S_college_students_report_being_depressed.3B_6.6.25_have_planned_their_suicide">[[#41.1.25_percent_of_U.S_college_students_report_being_depressed.3B_6.6.25_have_planned_their_suicide|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>41.1% percent of U.S college students report being depressed; 6.6% have planned their suicide</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_are_more_likely_than_women_to_commit_suicide">[[#Men_are_more_likely_than_women_to_commit_suicide|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men are more likely than women to commit suicide</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWinners_in_a_rigged_game_will_consider_the_game_fair_as_long_as_they_keep_winning">[[#Winners_in_a_rigged_game_will_consider_the_game_fair_as_long_as_they_keep_winning|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Winners in a rigged game will consider the game fair as long as they keep winning</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocInvoluntary_celibacy_is_defined_academically_as_6_months_of_celibacy_despite_effort_for_sex">[[#Involuntary_celibacy_is_defined_academically_as_6_months_of_celibacy_despite_effort_for_sex|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Involuntary celibacy is defined academically as 6 months of celibacy despite effort for sex</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBeing_widowed_in_one.27s_20s_increases_suicide_risk_by_~17x_for_men.2C_but_only_~4x_for_women">[[#Being_widowed_in_one.27s_20s_increases_suicide_risk_by_~17x_for_men.2C_but_only_~4x_for_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Being widowed in one's 20s increases suicide risk by ~17x for men, but only ~4x for women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMonogamy_may_have_been_selected_by_cultural_evolution_because_of_its_benefits_for_society">[[#Monogamy_may_have_been_selected_by_cultural_evolution_because_of_its_benefits_for_society|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.15</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Monogamy may have been selected by cultural evolution because of its benefits for society</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocArranged_marriage_may_be_natural_for_humans">[[#Arranged_marriage_may_be_natural_for_humans|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.16</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Arranged marriage may be natural for humans</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPopularity_continues_to_exist_in_college_and_bullying_exists_both_in_college_and_after_college">[[#Popularity_continues_to_exist_in_college_and_bullying_exists_both_in_college_and_after_college|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.17</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Popularity continues to exist in college and bullying exists both in college and after college</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMissing_out_on_teenage_love_damages_sexual_success_later_on">[[#Missing_out_on_teenage_love_damages_sexual_success_later_on|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.18</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Missing out on teenage love damages sexual success later on</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_stigma_against_virginity_exists_and_many_women_refuse_to_date_a_virgin">[[#A_stigma_against_virginity_exists_and_many_women_refuse_to_date_a_virgin|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.19</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A stigma against virginity exists and many women refuse to date a virgin</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocInvoluntarily_celibates_often_were_ostracized.2C_bullied.2C_and_socially_withdrawn_during_childhood">[[#Involuntarily_celibates_often_were_ostracized.2C_bullied.2C_and_socially_withdrawn_during_childhood|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.20</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Involuntarily celibates often were ostracized, bullied, and socially withdrawn during childhood</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocYoung_men_are_now_more_likely_to_be_single_than_young_women">[[#Young_men_are_now_more_likely_to_be_single_than_young_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.21</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Young men are now more likely to be single than young women</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocSee_also">[[#See_also|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">19</span> <span class="toctext"><i>See also</i></span>]]<div style="float: right">[[#tocTop|<span style="color: #999">back to top</span>]]</div><ul style="list-style: none;"></ul></li></ul></div>
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Personality''</span>==
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Personality''</span>==
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="On_average.2C_women_are_attracted_to_the_Dark_Triad.E2.80.94narcissism.2C_manipulativeness.2C_.26_psychopathy">Women tend to be attracted to the Dark Triad—narcissism, manipulativeness, & psychopathy</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="On_average.2C_women_are_attracted_to_the_Dark_Triad.E2.80.94narcissism.2C_manipulativeness.2C_.26_psychopathy">Women tend to be attracted to the Dark Triad—narcissism, manipulativeness, & psychopathy</span>===
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The [[dark triad]] consists of three personality dimensions:
The [[dark triad]] consists of three personality dimensions:
* [[Narcissism]] (heightened sense of self-importance)
* [[Narcissism]] (heightened sense of self-importance)
* Machiavellianism ([[female sneakiness|manipulativeness]])
* Machiavellianism ([[female sneakiness|manipulativeness]])
* [[asshole|Psychopathy]] (low empathy)
* [[asshole|Psychopathy]] (low empathy)
These traits are often quantified by a quick scoring tool called the ''dirty dozen'':
These traits are often quantified by a quick scoring tool called the ''dirty dozen'':
# I tend to manipulate others to get my way.
# I tend to manipulate others to get my way.
# I tend to lack remorse.
# I tend to lack remorse.
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# I tend to expect special favors from others.
# I tend to expect special favors from others.
# I want others to pay attention to me.
# I want others to pay attention to me.
In a study by Carter et al. (2014), 128 [[women]] were presented with male characters of varying degrees of dark triad personality. Physicality was held constant. Men with dark traits were rated as dramatically more attractive to women compared to control characters who lacked these traits (with >99.9% statistical certainty, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the attractiveness of these dark traits was not explained by other characteristics like extroversion.
In a study by Carter et al. (2014), 128 [[women]] were presented with male characters of varying degrees of dark triad personality. Physicality was held constant. Men with dark traits were rated as dramatically more attractive to women compared to control characters who lacked these traits (with >99.9% statistical certainty, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the attractiveness of these dark traits was not explained by other characteristics like extroversion.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Condition
! rowspan="2" | Condition
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| colspan="3" | [https://rpsychologist.com/d3/cohend/ Cohen's d] = 0.94
| colspan="3" | [https://rpsychologist.com/d3/cohend/ Cohen's d] = 0.94
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* From Seffrin (2016): Men who show a willingness to take risks, have a high self-esteem, and a body that is physically imposing possess qualities that women may find desirable, but these qualities are also correlated with aggressive behavior (Apicella, 2014; Baumeister, Smart, & Boden, 1996; Brewer & Howarth, 2012; Frederick & Haselton, 2007; Sellet al., 2009). […] Men who would use physical violence to gain a competitive advantage may possess other qualities that are sexually appealing to women […]. This much has been suggested in research by Rebellon and Manasse (2004) who found that highly delinquent males report relative success in attracting female dating partners. Rebellon and Manasse (2004) interpret these findings using a derivative of sexual selection theory known as the “handicap principle” (Zahavi, 1975). The handicap principle suggests that behaviors that are potentially costly to males—such as fighting and showing disregard for authority, but which are valued by females, perhaps for the strength and bravado they symbolize—will be implemented as tactics in male sexual competition (see also Palmer & Tilley, 1995). ''Research on sexual selection theory also suggests that a preference for these qualities may have itself been selected for in females (Puts, 2010).'' This would help to explain why men have a penchant for violent behavior in the first place, in the sense that male aggression, and a preference for it among females, were selected for in the course of human prehistory. Partnering with an aggressive and/or criminally involved male may have its advantages, especially in an unsafe environment where threats of violence are commonplace. Yet displays of dominance and physical aggression play just as well to an all male audience, who serve as a source of encouragement and validation, thereby reinforcing the behavior as well as its symbolic value in the peer culture (Messerschmidt, 1993).
* From Seffrin (2016): Men who show a willingness to take risks, have a high self-esteem, and a body that is physically imposing possess qualities that women may find desirable, but these qualities are also correlated with aggressive behavior (Apicella, 2014; Baumeister, Smart, & Boden, 1996; Brewer & Howarth, 2012; Frederick & Haselton, 2007; Sellet al., 2009). […] Men who would use physical violence to gain a competitive advantage may possess other qualities that are sexually appealing to women […]. This much has been suggested in research by Rebellon and Manasse (2004) who found that highly delinquent males report relative success in attracting female dating partners. Rebellon and Manasse (2004) interpret these findings using a derivative of sexual selection theory known as the “handicap principle” (Zahavi, 1975). The handicap principle suggests that behaviors that are potentially costly to males—such as fighting and showing disregard for authority, but which are valued by females, perhaps for the strength and bravado they symbolize—will be implemented as tactics in male sexual competition (see also Palmer & Tilley, 1995). ''Research on sexual selection theory also suggests that a preference for these qualities may have itself been selected for in females (Puts, 2010).'' This would help to explain why men have a penchant for violent behavior in the first place, in the sense that male aggression, and a preference for it among females, were selected for in the course of human prehistory. Partnering with an aggressive and/or criminally involved male may have its advantages, especially in an unsafe environment where threats of violence are commonplace. Yet displays of dominance and physical aggression play just as well to an all male audience, who serve as a source of encouragement and validation, thereby reinforcing the behavior as well as its symbolic value in the peer culture (Messerschmidt, 1993).
* ''Psychopathic traits (lack of morality; interpersonal hostility) are beneficial to a short-term strategy and are correlated with unrestricted pattern of sexual behaviour.'' (Carter, 2014)
* ''Psychopathic traits (lack of morality; interpersonal hostility) are beneficial to a short-term strategy and are correlated with unrestricted pattern of sexual behaviour.'' (Carter, 2014)
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Carter GL, Campbell AC, Muncer S. 2014. ''The Dark Triad personality: Attractiveness to women.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 56: 57-61. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886913012245 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273809664_The_Dark_Triad_personality_Attractiveness_to_women FullText]]
* Carter GL, Campbell AC, Muncer S. 2014. ''The Dark Triad personality: Attractiveness to women.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 56: 57-61. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886913012245 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273809664_The_Dark_Triad_personality_Attractiveness_to_women FullText]]
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* Kruger DJ, Fitzgerald CJ. 2011. ''Reproductive strategies and relationship preferences associated with prestigious and dominant men.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 50(3):365-9. [[https://www.academia.edu/14471033/Reproductive_strategies_and_relationship_preferences_associated_with_prestigious_and_dominant_men Abstract]]
* Kruger DJ, Fitzgerald CJ. 2011. ''Reproductive strategies and relationship preferences associated with prestigious and dominant men.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 50(3):365-9. [[https://www.academia.edu/14471033/Reproductive_strategies_and_relationship_preferences_associated_with_prestigious_and_dominant_men Abstract]]
* Gervais N. 2018. ''ADHD, Autism, and Psychopathy as Life Strategies: The Role of Risk Tolerance on Evolutionary Fitness.'' [[https://www.academia.edu/36525083 FullText]]
* Gervais N. 2018. ''ADHD, Autism, and Psychopathy as Life Strategies: The Role of Risk Tolerance on Evolutionary Fitness.'' [[https://www.academia.edu/36525083 FullText]]
* Seffrin PM. 2016. ''The Competition–Violence Hypothesis: Sex, Marriage, and Male Aggression.'' [[http://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2016.1216153 Abstract]]
* Seffrin PM. 2016. ''The Competition–Violence Hypothesis: Sex, Marriage, and Male Aggression.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2016.1216153 Abstract]]
* Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. 1989. ''Pair Formation, Courtship, Sexual Love.'' In: ''Human Ethology.'' Routledge. [[https://books.google.com/books?id=-CExDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT6&ots=KctjD7Zprm&dq=Pair%20Formation%2C%20Courtship%2C%20Sexual%20Love&pg=PT335#v=onepage&q=Pair%20Formation,%20Courtship,%20Sexual%20Love&f=false Excerpt]]
* Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. 1989. ''Pair Formation, Courtship, Sexual Love.'' In: ''Human Ethology.'' Routledge. [[https://books.google.com/books?id=-CExDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT6&ots=KctjD7Zprm&dq=Pair%20Formation%2C%20Courtship%2C%20Sexual%20Love&pg=PT335#v=onepage&q=Pair%20Formation,%20Courtship,%20Sexual%20Love&f=false Excerpt]]
* Kardum, I., Hudek‐Knezevic, J. A. S. N. A., Schmitt, D. P., & Covic, M. (2017). Assortative mating for Dark Triad: Evidence of positive, initial, and active assortment. Personal Relationships, 24(1), 75-83. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pere.12168 Abstract]]
* Kardum, I., Hudek‐Knezevic, J. A. S. N. A., Schmitt, D. P., & Covic, M. (2017). Assortative mating for Dark Triad: Evidence of positive, initial, and active assortment. Personal Relationships, 24(1), 75-83. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pere.12168 Abstract]]
* McDonald, M. M., Donnellan, M. B., & Navarrete, C. D. (2012). A life history approach to understanding the Dark Triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(5), 601-605. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886911005708 Abstract]]
* McDonald, M. M., Donnellan, M. B., & Navarrete, C. D. (2012). A life history approach to understanding the Dark Triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(5), 601-605. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886911005708 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_more_attracted_to_psychopathic_men">More psychopathic men tend to receive higher attractiveness ratings from women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_more_attracted_to_psychopathic_men">More psychopathic men tend to receive higher attractiveness ratings from women</span>===
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Brazil & Forth conducted two studies that examined women's preferences for psychopathic males.
Brazil & Forth conducted two studies that examined women's preferences for psychopathic males.  
Forty-six men were photographed from the waist up and rated by (N = 11) individuals blind to the purpose of the study.
Forty-six men were photographed from the waist up and rated by (N = 11) individuals blind to the purpose of the study.  
The men were then requested to complete the ''Self-Report Psychopathy'' scale, used to measure the four-facet structure of psychopathy.
The men were then requested to complete the ''Self-Report Psychopathy'' scale, used to measure the four-facet structure of psychopathy.


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An alternate explanation is that psychopathy is often associated with certain socially valued traits like boldness and dominance. As these traits overlap substantially with the more socially aversive aspects of psychopathy, women may be selecting more for the more socially valued characteristics of psychopaths and tolerating the more malicious ones as "part of the package".
An alternate explanation is that psychopathy is often associated with certain socially valued traits like boldness and dominance. As these traits overlap substantially with the more socially aversive aspects of psychopathy, women may be selecting more for the more socially valued characteristics of psychopaths and tolerating the more malicious ones as "part of the package".
In support of this hypothesis, Pilch et al. (2022) examined the triarchic (three-factor) model of psychopathy in the context of romantic relationships. Their study involved polling 1,945 partnered Polish women on the quality of their romantic relationships and the psychopathic traits of their male partners. A correlational analysis of this data found a moderate negative association between male partners' "meanness" and "disinhibition" and the women's satisfaction in their current relationships. There was also a weak negative correlation between these traits in their partner's and the women's reported level of satisfication with their sex lives.
In support of this hypothesis, Pilch et al. (2022) examined the triarchic (three-factor) model of psychopathy in the context of romantic relationships. Their study involved polling 1,945 partnered Polish women on the quality of their romantic relationships and the psychopathic traits of their male partners. A correlational analysis of this data found a moderate negative association between male partners' "meanness" and "disinhibition" and the women's satisfaction in their current relationships. There was also a weak negative correlation between these traits in their partner's and the women's reported level of satisfication with their sex lives.
On the other hand, their reports of their male partner's degree of social status and his interpersonal boldness correlated positively with these things.
On the other hand, their reports of their male partner's degree of social status and his interpersonal boldness correlated positively with these things.
A subsequent multiple regression analysis found that boldness attenuated the negative effects of meanness and disinhibition on female's relationship satisfaction. This finding could suggest that women are trading off the negative aspects of psychopathy for the positive ones when it comes to their dating choices or, as boldness is positively related to social status, that women prefer "successful psychopathy" higher in the adaptive aspects of psychopathy than those higher in the more maladaptive ones, such as poor impulse control and a tendency towards overtly anti-social behavior.  
A subsequent multiple regression analysis found that boldness attenuated the negative effects of meanness and disinhibition on female's relationship satisfaction. This finding could suggest that women are trading off the negative aspects of psychopathy for the positive ones when it comes to their dating choices or, as boldness is positively related to social status, that women prefer "successful psychopathy" higher in the adaptive aspects of psychopathy than those higher in the more maladaptive ones, such as poor impulse control and a tendency towards overtly anti-social behavior.
Similarly, Pilch & Smolorz (2019) found that boldness was the only facet of psychopathy associated with reported sexual satisfaction in males, whereas men higher in disinhibition reported higher sexual fear and anxiety. This similarly indicates that men higher in the aspects of psychopathy that are associated with social dominance and success (boldness) may be more sexually rewarded than ones that may be related to lower social status (disinhibition). These later psychopathic facets are associated with poor life success, lower occupational status/unemployment, and strong executive functioning and planning deficits.
Similarly, Pilch & Smolorz (2019) found that boldness was the only facet of psychopathy associated with reported sexual satisfaction in males, whereas men higher in disinhibition reported higher sexual fear and anxiety. This similarly indicates that men higher in the aspects of psychopathy that are associated with social dominance and success (boldness) may be more sexually rewarded than ones that may be related to lower social status (disinhibition). These later psychopathic facets are associated with poor life success, lower occupational status/unemployment, and strong executive functioning and planning deficits.


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* ''Using voice pitch instead of subjective ratings as an indicator of desirability, the results did not suggest a preference for overall psychopathy. Post hoc exploratory analyses did, however, suggest affective traits elicited more interest and antisocial traits less interest based on voice pitch increasing and decreasing, respectively.''
* ''Using voice pitch instead of subjective ratings as an indicator of desirability, the results did not suggest a preference for overall psychopathy. Post hoc exploratory analyses did, however, suggest affective traits elicited more interest and antisocial traits less interest based on voice pitch increasing and decreasing, respectively.''
* ''The lack of preference for antisocial traits may suggest that if they are contributing to appearing as an attractive mate, they may be doing so through derogating and dominating potential rivals rather than generating direct appeal.''
* ''The lack of preference for antisocial traits may suggest that if they are contributing to appearing as an attractive mate, they may be doing so through derogating and dominating potential rivals rather than generating direct appeal.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Brazil, KJ. Forth AE. 2019. ''Psychopathy and the Induction of Desire: Formulating and Testing an Evolutionary Hypothesis''. Evolutionary Psychological Science, pp 1-18. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40806-019-00213-0 Abstract]]
* Brazil, KJ. Forth AE. 2019. ''Psychopathy and the Induction of Desire: Formulating and Testing an Evolutionary Hypothesis''. Evolutionary Psychological Science, pp 1-18. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40806-019-00213-0 Abstract]]
*Pilch, I., Lipka, J & Gnielczyk J. 2022. ''When Your Beloved Is a Psychopath. Psychopathic Traits and Social Status of Men and Women’s Relationship and Sexual Satisfaction.'' Personality and Individual Differences 184:111175. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886921005547 Abstract]]
*Pilch, I., Lipka, J & Gnielczyk J. 2022. ''When Your Beloved Is a Psychopath. Psychopathic Traits and Social Status of Men and Women’s Relationship and Sexual Satisfaction.'' Personality and Individual Differences 184:111175. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886921005547 Abstract]]
*Pilch, Irena. Smolorz, K. 2019. ''The Dark Triad and the Quality of Sexual Life.'' Personality and Individual Differences 149:78–82. [[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2019-38267-012 Abstract]]
*Pilch, Irena. Smolorz, K. 2019. ''The Dark Triad and the Quality of Sexual Life.'' Personality and Individual Differences 149:78–82. [[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2019-38267-012 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="On_PornHub.2C_women_consume_most_of_the_porn_where_women_are_violently_raped_and_abused">On PornHub, women consume most of the porn where women are violently raped and abused</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="On_PornHub.2C_women_consume_most_of_the_porn_where_women_are_violently_raped_and_abused">On PornHub, women consume most of the porn where women are violently raped and abused</span>===
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Dr. Seth Stephens-Davidowitz, a former Google data scientist, was given complete access to PornHub's search and views data. He found that women were more than twice as likely as men to search for videos where women are abused, coerced into sex, or are depicted as being raped. Women preferred videos with tags like "painful anal crying", "public disgrace", "extreme brutal gangbang", "forced", or "[[rape]]".
Dr. Seth Stephens-Davidowitz, a former Google data scientist, was given complete access to PornHub's search and views data. He found that women were more than twice as likely as men to search for videos where women are abused, coerced into sex, or are depicted as being raped. Women preferred videos with tags like "painful anal crying", "public disgrace", "extreme brutal gangbang", "forced", or "[[rape]]".


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
The finding that female porn users disproportionately seek out porn that explicitly depicts sexual violence against and the degradation of women is contrary to common cultural depictions that portray women as the "romantic sex" that heavily values emotional intimacy, male sensitivity to their needs, and kindness in relationships.  
The finding that female porn users disproportionately seek out porn that explicitly depicts sexual violence against and the degradation of women is contrary to common cultural depictions that portray women as the "romantic sex" that heavily values emotional intimacy, male sensitivity to their needs, and kindness in relationships.
As such, it appears to be disturbing to many people, and most explanations for this finding seem to have revolved around tales of abused women seeking to recreate their abuse via their porn habits as a kind of warped self-therapy, seeking to contextualize the abuse they suffered via consuming content that essentially portrays this kind of sexual aggression as the default mode of interaction between the sexes.
As such, it appears to be disturbing to many people, and most explanations for this finding seem to have revolved around tales of abused women seeking to recreate their abuse via their porn habits as a kind of warped self-therapy, seeking to contextualize the abuse they suffered via consuming content that essentially portrays this kind of sexual aggression as the default mode of interaction between the sexes.


Anti-porn feminists have made similar arguments, asserting that women have "internalized misogyny" and often seek out such material out of the view of seeking to propitiate the sadistic sexual urges of their male partners. On the other hand, evolutionary psychology-based arguments see this behavior as being reflective of a [[female subordination|general female psychological tendency towards]] masochism and submissiveness, based on a not-insignificant pool of evidence that indicates that women have been sexually selected for such behaviors by men throughout their evolutionary history to some degree (Apostolou & Khalil, 2018).
Anti-porn feminists have made similar arguments, asserting that women have "internalized misogyny" and often seek out such material out of the view of seeking to propitiate the sadistic sexual urges of their male partners. On the other hand, evolutionary psychology-based arguments see this behavior as being reflective of a [[female subordination|general female psychological tendency towards]] masochism and submissiveness, based on a not-insignificant pool of evidence that indicates that women have been sexually selected for such behaviors by men throughout their evolutionary history to some degree (Apostolou & Khalil, 2018).


Regardless of the proximate causes of this pattern of pornography consumption among women, there is evidence that suggests that female porn users may not be fully representative of the sexual preferences of the general population of women.  
Regardless of the proximate causes of this pattern of pornography consumption among women, there is evidence that suggests that female porn users may not be fully representative of the sexual preferences of the general population of women.
Walsh (1998) examined the sexual behaviors and personality traits of regular female users compared to non-users of pornography and found they were higher on several characteristics that are generally considered indicators of faster [[life history]] strategy (associated with greater promiscuity in general). Namely, female users of pornography reported more having more sexual partners, having a stronger sex drive, being more likely to be "addicted to sex," being more behaviorally masculine, more likely to undergo puberty earlier, and they placed more importance on the regular attainment of orgasm than female non-users of pornography.
Walsh (1998) examined the sexual behaviors and personality traits of regular female users compared to non-users of pornography and found they were higher on several characteristics that are generally considered indicators of faster [[life history]] strategy (associated with greater promiscuity in general). Namely, female users of pornography reported more having more sexual partners, having a stronger sex drive, being more likely to be "addicted to sex," being more behaviorally masculine, more likely to undergo puberty earlier, and they placed more importance on the regular attainment of orgasm than female non-users of pornography.
This study certainly indicates that one would expect female pornography users to have a preference for such seemingly aversive materials either due to a potential female fast life history strategist preference for harsher male displays of dominance and violent coercion, or it could be reflective of a general female taste for such male sexual behaviors that is more often expressed among fast life history strategy women as they are less sexually repressed, even on a cognitive level.  
This study certainly indicates that one would expect female pornography users to have a preference for such seemingly aversive materials either due to a potential female fast life history strategist preference for harsher male displays of dominance and violent coercion, or it could be reflective of a general female taste for such male sexual behaviors that is more often expressed among fast life history strategy women as they are less sexually repressed, even on a cognitive level.  
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* ''Search rates for these more extreme types of sexual content are at least twice as common among women than men.''
* ''Search rates for these more extreme types of sexual content are at least twice as common among women than men.''
* ''If there is a genre of porn in which violence is perpetrated against a woman, analysis of the data shows that it almost always appeals disproportionately to women.'' (Rahman, 2017)
* ''If there is a genre of porn in which violence is perpetrated against a woman, analysis of the data shows that it almost always appeals disproportionately to women.'' (Rahman, 2017)
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Rahman S. 2017. ''Why Are So Many Women Searching for Ultra-Violent Porn?'' Vice. [[https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/bm9w7v/why-are-so-many-women-searching-for-ultra-violent-porn News]]
* Rahman S. 2017. ''Why Are So Many Women Searching for Ultra-Violent Porn?'' Vice. [[https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/bm9w7v/why-are-so-many-women-searching-for-ultra-violent-porn News]]
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* Luoto S, Krams I, & Rantala MJ. 2018. ''A Life History Approach to the Female Sexual Orientation Spectrum: Evolution, Development, Causal Mechanisms, and Health.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior. [Abstract https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1261-0]
* Luoto S, Krams I, & Rantala MJ. 2018. ''A Life History Approach to the Female Sexual Orientation Spectrum: Evolution, Development, Causal Mechanisms, and Health.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior. [Abstract https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1261-0]
* Cheng L, Zhou X, Wang F, & Xiao L. 2020. ''A State-Level Analysis of Mortality and Google Searches for Pornography: Insight from Life History Theory.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(8), pp. 3005–3011. [Abstract https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01765-0]
* Cheng L, Zhou X, Wang F, & Xiao L. 2020. ''A State-Level Analysis of Mortality and Google Searches for Pornography: Insight from Life History Theory.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(8), pp. 3005–3011. [Abstract https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01765-0]
* Herbenick, D. Fu TC, Wright P, Paul B, Gradus R, Bauer J, & Jones R. 2020. ''Diverse Sexual Behaviors and Pornography Use: Findings From a Nationally Representative Probability Survey of Americans Aged 18 to 60 Years''. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 17(4), pp. 623–633. [Abstract https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.01.013]
* Herbenick, D. Fu TC, Wright P, Paul B, Gradus R, Bauer J, & Jones R. 2020. ''Diverse Sexual Behaviors and Pornography Use: Findings From a Nationally Representative Probability Survey of Americans Aged 18 to 60 Years''. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 17(4), pp. 623–633. [Abstract https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.01.013]
 
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="62.25_of_women_have_fantasies_about_rape_and_other_forced_sex_acts">62% of women have fantasies about rape and other forced sex acts</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="62.25_of_women_have_fantasies_about_rape_and_other_forced_sex_acts">62% of women have fantasies about rape and other forced sex acts</span>===
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{{main_article|[[Rape]]}}
{{main_article|[[Rape]]}}
A team of researchers from the University of North Texas and the University of Notre Dame played 355 young women a rape fantasy over headphones to investigate how aroused they became:
A team of researchers from the University of North Texas and the University of Notre Dame played 355 young women a rape fantasy over headphones to investigate how aroused they became:
{{quote|The tape's material tells the tale of a male protagonist who is strongly attracted to the female character. He expresses a desire for sex with her, but she's clearly unresponsive. He attempts to convince her, without success, and she continues to refuse his advances. The male character then overpowers and rapes her. She resists throughout, and at no time gives consent. However, as the man is attractive to her and provides erotic stimulation, she does experience gratification from the forced sex.}}
{{quote|The tape's material tells the tale of a male protagonist who is strongly attracted to the female character. He expresses a desire for sex with her, but she's clearly unresponsive. He attempts to convince her, without success, and she continues to refuse his advances. The male character then overpowers and rapes her. She resists throughout, and at no time gives consent. However, as the man is attractive to her and provides erotic stimulation, she does experience gratification from the forced sex.}}
In questioning following this, researchers found that overall, 62% of participants reported having a rape fantasy of some type.  
In questioning following this, researchers found that overall, 62% of participants reported having a rape fantasy of some type.  


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| 9%
| 9%
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Womens fantasies.PNG|500px|thumb|none|Women's rape fantasies]]
[[File:Womens fantasies.PNG|500px|thumb|none|Women's rape fantasies]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Bivona JM, Critelli JW, Clark MJ. 2011. ''Women’s Rape Fantasies: An Empirical Evaluation of the Major Explanations.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(5): 1107-1119. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-012-9934-6 Abstract]]
* Bivona JM, Critelli JW, Clark MJ. 2011. ''Women’s Rape Fantasies: An Empirical Evaluation of the Major Explanations.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(5): 1107-1119. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-012-9934-6 Abstract]]
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* Fisher H. 1999. ''The first sex.'' New York: Random House.
* Fisher H. 1999. ''The first sex.'' New York: Random House.
* Persaud R. 2012. ''Women's Sexual Fantasies—the Latest Scientific Research.'' Huffington Post. [[https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/dr-raj-persaud/womens-sexual-fantasies_b_1511322.html News]]
* Persaud R. 2012. ''Women's Sexual Fantasies—the Latest Scientific Research.'' Huffington Post. [[https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/dr-raj-persaud/womens-sexual-fantasies_b_1511322.html News]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="50.25_of_female_porn_viewers_admitted_to_watching_porn_involving_extreme_violence_against_women">50% of female porn viewers admitted to watching porn involving extreme violence against women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="50.25_of_female_porn_viewers_admitted_to_watching_porn_involving_extreme_violence_against_women">50% of female porn viewers admitted to watching porn involving extreme violence against women</span>===
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Researchers in Italy conducted a study regarding the pornography usage habits of 12th grade students in high schools and youths 18-25 years old involved in vocational training.
Researchers in Italy conducted a study regarding the pornography usage habits of 12th grade students in high schools and youths 18-25 years old involved in vocational training.


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Finally, the participants were asked questions regarding their experiences of prior victimization, including whether they had been previously subjected to physical, emotional, or sexual violence.
Finally, the participants were asked questions regarding their experiences of prior victimization, including whether they had been previously subjected to physical, emotional, or sexual violence.


Of the 303 participants, 49.2% were girls. 61.1% said they currently watched pornography.
Of the 303 participants, 49.2% were girls. 61.1% said they currently watched pornography.


50.2% of the girls who watched pornography, reported watching violent pornography, including pornography that contained extreme depictions of sexual violence against women. It was also found that girls who had reported experiencing sexual victimization were much more likely to watch pornography, especially violent pornography, (Odds-ratio 3.27 for women subject to sexual violence, who reported currently watching pornography). Only 6.6.% of girls reported being pressured into watching pornography by another person, with most reporting they watched it for personal enjoyment, and no association was found between participants reporting being a victim of sexual violence and them being coerced into watching the pornography.
50.2% of the girls who watched pornography, reported watching violent pornography, including pornography that contained extreme depictions of sexual violence against women. It was also found that girls who had reported experiencing sexual victimization were much more likely to watch pornography, especially violent pornography, (Odds-ratio 3.27 for women subject to sexual violence, who reported currently watching pornography). Only 6.6.% of girls reported being pressured into watching pornography by another person, with most reporting they watched it for personal enjoyment, and no association was found between participants reporting being a victim of sexual violence and them being coerced into watching the pornography.


<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
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* ''Female victims of sexual violence were 4.24 times more likely to have ever watched pornography (CI [1.41, 12.72]), and 3.27 times more likely to watch currently (CI [1.22, 8.74]).''  
* ''Female victims of sexual violence were 4.24 times more likely to have ever watched pornography (CI [1.41, 12.72]), and 3.27 times more likely to watch currently (CI [1.22, 8.74]).''  
*''There was no association, neither for boys nor for girls, between being pressured to watch and a previous experience of sexual violence.''
*''There was no association, neither for boys nor for girls, between being pressured to watch and a previous experience of sexual violence.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Romito P, Beltramini L. 2011. ''Watching pornography: gender differences, violence and victimization. An exploratory study in Italy.'' Violence Against Women, 17(10):1313-26. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21997464 Abstract]]
* Romito P, Beltramini L. 2011. ''Watching pornography: gender differences, violence and victimization. An exploratory study in Italy.'' Violence Against Women, 17(10):1313-26. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21997464 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_drawn_more_than_men_to_nonfiction_stories_of_rape.2C_murder.2C_and_serial_killers">Women are drawn more than men to nonfiction stories of rape, murder, and serial killers</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_drawn_more_than_men_to_nonfiction_stories_of_rape.2C_murder.2C_and_serial_killers">Women are drawn more than men to nonfiction stories of rape, murder, and serial killers</span>===
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{{main_article|[[Hybristophilia]]}}
{{main_article|[[Hybristophilia]]}}
Women have a greater preference for stories of true crime than men. To evaluate the degree of this preference, researchers analyzed gender proportions of reviews on Amazon for different genres including true crime and war. They found 70% of true crime reviewers were female, while 82% of war reviewers were male, despite an overall relatively even distribution of male and female reviewers on the site in general.
Women have a greater preference for stories of true crime than men. To evaluate the degree of this preference, researchers analyzed gender proportions of reviews on Amazon for different genres including true crime and war. They found 70% of true crime reviewers were female, while 82% of war reviewers were male, despite an overall relatively even distribution of male and female reviewers on the site in general.
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Coercive sex or even outright [[rape]] is often portrayed in [[romance]] novels, which account for 40% of mass paperback sales in the United States (Salmon & Symons 2003).
Coercive sex or even outright [[rape]] is often portrayed in [[romance]] novels, which account for 40% of mass paperback sales in the United States (Salmon & Symons 2003).
The three best selling books between 2010-2019 belonged to this genre (NPD 2019). These erotic novels are almost exclusively written by women for women, and 54% include rape of the lead character (Thurston 1987). "In a romance novel that includes rape, women identify with the lead female character and vicariously experience her rape." (Critelli & Bivona 2008) In many such novels, there is an aspect of the female "taming" the ruthless and coercive male, baiting him to be nicer by her submission.{{citation needed}}  
The three best selling books between 2010-2019 belonged to this genre (NPD 2019). These erotic novels are almost exclusively written by women for women, and 54% include rape of the lead character (Thurston 1987). "In a romance novel that includes rape, women identify with the lead female character and vicariously experience her rape." (Critelli & Bivona 2008) In many such novels, there is an aspect of the female "taming" the ruthless and coercive male, baiting him to be nicer by her submission.{{citation needed}}


On [[Reddit]], one finds [http://bburky.com/subredditgenderratios/ women are strongly overrepresented] on e.g. [https://old.reddit.com/r/truecrime /r/truecrime], but strongly underrepresented on [https://old.reddit.com/r/police /r/police], which means greater interest in law enforcement alone cannot explain women's interest in stories about criminal and dangerous men.
On [[Reddit]], one finds [http://bburky.com/subredditgenderratios/ women are strongly overrepresented] on e.g. [https://old.reddit.com/r/truecrime /r/truecrime], but strongly underrepresented on [https://old.reddit.com/r/police /r/police], which means greater interest in law enforcement alone cannot explain women's interest in stories about criminal and dangerous men.
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Statistics:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Statistics:'''</span>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Best selling books, U.S., 2010-2019. Source: The NPD Group / NPD Bookscan, NPD PubTrack Digital, includes U.S. print book and e-book sales.
|+ Best selling books, U.S., 2010-2019. Source: The NPD Group / NPD Bookscan, NPD PubTrack Digital, includes U.S. print book and e-book sales.
Line 419: Line 387:
| 6.6 million
| 6.6 million
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:U4TDd4l.png|500px|thumb|none|Gender breakdown of book reviewers by genre. More women than men use Goodreads, explaining their prevalence in male domains, also women may only read pop science, while men engage in more serious readings in philosophy and science ([https://twitter.com/Scientific_Bird/status/1221149652701077514 source]).]]
[[File:U4TDd4l.png|500px|thumb|none|Gender breakdown of book reviewers by genre. More women than men use Goodreads, explaining their prevalence in male domains, also women may only read pop science, while men engage in more serious readings in philosophy and science ([https://twitter.com/Scientific_Bird/status/1221149652701077514 source]).]]


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* ''95% of the reviews in both the true crime and war categories were positive.''
* ''95% of the reviews in both the true crime and war categories were positive.''
* ''When considering stories with violent content, women are drawn to true crime stories more so than are men.''
* ''When considering stories with violent content, women are drawn to true crime stories more so than are men.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Vicary AM, Fraley, RC. 2010. ''Captured by True Crime: Why Are Women Drawn to Tales of Rape, Murder, and Serial Killers?'' Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(1): 81-86. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1948550609355486 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/R_Fraley/publication/240287787_Captured_by_True_Crime_Why_Are_Women_Drawn_to_Tales_of_Rape_Murder_and_Serial_Killers/links/54d3a40f0cf28e0697288c35.pdf FullText]]
* Vicary AM, Fraley, RC. 2010. ''Captured by True Crime: Why Are Women Drawn to Tales of Rape, Murder, and Serial Killers?'' Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(1): 81-86. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1948550609355486 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/R_Fraley/publication/240287787_Captured_by_True_Crime_Why_Are_Women_Drawn_to_Tales_of_Rape_Murder_and_Serial_Killers/links/54d3a40f0cf28e0697288c35.pdf FullText]]
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* Critelli J, Bivona J. ''Women’s Erotic Rape Fantasies: An Evaluation of Theory and Research.'' The Journal of Sex Research, 2008. [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224490701808191 Abstract]]
* Critelli J, Bivona J. ''Women’s Erotic Rape Fantasies: An Evaluation of Theory and Research.'' The Journal of Sex Research, 2008. [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224490701808191 Abstract]]
* Thelwall M. 2019. ''Reader and author gender and genre in Goodreads.'' Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 51(2), 403-430. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0961000617709061 Abstract]]
* Thelwall M. 2019. ''Reader and author gender and genre in Goodreads.'' Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 51(2), 403-430. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0961000617709061 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Criminal_and_anti-social_men_have_more_sexual_partners_and_have_sex_earlier">Criminal and antisocial men have more sexual partners and have sex earlier</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Criminal_and_anti-social_men_have_more_sexual_partners_and_have_sex_earlier">Criminal and antisocial men have more sexual partners and have sex earlier</span>===
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A meta-analysis of the correlates of criminal behavior by Ellis & Walsh (2000) found a strong association between criminal behavior and a greater number of reported sexual partners in men. 23 studies demonstrated a link between various forms of anti-social and criminal behavior and greater sex partner count, including: delinquency, violent offenses, various offences, recidivism, "victimful offending", antisocial personality, and conduct disorders. 20 studies found a link between illicit drug use and a greater number of sexual partners. Only one study examined failed to find a significant link between anti-social behavior and a greater lifetime sexual partner count.
A meta-analysis of the correlates of criminal behavior by Ellis & Walsh (2000) found a strong association between criminal behavior and a greater number of reported sexual partners in men. 23 studies demonstrated a link between various forms of anti-social and criminal behavior and greater sex partner count, including: delinquency, violent offenses, various offences, recidivism, "victimful offending", antisocial personality, and conduct disorders. 20 studies found a link between illicit drug use and a greater number of sexual partners. Only one study examined failed to find a significant link between anti-social behavior and a greater lifetime sexual partner count.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''As you can see, the evidence has consistently shown criminals and delinquents reporting more sexual activity, and to have begun such activity at an earlier age, on average than for other persons of their age. The same appears to be true for those diagnosed with conduct disorders and/or psychopathy.''
* ''As you can see, the evidence has consistently shown criminals and delinquents reporting more sexual activity, and to have begun such activity at an earlier age, on average than for other persons of their age. The same appears to be true for those diagnosed with conduct disorders and/or psychopathy.''
*''Having numerous sex partners can only be scientifically measured by using questionnaire responses ... To assess the accuracy of these self-reports, a few studies have surveyed the same people two or three times, presenting them with the same question. These studies have revealed that there is a general tendency to underreport the number of partners one has had, especially by females ... Nonetheless, the answers given by most subjects appear to be accurate.''
*''Having numerous sex partners can only be scientifically measured by using questionnaire responses ... To assess the accuracy of these self-reports, a few studies have surveyed the same people two or three times, presenting them with the same question. These studies have revealed that there is a general tendency to underreport the number of partners one has had, especially by females ... Nonetheless, the answers given by most subjects appear to be accurate.''
 
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Ellis L, Walsh A. 2000. ''Criminology: A Global Perspective, 1st Edition''. pp 227: Table 8.11. [[https://web.archive.org/web/20120513221622/http://abacon.com/ellis/tables/ch8.pdf References]]
* Ellis L, Walsh A. 2000. ''Criminology: A Global Perspective, 1st Edition''. pp 227: Table 8.11. [[https://web.archive.org/web/20120513221622/http://abacon.com/ellis/tables/ch8.pdf References]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_who_exhibit_antisocial_and_criminal_behaviors_reproduce_more_successfully">Antisocial, criminal and violent men have greater sexual access to women </span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_who_exhibit_antisocial_and_criminal_behaviors_reproduce_more_successfully">Antisocial, criminal and violent men have greater sexual access to women </span>===
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Research has shown that men with antisocial and criminal tendencies have considerably higher [[reproductive success|reproductive and sexual success]] than men who lack this predisposition. In one study, antisocial men only represented 10% of the male cohort, but yet fathered 27% of the babies in that group. (Jaffee et al. 2003)
Research has shown that men with antisocial and criminal tendencies have considerably higher [[reproductive success|reproductive and sexual success]] than men who lack this predisposition. In one study, antisocial men only represented 10% of the male cohort, but yet fathered 27% of the babies in that group. (Jaffee et al. 2003)


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* ''Alternatively, female choice may account for the relationship between FDV and in-pair copulation frequency (but see Muller, Thompson, Kahlenberg, & Wrangham, 2011). Cross-culturally, women prefer men who are dominant as partners (Conroy-Beam, Buss, Pham, & Shackelford, 2015), and thus it may be that dominant men or men who express more masculine personality traits are also more aggressive, have more frequent (noncoercive) in-pair copulations, or both.'' (Barbaro & Shackelford, 2016)
* ''Alternatively, female choice may account for the relationship between FDV and in-pair copulation frequency (but see Muller, Thompson, Kahlenberg, & Wrangham, 2011). Cross-culturally, women prefer men who are dominant as partners (Conroy-Beam, Buss, Pham, & Shackelford, 2015), and thus it may be that dominant men or men who express more masculine personality traits are also more aggressive, have more frequent (noncoercive) in-pair copulations, or both.'' (Barbaro & Shackelford, 2016)
* ''Evidence therefore suggests that over evolutionary history men who employed violence judiciously, on average, conferred replicative advantages compared with men who did not judiciously employ violence, in part, to control women’s sexuality.'' (Barbaro, 2017)
* ''Evidence therefore suggests that over evolutionary history men who employed violence judiciously, on average, conferred replicative advantages compared with men who did not judiciously employ violence, in part, to control women’s sexuality.'' (Barbaro, 2017)
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Jaffee SR, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Taylor A. 2003. ''Life with (or without) father: the benefits of living with two biological parents depend on the father's antisocial behavior.'' Child Dev. 74(1): 109-26. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12625439 Abstract]]
* Jaffee SR, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Taylor A. 2003. ''Life with (or without) father: the benefits of living with two biological parents depend on the father's antisocial behavior.'' Child Dev. 74(1): 109-26. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12625439 Abstract]]
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* Barbaro N, Shackelford TK. 2016. ''Female-directed violence as a form of sexual coercion in humans (Homo sapiens).'' Journal of Comparative Psychology, 130(4), 321–327. [[https://doi.org/10.1037/com0000038 Abstract]]
* Barbaro N, Shackelford TK. 2016. ''Female-directed violence as a form of sexual coercion in humans (Homo sapiens).'' Journal of Comparative Psychology, 130(4), 321–327. [[https://doi.org/10.1037/com0000038 Abstract]]
* Barbaro N. 2017. ''Violence to Control Women’s Sexuality.'' In: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, pp.1-6. [[https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_898-1 Abstract]]
* Barbaro N. 2017. ''Violence to Control Women’s Sexuality.'' In: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, pp.1-6. [[https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_898-1 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Male_serial_killers.2C_terrorists.2C_and_rapists_receive_thousands_of_love_letters_from_women_in_prison">Imprisoned serial killers, terrorists and rapists receive thousands of love letters from women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Male_serial_killers.2C_terrorists.2C_and_rapists_receive_thousands_of_love_letters_from_women_in_prison">Imprisoned serial killers, terrorists and rapists receive thousands of love letters from women</span>===
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[[Hybristophilia]] is a sexual phenomenon that is defined as 'the erotic obsession with or exclusive sexual attraction with an individual who commits extremely heinous or violent crimes such as rape, murder, serial killings etc.'  
[[Hybristophilia]] is a sexual phenomenon that is defined as 'the erotic obsession with or exclusive sexual attraction with an individual who commits extremely heinous or violent crimes such as rape, murder, serial killings etc.'  


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
{| class="wikitable" | style="width: 75%" |
{| class="wikitable" | style="width: 75%" |
|+ Criminals who have received love letters from women  
|+ Criminals who have received love letters from women  
Line 523: Line 479:
| Strangled his pregnant wife, then smothered his three and four year old daughters before dumping their bodies.
| Strangled his pregnant wife, then smothered his three and four year old daughters before dumping their bodies.
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Death Row inmates have no shortage of suitors. In fact, the more notorious the murderer, the less he has to work for female companionship, San Quintin [State Prison] spokesman Eric Messick said.''
* ''Death Row inmates have no shortage of suitors. In fact, the more notorious the murderer, the less he has to work for female companionship, San Quintin [State Prison] spokesman Eric Messick said.''
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* ''Richard Allen Davis, the man who kidnapped 12-year-old Polly Klaas from her Petaluma home in 1993 and killed her, "probably gets more mail than most," Messick said. Richard Ramirez, the "Night Stalker" who killed 13 people and has more than a passing interest in Satanism, has women virtually throwing themselves at him despite the fact he is already married.''
* ''Richard Allen Davis, the man who kidnapped 12-year-old Polly Klaas from her Petaluma home in 1993 and killed her, "probably gets more mail than most," Messick said. Richard Ramirez, the "Night Stalker" who killed 13 people and has more than a passing interest in Satanism, has women virtually throwing themselves at him despite the fact he is already married.''
* ''Messick said "99 percent" of correspondence to the condemned is from women. (There doesn't seem to be a similar clamoring among men for women awaiting death. None of the 15 women on the state's female Death Row in Chowchilla has gotten married in prison.)'' (Fimrite and Taylor 2005)
* ''Messick said "99 percent" of correspondence to the condemned is from women. (There doesn't seem to be a similar clamoring among men for women awaiting death. None of the 15 women on the state's female Death Row in Chowchilla has gotten married in prison.)'' (Fimrite and Taylor 2005)
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Fimrite P, Taylor M. 2005. ''No shortage of women who dream of snaring a husband on Death Row / Experts ponder why deadliest criminals get so many proposals.'' SF Gate. [[https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/No-shortage-of-women-who-dream-of-snaring-a-2689657.php News]]
* Fimrite P, Taylor M. 2005. ''No shortage of women who dream of snaring a husband on Death Row / Experts ponder why deadliest criminals get so many proposals.'' SF Gate. [[https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/No-shortage-of-women-who-dream-of-snaring-a-2689657.php News]]
* Gurian EA. 2013. ''Explanations of mixed-sex partnered homicide: A review of sociological and psychological theory.'' Aggression and Violent Behavior. 18(5): 520-526. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135917891300061X Abstract]]
* Gurian EA. 2013. ''Explanations of mixed-sex partnered homicide: A review of sociological and psychological theory.'' Aggression and Violent Behavior. 18(5): 520-526. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135917891300061X Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Male_gang_members_have_dramatically_more_female_sexual_partners">Male gang members have dramatically more female sexual partners</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Male_gang_members_have_dramatically_more_female_sexual_partners">Male gang members have dramatically more female sexual partners</span>===
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A study by Palmer and Tilley (1995) for The Journal of Sex Research examined the possible evolutionary motives (i.e access to willing females sexual partners) that prompt young men to join street gangs. They revealed that gang members had significantly more consensual sexual partners than a comparable group of non-gang members. It was found that the leaders of these gangs by far had the highest number of sexual partners, with no male non-gang member from the sample coming even close to their high sexual partner count.  
A study by Palmer and Tilley (1995) for The Journal of Sex Research examined the possible evolutionary motives (i.e access to willing females sexual partners) that prompt young men to join street gangs. They revealed that gang members had significantly more consensual sexual partners than a comparable group of non-gang members. It was found that the leaders of these gangs by far had the highest number of sexual partners, with no male non-gang member from the sample coming even close to their high sexual partner count.  


These findings came despite previous evidence that physically unattractive individuals are disproportionately drawn to a life of crime, and physically attractive individuals are usually dissuaded from a life of crime (Mocan and Tekin 2006). This would suggest gang members are not likely to be more physically attractive than average men.
These findings came despite previous evidence that physically unattractive individuals are disproportionately drawn to a life of crime, and physically attractive individuals are usually dissuaded from a life of crime (Mocan and Tekin 2006). This would suggest gang members are not likely to be more physically attractive than average men.


This information is provided solely for evidentiary purposes as regards to the mate selection procedures of female ''H.Sapiens''—it is certainly not encouraged for any man to "thugmaxx" (i.e commit violent crimes) in an attempt to ameliorate their sexual situation.
This information is provided solely for evidentiary purposes as regards to the mate selection procedures of female ''H.Sapiens''—it is certainly not encouraged for any man to "[[Thugmaxxing|thugmaxx]]" (i.e commit violent crimes) in an attempt to ameliorate their sexual situation.


<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
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* ''In contrast, no non-gang member in the study reported more than five partners within the last 90 days.''
* ''In contrast, no non-gang member in the study reported more than five partners within the last 90 days.''
* ''We also predict that leaders of gangs, like leaders in many human societies, not only have sexual access to greater numbers of females, but also more exclusive sexual access to these females.'' (Palmer and Tilley 1995)
* ''We also predict that leaders of gangs, like leaders in many human societies, not only have sexual access to greater numbers of females, but also more exclusive sexual access to these females.'' (Palmer and Tilley 1995)
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Palmer CT, Tilley CF. 1995. ''Sexual Access to Females as a Motivation For Joining Gangs: An Evolutionary Approach.'' The Journal of Sex Research, 32(3):213-217. [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224499509551792 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233368360_Sexual_access_to_females_as_a_motivation_for_joining_gangs_An_evolutionary_approach FullText]]
* Palmer CT, Tilley CF. 1995. ''Sexual Access to Females as a Motivation For Joining Gangs: An Evolutionary Approach.'' The Journal of Sex Research, 32(3):213-217. [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224499509551792 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233368360_Sexual_access_to_females_as_a_motivation_for_joining_gangs_An_evolutionary_approach FullText]]
* Mocan N, Tekin E. 2006. ''Ugly Criminals.'' National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper No. 12019. [[https://www.nber.org/papers/w12019 FullText]]
* Mocan N, Tekin E. 2006. ''Ugly Criminals.'' National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper No. 12019. [[https://www.nber.org/papers/w12019 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Childhood_bullies_experience_greater_sexual_success_than_non-bullies">Childhood bullies experience greater sexual success than non-bullies</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Childhood_bullies_experience_greater_sexual_success_than_non-bullies">Childhood bullies experience greater sexual success than non-bullies</span>===
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Volk et al. (2015) tested the hypothesis that a behavioral tendency towards bullying others, far from only representing a maladaptive social behavior, could actually benefit the perpetrators in terms of the sexual opportunities that accrue to them.
Volk et al. (2015) tested the hypothesis that a behavioral tendency towards bullying others, far from only representing a maladaptive social behavior, could actually benefit the perpetrators in terms of the sexual opportunities that accrue to them.


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A further study by Provenzano et al., used cross-sectional samples consisting of older adolescents (N = 144;111 women Mean Age 18.32) and 396 younger adolescents (N = 396;230 girls, Mean age 14.62). Participants reported their level of engagement in bullying behaviors and their level of bullying victimization, as well as answering a question measuring their number of sexual partners, since the age of 12.  
A further study by Provenzano et al., used cross-sectional samples consisting of older adolescents (N = 144;111 women Mean Age 18.32) and 396 younger adolescents (N = 396;230 girls, Mean age 14.62). Participants reported their level of engagement in bullying behaviors and their level of bullying victimization, as well as answering a question measuring their number of sexual partners, since the age of 12.  


It was found that a greater likelihood of being the perpetrator of bullying behavior was correlated with a greater sexual partner count. However, due to the nature of the study it was impossible to tell if the mediating factor in this relationship was the bullying itself, or the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEXACO_model_of_personality_structure HEXACO] personality traits that are associated with a greater likelihood of engaging in this behavior, specifically the trait 'Honesty-Humility', that was found to being generally lower among bullies. This personality trait has also generally been found to be related to the 'dark triad' traits.
It was found that a greater likelihood of being the perpetrator of bullying behavior was correlated with a greater sexual partner count. However, due to the nature of the study it was impossible to tell if the mediating factor in this relationship was the bullying itself, or the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEXACO_model_of_personality_structure HEXACO] personality traits that are associated with a greater likelihood of engaging in this behavior, specifically the trait 'Honesty-Humility', that was found to being generally lower among bullies. This personality trait has also generally been found to be related to the 'dark triad' traits.


<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
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Such effects are likely to be weakened or obscured by school anti-bullying programs, potentially making engaging in overt bullying behaviors more costly in terms of potential reputational damage that this behavior may incur. The effectiveness of bullying as a socio-sexual tactic also seems to vary wildly by differences in the initial social status and physical attractiveness of the perpetrators/victims, with higher-status individuals likely being socially rewarded more for bullying and excluding lower status individuals. Rosen & Underwood (2010) found some indirect support for this assertion, as the researchers found that overtly aggressive behavior was associated with lower peer popularity for facially unattractive boys. Thus one would expect bullying to be a much more effective tactic for further increasing the mating success of high status and physically attractive individuals, and being a bully may hamper the mating success of less attractive individuals.
Such effects are likely to be weakened or obscured by school anti-bullying programs, potentially making engaging in overt bullying behaviors more costly in terms of potential reputational damage that this behavior may incur. The effectiveness of bullying as a socio-sexual tactic also seems to vary wildly by differences in the initial social status and physical attractiveness of the perpetrators/victims, with higher-status individuals likely being socially rewarded more for bullying and excluding lower status individuals. Rosen & Underwood (2010) found some indirect support for this assertion, as the researchers found that overtly aggressive behavior was associated with lower peer popularity for facially unattractive boys. Thus one would expect bullying to be a much more effective tactic for further increasing the mating success of high status and physically attractive individuals, and being a bully may hamper the mating success of less attractive individuals.


Bullying is also robustly associated with other personality and interpersonal traits that have been demonstrated in other research to be attractive to women (at least in some mating contexts, or perhaps certain types of women) such as low empathy (Enderson & Olweus, 2001) and some of the 'Dark Triad' traits, most notably psychopathy (Baughman et al., 2012,).  
Bullying is also robustly associated with other personality and interpersonal traits that have been demonstrated in other research to be attractive to women (at least in some mating contexts, or perhaps certain types of women) such as low empathy (Enderson & Olweus, 2001) and some of the 'Dark Triad' traits, most notably psychopathy (Baughman et al., 2012,).
Baughman et al. discovered that the dark triad trait most strongly associated with bullying perpetration was psychopathy, with there being a moderate correlation (r = .53) between self-reported tendencies to engage in direct bullying behavior in adulthood and psychopathy scores. Thus bullies are likely more sexually successful as a result of the traits that make them prone to bullying in the first place, as well as their greater mating success being mediated directly through their perpetration of bullying. Research has demonstrated that certain women are implicitly more attracted to men higher in certain aspects of psychopathy, as detailed above in this article.
Baughman et al. discovered that the dark triad trait most strongly associated with bullying perpetration was psychopathy, with there being a moderate correlation (r = .53) between self-reported tendencies to engage in direct bullying behavior in adulthood and psychopathy scores. Thus bullies are likely more sexually successful as a result of the traits that make them prone to bullying in the first place, as well as their greater mating success being mediated directly through their perpetration of bullying. Research has demonstrated that certain women are implicitly more attracted to men higher in certain aspects of psychopathy, as detailed above in this article.


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* ''Bullying research and interventions should be increasingly cognizant of the fact that bullying may indeed be, at least in part, due to evolved mental adaptations that predispose some individuals to harm others to obtain personal goals. These goals may go beyond social dominance and extend specifically toward obtaining sexual partners''.  
* ''Bullying research and interventions should be increasingly cognizant of the fact that bullying may indeed be, at least in part, due to evolved mental adaptations that predispose some individuals to harm others to obtain personal goals. These goals may go beyond social dominance and extend specifically toward obtaining sexual partners''.  
* ''Taken together, Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness may be associated with having more sexual partners by allowing adolescents more willing and able to use bullying as a strategy to facilitate intrasexual competition and intersexual selection, as opposed to being a mechanism leading directly to engagement with more sexual partners.'' (Provenzano et al. 2017)
* ''Taken together, Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness may be associated with having more sexual partners by allowing adolescents more willing and able to use bullying as a strategy to facilitate intrasexual competition and intersexual selection, as opposed to being a mechanism leading directly to engagement with more sexual partners.'' (Provenzano et al. 2017)
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Volk AA, Dane AV, Zopito AM, Vaillancourt T. 2015. ''Adolescent Bullying, Dating, and Mating: Testing an Evolutionary Hypothesis.'' Evolutionary Psychology. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1474704915613909 FullText]]
*Volk AA, Dane AV, Zopito AM, Vaillancourt T. 2015. ''Adolescent Bullying, Dating, and Mating: Testing an Evolutionary Hypothesis.'' Evolutionary Psychology. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1474704915613909 FullText]]
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* Zhang, I. Y., & Goffin PhD, R. D. (2018). ''Evil Geniuses at Work: Does Intelligence Interact with the Dark Triad to Predict Workplace Deviance?'' [[https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=psychd_uht FullText]]
* Zhang, I. Y., & Goffin PhD, R. D. (2018). ''Evil Geniuses at Work: Does Intelligence Interact with the Dark Triad to Predict Workplace Deviance?'' [[https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=psychd_uht FullText]]
* Curtis, V., De Barra, M., & Aunger, R. (2011). ''Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour.'' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366(1563), 389-401. [[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rstb.2010.0117 FullText]]
* Curtis, V., De Barra, M., & Aunger, R. (2011). ''Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour.'' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366(1563), 389-401. [[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rstb.2010.0117 FullText]]
* Hunter, P. (2012). ''What doesn’t kill you makes you dumber.'' EMBO Reports, 13(5), 469–469. [[http://doi.org/10.1038/embor.2012.46 Abstract]]
* Hunter, P. (2012). ''What doesn’t kill you makes you dumber.'' EMBO Reports, 13(5), 469–469. [[https://doi.org/10.1038/embor.2012.46 Abstract]]
* Willyard C. 2010. ''Do Parasites Make You Dumber?'' [[https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2010/06/do-parasites-make-you-dumber Article]]
* Willyard C. 2010. ''Do Parasites Make You Dumber?'' [[https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2010/06/do-parasites-make-you-dumber Article]]
* Sarraf, M. A., Peñaherrera-Aguirre, M., Fernandes, H. B., & Becker, D. (2018). What caused over a century of decline in general intelligence? Testing predictions from the genetic selection and neurotoxin hypotheses. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 4(3), 272-284. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40806-017-0131-7 Abstract]]
* Sarraf, M. A., Peñaherrera-Aguirre, M., Fernandes, H. B., & Becker, D. (2018). What caused over a century of decline in general intelligence? Testing predictions from the genetic selection and neurotoxin hypotheses. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 4(3), 272-284. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40806-017-0131-7 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="More_than_half_of_prison_staff_sexual_misconduct_involves_female_guards.2Fstaff">More than half of prison staff sexual misconduct involves female guards/staff</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="More_than_half_of_prison_staff_sexual_misconduct_involves_female_guards.2Fstaff">More than half of prison staff sexual misconduct involves female guards/staff</span>===
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According to US prison guidelines, "staff sexual misconduct" includes any seemingly consensual act or behavior of a sexual nature directed toward an inmate by staff, including romantic relationships. Such acts include intentional touching of the genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner thigh, or buttocks with the intent to abuse, arouse, or gratify sexual desire; completed, attempted, threatened, or requested sexual acts; and occurrences of indecent exposure, invasion of privacy, or staff voyeurism for sexual gratification.
According to US prison guidelines, "staff sexual misconduct" includes any seemingly consensual act or behavior of a sexual nature directed toward an inmate by staff, including romantic relationships. Such acts include intentional touching of the genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner thigh, or buttocks with the intent to abuse, arouse, or gratify sexual desire; completed, attempted, threatened, or requested sexual acts; and occurrences of indecent exposure, invasion of privacy, or staff voyeurism for sexual gratification.


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* ''In state and federal prisons, 67% of inmate victims of staff sexual misconduct or harassment were male, while 58% of staff perpetrators were female. ''
* ''In state and federal prisons, 67% of inmate victims of staff sexual misconduct or harassment were male, while 58% of staff perpetrators were female. ''
* ''Among all substantiated incidents between 2009 and 2011, 84% of those perpetrated by female staff, compared to 37% of those perpetrated by male staff, involved a sexual relationship that “appeared to be willing.”''
* ''Among all substantiated incidents between 2009 and 2011, 84% of those perpetrated by female staff, compared to 37% of those perpetrated by male staff, involved a sexual relationship that “appeared to be willing.”''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Beck AJ, Rantala RR, Bexroat J. 2014. ''Sexual Victimization Reported by Adult Correctional Authorities, 2009–11''. U.S Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. [[https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svraca0911.pdf FullText]]
*Beck AJ, Rantala RR, Bexroat J. 2014. ''Sexual Victimization Reported by Adult Correctional Authorities, 2009–11''. U.S Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. [[https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svraca0911.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="39.25_of_hospitalized_male_psychopaths_had_consensual_sex_with_female_mental_health_staff">39% of hospitalized male psychopaths had consensual sex with female mental health staff</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="39.25_of_hospitalized_male_psychopaths_had_consensual_sex_with_female_mental_health_staff">39% of hospitalized male psychopaths had consensual sex with female mental health staff</span>===
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Carl B. Gacono, Ph.D. ''et al.'', (1995) published a small study for The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law comparing "select behavior indices between [[psychiatry|hospitalized insanity]] acquittees (N = 18) and hospitalized insanity acquittees who successfully malingered (N = 18)". The study authors called the malingerers 'severe psychopaths', which was evidenced by the fact that all of these malingerers engaged in physical or verbal violence against the staff of the facility, and that a large amount of them were convicted rapists, murderers etc.
Carl B. Gacono, Ph.D. ''et al.'', (1995) published a small study for The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law comparing "select behavior indices between [[psychiatry|hospitalized insanity]] acquittees (N = 18) and hospitalized insanity acquittees who successfully malingered (N = 18)". The study authors called the malingerers 'severe psychopaths', which was evidenced by the fact that all of these malingerers engaged in physical or verbal violence against the staff of the facility, and that a large amount of them were convicted rapists, murderers etc.


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'''Behavioural infractions committed by control group and malingerers 'severe psychopaths'.'''
'''Behavioural infractions committed by control group and malingerers 'severe psychopaths'.'''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  
!  
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| 17%
| 17%
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''The malingerers were significantly more likely to have a history of murder or rape, carry a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder or sexual sadism, and produce greater PCL-R factor 1, factor 2, and total scores than insanity acquittees who did not malinger. ''
* ''The malingerers were significantly more likely to have a history of murder or rape, carry a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder or sexual sadism, and produce greater PCL-R factor 1, factor 2, and total scores than insanity acquittees who did not malinger. ''
* ''The malingerers were also significantly more likely to be verbally or physically assaultive, require specialized treatment plans to control their aggression, have sexual relations with female staff, 39% had such consensual relations with female mental health staff, deal drugs, and be considered an escape risk within the forensic hospital.''
* ''The malingerers were also significantly more likely to be verbally or physically assaultive, require specialized treatment plans to control their aggression, have sexual relations with female staff, 39% had such consensual relations with female mental health staff, deal drugs, and be considered an escape risk within the forensic hospital.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Gacono C, Meloy JR, Sheppard K, Speth E, Roske A. 1995. ''A Clinical Investigation of Malingering and Psychopathy in Hospitalized Insanity Acquittees.'' Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 23(3): 387-397. [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9c55/a8cae3c8a5d238002a261fec643f767d1126.pdf FullText]]
* Gacono C, Meloy JR, Sheppard K, Speth E, Roske A. 1995. ''A Clinical Investigation of Malingering and Psychopathy in Hospitalized Insanity Acquittees.'' Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 23(3): 387-397. [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9c55/a8cae3c8a5d238002a261fec643f767d1126.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_desiring_marriage_and_commitment_are_more_attracted_to_narcissistic_men">Women desiring marriage and commitment are more attracted to narcissistic men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_desiring_marriage_and_commitment_are_more_attracted_to_narcissistic_men">Women desiring marriage and commitment are more attracted to narcissistic men</span>===
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Haslam and Montrose (2015) surveyed 146 British females asking them to rate their agreement with a series of statements intended to measure their attraction to narcissism in a potential male partner. The statements were derived from the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) a psychological test designed to measure the level of "sub-clinical narcissism" in an individual.
Haslam and Montrose (2015) surveyed 146 British females asking them to rate their agreement with a series of statements intended to measure their attraction to narcissism in a potential male partner. The statements were derived from the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) a psychological test designed to measure the level of "sub-clinical narcissism" in an individual.
They found that women wishing to get married were more attracted to the narcissistic male personality (mean rank = 77.82) than those not desiring marriage (mean rank = 59.81). Women with a higher number of sexual partners were also significantly more attracted to the narcissistic male personality.
They found that women wishing to get married were more attracted to the narcissistic male personality (mean rank = 77.82) than those not desiring marriage (mean rank = 59.81). Women with a higher number of sexual partners were also significantly more attracted to the narcissistic male personality.
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*''Females that desired marriage were more attracted to the narcissistic personality than their counterparts who did not desire marriage. This finding is problematic from a female perspective as the narcissistic male is primarily short-term mating goal orientated and does not provide a suitable long-term partner.''
*''Females that desired marriage were more attracted to the narcissistic personality than their counterparts who did not desire marriage. This finding is problematic from a female perspective as the narcissistic male is primarily short-term mating goal orientated and does not provide a suitable long-term partner.''
*''Regardless of females possessing substantial mating experience and matrimonial desires which could be suggested to render the narcissistic male unsuitable as a partner, the narcissistic male personality is still desired, highlighting the success of this personality construct in facilitating a short-term mating strategy.''
*''Regardless of females possessing substantial mating experience and matrimonial desires which could be suggested to render the narcissistic male unsuitable as a partner, the narcissistic male personality is still desired, highlighting the success of this personality construct in facilitating a short-term mating strategy.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Haslam C, Montrose T. 2015. ''Should have known better: The impact of mating experience and the desire for marriage upon attraction to the narcissistic personality.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 82: 188-192. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S019188691500210X?via%3Dihub Abstract]]
* Haslam C, Montrose T. 2015. ''Should have known better: The impact of mating experience and the desire for marriage upon attraction to the narcissistic personality.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 82: 188-192. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S019188691500210X?via%3Dihub Abstract]]
* Buss DM, Shackleford TK. 1997. ''Susceptibility to Infidelity in the First Year of Marriage''. Journal of Research in Personality. 31:2, pp. 193-221. [[https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1997.2175 Abstract]]
* Buss DM, Shackleford TK. 1997. ''Susceptibility to Infidelity in the First Year of Marriage''. Journal of Research in Personality. 31:2, pp. 193-221. [[https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1997.2175 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Female_narcissism_reduces_marital_quality_for_men.2C_but_male_narcissism_does_not_for_women">Female narcissism reduces marital quality for men, but male narcissism does not for women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Female_narcissism_reduces_marital_quality_for_men.2C_but_male_narcissism_does_not_for_women">Female narcissism reduces marital quality for men, but male narcissism does not for women</span>===
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Lavner et al. (2016) gathered longitudinal data from a community sample of 146 newlywed couples assessed six times over the first four years of marriage to assess how narcissism in men and women differentially affected marriage quality and outcomes.
Lavner et al. (2016) gathered longitudinal data from a community sample of 146 newlywed couples assessed six times over the first four years of marriage to assess how narcissism in men and women differentially affected marriage quality and outcomes.


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* ''Hierarchical linear modeling indicated that wives' total narcissism and entitlement/exploitativeness scores predicted the slope of marital quality over time, including steeper declines in marital satisfaction and steeper increases in marital problems. ''
* ''Hierarchical linear modeling indicated that wives' total narcissism and entitlement/exploitativeness scores predicted the slope of marital quality over time, including steeper declines in marital satisfaction and steeper increases in marital problems. ''
* ''Husbands' narcissism scores generally had few effects on their own marital quality or that of their wives.''
* ''Husbands' narcissism scores generally had few effects on their own marital quality or that of their wives.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Lavner JA, Lamkin J, Miller JD, Campbell WK, Karney BR. 2016. ''Narcissism and newlywed marriage: Partner characteristics and marital trajectories.'' Personal Disord. 7(2): 169-79. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26098378 Abstract]]
* Lavner JA, Lamkin J, Miller JD, Campbell WK, Karney BR. 2016. ''Narcissism and newlywed marriage: Partner characteristics and marital trajectories.'' Personal Disord. 7(2): 169-79. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26098378 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_are_attracted_to_.22nice.22_women.2C_but_women_are_not_attracted_to_.22nice.22_men">Men are attracted to "nice" women, but women are not attracted to "nice" men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_are_attracted_to_.22nice.22_women.2C_but_women_are_not_attracted_to_.22nice.22_men">Men are attracted to "nice" women, but women are not attracted to "nice" men</span>===
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Researchers sought to evaluate niceness by defining it as: "a characteristic that may signal to potential partners that one understands, values and supports important aspects of their self-concept and is willing to invest resources in the relationship." In other words, niceness is the degree to which a person understands, values, and supports his partner's identity and values and is willing to put commitment and effort into the relationship. This is also known in psychology as "responsiveness."
Researchers sought to evaluate niceness by defining it as: "a characteristic that may signal to potential partners that one understands, values and supports important aspects of their self-concept and is willing to invest resources in the relationship." In other words, niceness is the degree to which a person understands, values, and supports his partner's identity and values and is willing to put commitment and effort into the relationship. This is also known in psychology as "responsiveness."


The researchers found that men who perceived possible female partners as responsive found them to be "more feminine and more attractive." They also found that when men found women to be responsive, it led to a heightened sexual arousal from the men and greater desire for a relationship.
The researchers found that men who perceived possible female partners as responsive found them to be "more feminine and more attractive." They also found that when men found women to be responsive, it led to a heightened sexual arousal from the men and greater desire for a relationship.


There was no significant relationship between male responsiveness and women's attraction to the men.
There was no significant relationship between male responsiveness and women's attraction to the men.
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* ''Men, but not women, perceived a responsive stranger as more attractive. ''
* ''Men, but not women, perceived a responsive stranger as more attractive. ''
* ''Responsiveness increased men’s perception of partner’s femininity.''
* ''Responsiveness increased men’s perception of partner’s femininity.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Birnbaum GE, Ein-Dor T, Reis HT, Segal N. 2014. ''Why Do Men Prefer Nice Women? Gender Typicality Mediates the Effect of Responsiveness on Perceived Attractiveness in Initial Acquaintanceships.'' Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 40(10): 1341-1353. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167214543879 Abstract]]
* Birnbaum GE, Ein-Dor T, Reis HT, Segal N. 2014. ''Why Do Men Prefer Nice Women? Gender Typicality Mediates the Effect of Responsiveness on Perceived Attractiveness in Initial Acquaintanceships.'' Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 40(10): 1341-1353. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167214543879 Abstract]]
* Mejia P. 2014. ''Study Finds That Men Like Nice Women, But Not the Other Way Around.'' Newsweek. [[https://www.newsweek.com/study-finds-men-nice-women-not-other-way-around-261269 News]]
* Mejia P. 2014. ''Study Finds That Men Like Nice Women, But Not the Other Way Around.'' Newsweek. [[https://www.newsweek.com/study-finds-men-nice-women-not-other-way-around-261269 News]]
* Judge TA, Livingston BA, and Hurst C. 2012. ''Do nice guys—and gals—really finish last? The joint effects of sex and agreeableness on income.'' [[http://doi.org/10.1037/a0026021 Abstract]]
* Judge TA, Livingston BA, and Hurst C. 2012. ''Do nice guys—and gals—really finish last? The joint effects of sex and agreeableness on income.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026021 Abstract]]
* Tracy JL, Beall AT. 2011. ''Happy guys finish last: The impact of emotion expressions on sexual attraction.'' Emotion, 11(6), 1379. [[https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0022902 Abstract]]
* Tracy JL, Beall AT. 2011. ''Happy guys finish last: The impact of emotion expressions on sexual attraction.'' Emotion, 11(6), 1379. [[https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0022902 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Vegetarian_men_are_less_attractive.2C_likable.2C_and_masculine_to_women_than_omnivorous_men">Vegetarian men are less attractive, likable, and masculine to women than omnivorous men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Vegetarian_men_are_less_attractive.2C_likable.2C_and_masculine_to_women_than_omnivorous_men">Vegetarian men are less attractive, likable, and masculine to women than omnivorous men</span>===
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Timeo and Suitner (2018) conducted a series of studies that concluded that:
Timeo and Suitner (2018) conducted a series of studies that concluded that:
* Women perceived vegetarian men as 8% less attractive, compared to omnivorous men.
* Women perceived vegetarian men as 8% less attractive, compared to omnivorous men.
* Women viewed vegetarian men as "less likable".
* Women viewed vegetarian men as "less likable".
* The greater negative perception of vegetarian men was mediated by women's perception of vegetarian men as "less masculine".
* The greater negative perception of vegetarian men was mediated by women's perception of vegetarian men as "less masculine".
* Gender role norms prescribing that men eat meat are actively maintained by both women and men and do in fact guide men’s food choices.
* Gender role norms prescribing that men eat meat are actively maintained by both women and men and do in fact guide men’s food choices.
One of the common motivators of vegetarian men in adopting such a diet is connected to altruistic concerns (i.e. regarding animal welfare), but in women's average opinion this is sexually unattractive behavior, largely due to perceptions of vegetarian men as being less masculine. Women's preference for omnivorous men might be partly due to the easier digestibility and nutritiousness of meat and the fact that [[Scientific Blackpill (Supplemental)#In_hunter-gatherers.2C_men_use_meat_to_obtain_mating_opportunities_and_to_invest_in_mates_and_offspring|men conducted the vast majority of hunting throughout human evolutionary history]], as women are substantially less adapted towards hunting than men.
One of the common motivators of vegetarian men in adopting such a diet is connected to altruistic concerns (i.e. regarding animal welfare), but in women's average opinion this is sexually unattractive behavior, largely due to perceptions of vegetarian men as being less masculine. Women's preference for omnivorous men might be partly due to the easier digestibility and nutritiousness of meat and the fact that [[Scientific Blackpill (Supplemental)#In_hunter-gatherers.2C_men_use_meat_to_obtain_mating_opportunities_and_to_invest_in_mates_and_offspring|men conducted the vast majority of hunting throughout human evolutionary history]], as women are substantially less adapted towards hunting than men.


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* Timeo S, Suitner C. 2018. ''Eating meat makes you sexy: Conformity to dietary gender norms and attractiveness.'' Psychology of Men & Masculinity. 19(3): 418-429. [[https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000119 Abstract]]
* Timeo S, Suitner C. 2018. ''Eating meat makes you sexy: Conformity to dietary gender norms and attractiveness.'' Psychology of Men & Masculinity. 19(3): 418-429. [[https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000119 Abstract]]
* Kogan L, Volsche S. 2020. ''Not the cat’s meow? The impact of posing with cats on female perceptions of male dateability.'' Animals, 10(6), 1007. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10061007 FullText]]
* Kogan L, Volsche S. 2020. ''Not the cat’s meow? The impact of posing with cats on female perceptions of male dateability.'' Animals, 10(6), 1007. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10061007 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Rapists_are_far_more_sexually_active_than_other_men">Rapists are far more sexually active than other men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Rapists_are_far_more_sexually_active_than_other_men">Rapists are far more sexually active than other men</span>===
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David Lisak (2002) wrote in a research paper about undetected rapists (rapists who were never arrested or even reported): "'Undetected rapists' have consistently been shown to more sexually active than other men. Apart from their sexually aggressive behavior, they engage in consensual and coercive sex far more often than is typical for men of their age group. Their sexual activity tends to be an important component of their identities. Thus, rather than being a product of a greater sex drive, their increased sexual activity appears to be driven by their view that if they are not very active then they are neither 'successful' nor adequate as men."
David Lisak (2002) wrote in a research paper about undetected rapists (rapists who were never arrested or even reported): "'Undetected rapists' have consistently been shown to more sexually active than other men. Apart from their sexually aggressive behavior, they engage in consensual and coercive sex far more often than is typical for men of their age group. Their sexual activity tends to be an important component of their identities. Thus, rather than being a product of a greater sex drive, their increased sexual activity appears to be driven by their view that if they are not very active then they are neither 'successful' nor adequate as men."


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A majority of rapists are serial rapists, meaning they raped multiple people. Serial acquaintance rapists are often very charismatic. The notion that rapists are easily identifiable is a myth. College men in fraternities are three times more likely to rape or sexually assault women and college athletes also are more likely to rape or sexually assault women. In ''DEAR STUDENT-ATHLETE: A closer look at how college athletics departments are addressing sexual misconduct'' by Nia Vogel, Vogel writes "The group of students at the greatest risk of being responsible for sexual assault against a peer is male student athletes. Statistics reveal that although male college athletes represent less than 4% of colleges’ student body, that group commits about 20% of reported sexual assaults."
A majority of rapists are serial rapists, meaning they raped multiple people. Serial acquaintance rapists are often very charismatic. The notion that rapists are easily identifiable is a myth. College men in fraternities are three times more likely to rape or sexually assault women and college athletes also are more likely to rape or sexually assault women. In ''DEAR STUDENT-ATHLETE: A closer look at how college athletics departments are addressing sexual misconduct'' by Nia Vogel, Vogel writes "The group of students at the greatest risk of being responsible for sexual assault against a peer is male student athletes. Statistics reveal that although male college athletes represent less than 4% of colleges’ student body, that group commits about 20% of reported sexual assaults."
{{see_also|[[Inceldom FAQ#Are incels violent?|Inceldom FAQ § Are incels violent?]] and [[Rape#Are incels rapists?|Rape § Are incels rapists?]]}}
{{see_also|[[Inceldom FAQ#Are incels violent?|Inceldom FAQ § Are incels violent?]] and [[Rape#Are incels rapists?|Rape § Are incels rapists?]]}}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Lisak, David (March 2002). "The Undetected Rapist" (PDF). [[https://www.csbsju.edu/Documents/Counseling%20and%20Health%20Promotions/CERTS/UndetectedRapist.pdf FullText]]
* Lisak, David (March 2002). "The Undetected Rapist" (PDF). [[https://www.csbsju.edu/Documents/Counseling%20and%20Health%20Promotions/CERTS/UndetectedRapist.pdf FullText]]
* Savino, John O.; Turvey, Brent E. (2005). Rape Investigation Handbook. Academic Press. ISBN 9780120728329.
* Savino, John O.; Turvey, Brent E. (2005). Rape Investigation Handbook. Academic Press. ISBN 9780120728329.
* Loh, Catherine; Gidycz, Christine; Lobo, Tracy; Luthra, Rohini (2005). "A Prospective Analysis of Sexual Assault Perpetration: Risk Factors Related to Perpetrator Characteristics" (PDF). Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 20 (10): 1325–1348. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.208.7187. doi:10.1177/0886260505278528. PMID 16162492. [[https://web.archive.org/web/20171109013012/http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/jhamlin/3925/4925HomeComputer/Rape%20myths/Prospective%20Analysis.pdf FullText]]
* Loh, Catherine; Gidycz, Christine; Lobo, Tracy; Luthra, Rohini (2005). "A Prospective Analysis of Sexual Assault Perpetration: Risk Factors Related to Perpetrator Characteristics" (PDF). Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 20 (10): 1325–1348. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.208.7187. doi:10.1177/0886260505278528. PMID 16162492. [[https://web.archive.org/web/20171109013012/http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/jhamlin/3925/4925HomeComputer/Rape%20myths/Prospective%20Analysis.pdf FullText]]
* Foubert, John; Newberry, Johnathan; Tatum, Jerry (2007). "Behavior differences seven months later: Effects of a rape prevention program on first-year men who join fraternities". NASPA Journal. 44 (4): 728–749. doi:10.2202/1949-6605.1866. [[https://www.academia.edu/14925590 FullText]]
* Foubert, John; Newberry, Johnathan; Tatum, Jerry (2007). "Behavior differences seven months later: Effects of a rape prevention program on first-year men who join fraternities". NASPA Journal. 44 (4): 728–749. doi:10.2202/1949-6605.1866. [[https://www.academia.edu/14925590 FullText]]
* Vogel, Nia, "DEAR STUDENT-ATHLETE: A closer look at how college athletics departments are addressing sexual misconduct". Senior eses, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 2018. Trinity College Digital Repository [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4359/8911e414872bf715c0b60baba1601a573b04.pdf FullText]]
* Vogel, Nia, "DEAR STUDENT-ATHLETE: A closer look at how college athletics departments are addressing sexual misconduct". Senior eses, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 2018. Trinity College Digital Repository [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4359/8911e414872bf715c0b60baba1601a573b04.pdf FullText]]
 
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Benevolent_sexism_is_approved_in_society_by_both_men_and_women">Benevolent sexism is approved in society by both men and women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Benevolent_sexism_is_approved_in_society_by_both_men_and_women">Benevolent sexism is approved in society by both men and women</span>===
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Multiple studies (including cross-cultural studies) have shown that both women and men worldwide (even in Western countries like the United States, England, and Australia) approve of benevolent sexism but disapprove of hostile sexism. Studies even show that women often approve of benevolent sexism, and that benevolent sexism happens more in public contexts while hostile sexism occurs more in private contexts.
Multiple studies (including cross-cultural studies) have shown that both women and men worldwide (even in Western countries like the United States, England, and Australia) approve of benevolent sexism but disapprove of hostile sexism. Studies even show that women often approve of benevolent sexism, and that benevolent sexism happens more in public contexts while hostile sexism occurs more in private contexts.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Bohner, G., Ahlborn, K., & Steiner, R. (2010). How sexy are sexist men? Women’s perception of male response profiles in the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. Sex Roles, 62, 568–582. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9665-x. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-009-9665-x Abstract]]
*Bohner, G., Ahlborn, K., & Steiner, R. (2010). How sexy are sexist men? Women’s perception of male response profiles in the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. Sex Roles, 62, 568–582. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9665-x. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-009-9665-x Abstract]]
*Chisango, Tadios; Mayekiso, Thokozile; Thomae, Manuela (October 2014). "The social nature of benevolent sexism and the antisocial nature of hostile sexism: Is benevolent sexism more likely to manifest in public contexts and hostile sexism in private contexts?". International Journal of Psychology: 1–9. doi:10.1002/ijop.12106. [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tadios_Chisango/publication/266746088_The_social_nature_of_benevolent_sexism_and_the_antisocial_nature_of_hostile_sexism_Is_benevolent_sexism_more_likely_to_manifest_in_public_contexts_and_hostile_sexism_in_private_contexts/links/5f11859f4585151299a142c9/The-social-nature-of-benevolent-sexism-and-the-antisocial-nature-of-hostile-sexism-Is-benevolent-sexism-more-likely-to-manifest-in-public-contexts-and-hostile-sexism-in-private-contexts.pdf FullText]]
*Chisango, Tadios; Mayekiso, Thokozile; Thomae, Manuela (October 2014). "The social nature of benevolent sexism and the antisocial nature of hostile sexism: Is benevolent sexism more likely to manifest in public contexts and hostile sexism in private contexts?". International Journal of Psychology: 1–9. doi:10.1002/ijop.12106. [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tadios_Chisango/publication/266746088_The_social_nature_of_benevolent_sexism_and_the_antisocial_nature_of_hostile_sexism_Is_benevolent_sexism_more_likely_to_manifest_in_public_contexts_and_hostile_sexism_in_private_contexts/links/5f11859f4585151299a142c9/The-social-nature-of-benevolent-sexism-and-the-antisocial-nature-of-hostile-sexism-Is-benevolent-sexism-more-likely-to-manifest-in-public-contexts-and-hostile-sexism-in-private-contexts.pdf FullText]]
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*Glick, P., Fiske, S. T., Mladinic, A., Saiz, J., Abrams, D., Masser, B., ... López López, W. (2000). Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: Hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 763 – 775. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.763.
*Glick, P., Fiske, S. T., Mladinic, A., Saiz, J., Abrams, D., Masser, B., ... López López, W. (2000). Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: Hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 763 – 775. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.763.
*Kilianski, S. E., & Rudman, L. A. (1998). Wanting it both ways: Do women approve of benevolent sexism? Sex Roles, 39, 333–352. doi:10.1023/A:1018814924402. [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Laurie_Rudman/publication/251261112_Wanting_It_Both_Ways_Do_Women_Approve_of_Benevolent_Sexism/links/597f8e72458515687b4bb94f/Wanting-It-Both-Ways-Do-Women-Approve-of-Benevolent-Sexism.pdf FullText]]
*Kilianski, S. E., & Rudman, L. A. (1998). Wanting it both ways: Do women approve of benevolent sexism? Sex Roles, 39, 333–352. doi:10.1023/A:1018814924402. [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Laurie_Rudman/publication/251261112_Wanting_It_Both_Ways_Do_Women_Approve_of_Benevolent_Sexism/links/597f8e72458515687b4bb94f/Wanting-It-Both-Ways-Do-Women-Approve-of-Benevolent-Sexism.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Misogynistic_men_are_more_sexually_active_than_most_men">Misogynistic men are more sexually active than most men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Misogynistic_men_are_more_sexually_active_than_most_men">Misogynistic men are more sexually active than most men</span>===
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In a study of 2,703 teenagers in Spain ages 14 to 20 (M=15.89; SD=1.29), including 1,350 teenage boys (M = 15.95; SD = 1.30) and 1,353 teenage girls (M = 15.83; SD = 1.28), researchers found a very strong correlation between sexism and sexual and romantic success. The study revealed that sexually active teenage boys have more benevolent sexism, more hostile sexism, and more ambivalent sexism than non-sexually active teenage boys. Additionally, benevolently sexist men had their first sex at an earlier age and hostile sexist men had a lower proportion of condom use. The study also revealed that women are attracted to benevolently sexist men. The study revealed that teenage boys without sexual experience had the least amount of hostile sexism, benevolent sexism and ambivalent sexism. Boys with non-penetrative sexual experience had more of the three types of sexism, and boys with penetrative sexual experience had the most amount of the three types of sexism.
In a study of 2,703 teenagers in Spain ages 14 to 20 (M=15.89; SD=1.29), including 1,350 teenage boys (M = 15.95; SD = 1.30) and 1,353 teenage girls (M = 15.83; SD = 1.28), researchers found a very strong correlation between sexism and sexual and romantic success. The study revealed that sexually active teenage boys have more benevolent sexism, more hostile sexism, and more ambivalent sexism than non-sexually active teenage boys. Additionally, benevolently sexist men had their first sex at an earlier age and hostile sexist men had a lower proportion of condom use. The study also revealed that women are attracted to benevolently sexist men. The study revealed that teenage boys without sexual experience had the least amount of hostile sexism, benevolent sexism and ambivalent sexism. Boys with non-penetrative sexual experience had more of the three types of sexism, and boys with penetrative sexual experience had the most amount of the three types of sexism.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Degree of sexual experience in boys
! rowspan="2" | Degree of sexual experience in boys
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| colspan="3" | ''SD = Standard deviation''
| colspan="3" | ''SD = Standard deviation''
|}
|}
Another study took 555 men ages 18 to 25 (mean age=20.6, standard deviation=2.1) and had them fill out surveys testing them on how misogynistic they are, how much they adhere to traditional masculine stereotypes, and other characteristics. They had discovered that misogynistic men (N=44) had more one-night stands, significantly more sex partners, watched more pornography, committed more sexual assault and intimate partner violence, were more likely to pay for sexual services (43% of misogynistic men have paid for sexual services before), and often were involved in fraternities (58%), sports teams (86%), and intramural sports (84%). Misogynistic were compared and contrasted with normative men, normative men involved in male activities or groups, and sex focused men (men who engaged in an exceptionally large amount of sexual activity but are not necessarily misogynistic).
Another study took 555 men ages 18 to 25 (mean age=20.6, standard deviation=2.1) and had them fill out surveys testing them on how misogynistic they are, how much they adhere to traditional masculine stereotypes, and other characteristics. They had discovered that misogynistic men (N=44) had more one-night stands, significantly more sex partners, watched more pornography, committed more sexual assault and intimate partner violence, were more likely to pay for sexual services (43% of misogynistic men have paid for sexual services before), and often were involved in fraternities (58%), sports teams (86%), and intramural sports (84%). Misogynistic were compared and contrasted with normative men, normative men involved in male activities or groups, and sex focused men (men who engaged in an exceptionally large amount of sexual activity but are not necessarily misogynistic).
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Latent class group
! rowspan="2" | Latent class group
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| colspan="3" | ''SD = Standard deviation''
| colspan="3" | ''SD = Standard deviation''
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
*''The third latent class group, a relatively small proportion of the sample (8 %), had high endorsement of rigidly traditional notions of masculinity and high hostility toward women. They also reported committing far more physical IPV, control IPV, and sexual assault than any other group and, for these reasons, we characterized this group’s masculinity as Misogynistic. Sexual sensation seeking levels were high in this group. Misogynistic men reported the highest support for a traditionally masculine sexual script and the lowest support for the monogamy and emotion script of any men in the sample. These men’s mean numbers of both lifetime sexual partners and lifetime one-night stands were higher than those of men in the two Normative groups, and they were more likely than men in any other group to have paid for sexual services. Many of them were also daily pornography users (although frequent use of pornography was common across this sample). Regarding male group involvement, Misogynistic men participated in organized sports teams, informal sports, and computer or gaming groups at higher levels than men in most other groups, and their fraternity membership proportion (58 %) was the highest of any group.''
*''The third latent class group, a relatively small proportion of the sample (8 %), had high endorsement of rigidly traditional notions of masculinity and high hostility toward women. They also reported committing far more physical IPV, control IPV, and sexual assault than any other group and, for these reasons, we characterized this group’s masculinity as Misogynistic. Sexual sensation seeking levels were high in this group. Misogynistic men reported the highest support for a traditionally masculine sexual script and the lowest support for the monogamy and emotion script of any men in the sample. These men’s mean numbers of both lifetime sexual partners and lifetime one-night stands were higher than those of men in the two Normative groups, and they were more likely than men in any other group to have paid for sexual services. Many of them were also daily pornography users (although frequent use of pornography was common across this sample). Regarding male group involvement, Misogynistic men participated in organized sports teams, informal sports, and computer or gaming groups at higher levels than men in most other groups, and their fraternity membership proportion (58 %) was the highest of any group.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Ramiro-Sánchez, Tamara; Ramiro, María Teresa; Bermúdez, María Paz; Buela-Casal, Gualberto (2018). "Sexism and sexual risk behavior in adolescents: Gender differences". International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology. 18 (3): 245–253. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6224861/pdf/main.pdf FullText]].
* Ramiro-Sánchez, Tamara; Ramiro, María Teresa; Bermúdez, María Paz; Buela-Casal, Gualberto (2018). "Sexism and sexual risk behavior in adolescents: Gender differences". International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology. 18 (3): 245–253. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6224861/pdf/main.pdf FullText]].
* Casey EA, Masters NT, Beadnell B, Wells EA, Morrison DM, Hoppe MJ. A Latent Class Analysis of Heterosexual Young Men's Masculinities. Arch Sex Behav. 2016 Jul;45(5):1039-50. doi: 10.1007/s10508-015-0616-z. Epub 2015 Oct 23. Erratum in: Arch Sex Behav. 2016 Jul;45(5):1051. PMID: 26496914; PMCID: PMC4842162. [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26496914/ Abstract]]. [[https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC4842162&blobtype=pdf FullText]].
* Casey EA, Masters NT, Beadnell B, Wells EA, Morrison DM, Hoppe MJ. A Latent Class Analysis of Heterosexual Young Men's Masculinities. Arch Sex Behav. 2016 Jul;45(5):1039-50. doi: 10.1007/s10508-015-0616-z. Epub 2015 Oct 23. Erratum in: Arch Sex Behav. 2016 Jul;45(5):1051. PMID: 26496914; PMCID: PMC4842162. [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26496914/ Abstract]]. [[https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC4842162&blobtype=pdf FullText]].
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Physically_attractive_people_convey_personality_traits_better_during_first_impressions">Physically attractive people convey personality traits better during first impressions</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Physically_attractive_people_convey_personality_traits_better_during_first_impressions">Physically attractive people convey personality traits better during first impressions</span>===
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A University of British Columbia study discovered that people identify the personality traits of physically attractive people more accurately than others during short encounters. The study suggests people are more attentive to people they find attractive. Previous research has discovered that individuals tend to find attractive people more intelligent, friendly, and competent than others, which is known as the physical attractiveness [[halo effect]].
A University of British Columbia study discovered that people identify the personality traits of physically attractive people more accurately than others during short encounters. The study suggests people are more attentive to people they find attractive. Previous research has discovered that individuals tend to find attractive people more intelligent, friendly, and competent than others, which is known as the physical attractiveness [[halo effect]].


The goal of the study was to determine whether a person's attractiveness impacts others' ability to discern their personality traits. For the study, researchers placed more than 75 male and female participants into groups of 5 to 11 people for 3-minute, one-on-one conversations. After each interaction, study participants rated partners on physical attractiveness and five major personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Each person also rated their own personality.  
The goal of the study was to determine whether a person's attractiveness impacts others' ability to discern their personality traits. For the study, researchers placed more than 75 male and female participants into groups of 5 to 11 people for 3-minute, one-on-one conversations. After each interaction, study participants rated partners on physical attractiveness and five major personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Each person also rated their own personality.  


Researchers were able to determine the accuracy of people's perceptions by comparing participants' ratings of others' personality traits with how individuals rated their own traits, adding that steps were taken to control for the positive bias that can occur in self-reporting. Despite an overall positive bias towards people they found attractive (as expected from previous research), study participants identified the "relative ordering" of personality traits of attractive participants more accurately than others, researchers found. "If people think Jane is beautiful, and she is very organized and somewhat generous, people will see her as more organized and generous than she is," says Professor Jeremy Biesanz. "Despite this bias, our study shows that people will also correctly discern the relative ordering of Jane's personality traits -- that she is more organized than generous -- better than others they find less attractive."  
Researchers were able to determine the accuracy of people's perceptions by comparing participants' ratings of others' personality traits with how individuals rated their own traits, adding that steps were taken to control for the positive bias that can occur in self-reporting. Despite an overall positive bias towards people they found attractive (as expected from previous research), study participants identified the "relative ordering" of personality traits of attractive participants more accurately than others, researchers found. "If people think Jane is beautiful, and she is very organized and somewhat generous, people will see her as more organized and generous than she is," says Professor Jeremy Biesanz. "Despite this bias, our study shows that people will also correctly discern the relative ordering of Jane's personality traits -- that she is more organized than generous -- better than others they find less attractive."
This means that attractive people are viewed more positively in general, but their overall personality profile is also viewed more accurately. This study didn't find evidence for an effect running in the other direction, i.e. less attractive people were not viewed less accurately.
This means that attractive people are viewed more positively in general, but their overall personality profile is also viewed more accurately. This study didn't find evidence for an effect running in the other direction, i.e. less attractive people were not viewed less accurately.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* G. L. Lorenzo, J. C. Biesanz, L. J. Human. What Is Beautiful Is Good and More Accurately Understood: Physical Attractiveness and Accuracy in First Impressions of Personality. Psychological Science, 2010; 21 (12): 1777 DOI: 10.1177/0956797610388048. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797610388048 Abstract]].
* G. L. Lorenzo, J. C. Biesanz, L. J. Human. What Is Beautiful Is Good and More Accurately Understood: Physical Attractiveness and Accuracy in First Impressions of Personality. Psychological Science, 2010; 21 (12): 1777 DOI: 10.1177/0956797610388048. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797610388048 Abstract]].
 
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Mental''</span>==
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Mental''</span>==  
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="69.25_of_high_functioning_autistic_adolescents_want_relationships.2C_but_almost_none_succeed">69% of high functioning autistic adolescents want relationships, but almost none succeed</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="69.25_of_high_functioning_autistic_adolescents_want_relationships.2C_but_almost_none_succeed">69% of high functioning autistic adolescents want relationships, but almost none succeed</span>===
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The parents of N = 190 adolescents with high and low functioning [[Asperger's Syndrome|autism]] completed a survey to evaluate the adolescents' perspectives around sexuality.  
The parents of N = 190 adolescents with high and low functioning [[Asperger's Syndrome|autism]] completed a survey to evaluate the adolescents' perspectives around sexuality.  


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Findings were:  
Findings were:  
* 69.2% of adolescents with high functioning autism expressed the desire for a dating relationship.
* 69.2% of adolescents with high functioning autism expressed the desire for a dating relationship.
* 73.1% with high functioning autism expressed attraction to someone of the opposite sex, and 10.0% to the same sex.
* 73.1% with high functioning autism expressed attraction to someone of the opposite sex, and 10.0% to the same sex.
* However, only 7.7% of this high functioning autistic cohort reported having had a relationship with someone of the opposite sex, and 1.5% with someone of the same sex.
* However, only 7.7% of this high functioning autistic cohort reported having had a relationship with someone of the opposite sex, and 1.5% with someone of the same sex.
* Only 1.5% of the group had sex.
* Only 1.5% of the group had sex.
For comparison, around 35% of overall teens (ages 13-17) have some experience with romantic relationships ([https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-development/healthy-relationships/dating/index.html HSS.gov]). Autistic adolescents showed a typical amount of desire for sexual relationships, but a disproportionately low capacity to achieve them. A limitation in deriving figures about the teenager sex lives from parent reports is that teenagers do not disclose all of their activities. However, a survey showed, among teens and young adults 15-21 who reported having vaginal sex, 91% of their parents were aware of this ([https://www.plannedparenthood.org/files/2914/1322/5667/NationalPoll_09-14_V2_1.pdf source]).
For comparison, around 35% of overall teens (ages 13-17) have some experience with romantic relationships ([https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-development/healthy-relationships/dating/index.html HSS.gov]). Autistic adolescents showed a typical amount of desire for sexual relationships, but a disproportionately low capacity to achieve them. A limitation in deriving figures about the teenager sex lives from parent reports is that teenagers do not disclose all of their activities. However, a survey showed, among teens and young adults 15-21 who reported having vaginal sex, 91% of their parents were aware of this ([https://www.plannedparenthood.org/files/2914/1322/5667/NationalPoll_09-14_V2_1.pdf source]).


<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Holmes LG, Himle MB. 2014. ''Brief Report: Parent-Child Sexuality Communication and Autism Spectrum Disorders.'' Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 44(11): 2964–2970. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-014-2146-2 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262581068_Brief_Report_Parent-Child_Sexuality_Communication_and_Autism_Spectrum_Disorders FullText]]
* Holmes LG, Himle MB. 2014. ''Brief Report: Parent-Child Sexuality Communication and Autism Spectrum Disorders.'' Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 44(11): 2964–2970. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-014-2146-2 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262581068_Brief_Report_Parent-Child_Sexuality_Communication_and_Autism_Spectrum_Disorders FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="44.6.25_of_high_functioning_adult_autistic_men_remain_virgins.2C_despite_high_sex.2Frelationship_drive">44.6% of high functioning adult autistic men remain virgins, despite high sex/relationship drive</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="44.6.25_of_high_functioning_adult_autistic_men_remain_virgins.2C_despite_high_sex.2Frelationship_drive">44.6% of high functioning adult autistic men remain virgins, despite high sex/relationship drive</span>===
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A group of high functioning [[Asperger's Syndrome|autistic]] men and women was evaluated and compared with healthy controls to assess their sexual and relationship desires and success/failure to achieve those desires.  
A group of high functioning [[Asperger's Syndrome|autistic]] men and women was evaluated and compared with healthy controls to assess their sexual and relationship desires and success/failure to achieve those desires.  


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These women are also likely seen as having an inherent social value due to their innate [[reproductive success|reproductive resources]] that autistic men do not have. Due to women's tendency towards a passive courtship style, it would also be significantly easier for an autistic woman to enter into a relationship as men are expected to initiate courtship (at least formally) and actively pursue the woman.
These women are also likely seen as having an inherent social value due to their innate [[reproductive success|reproductive resources]] that autistic men do not have. Due to women's tendency towards a passive courtship style, it would also be significantly easier for an autistic woman to enter into a relationship as men are expected to initiate courtship (at least formally) and actively pursue the woman.
 
Men are also generally much less sexually selective than women across a variety of traits, so one would expect neurotypicality and emotional expressiveness to be an aspect of this. Autistic women may also be perceived as being easier to control and even exploit by potential male partners, with Sedgwick et al. (2019) finding that autistic women reported greater experiences of exploitation in their sexual relationships than the Neurotypical (NT) women examined by the researchers. Interestingly enough, in this study, autistic women were equally as likely to be married, in a relationship, or have children compared to the Neurotypical women examined.
Men are also generally much less sexually selective than women across a variety of traits, so one would expect neurotypicality and emotional expressiveness to be an aspect of this. Autistic women may also be perceived as being easier to control and even exploit by potential male partners, with Sedgwick et al. (2019) finding that autistic women reported greater experiences of exploitation in their sexual relationships than the Neurotypical (NT) women examined by the researchers. Interestingly enough, in this study, autistic women were equally as likely to be married, in a relationship, or have children compared to the Neurotypical women examined.


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* ''ASD men reported a greater sexual desire for sexual intercourse than their HC counterparts (P < 0.05, Table III). ''
* ''ASD men reported a greater sexual desire for sexual intercourse than their HC counterparts (P < 0.05, Table III). ''
* ''Of the individuals with ASD, significantly more women (N = 18; 46.2%) than men (N = 9; 16.1%) were currently in a relationship ''
* ''Of the individuals with ASD, significantly more women (N = 18; 46.2%) than men (N = 9; 16.1%) were currently in a relationship ''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Schöttle D, Briken P, Tüscher O, Turner D. 2017. ''Sexuality in autism: hypersexual and paraphilic behavior in women and men with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder.'' Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 19(4): 381–393. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5789215/ FullText]]
* Schöttle D, Briken P, Tüscher O, Turner D. 2017. ''Sexuality in autism: hypersexual and paraphilic behavior in women and men with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder.'' Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 19(4): 381–393. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5789215/ FullText]]
* Sedgwick F, Crane L, Hill V, Pellicano E. 2019. ''Friends and Lovers: The Relationships of Autistic and Neurotypical Women''. Autism in Adulthood. 1:2. [[https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2018.0028 FullText]]
* Sedgwick F, Crane L, Hill V, Pellicano E. 2019. ''Friends and Lovers: The Relationships of Autistic and Neurotypical Women''. Autism in Adulthood. 1:2. [[https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2018.0028 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Autistic_males_are_more_likely_to_have_physically_unusual_facial_traits">Autistic males are more likely to have physically unusual facial traits</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Autistic_males_are_more_likely_to_have_physically_unusual_facial_traits">Autistic males are more likely to have physically unusual facial traits</span>===
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Aldridge et al. (2011) examined 64 boys with autism and 41 typically developing boys age 8 to 12. She discovered that autistic boys have a broader upper face, including wider eyes, have a shorter middle region of the face, including the cheeks and nose, and have a broader or wider mouth and philtrum. Other researchers have discovered similar or identical findings. Researchers also have discovered other common physical characteristics among autistic people, like an asymmetrical face, tufts of hair growing in the wrong direction, a prominent forehead, broad foreheads, wide-set eyes, birth defects, unusual body shapes, or dysmorphic features. In a 2011 study, researchers from Ozgen et al. (2011) compared the physical features of 224 children with autism with 224 controls matched in pairs by age and gender. They found 48 features, such as deeply set eyes, expressionless faces and thin upper lips, that are more common in children with autism than in controls. They then categorized different features according to severity. 'Common variants,' such as prominent ears, exist in more than four percent of the general population, whereas 'minor' abnormalities are more rare. The researchers also identified two 'major' abnormalities — an 'open-mouthed appearance' and 'expressionless faces' — that are severe dysmorphologies caused by abnormal development. Later on, the same team Ozgen et al. (2013) reanalyzed these data to determine whether a subset of these features can help predict whether a child has autism. On average, children with autism have 1.3 major abnormalities, 10.6 minor ones and 8.3 common variations, whereas controls have 0.3, 5.7 and 3.2 respectively. Using six or more common variants as a cutoff for an autism diagnosis accurately diagnosed 88 percent of the children with autism and misclassified only 22 percent of controls. The researchers also used a statistical analysis to make a decision tree, based on the features that are the most prevalent in autism. First, they categorized children with an asymmetrical face as part of the autism group. When they compared this designation with the children's true diagnoses, they discovered that only three percent of the controls meet this criterion. The researchers also put children with abnormal hair whorls — multiple tufts of hair growing in the opposite direction from the rest — as well as children with a prominent forehead in the autism group. These three factors accurately identified 96 percent of the autism sample and misclassified 17 percent of controls.
Aldridge et al. (2011) examined 64 boys with autism and 41 typically developing boys age 8 to 12. She discovered that autistic boys have a broader upper face, including wider eyes, have a shorter middle region of the face, including the cheeks and nose, and have a broader or wider mouth and philtrum. Other researchers have discovered similar or identical findings. Researchers also have discovered other common physical characteristics among autistic people, like an asymmetrical face, tufts of hair growing in the wrong direction, a prominent forehead, broad foreheads, wide-set eyes, birth defects, unusual body shapes, or dysmorphic features. In a 2011 study, researchers from Ozgen et al. (2011) compared the physical features of 224 children with autism with 224 controls matched in pairs by age and gender. They found 48 features, such as deeply set eyes, expressionless faces and thin upper lips, that are more common in children with autism than in controls. They then categorized different features according to severity. 'Common variants,' such as prominent ears, exist in more than four percent of the general population, whereas 'minor' abnormalities are more rare. The researchers also identified two 'major' abnormalities — an 'open-mouthed appearance' and 'expressionless faces' — that are severe dysmorphologies caused by abnormal development. Later on, the same team Ozgen et al. (2013) reanalyzed these data to determine whether a subset of these features can help predict whether a child has autism. On average, children with autism have 1.3 major abnormalities, 10.6 minor ones and 8.3 common variations, whereas controls have 0.3, 5.7 and 3.2 respectively. Using six or more common variants as a cutoff for an autism diagnosis accurately diagnosed 88 percent of the children with autism and misclassified only 22 percent of controls. The researchers also used a statistical analysis to make a decision tree, based on the features that are the most prevalent in autism. First, they categorized children with an asymmetrical face as part of the autism group. When they compared this designation with the children's true diagnoses, they discovered that only three percent of the controls meet this criterion. The researchers also put children with abnormal hair whorls — multiple tufts of hair growing in the opposite direction from the rest — as well as children with a prominent forehead in the autism group. These three factors accurately identified 96 percent of the autism sample and misclassified 17 percent of controls.


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Conversely, it could be that in some cases the [[physiognomy|physiognomic]] features associated with autism may not always be physically aversive, per se, as there have been anecdotal claims of (high functioning, at least) autism sometimes being associated with a unique, 'aristocratic' form of beauty since the disorders were first clinically described (Asperger, 1944).  
Conversely, it could be that in some cases the [[physiognomy|physiognomic]] features associated with autism may not always be physically aversive, per se, as there have been anecdotal claims of (high functioning, at least) autism sometimes being associated with a unique, 'aristocratic' form of beauty since the disorders were first clinically described (Asperger, 1944).  


However, even in the instances where autistic physiognomy is not overtly associated with a repulsive demeanor, it would be likely that people could still pick up something is 'off' instinctively from the distinctive facial physiognomy associated with the condition.  
However, even in the instances where autistic physiognomy is not overtly associated with a repulsive demeanor, it would be likely that people could still pick up something is 'off' instinctively from the distinctive facial physiognomy associated with the condition.
This peculiar physiognomy, combined with the flat affect, odd and rigid body postures, the general lack of grooming and apparent lack of drive to signal group affiliation or status via adopting fashionable or distinct forms of dress and other idiosyncratic social behaviors often endemic to autism may combine to induce people to be prone to shun, bully, or be flat out hostile towards people with autism, even at the stage of first acquaintance, well before there is any opportunity for the autist to engage in any social faux pas or the other kinds of more blatant eccentric behavior that are often called upon by 'experts' of autism to explain autistics frequent social isolation and tendency to be bullied, shunned, neglected and generally be low-status individuals that are often resigned to a life of social isolation and general penury and despair. The oft-predictable consequences of this harsh social ostracism is evinced by the very high suicide rates found among those with autism, particularly among the 'high functioning' kind (who would be assumed to be those with the intellectual capacity to grasp the bleak nature of their predicament and be able-minded and bodied enough to plan and successfully carry out a suicide).
This peculiar physiognomy, combined with the flat affect, odd and rigid body postures, the general lack of grooming and apparent lack of drive to signal group affiliation or status via adopting fashionable or distinct forms of dress and other idiosyncratic social behaviors often endemic to autism may combine to induce people to be prone to shun, bully, or be flat out hostile towards people with autism, even at the stage of first acquaintance, well before there is any opportunity for the autist to engage in any social faux pas or the other kinds of more blatant eccentric behavior that are often called upon by 'experts' of autism to explain autistics frequent social isolation and tendency to be bullied, shunned, neglected and generally be low-status individuals that are often resigned to a life of social isolation and general penury and despair. The oft-predictable consequences of this harsh social ostracism is evinced by the very high suicide rates found among those with autism, particularly among the 'high functioning' kind (who would be assumed to be those with the intellectual capacity to grasp the bleak nature of their predicament and be able-minded and bodied enough to plan and successfully carry out a suicide).


<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Kristina Aldridge, Ian D George, Kimberly K Cole, Jordan R Austin, T Nicole Takahashi, Ye Duan and Judith H Miles. Facial phenotypes in subgroups of pre-pubertal boys with autism spectrum disorders are correlated with clinical phenotypes. Molecular Autism, 2011, 2:15 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-2-15. [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21999758/ Abstract]]
* Kristina Aldridge, Ian D George, Kimberly K Cole, Jordan R Austin, T Nicole Takahashi, Ye Duan and Judith H Miles. Facial phenotypes in subgroups of pre-pubertal boys with autism spectrum disorders are correlated with clinical phenotypes. Molecular Autism, 2011, 2:15 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-2-15. [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21999758/ Abstract]]
* Ozgen H, Hellemann GS, de Jonge MV, Beemer FA, van Engeland H. Predictive value of morphological features in patients with autism versus normal controls. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013 Jan;43(1):147-55. doi: 10.1007/s10803-012-1554-4. PMID: 22669539; PMCID: PMC3536966. [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22669539/ Abstract]]
* Ozgen H, Hellemann GS, de Jonge MV, Beemer FA, van Engeland H. Predictive value of morphological features in patients with autism versus normal controls. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013 Jan;43(1):147-55. doi: 10.1007/s10803-012-1554-4. PMID: 22669539; PMCID: PMC3536966. [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22669539/ Abstract]]
* Ozgen H, Hellemann GS, Stellato RK, Lahuis B, van Daalen E, Staal WG, Rozendal M, Hennekam RC, Beemer FA, van Engeland H. Morphological features in children with autism spectrum disorders: a matched case-control study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2011 Jan;41(1):23-31. doi: 10.1007/s10803-010-1018-7. PMID: 20473590; PMCID: PMC3005119. [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20473590/ Abstract]]
* Ozgen H, Hellemann GS, Stellato RK, Lahuis B, van Daalen E, Staal WG, Rozendal M, Hennekam RC, Beemer FA, van Engeland H. Morphological features in children with autism spectrum disorders: a matched case-control study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2011 Jan;41(1):23-31. doi: 10.1007/s10803-010-1018-7. PMID: 20473590; PMCID: PMC3005119. [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20473590/ Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Autists_are_judged_as_awkward.2C_less_physically_attractive_and_less_approachable_within_seconds">Autists are judged as awkward, less physically attractive and less approachable within seconds</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Autists_are_judged_as_awkward.2C_less_physically_attractive_and_less_approachable_within_seconds">Autists are judged as awkward, less physically attractive and less approachable within seconds</span>===
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Sasson et al. (2017) conducted a series of studies with a similar methodology consisting of groups of ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) and NT (Neurotypical) peers in various modes of social interaction consisting of 'thin slices.' The study discussed here consisted of forty adults (20 ASD; 20 NT;17 males each group) participants.  
Sasson et al. (2017) conducted a series of studies with a similar methodology consisting of groups of ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) and NT (Neurotypical) peers in various modes of social interaction consisting of 'thin slices.' The study discussed here consisted of forty adults (20 ASD; 20 NT;17 males each group) participants.  


The participants were comparable in IQ as measured by the WASI test ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wechsler_Adult_Intelligence_Scale#WASI-II Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence]) and age. The participants were made to record a 60-second mock audition for a fictional reality television program, which was edited by the researchers into five presentation modalities: (1) audio-only (2) visual-only (3) audio-visual (4) static image and (5) transcript of speech content.  
The participants were comparable in IQ as measured by the WASI test ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wechsler_Adult_Intelligence_Scale#WASI-II Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence]) and age. The participants were made to record a 60-second mock audition for a fictional reality television program, which was edited by the researchers into five presentation modalities: (1) audio-only (2) visual-only (3) audio-visual (4) static image and (5) transcript of speech content.
These recordings allowed the researchers to examine which elements of the participant's presentation styles contributed to the first impressions of observers.
These recordings allowed the researchers to examine which elements of the participant's presentation styles contributed to the first impressions of observers.


The participants were then rated by a group of volunteers (who were not informed of the clinical diagnoses of the ASD participants). This evaluation took place in the form of an online survey. Each stimulus was rated one at a time on ten items using a four-point scale (0–3), on several socially desirable traits that are accurately assessed at first acquaintance: attractiveness, awkwardness, intelligence, likeability, trustworthiness, and dominance.  
The participants were then rated by a group of volunteers (who were not informed of the clinical diagnoses of the ASD participants). This evaluation took place in the form of an online survey. Each stimulus was rated one at a time on ten items using a four-point scale (0–3), on several socially desirable traits that are accurately assessed at first acquaintance: attractiveness, awkwardness, intelligence, likeability, trustworthiness, and dominance.  


The researchers discovered that ASD participants were perceived more negatively on a number of the socially desirable traits examined, including attractiveness, likability, and dominance.
The researchers discovered that ASD participants were perceived more negatively on a number of the socially desirable traits examined, including attractiveness, likability, and dominance.
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A later study (Alkhaldi, Sheppard & Mitchell, 2019) partially replicated the findings of the previous study. This study helped to elucidate further the possible casual factors behind this negative evaluation of ASD individuals. The pre-recorded video responses of autistic and NT participants (N = 40, 20 ASD, and 20 NT) to various stimuli of the subjects interacting with researchers (compliment, joke, story, waiting) were recorded. These video clips were evaluated by 31 typically developing perceivers (10 males and 21 females, and the researchers found that ASD individuals were perceived less favorably on several dimensions. The researchers also performed a second study, which replicated the results of the prior study. The participants were informed which scenario each of the participants in the study was experiencing. Which was to help the participants conceptualize the behavior they were observing.
A later study (Alkhaldi, Sheppard & Mitchell, 2019) partially replicated the findings of the previous study. This study helped to elucidate further the possible casual factors behind this negative evaluation of ASD individuals. The pre-recorded video responses of autistic and NT participants (N = 40, 20 ASD, and 20 NT) to various stimuli of the subjects interacting with researchers (compliment, joke, story, waiting) were recorded. These video clips were evaluated by 31 typically developing perceivers (10 males and 21 females, and the researchers found that ASD individuals were perceived less favorably on several dimensions. The researchers also performed a second study, which replicated the results of the prior study. The participants were informed which scenario each of the participants in the study was experiencing. Which was to help the participants conceptualize the behavior they were observing.


Perceiver ratings were utilized by the researchers to calculate a "readability" score (how easy it was to perceive the participant's emotional and affective states). The researchers found that throughout two studies, the readability score correlated moderately to strongly (r = 0.58 for the first study and 0.63 for the second) with the negative or positive evaluations of the target's characteristics. Thus the negative perceptions of autistic individuals are possibly mediated by the observers' difficulty in reading their emotions or intentions. The researchers stated this could either be because this unreadability was associated with perceptions of lower trustworthiness. It could also simply be this unreadability is associated with behaving in a manner that is perceived as eccentric or "out of the ordinary," resulting in the greater negative perceptions of them.
Perceiver ratings were utilized by the researchers to calculate a "readability" score (how easy it was to perceive the participant's emotional and affective states). The researchers found that throughout two studies, the readability score correlated moderately to strongly (r = 0.58 for the first study and 0.63 for the second) with the negative or positive evaluations of the target's characteristics. Thus the negative perceptions of autistic individuals are possibly mediated by the observers' difficulty in reading their emotions or intentions. The researchers stated this could either be because this unreadability was associated with perceptions of lower trustworthiness. It could also simply be this unreadability is associated with behaving in a manner that is perceived as eccentric or "out of the ordinary," resulting in the greater negative perceptions of them.


Trevisan et al. (2018) conducted a meta-analysis on facial expressiveness in autists. They found autists have little difficulties producing simple expressions such as smiles, frowns, and expressions of disgusts. However, autists tend to have inappropriate expressions at times and do not copy other's facial expressions subconsciously, giving the impression of being absent-minded and of low (affective) empathy. They also have more difficulties in spontaneously producing facial expressions and fewer difficulties when they are prompted to produce a particular facial expression. High IQ autists may be able to compensate for their lack of facial expressiveness to some extent, as emotional recognition is related to general intelligence, especially with more experience in social interactions and higher age.
Trevisan et al. (2018) conducted a meta-analysis on facial expressiveness in autists. They found autists have little difficulties producing simple expressions such as smiles, frowns, and expressions of disgusts. However, autists tend to have inappropriate expressions at times and do not copy other's facial expressions subconsciously, giving the impression of being absent-minded and of low (affective) empathy. They also have more difficulties in spontaneously producing facial expressions and fewer difficulties when they are prompted to produce a particular facial expression. High IQ autists may be able to compensate for their lack of facial expressiveness to some extent, as emotional recognition is related to general intelligence, especially with more experience in social interactions and higher age.
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Emotional expressiveness may have evolved due to the necessity for social organization in groups of humans. Proper expression of emotion is crucial for navigating and ascending social hierarchies; hence there is a selection pressure for sexual preferences to avoid non-[[neurotypical]] individuals. The social brain hypothesis suggests that higher human behavior emerged in [[intrasexual competition|intrasexual]] and inter-group competition, making selecting individuals to outcompete others in terms of neurotypical chatter and socializing (rendering autists easy targets of such [[bullying|competition]]). Neurodivergent individuals who cannot express emotions may tend to be ineffective coalition partners. Further, atypical behavior may have served as an indicator of neurodegenerative infectious diseases in the past, often enough that humans evolved a natural aversion, a mechanism that is known as [[wikipedia:Behavioral immune system|behavioral immune system]].
Emotional expressiveness may have evolved due to the necessity for social organization in groups of humans. Proper expression of emotion is crucial for navigating and ascending social hierarchies; hence there is a selection pressure for sexual preferences to avoid non-[[neurotypical]] individuals. The social brain hypothesis suggests that higher human behavior emerged in [[intrasexual competition|intrasexual]] and inter-group competition, making selecting individuals to outcompete others in terms of neurotypical chatter and socializing (rendering autists easy targets of such [[bullying|competition]]). Neurodivergent individuals who cannot express emotions may tend to be ineffective coalition partners. Further, atypical behavior may have served as an indicator of neurodegenerative infectious diseases in the past, often enough that humans evolved a natural aversion, a mechanism that is known as [[wikipedia:Behavioral immune system|behavioral immune system]].
<!-- too hypothetical
An alternative or additional explanation may be sexual selection: Geoffrey Miller's [[Fisherian runaway#Behavior|''mating mind'' hypothesis]] of human intelligence suggests that higher cognition and much of human behavior may have evolved as "cognitive ornament" though [[Fisherian runaway|positive-feedback processes]] in sexual selection. Such runaway selection predicts not only an exaggerated ornament but also a highly narrowed and exaggerated preference for such ornament. This evolutionary selection pressure may suggest the struggles high-functioning autists face may, in part, be rooted in social exclusion. This exclusion seems partially based on sexually selected preferences for highly specific modes of facial and emotional expressiveness . People strongly judge based on subtle cues of physical appearance despite them being mostly unrelated to health and ability. This superficiality in judgment may be evidence of a ''few millimeters of emotional expressiveness'' and [[charisma]] in analogy to [[a few millimeters of bone]] that contribute to social and sexual exclusion.
The natural aversion to subtle differences in emotional expressiveness may also be a driver of racism as each race may more attuned to particular cognitive ornament specific to their race. For example, Albert Einstein perceived the Northeast Asians as [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/12/einsteins-travel-diaries-reveal-shocking-xenophobia obtuse] in one of his travel diaries.-->


<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Our findings show that negative first impressions of adults with ASD occurred only when audio and/or visual information was present, and not when the transcript of their speech content was evaluated. This discrepancy suggests that social presentation style rather than the substantive content of social speech drove negative impression formation of individuals with ASD.''
* ''Our findings show that negative first impressions of adults with ASD occurred only when audio and/or visual information was present, and not when the transcript of their speech content was evaluated. This discrepancy suggests that social presentation style rather than the substantive content of social speech drove negative impression formation of individuals with ASD.''
* ''Supporting this conclusion, a static image was sufficient for generating negative first impressions of those with ASD and including additional information, such as body movement or voice, did not worsen them further.''
* ''Supporting this conclusion, a static image was sufficient for generating negative first impressions of those with ASD and including additional information, such as body movement or voice, did not worsen them further.''
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* ''Target readability correlated with ratings of target favorability (r = .58 and r = .63), independent of target diagnosis. Perceivers might rate targets unfavorably because they experience difficulty reading them, though other interpretations of the correlation are also possible.''(Alkhaldi et al. 2019)
* ''Target readability correlated with ratings of target favorability (r = .58 and r = .63), independent of target diagnosis. Perceivers might rate targets unfavorably because they experience difficulty reading them, though other interpretations of the correlation are also possible.''(Alkhaldi et al. 2019)
* ''If being unreadable is associated with being rated socially unfavorable, as suggested by our findings, it could, in turn, have very negative consequences for the development of autistic individuals. This follows if being perceived unfavorably is a barrier to inclusion in the social world, where autistic people, who are in the population minority, instead are condemned to isolation.'' (Alkhaldi et al. 2019)
* ''If being unreadable is associated with being rated socially unfavorable, as suggested by our findings, it could, in turn, have very negative consequences for the development of autistic individuals. This follows if being perceived unfavorably is a barrier to inclusion in the social world, where autistic people, who are in the population minority, instead are condemned to isolation.'' (Alkhaldi et al. 2019)
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Sasson NJ. Faso DJ, Nugent J, Lovell S, Kennedy DP, Grossman RB. 2019. ''Neurotypical Peers are Less Willing to Interact with Those with Autism based on Thin Slice Judgments.'' Scientific Reports. 7: 40700. [[https://www.nature.com/articles/srep40700#discussion FullText]]
* Sasson NJ. Faso DJ, Nugent J, Lovell S, Kennedy DP, Grossman RB. 2019. ''Neurotypical Peers are Less Willing to Interact with Those with Autism based on Thin Slice Judgments.'' Scientific Reports. 7: 40700. [[https://www.nature.com/articles/srep40700#discussion FullText]]
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* Trevisan DA, Hoskyn M, Birmingham E. 2018. ''Facial Expression Production in Autism: A Meta‐Analysis.'' Autism Research, 11(12), 1586-1601. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aur.2037 Abstract]]
* Trevisan DA, Hoskyn M, Birmingham E. 2018. ''Facial Expression Production in Autism: A Meta‐Analysis.'' Autism Research, 11(12), 1586-1601. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aur.2037 Abstract]]
* Song Y, Nie T, Shi W, Zhao X, Yang Y. 2019. ''Empathy Impairment in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Conditions From a Multidimensional Perspective: A Meta-Analysis.'' Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1902. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6794557/ FullText]]
* Song Y, Nie T, Shi W, Zhao X, Yang Y. 2019. ''Empathy Impairment in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Conditions From a Multidimensional Perspective: A Meta-Analysis.'' Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1902. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6794557/ FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Autistic_men_have_10_times_as_many_suicidal_thoughts_as_normal_men">Autistic men have 10 times as many suicidal thoughts as normal men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Autistic_men_have_10_times_as_many_suicidal_thoughts_as_normal_men">Autistic men have 10 times as many suicidal thoughts as normal men</span>===
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Autism is a mental health condition that disproportionately affects men and often results in the sufferers of the conditions of social isolation. Numerous studies show the harms of autism are deep and painful to those who must bear them. Autistic individuals are subjected to at least 4-5x as much bullying as normal children. Autistic children report 28x more suicidal ideation or attempt compared to normal children. Autistic adults report nearly ten times as many suicidal thoughts. Overall, people with autism are 7.53 times more likely to die by suicide, those with high-functioning autism having a greater risk of committing suicide than the low functioning, being 9.36 times more likely to commit suicide.
Autism is a mental health condition that disproportionately affects men and often results in the sufferers of the conditions of social isolation. Numerous studies show the harms of autism are deep and painful to those who must bear them. Autistic individuals are subjected to at least 4-5x as much bullying as normal children. Autistic children report 28x more suicidal ideation or attempt compared to normal children. Autistic adults report nearly ten times as many suicidal thoughts. Overall, people with autism are 7.53 times more likely to die by suicide, those with high-functioning autism having a greater risk of committing suicide than the low functioning, being 9.36 times more likely to commit suicide.


A clinical cohort study of adults recently diagnosed with Asperger's Syndrome (N = 374, 256 men, 116 women) in 2014 found a much greater prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempts/plans for suicide among adults with Asperger's as compared to the general population. Specifically, adults with Asperger's syndrome are much more likely to report lifetime experience of suicidal ideation than were individuals from a general UK population sample (odds ratio 9.6), and 35% of respondents reported having planned their suicide.
A clinical cohort study of adults recently diagnosed with Asperger's Syndrome (N = 374, 256 men, 116 women) in 2014 found a much greater prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempts/plans for suicide among adults with Asperger's as compared to the general population. Specifically, adults with Asperger's syndrome are much more likely to report lifetime experience of suicidal ideation than were individuals from a general UK population sample (odds ratio 9.6), and 35% of respondents reported having planned their suicide.


<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
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* "In contrast, the high-functioning ASD group had a significantly more elevated suicide risk than the low-functioning ASD group, whereas, again, both groups had an increased risk compared with controls. The time period between registered ASD diagnosis and suicide was on average 2.86 years (SD = 2.41) in the low-functioning ASD group and 2.53 years (SD = 2.65) in the high-functioning ASD group." (Hirvikowski et al. 2016)
* "In contrast, the high-functioning ASD group had a significantly more elevated suicide risk than the low-functioning ASD group, whereas, again, both groups had an increased risk compared with controls. The time period between registered ASD diagnosis and suicide was on average 2.86 years (SD = 2.41) in the low-functioning ASD group and 2.53 years (SD = 2.65) in the high-functioning ASD group." (Hirvikowski et al. 2016)
* "Suicide was the only specific cause of death showing a higher risk in high-functioning ASD compared with low-functioning ASD." (Hivikowski et al. 2016)
* "Suicide was the only specific cause of death showing a higher risk in high-functioning ASD compared with low-functioning ASD." (Hivikowski et al. 2016)
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Dickerson Mayes S, Gorman AA, Hillwig-Garcia J, Syed E. 2013. "Suicide ideation and attempts in children with autism." Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 7(1): 109-119. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1750946712000931 Abstract]]
* Dickerson Mayes S, Gorman AA, Hillwig-Garcia J, Syed E. 2013. "Suicide ideation and attempts in children with autism." Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 7(1): 109-119. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1750946712000931 Abstract]]
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* Collingwood J. 2018. "Suicidal Thoughts 10 Times More Likely in Adults With Asperger's." PsychCentral. [[https://psychcentral.com/news/2014/10/13/suicidal-thoughts-10-times-more-likely-in-adults-with-aspergers/76016.html News]]
* Collingwood J. 2018. "Suicidal Thoughts 10 Times More Likely in Adults With Asperger's." PsychCentral. [[https://psychcentral.com/news/2014/10/13/suicidal-thoughts-10-times-more-likely-in-adults-with-aspergers/76016.html News]]
* Cassidy S, Bradley P, Robinson J, Allison C, McHugh M, Baron-Cohen S. 2014. "Suicidal ideation and suicide plans or attempts in adults with Asperger's syndrome attending a specialist diagnostic clinic: a clinical cohort study." Lancet Psychiatry 1:142-147. [[https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanpsy/PIIS2215-0366(14)70248-2.pdf FullText]]
* Cassidy S, Bradley P, Robinson J, Allison C, McHugh M, Baron-Cohen S. 2014. "Suicidal ideation and suicide plans or attempts in adults with Asperger's syndrome attending a specialist diagnostic clinic: a clinical cohort study." Lancet Psychiatry 1:142-147. [[https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanpsy/PIIS2215-0366(14)70248-2.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="High_IQ_men_are_more_likely_to_remain_virgins_longer">High IQ men are more likely to remain virgins longer</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="High_IQ_men_are_more_likely_to_remain_virgins_longer">High IQ men are more likely to remain virgins longer</span>===
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Studies assessing the relation of IQ to mating success in America have found that both adolescent men and women have higher rates of [[virgin|virginity]] when they have high IQ.  
Studies assessing the relation of IQ to mating success in America have found that both adolescent men and women have higher rates of [[virgin|virginity]] when they have high IQ.  


For instance, a study conducted by Halpern et al. (2000) that used a total sample of N = 11,696 adolescents from two longitudinal surveys of adolescent health and sexual behavior, measured the IQs of participants using a simple and equivalent measure of IQ—The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT–R)—which has a correlation of .64 with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, indicating that the test is a good measure of "g," i.e  
For instance, a study conducted by Halpern et al. (2000) that used a total sample of N = 11,696 adolescents from two longitudinal surveys of adolescent health and sexual behavior, measured the IQs of participants using a simple and equivalent measure of IQ—The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT–R)—which has a correlation of .64 with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, indicating that the test is a good measure of "g," i.e
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_factor_(psychometrics) general intelligence].
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_factor_(psychometrics) general intelligence].


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* "63.3% of adolescent men and 81.6% of women with IQ scores below average have never had sex and most have had fewer experiences of romantic attraction."
* "63.3% of adolescent men and 81.6% of women with IQ scores below average have never had sex and most have had fewer experiences of romantic attraction."
* "An adolescent with an IQ score of 100 was 1.5 to 5 times more likely to have had intercourse than an adolescent with an above-average score of about 120 to 130."
* "An adolescent with an IQ score of 100 was 1.5 to 5 times more likely to have had intercourse than an adolescent with an above-average score of about 120 to 130."
* "Controlling for age, physical maturity, and mother's education, a significant curvilinear relationship between intelligence and coital status was demonstrated;adolescents at the upper and lower ends of the intelligence distribution were less likely to have sex. Higher intelligence was also associated with postponement of the initiation of the full range of partnered sexual activities."
* "Controlling for age, physical maturity, and mother's education, a significant curvilinear relationship between intelligence and coital status was demonstrated;adolescents at the upper and lower ends of the intelligence distribution were less likely to have sex. Higher intelligence was also associated with postponement of the initiation of the full range of partnered sexual activities."
 
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>  
*Hapern CT, Joyner K, Udry JR, Suchindran C. 2000. ''Smart teens don't have sex (or kiss much either).'' J Adolesc Health. 26(3): 213-25. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10706169?dopt Abstract]]                 
*Hapern CT, Joyner K, Udry JR, Suchindran C. 2000. ''Smart teens don't have sex (or kiss much either).'' J Adolesc Health. 26(3): 213-25. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10706169?dopt Abstract]]                 
* Agencies. 2007. ''Studies show IQ link to virginity.'' The Times of India. [[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Studies-show-IQ-link-to-virginity/articleshow/2274865.cms News]]
* Agencies. 2007. ''Studies show IQ link to virginity.'' The Times of India. [[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Studies-show-IQ-link-to-virginity/articleshow/2274865.cms News]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Teenage_boys_with_ADHD_have_double_the_amount_of_sexual_partners_vs._.27normal.27_teens">Teenage boys with ADHD have double the amount of sexual partners vs. 'normal' teens</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Teenage_boys_with_ADHD_have_double_the_amount_of_sexual_partners_vs._.27normal.27_teens">Teenage boys with ADHD have double the amount of sexual partners vs. 'normal' teens</span>===
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Østergaard et al. (2017) conducted a nationwide cohort study using data from Danish government registers. Examining individuals (N = 2,698,052) born in Denmark between 1960-2001, it was found that individuals with ADHD were significantly (2.3 for males and 3.62 for females at the ages of 12-16) more likely to become parents in their teens. These numbers were also similar for older teenagers aged 17-19.  
Østergaard et al. (2017) conducted a nationwide cohort study using data from Danish government registers. Examining individuals (N = 2,698,052) born in Denmark between 1960-2001, it was found that individuals with ADHD were significantly (2.3 for males and 3.62 for females at the ages of 12-16) more likely to become parents in their teens. These numbers were also similar for older teenagers aged 17-19.  


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
A possible explanation for the ADHD boys being more sexually successful than TD males is the overlapping behavioral elements of ADHD and certain aspects of psychopathy, namely boldness, sensation seeking and disinhibition.  
A possible explanation for the ADHD boys being more sexually successful than TD males is the overlapping behavioral elements of ADHD and certain aspects of psychopathy, namely boldness, sensation seeking and disinhibition.
Bodalski (2017) reviewed research demonstrating a link between ADHD and general psychopathic affect, supporting this hypothesis. Both conditions also exhibited similar levels of impulsive behavior. However, Bodalski noted that the literature examining the possible relationship between the two was scarce.
Bodalski (2017) reviewed research demonstrating a link between ADHD and general psychopathic affect, supporting this hypothesis. Both conditions also exhibited similar levels of impulsive behavior. However, Bodalski noted that the literature examining the possible relationship between the two was scarce.


This link gets even more interesting when broken down via the ADHD subtype because ADHD is often heterogeneous in its symptomology.  
This link gets even more interesting when broken down via the ADHD subtype because ADHD is often heterogeneous in its symptomology.
There are two main subtypes of ADHD, inattentive or hyperactive and impulsive. While many ADHD patients will exhibit symptoms associated with both subtypes, the inattentive subtype seems characterized mainly by passivity, lack of focus and seeming social withdrawal and disinterest. In contrast, the impulsive subtype seems linked to extraversion, sensation seeking, and socially agentic (forceful, dominant, male-typical) behavior. When considering the influence of ADHD on sexual behaviors, it is crucial to note that some research has indicated that only the impulsive facet is associated with greater short-term mating propensity and success, with the inattentive facet potentially being harmful and maladaptive in this respect.
There are two main subtypes of ADHD, inattentive or hyperactive and impulsive. While many ADHD patients will exhibit symptoms associated with both subtypes, the inattentive subtype seems characterized mainly by passivity, lack of focus and seeming social withdrawal and disinterest. In contrast, the impulsive subtype seems linked to extraversion, sensation seeking, and socially agentic (forceful, dominant, male-typical) behavior. When considering the influence of ADHD on sexual behaviors, it is crucial to note that some research has indicated that only the impulsive facet is associated with greater short-term mating propensity and success, with the inattentive facet potentially being harmful and maladaptive in this respect.


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They discovered that men of the inattentive subtype of ADHD showed a "consistent pattern of passivity and (sexual) inexperience". They found that the inattentive subgroup of men experienced typical dating milestones much earlier than the combined group of ADHD men. Despite the small sample size, this effect was large and significant (upon pairwise comparison).
They discovered that men of the inattentive subtype of ADHD showed a "consistent pattern of passivity and (sexual) inexperience". They found that the inattentive subgroup of men experienced typical dating milestones much earlier than the combined group of ADHD men. Despite the small sample size, this effect was large and significant (upon pairwise comparison).
Furthermore, a "heterosocial interaction task" was staged, wherein female research confederates, in this case, female undergrad students, interacted with the subjects and evaluated their romantic desirability. An analysis of this task discovered that the inattentive subtype of ADHD men was evaluated particularly negatively by the women involved in the experiment. This group of men was judged to be the least datable (large effect). A group of other participants, who acted as passive observers of the experimental conversations, evaluated the inattentive subtype of ADHD men as passive, unverbose and unassertive. This experiment controlled for physical attractiveness.
Furthermore, a "heterosocial interaction task" was staged, wherein female research confederates, in this case, female undergrad students, interacted with the subjects and evaluated their romantic desirability. An analysis of this task discovered that the inattentive subtype of ADHD men was evaluated particularly negatively by the women involved in the experiment. This group of men was judged to be the least datable (large effect). A group of other participants, who acted as passive observers of the experimental conversations, evaluated the inattentive subtype of ADHD men as passive, unverbose and unassertive. This experiment controlled for physical attractiveness.
While the group of ADHD men of the combined subtype reported a significantly higher sex drive than the inattentive subtype of ADHD men, the researchers hypothesized that the impulsive, attention-seeking behavior of the combined subtype of ADHD boys might be particularly socially beneficial and attractive to female peers in early puberty, giving these boys [[Matthew effect|a sexual headstart that often snowballs into greater sexual success later in their lives]].  
While the group of ADHD men of the combined subtype reported a significantly higher sex drive than the inattentive subtype of ADHD men, the researchers hypothesized that the impulsive, attention-seeking behavior of the combined subtype of ADHD boys might be particularly socially beneficial and attractive to female peers in early puberty, giving these boys [[Matthew effect|a sexual headstart that often snowballs into greater sexual success later in their lives]].
Meanwhile, the inattentive subgroup of ADHD boys, introverted, passive, and likely perceived as dull due to their lack of ability to focus and (apparent) social disinterest, may have been more likely to be socially ostracized, romantically rejected or otherwise unsuccessful, and thus more likely to miss critical sexual 'milestones', contributing to the higher instance of heterosocial dysfunction in this group of men. While this study was small in scope, it concurs with the findings of other studies that conclude the ADHD-promiscuity link is primarily limited to patients of the combined or impulsive subtypes. Halkett & Hinshaw (2020) investigated the association between kind of ADHD diagnosis and sexual behavior in a group of adolescent girls and discovered that while (unlike what was found with the men in the study mentioned above) both subtypes of ADHD were associated with greater promiscuity, the inattentive type girls had a slightly older age of sexual debut and lower propensity towards engaging in oral sex than the impulsive subtype girls.  
Meanwhile, the inattentive subgroup of ADHD boys, introverted, passive, and likely perceived as dull due to their lack of ability to focus and (apparent) social disinterest, may have been more likely to be socially ostracized, romantically rejected or otherwise unsuccessful, and thus more likely to miss critical sexual 'milestones', contributing to the higher instance of heterosocial dysfunction in this group of men. While this study was small in scope, it concurs with the findings of other studies that conclude the ADHD-promiscuity link is primarily limited to patients of the combined or impulsive subtypes. Halkett & Hinshaw (2020) investigated the association between kind of ADHD diagnosis and sexual behavior in a group of adolescent girls and discovered that while (unlike what was found with the men in the study mentioned above) both subtypes of ADHD were associated with greater promiscuity, the inattentive type girls had a slightly older age of sexual debut and lower propensity towards engaging in oral sex than the impulsive subtype girls.  


Furthermore, Marsh et al. (2012) examined the association between ADHD subtype symptoms and risky sexual behavior in a sample of Chinese and American students. This study found that only the impulsive symptoms of ADHD predicted overall higher levels of promiscuity (anal sex, sex with strangers, casual sex in general), though inattentive symptoms also predicted engagement in certain risky sexual behaviors such as lack of condom use. However, contrary evidence from a Russian study conducted on high-school students suggests that the inattentive symptoms of ADHD also predict risky sexual behaviour (Isakson et al., 2018). This difference may be attributable to the different methodologies used in this study, such as relying on teacher evaluations of symptomatic behavior instead of self-report. Cultural differences, such as a greater tendency towards collectivism in Russia (potentially lessening the social desirability of boisterous and self-enhancing behavior, and so on), may have also influenced the sexual outcomes found in this study differentially by ADHD symptomology.  
Furthermore, Marsh et al. (2012) examined the association between ADHD subtype symptoms and risky sexual behavior in a sample of Chinese and American students. This study found that only the impulsive symptoms of ADHD predicted overall higher levels of promiscuity (anal sex, sex with strangers, casual sex in general), though inattentive symptoms also predicted engagement in certain risky sexual behaviors such as lack of condom use. However, contrary evidence from a Russian study conducted on high-school students suggests that the inattentive symptoms of ADHD also predict risky sexual behaviour (Isakson et al., 2018). This difference may be attributable to the different methodologies used in this study, such as relying on teacher evaluations of symptomatic behavior instead of self-report. Cultural differences, such as a greater tendency towards collectivism in Russia (potentially lessening the social desirability of boisterous and self-enhancing behavior, and so on), may have also influenced the sexual outcomes found in this study differentially by ADHD symptomology.
The median age of the students in the Russian study was also relatively low (median age 14.37), and reported rates of engagement with risky sexual behaviour was also low (24% of males). Few respondents reported having had more than one sex partner (14.1% of males). These results leave open the possibility that the students were too young and sexually inexperienced for distinct ADHD symptomology to exert any significant effect on sexual behavior.  
The median age of the students in the Russian study was also relatively low (median age 14.37), and reported rates of engagement with risky sexual behaviour was also low (24% of males). Few respondents reported having had more than one sex partner (14.1% of males). These results leave open the possibility that the students were too young and sexually inexperienced for distinct ADHD symptomology to exert any significant effect on sexual behavior.
Other research has indicated that the relationships of teenagers with ADHD are characterized by a high rate of turnover and low rates of intimacy; in some cases, this turnover is high enough to limit their sexual success during this period compared to controls, even if they potentially have greater access to romantic partners than control teenagers (Margherio, 2020).
Other research has indicated that the relationships of teenagers with ADHD are characterized by a high rate of turnover and low rates of intimacy; in some cases, this turnover is high enough to limit their sexual success during this period compared to controls, even if they potentially have greater access to romantic partners than control teenagers (Margherio, 2020).


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This broad short-term mating orientation closely links ADHD with a [[life history theory|fast life history strategy]], which may help explain why ADHD is primarily a male 'illness' (Waddell & McCarthy, 2010).
This broad short-term mating orientation closely links ADHD with a [[life history theory|fast life history strategy]], which may help explain why ADHD is primarily a male 'illness' (Waddell & McCarthy, 2010).
This body of evidence suggests that, like certain types of psychopathy, ADHD may be [[evolution|evolutionarily]] adaptive and only pathological in a modern society where the characteristic behaviors linked with ADHD, such as aggression, 'risky behavior', and a high activity level, are considered out of line with modern social expectations and institutions that demand and enforce reasonably domesticated behavior among men.
This body of evidence suggests that, like certain types of psychopathy, ADHD may be [[evolution|evolutionarily]] adaptive and only pathological in a modern society where the characteristic behaviors linked with ADHD, such as aggression, 'risky behavior', and a high activity level, are considered out of line with modern social expectations and institutions that demand and enforce reasonably domesticated behavior among men.
If the inattentive subtype of ADHD is indeed associated with less sexual and relationship among male sufferers, as the evidence tends to suggest, this may be evidence for a 'failed fast life history' strategy among these men.  
If the inattentive subtype of ADHD is indeed associated with less sexual and relationship among male sufferers, as the evidence tends to suggest, this may be evidence for a 'failed fast life history' strategy among these men.
That is, these men would likely still be broadly adapted to pursuing short-term mating but would be less able to capitalize on any opportunities to pursue such a strategy due to evolutionary mismatches or behavioral 'deficits' (such as a tendency towards passivity and introversion), in some cases perhaps even contributing to these men's involuntary celibacy.
That is, these men would likely still be broadly adapted to pursuing short-term mating but would be less able to capitalize on any opportunities to pursue such a strategy due to evolutionary mismatches or behavioral 'deficits' (such as a tendency towards passivity and introversion), in some cases perhaps even contributing to these men's involuntary celibacy.


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* ''Adolescents with ADHD reported having more romantic partners than their typically developing (TD) peers. Females with ADHD were found to have shorter romantic relationships than TD adolescents while males with ADHD reported their age of first intercourse to be nearly 2 years sooner than TD peers. Irrespective of gender, adolescents with ADHD had nearly double the number of lifetime sexual partners.'' (Rokeach & Weiner, 2014)
* ''Adolescents with ADHD reported having more romantic partners than their typically developing (TD) peers. Females with ADHD were found to have shorter romantic relationships than TD adolescents while males with ADHD reported their age of first intercourse to be nearly 2 years sooner than TD peers. Irrespective of gender, adolescents with ADHD had nearly double the number of lifetime sexual partners.'' (Rokeach & Weiner, 2014)
* ''Psychopathy and ADHD both have impulsive elements that may explain overlap of the two. A 2010 study indicated that children with ADHD inattentive type and combined type were rated by teachers as having elevated levels of psychopathic and callous-unemotional traits as well as lower educational performance (DeLisi et al., 2010). In 2013, DeLisi found that children with both ADHD and conduct disorder scored higher than their peers on psychopathic personality features and also noted that thrill-seeking and impulsiveness showed to be the strongest classification variables for delinquency and violent delinquency at the 90th percentiles.'' (Bodalski, 2017)
* ''Psychopathy and ADHD both have impulsive elements that may explain overlap of the two. A 2010 study indicated that children with ADHD inattentive type and combined type were rated by teachers as having elevated levels of psychopathic and callous-unemotional traits as well as lower educational performance (DeLisi et al., 2010). In 2013, DeLisi found that children with both ADHD and conduct disorder scored higher than their peers on psychopathic personality features and also noted that thrill-seeking and impulsiveness showed to be the strongest classification variables for delinquency and violent delinquency at the 90th percentiles.'' (Bodalski, 2017)
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Rokeach A, Weiner J. 2014. ''The Romantic Relationships of Adolescents With ADHD.'' J Atten Disord, 22(1):35-35. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1087054714538660 FullText]]
*Rokeach A, Weiner J. 2014. ''The Romantic Relationships of Adolescents With ADHD.'' J Atten Disord, 22(1):35-35. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1087054714538660 FullText]]
*Østergaard SD, Dalsgaard S, Faraone SV, Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM. 2017. ''Teenage Parenthood and Birth Rates for Individuals With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Nationwide Cohort Study.'' Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 56(1):573-584.e3 [[https://www.jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(17)30205-8/fulltext Abstract]]
*Østergaard SD, Dalsgaard S, Faraone SV, Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM. 2017. ''Teenage Parenthood and Birth Rates for Individuals With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Nationwide Cohort Study.'' Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 56(1):573-584.e3 [[https://www.jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(17)30205-8/fulltext Abstract]]
*Bodalski EA. 2017. ''ADHD and the Dark Side of Leadership.'' Honor Theses. 987. [[https://scholarship.richmond.edu/honors-theses/987/ Abstract]]
*Bodalski EA. 2017. ''ADHD and the Dark Side of Leadership.'' Honor Theses. 987. [[https://scholarship.richmond.edu/honors-theses/987/ Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Cluster-B_personality_disorders_lead_to_3.5x_as_many_sexual_partners_and_more_offspring">Cluster-B personality disorders lead to 3.5x as many sexual partners and more offspring</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Cluster-B_personality_disorders_lead_to_3.5x_as_many_sexual_partners_and_more_offspring">Cluster-B personality disorders lead to 3.5x as many sexual partners and more offspring</span>===
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Guitiérrez et al. (2013) conducted a study to determine if the various personality disorder clusters—Type A (Schizoid, Odd), Type B (Narcissistic, Anti-social) and Type C (Avoidant, OCD)—were solely detrimental in terms of life outcomes for the individuals with these personality disorders (PDs), or if they instead presented their sufferers with various potentially adaptive benefits, such as more plentiful sexual and social opportunities.
Guitiérrez et al. (2013) conducted a study to determine if the various personality disorder clusters—Type A (Schizoid, Odd), Type B (Narcissistic, Anti-social) and Type C (Avoidant, OCD)—were solely detrimental in terms of life outcomes for the individuals with these personality disorders (PDs), or if they instead presented their sufferers with various potentially adaptive benefits, such as more plentiful sexual and social opportunities.


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* ''Likewise, high status, a strong priority for high-C subjects, has often been related in post-industrial societies to quality- rather then quantity-based mating and reproduction.''
* ''Likewise, high status, a strong priority for high-C subjects, has often been related in post-industrial societies to quality- rather then quantity-based mating and reproduction.''
* ''In the literature however, Cluster A disorders are not reported to be completely detrimental. For example, A subjects have been found to spend more time in romantic relationships and to have more frequent or earlier parenthood. Likewise, some components of schizotypy seem to increase mating success ... more data on A traits are clearly needed.''
* ''In the literature however, Cluster A disorders are not reported to be completely detrimental. For example, A subjects have been found to spend more time in romantic relationships and to have more frequent or earlier parenthood. Likewise, some components of schizotypy seem to increase mating success ... more data on A traits are clearly needed.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Gutiérrez F, Gárriz M, Peri JM, Ferraz L, Sol D, Navarro JB, Barbadilla A, Valdés M. 2013. ''Fitness costs and benefits of personality disorder traits.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 34(1): 41-48. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513812000906?via%3Dihub Abstract]]
*Gutiérrez F, Gárriz M, Peri JM, Ferraz L, Sol D, Navarro JB, Barbadilla A, Valdés M. 2013. ''Fitness costs and benefits of personality disorder traits.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 34(1): 41-48. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513812000906?via%3Dihub Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Mental_disorders_significantly_reduce_male_fertility.2C_substantially_more_than_they_do_for_women">Mental disorders significantly reduce men's fertility, substantially more than they do for women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Mental_disorders_significantly_reduce_male_fertility.2C_substantially_more_than_they_do_for_women">Mental disorders significantly reduce men's fertility, substantially more than they do for women</span>===
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A study in 2013 examining a total of 2.3 million individuals born in Sweden in 1950-1970, using government health care records, found evidence for substantially lower fertility among sufferers of various mental illnesses. The fertility of the mentally ill was computed by measuring the fertility ratio (e.g., a FR of .5 would mean that the diseased group had on average half of the children of the general non-affected population, a FR of 2 would mean double the offspring on average). This ratio reflected the mean number of children that individuals with various mental disorders had, as compared to control individuals of the same age and sex, also accounting for variables such as family size, affected status and parental status. The youngest individuals involved were 40 years old, at the time the researchers recorded their data, thus had likely mostly completed their [[reproductive success|reproductive careers]].


A study in 2013 examining a total of 2.3 million individuals born in Sweden in 1950-1970, using government health care records, found evidence for substantially lower fertility among sufferers of various mental illnesses. The fertility of the mentally ill was computed by measuring the fertility ratio (e.g., a FR of .5 would mean that the diseased group had on average half of the children of the general non-affected population, a FR of 2 would mean double the offspring on average). This ratio reflected the mean number of children that individuals with various mental disorders had, as compared to control individuals of the same age and sex, also accounting for variables such as family size, affected status and parental status.  The youngest individuals involved were 40 years old, at the time the researchers recorded their data, thus had likely mostly completed their [[reproductive success|reproductive careers]].
The researchers found evidence of substantially strong selection pressure against schizophrenia (male FR .23 vs. female FR .47), autism (male FR .25 vs. female FR .48), and anorexia nervosa (male FR .54 vs. female FR .81), but not bi-polar disorder. Depression was weakly negatively associated with fertility for men (FR .93) and not at all for women. Substance abuse disorders were also negatively associated with fertility for men, with a weaker relationship with fertility and the condition being discovered for women (male FR .78 vs. female FR .92). It was also found that the selection pressure against these disorders was found to be consistently higher among men who suffered from them, compared to the women who suffered from these conditions. This stricter selection pressure on mentally ill men follows [[Bateman's principle]], which suggests that males of most animal species have higher reproductive variance than females.
 
The researchers found evidence of substantially strong selection pressure against schizophrenia (male FR .23 vs. female FR .47), autism (male FR .25 vs. female FR .48), and anorexia nervosa (male FR .54 vs. female FR .81), but not bi-polar disorder. Depression was weakly negatively associated with fertility for men (FR .93) and not at all for women. Substance abuse disorders were also negatively associated with fertility for men, with a weaker relationship with fertility and the condition being discovered for women (male FR .78 vs. female FR .92). It was also found that the selection pressure against these disorders was found to be consistently higher among men who suffered from them, compared to the women who suffered from these conditions. This stricter selection pressure on mentally ill men follows [[Bateman's principle]], which suggests that males of most animal species have higher reproductive variance than females.


The researchers also found evidence that the fertility of siblings of those with mental disorders was generally lower. The researchers discovered that the fertility of the male siblings of those with certain mental disorders was also generally less than their female siblings, similar to the relationship that was discovered regarding the differential effects of mental illness on fertility being moderated by sex.  
The researchers also found evidence that the fertility of siblings of those with mental disorders was generally lower. The researchers discovered that the fertility of the male siblings of those with certain mental disorders was also generally less than their female siblings, similar to the relationship that was discovered regarding the differential effects of mental illness on fertility being moderated by sex.  
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Fertility_Ratios.png|500px|thumb|none|The fertility ratio is the ratio of the number of offspring each group produced compared to healthy people.]]
[[File:Fertility_Ratios.png|500px|thumb|none|The fertility ratio is the ratio of the number of offspring each group produced compared to healthy people.]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
*  ''Except for women with depression, affected patients had significantly fewer children (FR range for those with a psychiatric disorder, 0.23-0.93; P < 10−10). This reduction was consistently greater among men than women, suggesting that male fitness was particularly sensitive.''
*  ''Except for women with depression, affected patients had significantly fewer children (FR range for those with a psychiatric disorder, 0.23-0.93; P < 10−10). This reduction was consistently greater among men than women, suggesting that male fitness was particularly sensitive.''
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* ''Our results suggest that strong selection exists against schizophrenia, autism, and anorexia nervosa and that these variants may be maintained by new mutations or an as-yet unknown mechanism.''
* ''Our results suggest that strong selection exists against schizophrenia, autism, and anorexia nervosa and that these variants may be maintained by new mutations or an as-yet unknown mechanism.''
* ''Depression and, to a lesser extent, substance abuse, seems to be maintained by genes that are beneficial under some circumstances (i.e., in siblings) but detrimental in others (i.e., affected individuals).''
* ''Depression and, to a lesser extent, substance abuse, seems to be maintained by genes that are beneficial under some circumstances (i.e., in siblings) but detrimental in others (i.e., affected individuals).''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Power RA, Kyaga S, Uher R. et al. 2013. ''Fecundity of Patients With Schizophrenia, Autism, Bipolar Disorder, Depression, Anorexia Nervosa, or Substance Abuse vs Their Unaffected Siblings.'' Jama Psychiatry, 70(1):22-30. [[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/1390257 FullText]]
*Power RA, Kyaga S, Uher R. et al. 2013. ''Fecundity of Patients With Schizophrenia, Autism, Bipolar Disorder, Depression, Anorexia Nervosa, or Substance Abuse vs Their Unaffected Siblings.'' Jama Psychiatry, 70(1):22-30. [[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/1390257 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="People_accurately_perceive_a_man.27s_mental_health_from_facial_appearance_alone">People accurately perceive a man's mental health from facial appearance alone</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="People_accurately_perceive_a_man.27s_mental_health_from_facial_appearance_alone">People accurately perceive a man's mental health from facial appearance alone</span>===
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Ward & Scott (2018) constructed composite images from young White men with the "most extreme scores" on three separate mental health inventories relating to depression, schizotypy, and Autistic Spectrum Disorder.
Ward & Scott (2018) constructed composite images from young White men with the "most extreme scores" on three separate mental health inventories relating to depression, schizotypy, and Autistic Spectrum Disorder.


The purpose of the study was to determine if an individual can accurately gauge other individual's mental health in a first impression scenario.
The purpose of the study was to determine if an individual can accurately gauge other individual's mental health in a first impression scenario.


The male subjects were instructed to maintain a neutral facial expression while being photographed, and care was taken to ensure that the men in the photos had no unique distinguishing features related to self-adornment (e.g., jewelry, glasses, beards), that might bias results.  
The male subjects were instructed to maintain a neutral facial expression while being photographed, and care was taken to ensure that the men in the photos had no unique distinguishing features related to self-adornment (e.g., jewelry, glasses, beards), that might bias results.
These three disorders were partly chosen because of the differences in the symptoms and pathology between them, and because the traits related to these disorders are also present to a greater or lesser extent in sub-clinical (below the diagnostic threshold for the condition) populations.
These three disorders were partly chosen because of the differences in the symptoms and pathology between them, and because the traits related to these disorders are also present to a greater or lesser extent in sub-clinical (below the diagnostic threshold for the condition) populations.


Two hundred fifty-three observers (Women N = 173, Men N = 73, "not reported" N = 7) rated the composite photos in regards to their perceptions of the subjects in the photograph's mental health, masculinity, and attractiveness. An additional group of observers were recruited to rate physical health (N = 50).
Two hundred fifty-three observers (Women N = 173, Men N = 73, "not reported" N = 7) rated the composite photos in regards to their perceptions of the subjects in the photograph's mental health, masculinity, and attractiveness. An additional group of observers were recruited to rate physical health (N = 50).


The images were presented in a fashion that ensured that each observer-rated every composite image only once for a single parameter (i.e., mental health, attractiveness, etc.) This was to avoid halo effects and other biases that would potentially distort the mean ratings of the images. Observers were also instructed to rate occluded images of the stimuli, such as the inner facial features only and the eyes only.
The images were presented in a fashion that ensured that each observer-rated every composite image only once for a single parameter (i.e., mental health, attractiveness, etc.) This was to avoid halo effects and other biases that would potentially distort the mean ratings of the images. Observers were also instructed to rate occluded images of the stimuli, such as the inner facial features only and the eyes only.


It was found that perceived mental health accurately reflected actual mental health. While physical attractiveness, perceived health, and facial masculinity or the combination thereof of these traits influenced observer's judgment of the stimuli, this did not fully explain the relationship that was found between actual mental health and perceived mental health at first impression, which was stated to be robust. This suggests that there are cues of mental health that are mostly unrelated to physical attractiveness.
It was found that perceived mental health accurately reflected actual mental health. While physical attractiveness, perceived health, and facial masculinity or the combination thereof of these traits influenced observer's judgment of the stimuli, this did not fully explain the relationship that was found between actual mental health and perceived mental health at first impression, which was stated to be robust. This suggests that there are cues of mental health that are mostly unrelated to physical attractiveness.
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* ''Unfavorable observer response brings us to our final point. As we have argued elsewhere (Scott et al., 2015), the fact that mental health status can be cued to observers in the absence of behavior, raises the possibility of a vicious cycle in which those at greatest risk of mental health problems may be continuously and involuntarily broadcasting a message which is producing negative reactions in observers (Coyne, 1976).''
* ''Unfavorable observer response brings us to our final point. As we have argued elsewhere (Scott et al., 2015), the fact that mental health status can be cued to observers in the absence of behavior, raises the possibility of a vicious cycle in which those at greatest risk of mental health problems may be continuously and involuntarily broadcasting a message which is producing negative reactions in observers (Coyne, 1976).''
* '' At present then, our view is that there is a relatively unappreciated and unexplored potential risk factor of appearance for the development of mental health disorders.''
* '' At present then, our view is that there is a relatively unappreciated and unexplored potential risk factor of appearance for the development of mental health disorders.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Ward R, Scott NJ. 2018. ''Cues to mental health from men’s facial appearance.'' Journal of Research in Personality, 75:26–36. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0092656618300394 Abstract]]
*Ward R, Scott NJ. 2018. ''Cues to mental health from men’s facial appearance.'' Journal of Research in Personality, 75:26–36. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0092656618300394 Abstract]]
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Race''</span>==
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Race''</span>==
{{see_also|[[Racepill]] and [[Demographics#Race|Demographics § Race]]}}
{{see_also|[[Racepill]] and [[Demographics#Race|Demographics § Race]]}}
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_more_racist_in_online_dating.2C_and_92-95.25_with_a_.22preference.22_exclude_any_ethnic_men">Women are more racist in online dating, and 92-95% with a "preference" exclude any ethnic men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_more_racist_in_online_dating.2C_and_92-95.25_with_a_.22preference.22_exclude_any_ethnic_men">Women are more racist in online dating, and 92-95% with a "preference" exclude any ethnic men</span>===
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Yahoo Personals Dating Preferences Study sought to examine the dating preferences of online daters in four major metropolitan areas: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Atlanta. Internet daters' profiles of self-identified Asian, Black, Latino, and White men and women seeking opposite-sex dates were collected and coded from Yahoo Personals, which was the most popular national online dating web site in 2004 and 2005.  
Yahoo Personals Dating Preferences Study sought to examine the dating preferences of online daters in four major metropolitan areas: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Atlanta. Internet daters' profiles of self-identified Asian, Black, Latino, and White men and women seeking opposite-sex dates were collected and coded from Yahoo Personals, which was the most popular national online dating web site in 2004 and 2005.  


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* The women who only wanted to date men of their own race were: 65% of white women, 45% of black women, 16.5% of Latino women, and 6% of Asian women.
* The women who only wanted to date men of their own race were: 65% of white women, 45% of black women, 16.5% of Latino women, and 6% of Asian women.
* The women who excluded their own race were: 4% of white women, 8% of black women, 17% of Latino women, and 40% of Asian women.
* The women who excluded their own race were: 4% of white women, 8% of black women, 17% of Latino women, and 40% of Asian women.
Thus we can see that among this group, women employed a racial hierarchy for men in interracial dating of: '''White > Latino > Black > Asian > Middle Eastern > Indian'''. White women were the least likely to exclude their own race (4%) and most likely to only want their own race (65%). Asian women were most likely to exclude their own race (40%) and least likely to only want their own race (6%).
Thus we can see that among this group, women employed a racial hierarchy for men in interracial dating of: '''White > Latino > Black > Asian > Middle Eastern > Indian'''. White women were the least likely to exclude their own race (4%) and most likely to only want their own race (65%). Asian women were most likely to exclude their own race (40%) and least likely to only want their own race (6%).


Women's interracial rejection rates of men were as follows:
Women's interracial rejection rates of men were as follows:
* East Indian (95%) > Middle Eastern (94%) > Asian (92%) > Black (87%) > Latino (69%) > White (42%)
* East Indian (95%) > Middle Eastern (94%) > Asian (92%) > Black (87%) > Latino (69%) > White (42%)
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 1,357: Line 1,222:
| style="font-weight:bold" | 16.5
| style="font-weight:bold" | 16.5
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Racial Preferences of Women.PNG|500px|thumb|none|The acceptability rates of men's races among American women with a "racial preference" in interracial dating]]
[[File:Racial Preferences of Women.PNG|500px|thumb|none|The acceptability rates of men's races among American women with a "racial preference" in interracial dating]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Feliciano C, Robnett B. 2016. ''Yahoo Personals Dating Preferences Study—Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, Atlanta, 2004-2005.'' Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. [[https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/36347 Abstract]]
*Feliciano C, Robnett B. 2016. ''Yahoo Personals Dating Preferences Study—Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, Atlanta, 2004-2005.'' Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. [[https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/36347 Abstract]]
*Robnett B, Feliciano C. 2011. ''Patterns of Racial-Ethnic Exclusion by Internet Daters.'' Social Forces, 89(3):807-828. [[https://academic.oup.com/sf/article-abstract/89/3/807/2235576?redirectedFrom=fulltext Abstract]]
*Robnett B, Feliciano C. 2011. ''Patterns of Racial-Ethnic Exclusion by Internet Daters.'' Social Forces, 89(3):807-828. [[https://academic.oup.com/sf/article-abstract/89/3/807/2235576?redirectedFrom=fulltext Abstract]]
* https://imgur.com/A50EPtl
* https://imgur.com/A50EPtl
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="All_races_agree_that_whites_are_most_attractive.2C_but_women_prefer_whites_far_more_than_men">All races agree that whites are most attractive, but women prefer whites far more than men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="All_races_agree_that_whites_are_most_attractive.2C_but_women_prefer_whites_far_more_than_men">All races agree that whites are most attractive, but women prefer whites far more than men</span>===
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OKCupid's data is a convenient source for analyzing sexual preferences as it asks users to fill out quizzes and personality tests with the self-interest to find a good partner and hence possibly less tarnished by [[virtue signaling]]. One question asked was: "Not to be racist but which ethnicity do you find to be most attractive?"
OKCupid's data is a convenient source for analyzing sexual preferences as it asks users to fill out quizzes and personality tests with the self-interest to find a good partner and hence possibly less tarnished by [[virtue signaling]]. One question asked was: "Not to be racist but which ethnicity do you find to be most attractive?"


Analysis of responses showed all races of women reported they believed Whites to be superior in attractiveness to all other races (Zelvin 2009). Although men expressed a similar trend with their answers, it was less pronounced than it was for women. The largest gender differences were:
Analysis of responses showed all races of women reported they believed Whites to be superior in attractiveness to all other races (Zelvin 2009). Although men expressed a similar trend with their answers, it was less pronounced than it was for women. The largest gender differences were:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ OkCupid user who found Whites the most attractive race
|+ OkCupid user who found Whites the most attractive race
Line 1,396: Line 1,256:
| 39%
| 39%
|}
|}
Thus, although many women claim to oppose "White male privilege" or "White supremacy," it seems one of the greatest privileges White men are afforded is the overwhelming view from all races of women that they are the most attractive of all men. This does of course not mean all Causcasian incels are [[volcel|volcels]].
Thus, although many women claim to oppose "White male privilege" or "White supremacy," it seems one of the greatest privileges White men are afforded is the overwhelming view from all races of women that they are the most attractive of all men. This does of course not mean all Causcasian incels are [[volcel|volcels]].


<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Percent of each race that rates whites as most attractive on OKCupid.PNG|500px|thumb|none|Percent of each race that reports whites of the opposite gender are most attractive, showing women of all races have a greater preference for white men.]]
[[File:Percent of each race that rates whites as most attractive on OKCupid.PNG|500px|thumb|none|Percent of each race that reports whites of the opposite gender are most attractive, showing women of all races have a greater preference for white men.]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Kirkegaard EOW, Bjerrekær JD. 2016. ''The OKCupid dataset: A very large public dataset of dating site users.'' Open Differential Psychology. [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309668116_The_OKCupid_dataset_A_very_large_public_dataset_of_dating_site_users FullText]]
* Kirkegaard EOW, Bjerrekær JD. 2016. ''The OKCupid dataset: A very large public dataset of dating site users.'' Open Differential Psychology. [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309668116_The_OKCupid_dataset_A_very_large_public_dataset_of_dating_site_users FullText]]
* Jelveh Z. 2009. ''Online Dating Mysteries Revealed.'' Sphere. [[http://web.archive.org/web/20100118050917/http://www.sphere.com/article/revealing-the-mysteries-of-online-dating-even-the-politically-i/19261774 Article]]
* Jelveh Z. 2009. ''Online Dating Mysteries Revealed.'' Sphere. [[https://web.archive.org/web/20100118050917/http://www.sphere.com/article/revealing-the-mysteries-of-online-dating-even-the-politically-i/19261774 Article]]
 
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_more_racist_than_men_in_speed_dating.2C_and_find_Asian_men_least_physically_attractive">Women are more racist than men in speed dating, and find Asian men least physically attractive</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_more_racist_than_men_in_speed_dating.2C_and_find_Asian_men_least_physically_attractive">Women are more racist than men in speed dating, and find Asian men least physically attractive</span>===
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More than 400 graduate and professional students participated in speed dating sessions at Columbia University. The researchers found that while men did not show any strong race preferences, women of all races demonstrated significant racial biases.
More than 400 graduate and professional students participated in speed dating sessions at Columbia University. The researchers found that while men did not show any strong race preferences, women of all races demonstrated significant racial biases.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>


'''Fraction of women who said 'yes' to a further date, broken down by race of subject and partner:'''  
'''Fraction of women who said 'yes' to a further date, broken down by race of subject and partner:'''
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Female Subject Race
! rowspan="2" | Female Subject Race
Line 1,462: Line 1,317:
| 0.37
| 0.37
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Even in a population of relatively progressive individuals who have self-selected into participation in a multi-cultural Speed Dating event, we observe strong racial preferences.''
* ''Even in a population of relatively progressive individuals who have self-selected into participation in a multi-cultural Speed Dating event, we observe strong racial preferences.''
* ''Women of all races exhibit strong same race preferences, while men of no race exhibit a statistically significant same race preference.''
* ''Women of all races exhibit strong same race preferences, while men of no race exhibit a statistically significant same race preference.''
* ''The observed difference seems to reflect a genuine disparity in men’s and women’s willingness to be with a partner of a different race.''
* ''The observed difference seems to reflect a genuine disparity in men’s and women’s willingness to be with a partner of a different race.''
* ''For male partners, Asians generally receive lower ratings than men of other races. In fact, when we run the regressions separately for each race, we find that even Asian women find white, black, and Hispanic men to be more attractive than Asian men. ''
* ''For male partners, Asians generally receive lower ratings than men of other races. In fact, when we run the regressions separately for each race, we find that even Asian women find white, black, and Hispanic men to be more attractive than Asian men. ''
* ''Given that Asian men were the group that other races expressed strongest preference against, and that Asian women expressed the least preference against other races, the results suggest that attractiveness may play an important role in the determination of racial preferences.''
* ''Given that Asian men were the group that other races expressed strongest preference against, and that Asian women expressed the least preference against other races, the results suggest that attractiveness may play an important role in the determination of racial preferences.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Iyengar S, Kamenica E, Simonson I. 2008. ''Racial Preferences in Dating: Evidence from a Speed Dating Experiment.'' Review of Economic Studies 75(1):117-132.[[https://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/researcharchive/articles/1367 Abstract]]
* Iyengar S, Kamenica E, Simonson I. 2008. ''Racial Preferences in Dating: Evidence from a Speed Dating Experiment.'' Review of Economic Studies 75(1):117-132.[[https://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/researcharchive/articles/1367 Abstract]]
* Tierney J. 2007. ''Single Female Seeking Same-Race Male.'' New York Times. [[https://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/04/13/single-female-seeking-same-race-male/ News]]
* Tierney J. 2007. ''Single Female Seeking Same-Race Male.'' New York Times. [[https://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/04/13/single-female-seeking-same-race-male/ News]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="White_men_get_11-14_times_as_much_interest_from_women_on_Tinder_vs._equivalent_Asian_men">White men get 11-14 times as much interest from women on Tinder vs. equivalent Asian men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="White_men_get_11-14_times_as_much_interest_from_women_on_Tinder_vs._equivalent_Asian_men">White men get 11-14 times as much interest from women on Tinder vs. equivalent Asian men</span>===
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An experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of race on male success on Tinder by pitting top Asian male model Godfrey Gao against top white male model Matthew Noszka, and two normal friends of Asian and white descent against one another as well for a more "typical" case comparison.
An experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of race on male success on Tinder by pitting top Asian male model Godfrey Gao against top white male model Matthew Noszka, and two normal friends of Asian and white descent against one another as well for a more "typical" case comparison.


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Results were as follows:
Results were as follows:
* The white male model received 4.4x as many matches and 11.5x as many messages as the Asian male model.
* The white male model received 4.4x as many matches and 11.5x as many messages as the Asian male model.
* The white friend received 3.6x as many matches and 14x as many messages as the Asian friend.
* The white friend received 3.6x as many matches and 14x as many messages as the Asian friend.
Most remarkably, the white friend who was chosen to represent a "normal" young white man received 1.8 times as many matches and 4.7 times as many messages as the Asian male model, indicating a normal white man is dramatically more desirable to women on Tinder than a top Asian male model (General, 2017).
Most remarkably, the white friend who was chosen to represent a "normal" young white man received 1.8 times as many matches and 4.7 times as many messages as the Asian male model, indicating a normal white man is dramatically more desirable to women on Tinder than a top Asian male model (General, 2017).


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| '''11.5'''
| '''11.5'''
|}
|}
'''Part 2 of Tinder race experiment comparing white and Asian friends:'''
'''Part 2 of Tinder race experiment comparing white and Asian friends:'''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| '''14'''
| '''14'''
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* General R. 2017. ''‘Is Tinder Racist?’ Experiment Reveals the Challenges of Dating as an Asian Man.'' Nextshark.com [[https://nextshark.com/tinder-racist-experiment-reveals-challenges-dating-asian-man/ Article]]
* General R. 2017. ''‘Is Tinder Racist?’ Experiment Reveals the Challenges of Dating as an Asian Man.'' Nextshark.com [[https://nextshark.com/tinder-racist-experiment-reveals-challenges-dating-asian-man/ Article]]
* Büchenbacher K. 2018. ''Do some races have better chances at online dating in China?'' Global Times. [[http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1083306.shtml Article]]
* Büchenbacher K. 2018. ''Do some races have better chances at online dating in China?'' Global Times. [[http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1083306.shtml Article]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Being_an_Asian_male_in_the_USA_is_a_primary_predictor_of_.27never_being_kissed.27">Being Asian in the USA is a primary predictor of 'never being kissed' </span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Being_an_Asian_male_in_the_USA_is_a_primary_predictor_of_.27never_being_kissed.27">Being Asian in the USA is a primary predictor of 'never being kissed' </span>===
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A study by Lefkowitz, Weschechelom and Leavitt (2018) consisting of a self report survey of sexual behavior among first year university students found that ''compared to their peers who had kissed partners, young adults who had never kissed were more likely to be Asian-American'', less likely to be in a romantic relationship, were less extroverted, were more likely to be in the Honors College, and drank alcohol less frequently.
A study by Lefkowitz, Weschechelom and Leavitt (2018) consisting of a self report survey of sexual behavior among first year university students found that ''compared to their peers who had kissed partners, young adults who had never kissed were more likely to be Asian-American'', less likely to be in a romantic relationship, were less extroverted, were more likely to be in the Honors College, and drank alcohol less frequently.


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Though the data collected by this survey was not broken down by sex, it is likely that up to double the Asian men in this sample were 'never kissed' compared to Asian women. Previous US data has demonstrated that young adult Asian men are more than twice as likely to not be in a relationship than Asian women.
Though the data collected by this survey was not broken down by sex, it is likely that up to double the Asian men in this sample were 'never kissed' compared to Asian women. Previous US data has demonstrated that young adult Asian men are more than twice as likely to not be in a relationship than Asian women.


The higher sexlessness among east Asians than other races found by this survey may be related to various cultural and biological factors.  
The higher sexlessness among east Asians than other races found by this survey may be related to various cultural and biological factors.
Firstly, the greater level of physical [[neoteny]] found among Asians likely benefits Asian women, as men prefer neotenous traits in women. It is unclear whether this greater neoteny would be strongly detrimental to Asian men's dating prospects, as the influence of facial masculinity on men's sexual success [https://incels.wiki/w/Facial_masculinity seems weak and equivocal when it does exist].
Firstly, the greater level of physical [[neoteny]] found among Asians likely benefits Asian women, as men prefer neotenous traits in women. It is unclear whether this greater neoteny would be strongly detrimental to Asian men's dating prospects, as the influence of facial masculinity on men's sexual success [https://incels.wiki/w/Facial_masculinity seems weak and equivocal when it does exist].
One masculine trait that has been consistently found to benefit sexual success that Asian men generally lack vis à vis other races of men is muscle mass. Asian males have a substantially lower average fat-free mass index (FFMI) than other races, which means they carry less muscle for their height (Hull et al., 2011) and also tend to have more body fat (particularly subcutaneous fat, Wang et al., 1994). This means Asian males are likely substantially weaker, on average, than men of other races, which may prevent sexual access to women. This lower sexual access may be mediated by female sexual selection (a female preference for muscular men) or by weaker men being more likely to lose dominance contests that determine access to women in certain environments, as Kordesmeyer et al. found (2018).
One masculine trait that has been consistently found to benefit sexual success that Asian men generally lack vis à vis other races of men is muscle mass. Asian males have a substantially lower average fat-free mass index (FFMI) than other races, which means they carry less muscle for their height (Hull et al., 2011) and also tend to have more body fat (particularly subcutaneous fat, Wang et al., 1994). This means Asian males are likely substantially weaker, on average, than men of other races, which may prevent sexual access to women. This lower sexual access may be mediated by female sexual selection (a female preference for muscular men) or by weaker men being more likely to lose dominance contests that determine access to women in certain environments, as Kordesmeyer et al. found (2018).
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There is a common stereotype that Asians are polite, timid, and passive, traits that generally seem detrimental to the sexual success of men in particular. It is also possible that a slower overall life history speed among Asians is associated with higher levels of sexlessness in general, with this slower life history speed resulting in later physical maturation and onset of sexual behavior. A slower life history speed would also involve concomitant psychological adaptions that result in deferred reproduction (Dutton & Madison, 2016) in return for larger investments in somatic effort (biological, phenotypical, and in humans, economic investments in and by an organism that result in greater reproductive potential later in life).
There is a common stereotype that Asians are polite, timid, and passive, traits that generally seem detrimental to the sexual success of men in particular. It is also possible that a slower overall life history speed among Asians is associated with higher levels of sexlessness in general, with this slower life history speed resulting in later physical maturation and onset of sexual behavior. A slower life history speed would also involve concomitant psychological adaptions that result in deferred reproduction (Dutton & Madison, 2016) in return for larger investments in somatic effort (biological, phenotypical, and in humans, economic investments in and by an organism that result in greater reproductive potential later in life).


Evolutionary mismatches and culture shocks may also play a role. Hsu (2021) found that East Asians residing in North America had higher levels of social anxiety than native whites, an effect that was strongest for second-generation Asians (''d'' = 0.495).  
Evolutionary mismatches and culture shocks may also play a role. Hsu (2021) found that East Asians residing in North America had higher levels of social anxiety than native whites, an effect that was strongest for second-generation Asians (''d'' = 0.495).
This study discovered no statistically significant differences in reported social anxiety levels between native-born North American whites and native-born East Asians residing in their own country (Chinese and Koreans). In light of this finding, Hsu theorized that cultural differences between Asian and Western cultures, mainly the general focus on collective values vs. individualism and Asians' perceptions of lower social status relative to natives, may have played a role in driving this. It is perhaps possible that evolutionary mismatches may play a role here.  
This study discovered no statistically significant differences in reported social anxiety levels between native-born North American whites and native-born East Asians residing in their own country (Chinese and Koreans). In light of this finding, Hsu theorized that cultural differences between Asian and Western cultures, mainly the general focus on collective values vs. individualism and Asians' perceptions of lower social status relative to natives, may have played a role in driving this. It is perhaps possible that evolutionary mismatches may play a role here.
A higher cultural focus on binding {{W|Moral foundations theory|moral values}}, that is, cultural beliefs that abnegate the interests of the group towards the interests of the individual, a greater rate of arranged marriage adaptions, an overall slower life history speed and a relative lack of physical formidability, together with other factors, may all contribute to psychobiological factors that harm Asian's mental health.  
A higher cultural focus on binding {{W|Moral foundations theory|moral values}}, that is, cultural beliefs that abnegate the interests of the group towards the interests of the individual, a greater rate of arranged marriage adaptions, an overall slower life history speed and a relative lack of physical formidability, together with other factors, may all contribute to psychobiological factors that harm Asian's mental health.  


Regardless of the causes, Asian males seem to be disadvantaged in dating in general compared to other ethnic groups.  
Regardless of the causes, Asian males seem to be disadvantaged in dating in general compared to other ethnic groups.
In the US, there is a trend towards Asian males (Livingston & Brown, 2017) being less likely to intermarriage than Asian females, with more than one-third (36%) of Asian newlywed females marrying out, compared to 21% of Asian males.
In the US, there is a trend towards Asian males (Livingston & Brown, 2017) being less likely to intermarriage than Asian females, with more than one-third (36%) of Asian newlywed females marrying out, compared to 21% of Asian males.
This trend appears to have held relatively steady since the 1980s and is apparent among US-born Asians and recent immigrants.  
This trend appears to have held relatively steady since the 1980s and is apparent among US-born Asians and recent immigrants.
These trends are also likely reflected in the sex distribution of interracial cohabitations in the US, though the data here is not precise. 46% of Asians in the US who are cohabitating are doing so with a partner of a different ethnicity (Livingston, 2017).  
These trends are also likely reflected in the sex distribution of interracial cohabitations in the US, though the data here is not precise. 46% of Asians in the US who are cohabitating are doing so with a partner of a different ethnicity (Livingston, 2017).  


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However, while these norms may partly explain why sexlessness rates are lower among Asians in general (due to a possible overlap between Asian ethnicity and reduced alcohol consumption, increased likelihood of being an honor student, and so forth), these culturally mediated and sociological explanations do not adequately explain why East Asian men in the US are twice as likely to not be in a relationship than East Asian women.  
However, while these norms may partly explain why sexlessness rates are lower among Asians in general (due to a possible overlap between Asian ethnicity and reduced alcohol consumption, increased likelihood of being an honor student, and so forth), these culturally mediated and sociological explanations do not adequately explain why East Asian men in the US are twice as likely to not be in a relationship than East Asian women.  


The sex gap is also not likely explained by differences in income among men, as Asians have a slightly higher median household income than whites, Kochar & Cillufo, 2018), a trend that is even stronger among those at the right tail of the income distribution.  
The sex gap is also not likely explained by differences in income among men, as Asians have a slightly higher median household income than whites, Kochar & Cillufo, 2018), a trend that is even stronger among those at the right tail of the income distribution.
Asian-Americans are also much more educated than the general population (54% of Asian-Americans have a bachelor's degree or higher compared to 33% of the general population of the same age, Budiman & Ruiz, 2021). It is unlikely to see how there a difference in interracial contact comparing Asian females and males driving the sex difference in interracial cohabitations and marriages.
Asian-Americans are also much more educated than the general population (54% of Asian-Americans have a bachelor's degree or higher compared to 33% of the general population of the same age, Budiman & Ruiz, 2021). It is unlikely to see how there a difference in interracial contact comparing Asian females and males driving the sex difference in interracial cohabitations and marriages.
The explanation that greater sexlessness among Asians is partly explicable by the time constraints caused by the greater prevalence of enrollment in higher education among East Asians also fails to explain this sex discrepancy among Asians regarding sexual behavior. It also fails to explain why Asians are more likely to be sexless than other races, stereotypes about conscientious Asian students aside.
The explanation that greater sexlessness among Asians is partly explicable by the time constraints caused by the greater prevalence of enrollment in higher education among East Asians also fails to explain this sex discrepancy among Asians regarding sexual behavior. It also fails to explain why Asians are more likely to be sexless than other races, stereotypes about conscientious Asian students aside.


<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Never kissed, U.S. students
|+ Never kissed, U.S. students
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| 7 (4.2-9.8)
| 7 (4.2-9.8)
|}
|}
Differences between Whites and Blacks are non-significant.
Differences between Whites and Blacks are non-significant.


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* Budiman, A & Ruiz NG. 2021. ''Key facts about Asian Americans, a diverse and growing population''. [[https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/04/29/key-facts-about-asian-americans/ Article]]
* Budiman, A & Ruiz NG. 2021. ''Key facts about Asian Americans, a diverse and growing population''. [[https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/04/29/key-facts-about-asian-americans/ Article]]
* Kochhar R & Cilluffo, A. 2018. ''Income Inequality in the U.S. Is Rising Most Rapidly Among Asians''. [[https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2018/07/12/income-inequality-in-the-u-s-is-rising-most-rapidly-among-asians/ Article]]
* Kochhar R & Cilluffo, A. 2018. ''Income Inequality in the U.S. Is Rising Most Rapidly Among Asians''. [[https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2018/07/12/income-inequality-in-the-u-s-is-rising-most-rapidly-among-asians/ Article]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Asian_women_marry_interracially_more_than_twice_as_often_as_Asian_men">Asian women marry interracially more than twice as often as Asian men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Asian_women_marry_interracially_more_than_twice_as_often_as_Asian_men">Asian women marry interracially more than twice as often as Asian men</span>===
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The 2010 Pew Research Center Report (U.S. Census Bureau’s 2010 American Community Survey) investigated trends that year in interracial marriage. Their primary findings confirmed trends seen in other research which indicate Asian men are the least desirable to women, and black women are the least desirable to men. Overall, whites were also shown to be the least likely to interracially marry of any race. There were no gender differences in white/Hispanic interracial marriage rates overall.
The 2010 Pew Research Center Report (U.S. Census Bureau’s 2010 American Community Survey) investigated trends that year in interracial marriage. Their primary findings confirmed trends seen in other research which indicate Asian men are the least desirable to women, and black women are the least desirable to men. Overall, whites were also shown to be the least likely to interracially marry of any race. There were no gender differences in white/Hispanic interracial marriage rates overall.


The primary date showed:
The primary date showed:
* 9.4% of whites, 17.1% of blacks, 25.7% of Hispanics and 27.7% of Asians married someone whose race was different from their own.
* 9.4% of whites, 17.1% of blacks, 25.7% of Hispanics and 27.7% of Asians married someone whose race was different from their own.
* 24% of black males married outside their race, compared with just 9% of black females.  
* 24% of black males married outside their race, compared with just 9% of black females.  
* 36% of Asian females married outside their race, compared with just 17% of Asian males.  
* 36% of Asian females married outside their race, compared with just 17% of Asian males.  
* There were no gender differences in intermarriage rates among whites and Hispanics.
* There were no gender differences in intermarriage rates among whites and Hispanics.
Of note, in the Yahoo Personals study reviewed above, 40% of Asian women who stated that they had a racial preference in dating excluded Asian men. Given that marriage data shows 36% of Asian women marry outside their race, it seems a large portion of Asian women don't just promise not to date Asian men, they follow through on it right to marriage.
Of note, in the Yahoo Personals study reviewed above, 40% of Asian women who stated that they had a racial preference in dating excluded Asian men. Given that marriage data shows 36% of Asian women marry outside their race, it seems a large portion of Asian women don't just promise not to date Asian men, they follow through on it right to marriage.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Taylor P, Wang W, Parker K, Passel JS, Patten E, Motel S. 2012. ''The Rise of Intermarriage: Rates, Characteristics Vary by Race and Gender.'' Pew Social & Demographic Trends. [[https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2012/02/SDT-Intermarriage-II.pdf FullText]]
*Taylor P, Wang W, Parker K, Passel JS, Patten E, Motel S. 2012. ''The Rise of Intermarriage: Rates, Characteristics Vary by Race and Gender.'' Pew Social & Demographic Trends. [[https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2012/02/SDT-Intermarriage-II.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Asian_men_have_half_the_relationships_as_white_men_due_to_women.27s_.27racial_hierarchy.27">Asian men have half the relationships as white men due to women's 'racial hierarchy'</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Asian_men_have_half_the_relationships_as_white_men_due_to_women.27s_.27racial_hierarchy.27">Asian men have half the relationships as white men due to women's 'racial hierarchy'</span>===
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Data from the data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) was evaluated to examine romantic and sexual involvement among young adults, most of who were between the ages of 25 to 32 (N = 11,555).  
Data from the data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) was evaluated to examine romantic and sexual involvement among young adults, most of who were between the ages of 25 to 32 (N = 11,555).  


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Man's Race
! Man's Race
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| 0.474-0.586
| 0.474-0.586
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Asian women were half as likely as Asian men to be unpartnered (i.e., 18% versus 35%).''
* ''Asian women were half as likely as Asian men to be unpartnered (i.e., 18% versus 35%).''
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* ''Our results suggest that the racial hierarchy framework best explains lower likelihood of involvement among Asian American men.''
* ''Our results suggest that the racial hierarchy framework best explains lower likelihood of involvement among Asian American men.''
* ''A racial hierarchy explanation suggests that Asian American men will be less likely than Asian American women to be partnered, as Asian American men face gendered cultural stereotypes barring them from entry into romantic partnerships.''
* ''A racial hierarchy explanation suggests that Asian American men will be less likely than Asian American women to be partnered, as Asian American men face gendered cultural stereotypes barring them from entry into romantic partnerships.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Balistreri K, Joyner K, Kao G. 2015. ''Relationship Involvement Among Young Adults: Are Asian American Men an Exceptional Case?'' Popul Res Policy Rev. 34(5): 709-732. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4631383/ FullText]]
*Balistreri K, Joyner K, Kao G. 2015. ''Relationship Involvement Among Young Adults: Are Asian American Men an Exceptional Case?'' Popul Res Policy Rev. 34(5): 709-732. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4631383/ FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="White_and_Asian_women_agree_white_men_are_30-50.25_more_attractive_than_Asian_men">White and Asian women agree white men are 30-50% more attractive than Asian men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="White_and_Asian_women_agree_white_men_are_30-50.25_more_attractive_than_Asian_men">White and Asian women agree white men are 30-50% more attractive than Asian men</span>===
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Burke et al. conducted a study to examine racial homophily in preferences for opposite sex faces. 120 university students took part in the study (N = 58 males, N = 62 females). Participants were further comprised of three different ethnic-cultural groups: Australian-Europeans, Australian East-Asians or Hong-Kong East-Asian. Participants rated 144 colorized photographs of subjects from three racial/ethnic groups: White South Africans, Black South Africans and 'primarily Korean Asian faces'.
Burke et al. conducted a study to examine racial homophily in preferences for opposite sex faces. 120 university students took part in the study (N = 58 males, N = 62 females). Participants were further comprised of three different ethnic-cultural groups: Australian-Europeans, Australian East-Asians or Hong-Kong East-Asian. Participants rated 144 colorized photographs of subjects from three racial/ethnic groups: White South Africans, Black South Africans and 'primarily Korean Asian faces'.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Overall, these data do not show an obvious own-race preference, since the European faces were rated as most attractive by all participants. ''
* ''Overall, these data do not show an obvious own-race preference, since the European faces were rated as most attractive by all participants. ''
* ''For female participants there was a universal European face preference, and the Australian East Asian participants did not even rate own-race faces as second most attractive, instead rating African faces as equally attractive (for individual faces) or slightly more attractive (for compound faces) than East Asian faces.''  
* ''For female participants there was a universal European face preference, and the Australian East Asian participants did not even rate own-race faces as second most attractive, instead rating African faces as equally attractive (for individual faces) or slightly more attractive (for compound faces) than East Asian faces.''
 
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Burke D, Nolan C, Hayward WG, Russell R, Sulikowski D. 2013. ''Is There an Own-Race Preference in Attractiveness?'' Evolutionary Psychology. 11(4): 855-872. [[https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491301100410 Abstract]] [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/147470491301100410 FullText]]
*Burke D, Nolan C, Hayward WG, Russell R, Sulikowski D. 2013. ''Is There an Own-Race Preference in Attractiveness?'' Evolutionary Psychology. 11(4): 855-872. [[https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491301100410 Abstract]] [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/147470491301100410 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_reply_most_online_to_white_men_and_least_to_Indian_men">Women reply most online to white men and least to Indian men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_reply_most_online_to_white_men_and_least_to_Indian_men">Women reply most online to white men and least to Indian men</span>===
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Data published by OkCupid shows women overall have the highest probability of replying to white men and the lowest probability of replying to Indian men. Similarly to the plight of Southeast Asian men, Indian women were actually least likely to reply to an Indian men of any race of women, showing all races of women are eager to discriminate against Indian men in dating, including especially women of the same race.
Data published by OkCupid shows women overall have the highest probability of replying to white men and the lowest probability of replying to Indian men. Similarly to the plight of Southeast Asian men, Indian women were actually least likely to reply to an Indian men of any race of women, showing all races of women are eager to discriminate against Indian men in dating, including especially women of the same race.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Reply odds by male race.PNG|500px|none|thumb|Women's reply rates on OkCupid based on male race]]
[[File:Reply odds by male race.PNG|500px|none|thumb|Women's reply rates on OkCupid based on male race]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Indian Americans are among the most highly educated racial or ethnic groups in the U.S. 70% of Indian Americans aged 25 and older had college degrees in 2010, by far the highest rate among the six Asian-American groups studied and 2.5 times the rate among the overall U.S. population. More recent (2013) data from the American Community Survey provides more detail: 40.6% of Indian Americans 25 and older have graduate or professional degrees, and 32.3% have bachelor’s degrees; an additional 10.4% have some college education. Median annual household income for Indian Americans in 2010 was $88,000, much higher than for all Asian Americans ($66,000) and all U.S. households ($49,800). 65% of Indian Americans were Democrats or leaned toward the Democrats, making them the Asian-American subgroup most likely to identify with the Democratic Party.'' (Pew 2014)
* ''Indian Americans are among the most highly educated racial or ethnic groups in the U.S. 70% of Indian Americans aged 25 and older had college degrees in 2010, by far the highest rate among the six Asian-American groups studied and 2.5 times the rate among the overall U.S. population. More recent (2013) data from the American Community Survey provides more detail: 40.6% of Indian Americans 25 and older have graduate or professional degrees, and 32.3% have bachelor’s degrees; an additional 10.4% have some college education. Median annual household income for Indian Americans in 2010 was $88,000, much higher than for all Asian Americans ($66,000) and all U.S. households ($49,800). 65% of Indian Americans were Democrats or leaned toward the Democrats, making them the Asian-American subgroup most likely to identify with the Democratic Party.'' (Pew 2014)
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Rudder, C. 2009. ''How Your Race Affects The Messages You Get.'' OkTrends[[https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/howyourraceaffectsthemessagesyouget.html FullText]]  
*Rudder, C. 2009. ''How Your Race Affects The Messages You Get.'' OkTrends[[https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/howyourraceaffectsthemessagesyouget.html FullText]]  
*DeSilver, D. 2014. ''5 facts about Indian Americans.'' Pew Research Center. [[https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/09/30/5-facts-about-indian-americans/ Article]]
*DeSilver, D. 2014. ''5 facts about Indian Americans.'' Pew Research Center. [[https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/09/30/5-facts-about-indian-americans/ Article]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Across_America.2C_women_most_desire_white_men.2C_followed_by_black.2C_Hispanic.2C_and_Asian_men">Across America, women most desire white men, followed by black, Hispanic, and Asian men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Across_America.2C_women_most_desire_white_men.2C_followed_by_black.2C_Hispanic.2C_and_Asian_men">Across America, women most desire white men, followed by black, Hispanic, and Asian men</span>===
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Bruch & Newman (2018) analyzed data from a free popular online dating site in four large American cities (New York, Boston, Chicago, and Seattle) to assess which factors people base their decisions on in online dating. They found women ranked men in a racial hierarchy of desirability as follows:
Bruch & Newman (2018) analyzed data from a free popular online dating site in four large American cities (New York, Boston, Chicago, and Seattle) to assess which factors people base their decisions on in online dating. They found women ranked men in a racial hierarchy of desirability as follows:


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Desirability of men to women by male race.PNG|none|thumb|500px|Desirability of men online to women by male race]]
[[File:Desirability of men to women by male race.PNG|none|thumb|500px|Desirability of men online to women by male race]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''In keeping with previous work, there is also a clear and consistent dependence on ethnicity, with Asian women and white men being the most desirable potential mates by our measures across all four cities. ''
* ''In keeping with previous work, there is also a clear and consistent dependence on ethnicity, with Asian women and white men being the most desirable potential mates by our measures across all four cities. ''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Bruch E, Newman MEJ. 2018. ''Aspirational pursuit of mates in online dating markets.'' Science Advances 4(8):eaap9815. [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326905666_Aspirational_pursuit_of_mates_in_online_dating_markets FullText]]
*Bruch E, Newman MEJ. 2018. ''Aspirational pursuit of mates in online dating markets.'' Science Advances 4(8):eaap9815. [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326905666_Aspirational_pursuit_of_mates_in_online_dating_markets FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_enforce_stricter_racial_requirements_than_men.2C_advantaging_primarily_white_men">Women enforce stricter racial requirements than men, advantaging primarily white men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_enforce_stricter_racial_requirements_than_men.2C_advantaging_primarily_white_men">Women enforce stricter racial requirements than men, advantaging primarily white men</span>===
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Lin and Lundquist (2013) found evidence of a strong racial hierarchy in women's dating preferences, and evidence for stronger racial homophily (preferring the same race as themselves) in dating, among women. The study utilized data from American dating and social networking websites, with a large final sample of N = 528,000 men and N = 405,021 women who resided in the 20 largest metropolitan areas in the United States. This sample was also more racially diverse than many of the samples found in other online dating studies, with 53.07% of the women sampled being white and 52.05% of the men sampled being white.
Lin and Lundquist (2013) found evidence of a strong racial hierarchy in women's dating preferences, and evidence for stronger racial homophily (preferring the same race as themselves) in dating, among women. The study utilized data from American dating and social networking websites, with a large final sample of N = 528,000 men and N = 405,021 women who resided in the 20 largest metropolitan areas in the United States. This sample was also more racially diverse than many of the samples found in other online dating studies, with 53.07% of the women sampled being white and 52.05% of the men sampled being white.  
It was found that black women generally displayed the strongest racial homophily, Hispanic women showed a weaker level of racial homophily than black women, showing a preference for their own race and whites, white women displayed strong racial homophily and a small preference for Hispanics, and Asian women showed a preference for both their own race and white men. Thus white men were the most likely to be contacted by women in general.
It was found that black women generally displayed the strongest racial homophily, Hispanic women showed a weaker level of racial homophily than black women, showing a preference for their own race and whites, white women displayed strong racial homophily and a small preference for Hispanics, and Asian women showed a preference for both their own race and white men. Thus white men were the most likely to be contacted by women in general.


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Analyzing the effect of education on response and messaging rates, it was demonstrated that the effect of race was far stronger then that of education in predicting response and messaging rates, e.g. it was found white women were more likely to response to a white man without a college degree then any of the other races of men with a college degree.
Analyzing the effect of education on response and messaging rates, it was demonstrated that the effect of race was far stronger then that of education in predicting response and messaging rates, e.g. it was found white women were more likely to response to a white man without a college degree then any of the other races of men with a college degree.
The researchers outlined a racial hierarchy in dating for men as: White men at the top, Hispanic and Asian men in the middle, and Black men at the bottom.
The researchers outlined a racial hierarchy in dating for men as: White men at the top, Hispanic and Asian men in the middle, and Black men at the bottom.  


Therefore, in contradiction to surveys in which women state they have more open and tolerant attitudes towards interracial relationships then men, their actual actions show that they are much less willing to date out of their race than men, except for a tendency for many minority women to be open towards dating or actually preferring to date white men.
Therefore, in contradiction to surveys in which women state they have more open and tolerant attitudes towards interracial relationships then men, their actual actions show that they are much less willing to date out of their race than men, except for a tendency for many minority women to be open towards dating or actually preferring to date white men.
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* ''This tendency to privilege a man’s whiteness over his achieved status is even more pronounced among non-college-educated women, who are even more likely to respond to white men’s messages regardless of their level of education.''
* ''This tendency to privilege a man’s whiteness over his achieved status is even more pronounced among non-college-educated women, who are even more likely to respond to white men’s messages regardless of their level of education.''
* ''In this sense, racial boundaries function similarly to one-way turnstile gates. While non black daters, particularly white men, are well received when they contact daters of other groups, black daters, particularly black women, are largely confined to a segregated dating market.''
* ''In this sense, racial boundaries function similarly to one-way turnstile gates. While non black daters, particularly white men, are well received when they contact daters of other groups, black daters, particularly black women, are largely confined to a segregated dating market.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Lin K, Lundquist J. 2013. Mate Selection in Cyberspace: The Intersection of Race, Gender, and Education. American Journal of Sociology. 119(1):183-215. [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/673129?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Abstract]]
*Lin K, Lundquist J. 2013. Mate Selection in Cyberspace: The Intersection of Race, Gender, and Education. American Journal of Sociology. 119(1):183-215. [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/673129?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Female_porn_actresses_.27racially_dodge.27_scenes_with_Black_male_actors_or_demand_a_premium">Female porn actresses 'racially dodge' scenes with Black male actors or demand a premium</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Female_porn_actresses_.27racially_dodge.27_scenes_with_Black_male_actors_or_demand_a_premium">Female porn actresses 'racially dodge' scenes with Black male actors or demand a premium</span>===
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There exists a long-lasting [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans#Mandingo stereotype] that Black males are more sexually desired and potent then men of other races—often due to an implied view of them as being inherently more bestial in nature- particularly Whites, which is an apparent dynamic frequently exploited by those with cuckold fetish.
There exists a long-lasting [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans#Mandingo stereotype] that Black males are more sexually desired and potent then men of other races—often due to an implied view of them as being inherently more bestial in nature- particularly Whites, which is an apparent dynamic frequently exploited by those with cuckold fetish.
In the modern era, this stereotype is heavily promulgated and influenced by the widespread availability of interracial pornographic films, namely those featuring Caucasian female actresses engaging in sex acts with Black actors.
In the modern era, this stereotype is heavily promulgated and influenced by the widespread availability of interracial pornographic films, namely those featuring Caucasian female actresses engaging in sex acts with Black actors.
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* 'Moral concern' (claiming not to perform interracial scenes because of a concern that they often portrayed in an overly stereotypical, almost minstrel-esque fashion, and thus fuel detrimental racial stereotypes)
* 'Moral concern' (claiming not to perform interracial scenes because of a concern that they often portrayed in an overly stereotypical, almost minstrel-esque fashion, and thus fuel detrimental racial stereotypes)
* Professional reasons (to fear offending their fan base, and the fact that the actresses who star in such scenes are frequently considered 'spoiled goods', and that reputation results in a lower market price for their sexual services. This motive is questioned in its validity by some Black porn actors—such as Lexington Steel, who claims that the economic detriment of having starred in interracial scenes is frequently exaggerated.
* Professional reasons (to fear offending their fan base, and the fact that the actresses who star in such scenes are frequently considered 'spoiled goods', and that reputation results in a lower market price for their sexual services. This motive is questioned in its validity by some Black porn actors—such as Lexington Steel, who claims that the economic detriment of having starred in interracial scenes is frequently exaggerated.
Thus it seems apparent than even the most erotically successful black men on earth cannot escape women's racial selection biases, paying a toll in less opportunity and increased costs when they are allowed to participate.
Thus it seems apparent than even the most erotically successful black men on earth cannot escape women's racial selection biases, paying a toll in less opportunity and increased costs when they are allowed to participate.


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* ''Deen recently had an actress request an extra $500 to perform with a black man. In the case of contracts with big companies, female stars can get $2,000-plus for their first "IR" scene, according to one black performer who asked to remain anonymous so as to not associate that rate with the agency that employs him.''
* ''Deen recently had an actress request an extra $500 to perform with a black man. In the case of contracts with big companies, female stars can get $2,000-plus for their first "IR" scene, according to one black performer who asked to remain anonymous so as to not associate that rate with the agency that employs him.''
* ''The extent of racial dodging is not yet clearly established. The proportion of ‘dodgers’ claimed varies depending on the talent agency, ranging from almost 80% (LA Direct Models) down to 20% (Spiegler Girls.) A study of metadata on 10,000 porn actresses showed that while 87% do facial and 62% do anal, only 53% do interracial.''
* ''The extent of racial dodging is not yet clearly established. The proportion of ‘dodgers’ claimed varies depending on the talent agency, ranging from almost 80% (LA Direct Models) down to 20% (Spiegler Girls.) A study of metadata on 10,000 porn actresses showed that while 87% do facial and 62% do anal, only 53% do interracial.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Landes X, Nielsen, MEJ. 2018. ''Racial dodging in the porn industry: a case with no silver bullet.'' Porn Studies. 5(2): 115-130. [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23268743.2018.1435302?src=recsys FullText]]
* Landes X, Nielsen, MEJ. 2018. ''Racial dodging in the porn industry: a case with no silver bullet.'' Porn Studies. 5(2): 115-130. [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23268743.2018.1435302?src=recsys FullText]]
* Clark-Flory T. 2015. ''Pornography has a big race problem.'' Business Insider. [[https://www.businessinsider.com/pornography-has-a-big-race-problem-2015-9?IR=T News]]
* Clark-Flory T. 2015. ''Pornography has a big race problem.'' Business Insider. [[https://www.businessinsider.com/pornography-has-a-big-race-problem-2015-9?IR=T News]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Whiter.2C_golden.2C_.26_rosier_.28ie._Caucasian.29_skin_is_seen_as_healthier_and_more_attractive">Whiter, golden, & rosier (ie. Caucasian) skin is seen as healthier and more attractive</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Whiter.2C_golden.2C_.26_rosier_.28ie._Caucasian.29_skin_is_seen_as_healthier_and_more_attractive">Whiter, golden, & rosier (ie. Caucasian) skin is seen as healthier and more attractive</span>===
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Scientific research demonstrates the global preference for whiter skin and "white standard" of [[beauty]] by which all races are judged is likely biological.
Scientific research demonstrates the global preference for whiter skin and "white standard" of [[beauty]] by which all races are judged is likely biological.


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* ''The results would likely hold for other ethnicities as well. For instance, past research has shown black South Africans tend to judge rosier faces as healthier. And forthcoming research suggests the same may hold for yellowness and lightness of facial skin.''
* ''The results would likely hold for other ethnicities as well. For instance, past research has shown black South Africans tend to judge rosier faces as healthier. And forthcoming research suggests the same may hold for yellowness and lightness of facial skin.''
* ''Effectively health and attractiveness are pretty much the same thing.''
* ''Effectively health and attractiveness are pretty much the same thing.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Stephen ID, Law Smith MJ, Stirrat MR, Perrett DI. 2009. ''Facial Skin Coloration Affects Perceived Health of Human Faces.'' Int J Primatol. 30(6): 845-857. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10764-009-9380-z FullText]]
* Stephen ID, Law Smith MJ, Stirrat MR, Perrett DI. 2009. ''Facial Skin Coloration Affects Perceived Health of Human Faces.'' Int J Primatol. 30(6): 845-857. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10764-009-9380-z FullText]]
* Bryner J. 2009. ''Attractiveness Based Partly on Skin Color.'' LiveScience. [[https://www.livescience.com/5860-attractiveness-based-partly-skin-color.html News]]
* Bryner J. 2009. ''Attractiveness Based Partly on Skin Color.'' LiveScience. [[https://www.livescience.com/5860-attractiveness-based-partly-skin-color.html News]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="An_Asian_face_is_more_.27similar_to_that_of_an_infant.27_than_other_races">An Asian face is more 'similar to that of an infant' than other races</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="An_Asian_face_is_more_.27similar_to_that_of_an_infant.27_than_other_races">An Asian face is more 'similar to that of an infant' than other races</span>===
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Researchers analyzing racial facial differences have observed that adult Asian facial structures are more similar to those of infants than other races. A person's degree of resemblance to an infant is termed "[[neoteny]]." Neoteny is a female sexually dimorphic trait, meaning that increased neoteny can make a face look more feminine.  
Researchers analyzing racial facial differences have observed that adult Asian facial structures are more similar to those of infants than other races. A person's degree of resemblance to an infant is termed "[[neoteny]]." Neoteny is a female sexually dimorphic trait, meaning that increased neoteny can make a face look more feminine.  


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''The facial structure of Asians is similar to that of an infant, including a wider and rounder face, higher eyebrow, fuller upper lid, lower nasal bridge with horizontally placed flared ala, flatter malar prominence and midface, fuller and more protuberant lips, and more receded chin.''
* ''The facial structure of Asians is similar to that of an infant, including a wider and rounder face, higher eyebrow, fuller upper lid, lower nasal bridge with horizontally placed flared ala, flatter malar prominence and midface, fuller and more protuberant lips, and more receded chin.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Vashi NA, de Castro Maymone MB, Kundu RV. 2016. ''Aging Differences in Ethnic Skin.'' J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 9(1): 31–38. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756870/ FullText]]
* Vashi NA, de Castro Maymone MB, Kundu RV. 2016. ''Aging Differences in Ethnic Skin.'' J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 9(1): 31–38. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756870/ FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Black_men_and_women_appear_.27more_masculine.27_than_whites.3B_Asian_men_appear_.27less_masculine.27">Black men and women appear 'more masculine' than whites; Asian men appear 'less masculine'</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Black_men_and_women_appear_.27more_masculine.27_than_whites.3B_Asian_men_appear_.27less_masculine.27">Black men and women appear 'more masculine' than whites; Asian men appear 'less masculine'</span>===
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Lewis (2011) sought to evaluate how race and skin color were perceived in terms of sexual dimorphism. He performed a small study involving 10 female and 8 male Caucasian students in the UK rating their perception of black, white, and mixed race photographs. Male participants viewed only the female faces and female participants viewed only the male faces. He found that participants rated both black men and women as dramatically more "masculine," "strong," and "dominant" than white or mixed faces. While the female participants seemed to find this attractive about the black men, the male participants did not find it attractive in the black women, and rated them lowest in attractiveness.
Lewis (2011) sought to evaluate how race and skin color were perceived in terms of sexual dimorphism. He performed a small study involving 10 female and 8 male Caucasian students in the UK rating their perception of black, white, and mixed race photographs. Male participants viewed only the female faces and female participants viewed only the male faces. He found that participants rated both black men and women as dramatically more "masculine," "strong," and "dominant" than white or mixed faces. While the female participants seemed to find this attractive about the black men, the male participants did not find it attractive in the black women, and rated them lowest in attractiveness.


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* ''Black female faces were perceived as more mature, more masculine and stronger than the White faces.''
* ''Black female faces were perceived as more mature, more masculine and stronger than the White faces.''
* ''A pattern was found for female faces with Whiteness being associated with attractiveness. '' (Lewis 2010)
* ''A pattern was found for female faces with Whiteness being associated with attractiveness. '' (Lewis 2010)
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Burke D, Nolan C, Hayward WG, Russell R, Sulikowski D. 2013. ''Is There an Own-Race Preference in Attractiveness?'' Evolutionary Psychology. 11(4): 855-872. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/147470491301100410 FullText]]
* Burke D, Nolan C, Hayward WG, Russell R, Sulikowski D. 2013. ''Is There an Own-Race Preference in Attractiveness?'' Evolutionary Psychology. 11(4): 855-872. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/147470491301100410 FullText]]
* Lewis MB. 2011. ''Who's the fairest of them all? Race, attractiveness and skin color sexual dimorphism.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 50: 159-162. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886910004617 Abstract]]
* Lewis MB. 2011. ''Who's the fairest of them all? Race, attractiveness and skin color sexual dimorphism.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 50: 159-162. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886910004617 Abstract]]
* Maurer M, Rietzler M, Burghardt R, Siebenhaar F. 2016. ''The male beard hair and facial skin–challenges for shaving.'' [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ics.12328 Abstract]]
* Maurer M, Rietzler M, Burghardt R, Siebenhaar F. 2016. ''The male beard hair and facial skin–challenges for shaving.'' [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ics.12328 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_who_don.27t_express_a_.27racial_preference.27_in_dating_behave_the_same_as_women_who_do">Women who don't express a 'racial preference' in dating behave the same as women who do</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_who_don.27t_express_a_.27racial_preference.27_in_dating_behave_the_same_as_women_who_do">Women who don't express a 'racial preference' in dating behave the same as women who do</span>===
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Hitsch et al. (2006) analyzed a dataset including the activities of 22,000 users of a major online dating service in Boston and San Diego over a period of three and a half months in 2003.  
Hitsch et al. (2006) analyzed a dataset including the activities of 22,000 users of a major online dating service in Boston and San Diego over a period of three and a half months in 2003.  


One analysis they performed was to specifically investigate whether those who stated a racial preference behaved any different from those who did not. To maintain a strong sample size, they restricted their analysis to Caucasian members' messaging behaviors.
One analysis they performed was to specifically investigate whether those who stated a racial preference behaved any different from those who did not. To maintain a strong sample size, they restricted their analysis to Caucasian members' messaging behaviors.  


While men who stated they had no racial preference did behave in a less racially biased fashion, women who stated they had no racial preference acted the same as those who said they did not. This data suggests that the only difference between women who state a racial preference and those who do not is either how honest or self aware they are.
While men who stated they had no racial preference did behave in a less racially biased fashion, women who stated they had no racial preference acted the same as those who said they did not. This data suggests that the only difference between women who state a racial preference and those who do not is either how honest or self aware they are.
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Womens first contacts based on male race.PNG|none|500px|thumb|Relative outcome differences in messages received by men from women based on male race showing no significant difference in female messaging patterns between those women who claim to have a racial preference and those who do not.]]
[[File:Womens first contacts based on male race.PNG|none|500px|thumb|Relative outcome differences in messages received by men from women based on male race showing no significant difference in female messaging patterns between those women who claim to have a racial preference and those who do not.]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Hitsch GJ, Hortaçsu A, Ariely D. 2006. ''What Makes You Click?—Mate Preferences and Matching Outcomes in Online Dating.'' University of Chicago & MIT. [[http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.895442 Abstract]] [[http://home.uchicago.edu/~hortacsu/onlinedating.pdf FullText]]
* Hitsch GJ, Hortaçsu A, Ariely D. 2006. ''What Makes You Click?—Mate Preferences and Matching Outcomes in Online Dating.'' University of Chicago & MIT. [[https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.895442 Abstract]] [[http://home.uchicago.edu/~hortacsu/onlinedating.pdf FullText]]
 
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Racism_in_dating_is_stable_or_worsening.2C_not_improving.2C_over_time">Racism in dating is stable or worsening, not improving, over time</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Racism_in_dating_is_stable_or_worsening.2C_not_improving.2C_over_time">Racism in dating is stable or worsening, not improving, over time</span>===
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OkCupid analyzed racial dating data from 2009 and 2014 to evaluate if racism in dating is changing. They found that although people reported they are more open to dating people of other races over that time frame, racially motivated behaviors actually intensified.
OkCupid analyzed racial dating data from 2009 and 2014 to evaluate if racism in dating is changing. They found that although people reported they are more open to dating people of other races over that time frame, racially motivated behaviors actually intensified.


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* ''Answers to match questions have been getting significantly less biased over time [i.e. "Do you strongly prefer to date someone of your own race?" and "Is interracial marriage a bad idea?"]''
* ''Answers to match questions have been getting significantly less biased over time [i.e. "Do you strongly prefer to date someone of your own race?" and "Is interracial marriage a bad idea?"]''
* ''And yet the underlying behavior has stayed the same.''
* ''And yet the underlying behavior has stayed the same.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Rudder C. 2014. ''Race and Attraction, 2009 – 2014''. OkTrends. [[https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/raceandattraction20092014.html FullText]]
*Rudder C. 2014. ''Race and Attraction, 2009 – 2014''. OkTrends. [[https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/raceandattraction20092014.html FullText]]
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Looks&nbsp;(Life)''</span>==
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Looks&nbsp;(Life)''</span>==
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Beauty_is_objective_and_measurable_in_the_brain">Beauty is objective and measurable in the brain</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Beauty_is_objective_and_measurable_in_the_brain">Beauty is objective and measurable in the brain</span>===
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It has long been debated whether there is there an objective, biological basis for the experience of [[beauty]] or if it is subjective and individually or culturally driven. To determine this, researchers showed average people images of masterpieces of Classical and Renaissance sculpture, and modified versions of these arts with less mathematically ideal proportions.
It has long been debated whether there is there an objective, biological basis for the experience of [[beauty]] or if it is subjective and individually or culturally driven. To determine this, researchers showed average people images of masterpieces of Classical and Renaissance sculpture, and modified versions of these arts with less mathematically ideal proportions.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Attractiveness_Ratings_Wood_2009.png|500px|thumb|none|Each male and female was rated by 2,683 women and 1,371 men, respectively. People strongly agree about very unattractive people being unattractive. One can see that people agree less about average looking people. Women seem to disagree more, i.e. their standard deviations are consistently slightly higher, but [[Variability hypothesis#Variability_in_sexual_desire|this could be e.g. due to more racial homophily]]. ]]
[[File:Attractiveness_Ratings_Wood_2009.png|500px|thumb|none|Each male and female was rated by 2,683 women and 1,371 men, respectively. People strongly agree about very unattractive people being unattractive. One can see that people agree less about average looking people. Women seem to disagree more, i.e. their standard deviations are consistently slightly higher, but [[Variability hypothesis#Variability_in_sexual_desire|this could be e.g. due to more racial homophily]]. ]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''The observation of original sculptures, relative to the modified ones, produced activation of the right insula as well as of some lateral and medial cortical areas (lateral occipital gyrus, precuneus and prefrontal areas). When volunteers were required to give an overt aesthetic judgment, the images judged as beautiful selectively activated the right amygdala, relative to those judged as ugly.''
* ''The observation of original sculptures, relative to the modified ones, produced activation of the right insula as well as of some lateral and medial cortical areas (lateral occipital gyrus, precuneus and prefrontal areas). When volunteers were required to give an overt aesthetic judgment, the images judged as beautiful selectively activated the right amygdala, relative to those judged as ugly.''
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* ''The main question we addressed in the present study was whether there is an objective beauty. Our results gave a positive answer to this question. The presence of a specific parameter (the golden ratio) in the stimuli we presented determined brain activations different to those where this parameter was violated.''
* ''The main question we addressed in the present study was whether there is an objective beauty. Our results gave a positive answer to this question. The presence of a specific parameter (the golden ratio) in the stimuli we presented determined brain activations different to those where this parameter was violated.''
* ''Although individual biases are undeniable, it is also rather implausible to maintain that beauty has no biological substrate and is merely a conventional, experientially determined concept.''
* ''Although individual biases are undeniable, it is also rather implausible to maintain that beauty has no biological substrate and is merely a conventional, experientially determined concept.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Di Dio C, Macaluso E, Rizzolatti G. 2007. ''The Golden Beauty: Brain Response to Classical and Renaissance Sculptures.'' PLoS ONE. 2(11): e1201. [[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001201 FullText]]
* Di Dio C, Macaluso E, Rizzolatti G. 2007. ''The Golden Beauty: Brain Response to Classical and Renaissance Sculptures.'' PLoS ONE. 2(11): e1201. [[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001201 FullText]]
* Wood D, Brumbaugh C C. 2009. ''Using Revealed Mate Preferences to Evaluate Market Force and Differential Preference Explanations for Mate Selection.'' [[http://doi.org/10.1037/a0015 Abstract]] [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0cb0/ad55235f09832dc9f28d1bbde9e86ea1a402.pdf FullText]]
* Wood D, Brumbaugh C C. 2009. ''Using Revealed Mate Preferences to Evaluate Market Force and Differential Preference Explanations for Mate Selection.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015 Abstract]] [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0cb0/ad55235f09832dc9f28d1bbde9e86ea1a402.pdf FullText]]
 
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="People_broadly_agree_on_who_is_good_looking_or_not.2C_and_it_affects_every_aspect_of_life">People broadly agree on who is good looking or not, and it affects every aspect of life</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="People_broadly_agree_on_who_is_good_looking_or_not.2C_and_it_affects_every_aspect_of_life">People broadly agree on who is good looking or not, and it affects every aspect of life</span>===
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In this review article, researchers establish with 11 meta-analyses that contrary to what the [[bluepill]] might claim:
In this review article, researchers establish with 11 meta-analyses that contrary to what the [[bluepill]] might claim:
* Raters agree about who is and is not attractive, both within and across cultures.
* Raters agree about who is and is not attractive, both within and across cultures.
* There seem to be universal standards by which facial attractiveness is judged.
* There seem to be universal standards by which facial attractiveness is judged.
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* Attractive children and adults exhibit more positive behaviors and traits than unattractive children and adults.  
* Attractive children and adults exhibit more positive behaviors and traits than unattractive children and adults.  
* Attractive people may exhibit more positive behaviors because attractive and unattractive people are treated differently, so they learn to behave differently.
* Attractive people may exhibit more positive behaviors because attractive and unattractive people are treated differently, so they learn to behave differently.
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>


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[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Cohen%27s_d Weighted effect sizes] for positive behaviors and life outcomes, comparing 'unattractive' to 'attractive' children and adults:
[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Cohen%27s_d Weighted effect sizes] for positive behaviors and life outcomes, comparing 'unattractive' to 'attractive' children and adults:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Behavioral Differences
! Behavioral Differences
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| .27
| .27
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Common maxims about beauty suggest that attractiveness is not important in life. ''
* ''Common maxims about beauty suggest that attractiveness is not important in life. ''
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* ''These findings are powerful evidence that, contrary to popular belief, attractiveness effects extend beyond the mere "opinions" about others and permeate actual actions towards others, even though people may not be aware of it.''
* ''These findings are powerful evidence that, contrary to popular belief, attractiveness effects extend beyond the mere "opinions" about others and permeate actual actions towards others, even though people may not be aware of it.''
* ''Results are used to evaluate social and fitness-related evolutionary theories and the veracity of maxims about beauty.''
* ''Results are used to evaluate social and fitness-related evolutionary theories and the veracity of maxims about beauty.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Langlois JH, Kalakanis L, Rubenstein AJ, Larson A, Haiam M, Smoot M. 2000. ''Maxims or Myths of Beauty? A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review.'' Psychological Bulletin. 126(3): 390-423. [[https://psycnet.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.390 Abstract]] [[http://jonathanstray.com/papers/Langlois.pdf FullText]]
* Langlois JH, Kalakanis L, Rubenstein AJ, Larson A, Haiam M, Smoot M. 2000. ''Maxims or Myths of Beauty? A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review.'' Psychological Bulletin. 126(3): 390-423. [[https://psycnet.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.390 Abstract]] [[http://jonathanstray.com/papers/Langlois.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="It_takes_less_than_one_second_for_people_to_accurately_judge_beauty">It takes less than one second for people to accurately judge beauty</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="It_takes_less_than_one_second_for_people_to_accurately_judge_beauty">It takes less than one second for people to accurately judge beauty</span>===
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[[Beauty]] can be identified and processed in under 1 second. In a world where beauty is paramount for dating, sex, and relationship sex, thus it likely takes less than 1 second of someone looking at you to determine if you are "good enough". Perhaps this is why Tinder has been so successful. It provides the most efficient way to only allocate 1 second to each decision before moving on. Given that women find 80% of men "below average" in attractiveness as described elsewhere on this page, this unfortunately means most men will only be given 1 second consideration before getting swiped away into oblivion.
[[Beauty]] can be identified and processed in under 1 second. In a world where beauty is paramount for dating, sex, and relationship sex, thus it likely takes less than 1 second of someone looking at you to determine if you are "good enough". Perhaps this is why Tinder has been so successful. It provides the most efficient way to only allocate 1 second to each decision before moving on. Given that women find 80% of men "below average" in attractiveness as described elsewhere on this page, this unfortunately means most men will only be given 1 second consideration before getting swiped away into oblivion.


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* ''The early stage is mainly related to experiencing the stimulus and thus reflects the processing of the aesthetic stimulus itself, as discussed in the previous section. ''
* ''The early stage is mainly related to experiencing the stimulus and thus reflects the processing of the aesthetic stimulus itself, as discussed in the previous section. ''
* ''The late stage is mainly related to making an aesthetic evaluation of the stimulus, that is, the cognitive decision about how to judge or rate the stimulus.''
* ''The late stage is mainly related to making an aesthetic evaluation of the stimulus, that is, the cognitive decision about how to judge or rate the stimulus.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Brielmann AA, Pelli DG. 2018. ''Aesthetics.'' Current Biology. 28(16): R859. [[https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)30766-8?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982218307668%3Fshowall%3Dtrue Abstract]] [[http://psych.nyu.edu/pelli/pubs/brielmann2018aesthetics.pdf FullText]]
* Brielmann AA, Pelli DG. 2018. ''Aesthetics.'' Current Biology. 28(16): R859. [[https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)30766-8?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982218307668%3Fshowall%3Dtrue Abstract]] [[http://psych.nyu.edu/pelli/pubs/brielmann2018aesthetics.pdf FullText]]
* South Palomares JK and Young AW. 2018. ''Facial first impressions of partner preference traits: trustworthiness, status, and attractiveness.'' [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1948550617732388 Abstract]]
* South Palomares JK and Young AW. 2018. ''Facial first impressions of partner preference traits: trustworthiness, status, and attractiveness.'' [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1948550617732388 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Babies_can_easily_differentiate_between_attractive_and_unattractive_faces">Babies can easily differentiate between attractive and unattractive faces</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Babies_can_easily_differentiate_between_attractive_and_unattractive_faces">Babies can easily differentiate between attractive and unattractive faces</span>===
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Newborn babies can easily differentiate between attractive and unattractive faces, suggesting that face recognition is hardwired at birth, rather than learned.
Newborn babies can easily differentiate between attractive and unattractive faces, suggesting that face recognition is hardwired at birth, rather than learned.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Attractiveness is not in the eye of the beholder, it’s innate to a newborn infant.''
* ''Attractiveness is not in the eye of the beholder, it’s innate to a newborn infant.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Gosline A. 2004. ''Babies prefer to gaze upon beautiful faces.'' NewScientist. [[https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn6355-babies-prefer-to-gaze-upon-beautiful-faces/ Article]]
*Gosline A. 2004. ''Babies prefer to gaze upon beautiful faces.'' NewScientist. [[https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn6355-babies-prefer-to-gaze-upon-beautiful-faces/ Article]]
*Rincon, P. ''Newborns prefer beautiful faces.'' BBC. [[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3631018.stm Article]]
*Rincon, P. ''Newborns prefer beautiful faces.'' BBC. [[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3631018.stm Article]]
* Slater A, Von der Schulenburg C, Brown E, Badenoch M, Butterworth G, Parsons S, Samuels C. 1998. ''Newborn infants prefer attractive faces.'' Infant Behavior and Development. 21(2):345-54. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(98)90011-X Abstract]]
* Slater A, Von der Schulenburg C, Brown E, Badenoch M, Butterworth G, Parsons S, Samuels C. 1998. ''Newborn infants prefer attractive faces.'' Infant Behavior and Development. 21(2):345-54. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(98)90011-X Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Parents_treat_attractive_children_better_than_ugly_children">Parents treat attractive children better than ugly children</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Parents_treat_attractive_children_better_than_ugly_children">Parents treat attractive children better than ugly children</span>===
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Parental treatment of their children was evaluated by monitoring their parenting styles in supermarkets. Particularly, researchers observed whether or not parents used the available seat belts on shopping carts or paid attention to if the child was behaving in a way that could be dangerous. They found that the attractiveness of the child directly determined how often the parent used seatbelts and paid attention to the child's safety.
Parental treatment of their children was evaluated by monitoring their parenting styles in supermarkets. Particularly, researchers observed whether or not parents used the available seat belts on shopping carts or paid attention to if the child was behaving in a way that could be dangerous. They found that the attractiveness of the child directly determined how often the parent used seatbelts and paid attention to the child's safety.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Bakalar, N. 2005. ''Ugly Children May Get Parental Short Shrift.'' New York Times. [[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/03/health/ugly-children-may-get-parental-short-shrift.html Article]] [[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/04/050412213412.htm ScienceDaily]]
*Bakalar, N. 2005. ''Ugly Children May Get Parental Short Shrift.'' New York Times. [[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/03/health/ugly-children-may-get-parental-short-shrift.html Article]] [[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/04/050412213412.htm ScienceDaily]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Physical_attractiveness_in_adolescence_predicts_better_socioeconomic_status_in_adulthood">Physical attractiveness in adolescence predicts better socioeconomic status in adulthood</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Physical_attractiveness_in_adolescence_predicts_better_socioeconomic_status_in_adulthood">Physical attractiveness in adolescence predicts better socioeconomic status in adulthood</span>===
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Benzeval, Green & Macintyre (2013) conducted a study of the effect of physical attractiveness in adolescents of both sexes (mean age 15.7 years old) on adult life outcomes.
Benzeval, Green & Macintyre (2013) conducted a study of the effect of physical attractiveness in adolescents of both sexes (mean age 15.7 years old) on adult life outcomes.


The researchers used data from the youth cohort of the Twenty-07 Study (N = 1,515) of people born in the the early 1970s.
The researchers used data from the youth cohort of the Twenty-07 Study (N = 1,515) of people born in the the early 1970s.
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* ''In the world of paid work, employers interviewing candidates for a position or discussing wages may look more favourably on attractive candidates, either because they perceive them to have more positive attributes or because they believe customers may do so.''
* ''In the world of paid work, employers interviewing candidates for a position or discussing wages may look more favourably on attractive candidates, either because they perceive them to have more positive attributes or because they believe customers may do so.''
* ''However, we did not find an association at age 15 between self esteem and attractiveness, which suggests that these characteristics may not be a key mechanism or that our measure of self esteem in adolescence was inadequate and/or that a self esteem advantage has not developed at age 15.''  
* ''However, we did not find an association at age 15 between self esteem and attractiveness, which suggests that these characteristics may not be a key mechanism or that our measure of self esteem in adolescence was inadequate and/or that a self esteem advantage has not developed at age 15.''  
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Benzeval M, Green MJ, Macintyre S. 2013. ''Does perceived physical attractiveness in adolescence predict better socioeconomic position in adulthood? Evidence from 20 years of follow up in a population cohort study.'' PLoS One. 8(5): e63975. [[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063975 Abstract]]
*Benzeval M, Green MJ, Macintyre S. 2013. ''Does perceived physical attractiveness in adolescence predict better socioeconomic position in adulthood? Evidence from 20 years of follow up in a population cohort study.'' PLoS One. 8(5): e63975. [[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063975 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Physically_attractive_individuals_are_more_likely_to_believe_in_a_.27just_world.27">Physically attractive individuals are more likely to believe in a 'just world'</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Physically_attractive_individuals_are_more_likely_to_believe_in_a_.27just_world.27">Physically attractive individuals are more likely to believe in a 'just world'</span>===
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The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis Just World Fallacy] is the cognitive bias (or assumption) that a person's actions will bring morally fair and fitting consequences to that person, such that all noble actions will be eventually rewarded and all evil actions eventually punished. A person viewing the dating world through the lens of the Just World Fallacy would thus assume that those who succeed in dating are being deservedly rewarded, and those who fail are equally deserving of their failure.
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis Just World Fallacy] is the cognitive bias (or assumption) that a person's actions will bring morally fair and fitting consequences to that person, such that all noble actions will be eventually rewarded and all evil actions eventually punished. A person viewing the dating world through the lens of the Just World Fallacy would thus assume that those who succeed in dating are being deservedly rewarded, and those who fail are equally deserving of their failure.


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* ''Additionally, both attractiveness measures were found to have a relationship with participant’s level of life satisfaction. ''
* ''Additionally, both attractiveness measures were found to have a relationship with participant’s level of life satisfaction. ''
* ''These findings suggest that physical attractiveness powerfully affects our subjective experience as a human and that just-world beliefs are driven, at least in part, by personal experience with inequality.''
* ''These findings suggest that physical attractiveness powerfully affects our subjective experience as a human and that just-world beliefs are driven, at least in part, by personal experience with inequality.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Reference:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Reference:'''</span>
* Westfall RS, Millar MG, Lovitt A. 2018. ''The Influence of Physical Attractiveness on Belief in a Just World.'' Psychological Reports. 122(2): 536-549. [[https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0033294118763172 Abstract]]
* Westfall RS, Millar MG, Lovitt A. 2018. ''The Influence of Physical Attractiveness on Belief in a Just World.'' Psychological Reports. 122(2): 536-549. [[https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0033294118763172 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Attractive_people_are_perceived_much_more_positively_than_they_really_are">Attractive people are perceived much more positively than they really are</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Attractive_people_are_perceived_much_more_positively_than_they_really_are">Attractive people are perceived much more positively than they really are</span>===
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{{main_articles|[[Beauty#Correlations|Beauty § Correlations]] and [[Halo effect]]}}
{{main_articles|[[Beauty#Correlations|Beauty § Correlations]] and [[Halo effect]]}}
The perception of positive traits based on physical attractiveness is called ''[[beauty]]-is-good stereotype'' and is a specific kind of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_effect#Role_of_attractiveness halo effect]. Effect sizes were found to be large for perceived social competence and health, intermediate for potency, adjustment, and intellectual competence, and near zero for integrity and concern for others (Eagly et al., 1991).
The perception of positive traits based on physical attractiveness is called ''[[beauty]]-is-good stereotype'' and is a specific kind of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_effect#Role_of_attractiveness halo effect]. Effect sizes were found to be large for perceived social competence and health, intermediate for potency, adjustment, and intellectual competence, and near zero for integrity and concern for others (Eagly et al., 1991).


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* ''In a meta-analysis by Feingold (1992), for example, it was shown that although people that are more attractive are perceived as more intelligent, capable, and so forth, there is essentially no relationship between attractiveness and actual intelligence, performance, and so forth.''
* ''In a meta-analysis by Feingold (1992), for example, it was shown that although people that are more attractive are perceived as more intelligent, capable, and so forth, there is essentially no relationship between attractiveness and actual intelligence, performance, and so forth.''
* ''As predicted, there was no relationship between attractiveness and actual academic performance (r = 0.03), but a strong positive correlation between attractiveness and perceived intelligence (r = 0.81), attractiveness and perceived academic performance (r = 0.74) and attractiveness and perceived conscientiousness (r = 0.81).'' (Talamas, 2016)
* ''As predicted, there was no relationship between attractiveness and actual academic performance (r = 0.03), but a strong positive correlation between attractiveness and perceived intelligence (r = 0.81), attractiveness and perceived academic performance (r = 0.74) and attractiveness and perceived conscientiousness (r = 0.81).'' (Talamas, 2016)
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Talamas S. N., et al. 2016. ''Blinded by Beauty: Attractiveness Bias and Accurate Perceptions of Academic Performance.'' [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4757567/ Abstract]]
* Talamas S. N., et al. 2016. ''Blinded by Beauty: Attractiveness Bias and Accurate Perceptions of Academic Performance.'' [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4757567/ Abstract]]
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* Weeden J., Sabini J. 2005. ''Physical Attractiveness and Health in Western Societies: A Review.'' [[http://10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.63 Abstract]] [[http://femininebeauty.info/f/weeden.sabini.pdf FullText]]
* Weeden J., Sabini J. 2005. ''Physical Attractiveness and Health in Western Societies: A Review.'' [[http://10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.63 Abstract]] [[http://femininebeauty.info/f/weeden.sabini.pdf FullText]]
* Foo YZ, Simmons LW, Rhodes G. 2017. ''The relationship between health and mating success in humans.'' [[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.160603 Abstract]]
* Foo YZ, Simmons LW, Rhodes G. 2017. ''The relationship between health and mating success in humans.'' [[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.160603 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Attractive_men_are_perceived_as_.27funnier.27.2C_even_when_they_are_actually_not">Attractive men are perceived as 'funnier', even when they are actually not</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Attractive_men_are_perceived_as_.27funnier.27.2C_even_when_they_are_actually_not">Attractive men are perceived as 'funnier', even when they are actually not</span>===
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Cowan & Little (2012) conducted a study to assess the degree to which humor influenced sexual selection (particularly in men) as powerfully as it is often touted to in the mainstream discourse surrounding relationships.  
Cowan & Little (2012) conducted a study to assess the degree to which humor influenced sexual selection (particularly in men) as powerfully as it is often touted to in the mainstream discourse surrounding relationships.  


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* ''If raters do not want attention from less attractive people, they may also be less likely to describe less attractive actors as funny in the video condition, as laughter could be seen as a way to reciprocate interest, which raters in this study may have wanted to avoid.''
* ''If raters do not want attention from less attractive people, they may also be less likely to describe less attractive actors as funny in the video condition, as laughter could be seen as a way to reciprocate interest, which raters in this study may have wanted to avoid.''
* ''Alternatively, it could be speculated that raters are more attentive to videos of more attractive actors which leads to higher rating of funniness.''
* ''Alternatively, it could be speculated that raters are more attentive to videos of more attractive actors which leads to higher rating of funniness.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Cowan ML, Little AC. 2013. ''The effects of relationship context and modality on ratings of funniness.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 54(4): 496-500. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.020 Abstract]]
*Cowan ML, Little AC. 2013. ''The effects of relationship context and modality on ratings of funniness.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 54(4): 496-500. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.020 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="A_man.27s_looks_are_significantly_correlated_with_his_popularity_and_peer_status">A man's looks are significantly correlated with his popularity and peer status</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="A_man.27s_looks_are_significantly_correlated_with_his_popularity_and_peer_status">A man's looks are significantly correlated with his popularity and peer status</span>===
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Anderson et al. conducted three studies to examine to determinants of peer status among college students. The studies used peer ratings of popularity to measure status and compared them to self-reports of the Big Five personality dimensions and observer evaluated physical attractiveness of the subjects, based on observation of video clips of the subjects.
Anderson et al. conducted three studies to examine to determinants of peer status among college students. The studies used peer ratings of popularity to measure status and compared them to self-reports of the Big Five personality dimensions and observer evaluated physical attractiveness of the subjects, based on observation of video clips of the subjects.
The first study examined (N = 48; mean age 20) members of a fraternity at a large Midwestern state university, with social status determined by the other fraternities prominence and number of positions and office each member had held. The factors found to be significantly correlated with social status were extroversion (controlled for physical attractiveness r = .40), physical attractiveness (r = .39), and neuroticism was found to be negatively correlated with status (r = -.26).
The first study examined (N = 48; mean age 20) members of a fraternity at a large Midwestern state university, with social status determined by the other fraternities prominence and number of positions and office each member had held. The factors found to be significantly correlated with social status were extroversion (controlled for physical attractiveness r = .40), physical attractiveness (r = .39), and neuroticism was found to be negatively correlated with status (r = -.26).
There was no significant correlation found between agreeableness and status.
There was no significant correlation found between agreeableness and status.


A second study performed on members of a sorority (N = 45) with an identical procedure to to first study, found only extraversion (r = .43, controlled for physical attractiveness) was significantly correlated with peer status.
A second study performed on members of a sorority (N = 45) with an identical procedure to to first study, found only extraversion (r = .43, controlled for physical attractiveness) was significantly correlated with peer status.


Finally, a third study with a longitudinal design and a unisex sample (N = 74) of dormitory residents was conducted. Peer rated status was assessed three times over a year. This study also included self-assessments of peer status, which was found to be be substantially correlated with peer assessed status. Peer status was very stable among the men, with the 'pecking order' among the men clearly being quickly solidified within the first two weeks.  
Finally, a third study with a longitudinal design and a unisex sample (N = 74) of dormitory residents was conducted. Peer rated status was assessed three times over a year. This study also included self-assessments of peer status, which was found to be be substantially correlated with peer assessed status. Peer status was very stable among the men, with the 'pecking order' among the men clearly being quickly solidified within the first two weeks.
The status ordering among women took much longer to be established (by the 4th month), but was ultimately as stable as the hierarchy found among the men. By the final time the peer status among the men was assessed by the researchers, the only significant factors found to be correlated with peer status were extraversion (r = .40) and physical attractiveness (r = .43). Neuroticism was found to be significantly negatively correlated with peer status (r = -.38).  
The status ordering among women took much longer to be established (by the 4th month), but was ultimately as stable as the hierarchy found among the men. By the final time the peer status among the men was assessed by the researchers, the only significant factors found to be correlated with peer status were extraversion (r = .40) and physical attractiveness (r = .43). Neuroticism was found to be significantly negatively correlated with peer status (r = -.38).  


The researchers also found the students intuitions about the personality traits that would aid them in attaining peer status were largely flawed, with the trait they believed would be most important-conscientiousness-not at all related to status attainment. The researchers hypothesis was that physical attractiveness may have been more linked to popularity and status among men because of gender norms rewarding men for sexual success, but sexual success not does not necessarily lead to greater peer acceptance among women.  
The researchers also found the students intuitions about the personality traits that would aid them in attaining peer status were largely flawed, with the trait they believed would be most important-conscientiousness-not at all related to status attainment. The researchers hypothesis was that physical attractiveness may have been more linked to popularity and status among men because of gender norms rewarding men for sexual success, but sexual success not does not necessarily lead to greater peer acceptance among women.
The Big Five dimension agreeableness, basically being 'nice', was not significantly linked to peer status or popularity among both sexes.
The Big Five dimension agreeableness, basically being 'nice', was not significantly linked to peer status or popularity among both sexes.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Physically attractive men tended to attain higher status in both the fraternity and dormitory samples with substantial effect sizes (mean r = .42).''
* ''Physically attractive men tended to attain higher status in both the fraternity and dormitory samples with substantial effect sizes (mean r = .42).''
* ''One surprise in our data was that we did no find any evidence for this relation in either the sorority or the dormitory women (mean r = .10).''
* ''One surprise in our data was that we did no find any evidence for this relation in either the sorority or the dormitory women (mean r = .10).''
* ''In combination,these findings offer considerable support for the hypothesis that gender norms about negative emotion are involved: "Real" men are not supposed to feel and act afraid, sad, guilty, or vulnerable, and men who violate these gender expectations are less likely to be granted high status in face-to-face groups.''
* ''In combination,these findings offer considerable support for the hypothesis that gender norms about negative emotion are involved: "Real" men are not supposed to feel and act afraid, sad, guilty, or vulnerable, and men who violate these gender expectations are less likely to be granted high status in face-to-face groups.''
* ''Status was not related to either Conscientiousness or Openness to Experience in any of our studies. These replicated null effects reinforce the view that in the informal social groups we have studies here, status functions differently that in organizational and professional groups,where task performance and achievement play a central role.''
* ''Status was not related to either Conscientiousness or Openness to Experience in any of our studies. These replicated null effects reinforce the view that in the informal social groups we have studies here, status functions differently that in organizational and professional groups,where task performance and achievement play a central role.''
 
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Anderson C, John OP, Keltner D, Kring AM. 2001. ''Who Attains Social Status? Effects of Personality and Physical Attractiveness in Social Groups.'' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 81(1): 116-132. [[https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.81.1.116 Abstract]]
*Anderson C, John OP, Keltner D, Kring AM. 2001. ''Who Attains Social Status? Effects of Personality and Physical Attractiveness in Social Groups.'' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 81(1): 116-132. [[https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.81.1.116 Abstract]]
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Looks&nbsp;(Love)''</span>==
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Looks&nbsp;(Love)''</span>==
{{main_article|[[Beauty]] and [[Lookism]]}}
{{main_article|[[Beauty]] and [[Lookism]]}}
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_feel_sexual_disgust_when_they_imagine_even_talking_to_an_unattractive_man">Women feel sexual disgust when they imagine even talking to an unattractive man</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_feel_sexual_disgust_when_they_imagine_even_talking_to_an_unattractive_man">Women feel sexual disgust when they imagine even talking to an unattractive man</span>===
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Researchers attempted to study how women rate men and react to imagined sex with men while in an aroused and unaroused state. To do so, they showed 91 women either an erotic video or a hiking video before rating the attractiveness of photographs of men’s faces. The faces varied in attractiveness. The women then rated their disgust towards anticipated behaviors with men depicted on photographs.
Researchers attempted to study how women rate men and react to imagined sex with men while in an aroused and unaroused state. To do so, they showed 91 women either an erotic video or a hiking video before rating the attractiveness of photographs of men’s faces. The faces varied in attractiveness. The women then rated their disgust towards anticipated behaviors with men depicted on photographs.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Womens disgust.png|thumb|none|500px|Disgust ratings that women felt when they imagined talking to, hugging, kissing, or having sex with the pictured men. All differences are statistically significant.]]
[[File:Womens disgust.png|thumb|none|500px|Disgust ratings that women felt when they imagined talking to, hugging, kissing, or having sex with the pictured men. All differences are statistically significant.]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Disgust is an avoidance reaction that serves the function of discouraging costly mating decisions.''
* ''Disgust is an avoidance reaction that serves the function of discouraging costly mating decisions.''
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* ''Attractiveness seems to reduce disgust and therefore also avoidance tendencies—probably because it signals good health and small risk of pathogen transmission.''
* ''Attractiveness seems to reduce disgust and therefore also avoidance tendencies—probably because it signals good health and small risk of pathogen transmission.''
* ''Women on average have a higher disgust sensitivity and propensity than men. This also implies that they require relatively more sexual arousal to outweigh disgust and elicit a sexually functioning feedback loop. In other words, sexual arousal is less likely to outweigh disgust in women.''
* ''Women on average have a higher disgust sensitivity and propensity than men. This also implies that they require relatively more sexual arousal to outweigh disgust and elicit a sexually functioning feedback loop. In other words, sexual arousal is less likely to outweigh disgust in women.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Zsok F, Fleischman DS, Borg C, Morrison E. 2017. ''Disgust Trumps Lust: Women’s Disgust and Attraction Towards Men Is Unaffected by Sexual Arousal.'' Evolutionary Psychological Science. 3(4): 353-363. [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-017-0106-8 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317273311_Disgust_Trumps_Lust_Women's_Disgust_and_Attraction_Towards_Men_Is_Unaffected_by_Sexual_Arousal/download FullText]]
* Zsok F, Fleischman DS, Borg C, Morrison E. 2017. ''Disgust Trumps Lust: Women’s Disgust and Attraction Towards Men Is Unaffected by Sexual Arousal.'' Evolutionary Psychological Science. 3(4): 353-363. [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-017-0106-8 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317273311_Disgust_Trumps_Lust_Women's_Disgust_and_Attraction_Towards_Men_Is_Unaffected_by_Sexual_Arousal/download FullText]]
[[Category:Theories]]
[[Category:Theories]]
[[Category:Blackpill]]
[[Category:Blackpill]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Across_multiple_studies.2C_it_was_found_that_physical_attractiveness_determines_romantic_evaluations_equally_for_both_sexes">Across multiple studies; attractiveness determines romantic evaluations equally for both sexes</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Across_multiple_studies.2C_it_was_found_that_physical_attractiveness_determines_romantic_evaluations_equally_for_both_sexes">Across multiple studies; attractiveness determines romantic evaluations equally for both sexes</span>===
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Eastwick et al. (2014) conducted a series of meta-analyses of 79 research articles (97 samples; total N = 29,414) regarding the effects of physical attractiveness on the romantic evaluations of potential dating partners in individuals of both sexes, across a number of relationship contexts.  
Eastwick et al. (2014) conducted a series of meta-analyses of 79 research articles (97 samples; total N = 29,414) regarding the effects of physical attractiveness on the romantic evaluations of potential dating partners in individuals of both sexes, across a number of relationship contexts.  


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A subsection of the paper that reviewed speed-dating studies comparing participants ideal (stated) vs revealed (based on their actual actions) preferences, in regards to potential romantic partners, found that there was a very weak correlation (r = .04) between what the participants claimed they desired in a romantic partner and what their actual choices revealed they desired in a partner.
A subsection of the paper that reviewed speed-dating studies comparing participants ideal (stated) vs revealed (based on their actual actions) preferences, in regards to potential romantic partners, found that there was a very weak correlation (r = .04) between what the participants claimed they desired in a romantic partner and what their actual choices revealed they desired in a partner.


This was also found to be true outside of a speed dating context; the authors referenced an earlier study conducted by the lead author (Paul Eastwick) which found a similar very weak relationship between individual's stated ideal partner preferences and their attraction to their opposite-sex friends and acquaintances. Physical attractiveness predicted romantic desire equally regardless of whether the participants stated it was important to them in a ideal partner or not. Thus, it appears that what one thinks would be ideal in a potential romantic partner correlates very poorly with how they actually perceive potential partners in actual dating contexts, for both sexes. However, the authors stated that these abstract ideals could have more relevance as the relationship progresses past the initial phase and the partners achieve co-dependence. It is also possible that these abstract ideals do not correlate well to context based behaviors, because they are overly vague and unspecific.
This was also found to be true outside of a speed dating context; the authors referenced an earlier study conducted by the lead author (Paul Eastwick) which found a similar very weak relationship between individual's stated ideal partner preferences and their attraction to their opposite-sex friends and acquaintances. Physical attractiveness predicted romantic desire equally regardless of whether the participants stated it was important to them in a ideal partner or not. Thus, it appears that what one thinks would be ideal in a potential romantic partner correlates very poorly with how they actually perceive potential partners in actual dating contexts, for both sexes. However, the authors stated that these abstract ideals could have more relevance as the relationship progresses past the initial phase and the partners achieve co-dependence. It is also possible that these abstract ideals do not correlate well to context based behaviors, because they are overly vague and unspecific.


The authors also did state that it is possible that cultural differences in the mating process could affect the relationship between these revealed sex preferences for physical attractiveness and an individual's partner choice. This was concluded from an analysis of several studies from Eastern countries, which (as found in past studies) generally place less importance on the concept of love in their relationship choices. A non-significant sex difference in regards to the importance of partner physical attractiveness on mate choice was found in a few Chinese studies included in the meta-analysis, (r = .53 for men and r = .36 for women). This suggests that romantic love is also significantly mediated by the participants level of physical attraction to their partners, with cultures placing less important on love resulting in women perhaps making more [[betabux|materialistic]] deliberations in regards to male romantic partners.
The authors also did state that it is possible that cultural differences in the mating process could affect the relationship between these revealed sex preferences for physical attractiveness and an individual's partner choice. This was concluded from an analysis of several studies from Eastern countries, which (as found in past studies) generally place less importance on the concept of love in their relationship choices. A non-significant sex difference in regards to the importance of partner physical attractiveness on mate choice was found in a few Chinese studies included in the meta-analysis, (r = .53 for men and r = .36 for women). This suggests that romantic love is also significantly mediated by the participants level of physical attraction to their partners, with cultures placing less important on love resulting in women perhaps making more [[betabux|materialistic]] deliberations in regards to male romantic partners.


<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
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* ''The figure reveals that the regression lines for participants with high and low ideals were positive and parallel to each other, which indicates that physical attractiveness equally predicted romantic desire regardless of the participants stated ideals.''
* ''The figure reveals that the regression lines for participants with high and low ideals were positive and parallel to each other, which indicates that physical attractiveness equally predicted romantic desire regardless of the participants stated ideals.''
*  ''When people initially consider someone as a potential romantic partner, attractiveness is very important, and the association between attractiveness and romantic evaluations drops once the relationship has been formed. Yet as two people remain together in a relationship, the association of attractiveness with romantic evaluations slowly begins to increase again.''
*  ''When people initially consider someone as a potential romantic partner, attractiveness is very important, and the association between attractiveness and romantic evaluations drops once the relationship has been formed. Yet as two people remain together in a relationship, the association of attractiveness with romantic evaluations slowly begins to increase again.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Eastwick PW, Luchies LB, Finkel EJ, Hunt LL. 2014. ''The Predictive Validity of Ideal Partner Preferences: A Review and Meta-Analysis.'' Psychological Bulletin 149(3): 623-665. [[https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fa0032432 Abstract]]
* Eastwick PW, Luchies LB, Finkel EJ, Hunt LL. 2014. ''The Predictive Validity of Ideal Partner Preferences: A Review and Meta-Analysis.'' Psychological Bulletin 149(3): 623-665. [[https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fa0032432 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="70.25_of_women_would_openly_avoid_a_man_solely_because_of_his_looks">70% of women would avoid someone solely based on their looks, compared to 31% of men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="70.25_of_women_would_openly_avoid_a_man_solely_because_of_his_looks">70% of women would avoid someone solely based on their looks, compared to 31% of men</span>===
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The skincare brand Remescar conducted a survey of 2,197 Britons aged 18 and over on their preferences for a romantic or sexual partner.
The skincare brand Remescar conducted a survey of 2,197 Britons aged 18 and over on their preferences for a romantic or sexual partner.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Men's preferences
|+ Men's preferences
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|30%
|30%
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Women's preferences
|+ Women's preferences
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* ''Women are more shallow than men when it comes to judging people on looks.''
* ''Women are more shallow than men when it comes to judging people on looks.''
* ''According to the poll, just 31 per cent of male respondents admitted that they would ignore or avoid someone of the opposite sex based upon their looks, compared to a massive 70 per cent of female respondents admitted that they would ignore or avoid the opposite sex because of the way they looked.''
* ''According to the poll, just 31 per cent of male respondents admitted that they would ignore or avoid someone of the opposite sex based upon their looks, compared to a massive 70 per cent of female respondents admitted that they would ignore or avoid the opposite sex because of the way they looked.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Dansinnott. 2017. ''The tables have turned when it comes to dating…'' High Street Gent. [[https://highstreetgent.com/2017/06/09/the-tables-have-turned-when-it-comes-to-dating/amp/ News]]
* Dansinnott. 2017. ''The tables have turned when it comes to dating…'' High Street Gent. [[https://highstreetgent.com/2017/06/09/the-tables-have-turned-when-it-comes-to-dating/amp/ News]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Love_at_first_sight_can_be_predicted_by_physical_attractiveness">Love at first sight can be predicted by physical attractiveness</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Love_at_first_sight_can_be_predicted_by_physical_attractiveness">Love at first sight can be predicted by physical attractiveness</span>===
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Researchers attempted to evaluate what contributes to the love-at-first-sight (LAFS) phenomenon using an online study, a laboratory study, and three dating events. They found that the primary predictor was physical attractiveness.
Researchers attempted to evaluate what contributes to the love-at-first-sight (LAFS) phenomenon using an online study, a laboratory study, and three dating events. They found that the primary predictor was physical attractiveness.


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* ''Physical attraction was highly predictive of reporting love-at-first-sight (LAFS). ''
* ''Physical attraction was highly predictive of reporting love-at-first-sight (LAFS). ''
* ''We therefore suggest that LAFS is not a distinct form of love, but rather a strong initial attraction that some label as LAFS, either in the moment of first sight or retrospectively.''
* ''We therefore suggest that LAFS is not a distinct form of love, but rather a strong initial attraction that some label as LAFS, either in the moment of first sight or retrospectively.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Zsok F, Haucke M, De Wit CY, Barelds DP. 2017. ''What kind of love is love at first sight? An empirical investigation.'' Personal Relationships. 24: 869-885. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pere.12218 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321133457_What_kind_of_love_is_love_at_first_sight_An_empirical_investigation FullText]] [[https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/meet-catch-and-keep/201801/is-love-first-sight-real Summary]]
* Zsok F, Haucke M, De Wit CY, Barelds DP. 2017. ''What kind of love is love at first sight? An empirical investigation.'' Personal Relationships. 24: 869-885. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pere.12218 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321133457_What_kind_of_love_is_love_at_first_sight_An_empirical_investigation FullText]] [[https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/meet-catch-and-keep/201801/is-love-first-sight-real Summary]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="">Only a man's looks and race matter in online dating - his personality does not</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="">Only a man's looks and race matter in online dating - his personality does not</span>===
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Researchers from the Michigan State University Department of Psychology and University of Maryland performed four experiments (total N = 2,679) evaluating how and why people 'swipe right' (try to match) to other daters online. Half of their experiment focused on college students, while the other half focused on middle-aged adults, averaging 35 years old.
Researchers from the Michigan State University Department of Psychology and University of Maryland performed four experiments (total N = 2,679) evaluating how and why people 'swipe right' (try to match) to other daters online. Half of their experiment focused on college students, while the other half focused on middle-aged adults, averaging 35 years old.


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* ''"Your personality didn't seem to matter, how open you were to hook-ups didn't matter, or even your style for how you approach relationships or if you were looking short or long-term didn't matter."''
* ''"Your personality didn't seem to matter, how open you were to hook-ups didn't matter, or even your style for how you approach relationships or if you were looking short or long-term didn't matter."''
* ''"Attractiveness and race were nearly double the influence from other things."''
* ''"Attractiveness and race were nearly double the influence from other things."''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Chopik W & Johnson D. 2021. ''Modeling dating decisions in a mock swiping paradigm: An examination of participant and target characteristics.'' Journal of Research in Personality. 92: 104076. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104076 Abstract] [  
* Chopik W & Johnson D. 2021. ''Modeling dating decisions in a mock swiping paradigm: An examination of participant and target characteristics.'' Journal of Research in Personality. 92: 104076. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104076 Abstract] [  
*  Chadwick J. 2021. ''Most people swipe right on dating apps based solely on looks and race, with the majority of decisions made in less than a SECOND, study finds.'' The Daily Mail. [[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-9338157/Dating-app-users-swipe-left-right-based-attractiveness-race.html News]]
*  Chadwick J. 2021. ''Most people swipe right on dating apps based solely on looks and race, with the majority of decisions made in less than a SECOND, study finds.'' The Daily Mail. [[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-9338157/Dating-app-users-swipe-left-right-based-attractiveness-race.html News]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Looks_are_most_important_to_women_in_speed_dating">Looks are most important in speed dating</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Looks_are_most_important_to_women_in_speed_dating">Looks are most important in speed dating</span>===
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Luo & Zhang (2009) conducted a speed-dating experiment which consisted of (N = 108) participants divided into two equal opposite sex groups. Before the speed-dating event, the participants completed a battery of psychometric tests and surveys designed to measure the big-five personality traits, attachment style, self-esteem, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_(psychology) affectivity], interests and political and personal values. Six speed dating events were conducted, each 60 minutes in length.  
Luo & Zhang (2009) conducted a speed-dating experiment which consisted of (N = 108) participants divided into two equal opposite sex groups. Before the speed-dating event, the participants completed a battery of psychometric tests and surveys designed to measure the big-five personality traits, attachment style, self-esteem, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_(psychology) affectivity], interests and political and personal values. Six speed dating events were conducted, each 60 minutes in length.  


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* ''This finding, however, appears to be inconsistent with the widely accepted finding in evolutionary research indicating a fundamental sex difference in their preferences for long-term partners ... evolutionary research does suggest that these sex differences in mating preferences tend to diminish or even disappear when short-term mating contexts are primed.''  
* ''This finding, however, appears to be inconsistent with the widely accepted finding in evolutionary research indicating a fundamental sex difference in their preferences for long-term partners ... evolutionary research does suggest that these sex differences in mating preferences tend to diminish or even disappear when short-term mating contexts are primed.''  
* ''In our particular case, it seems that women’s attraction feeling is dominated by partners’ physical attractiveness, just as their male counterparts, even though it is possible that when prompted to think about preferences for a potential mate, women would give priority considerations to characteristics like earning potential.''
* ''In our particular case, it seems that women’s attraction feeling is dominated by partners’ physical attractiveness, just as their male counterparts, even though it is possible that when prompted to think about preferences for a potential mate, women would give priority considerations to characteristics like earning potential.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
It is important to note that speed dating studies often examine the variance in romantic outcomes attributed to three factors: the actor, target, and dyadic interaction effects. In the speed dating context, this essentially means the proportion of variance attributable to the actor (the observation, or an individual, and their preferences, state, and level of choosiness), the target (their partner and their characteristics), and the dyadic effect (an additive effect that is attributable to the interaction between the two partners, essentially "chemistry"). Any other sources of variance are due to measurement error.
It is important to note that speed dating studies often examine the variance in romantic outcomes attributed to three factors: the actor, target, and dyadic interaction effects. In the speed dating context, this essentially means the proportion of variance attributable to the actor (the observation, or an individual, and their preferences, state, and level of choosiness), the target (their partner and their characteristics), and the dyadic effect (an additive effect that is attributable to the interaction between the two partners, essentially "chemistry"). Any other sources of variance are due to measurement error.
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* Luo S, Zhang G. 2009. ''What leads to romantic attraction: similarity, reciprocity, security, or beauty? Evidence from a speed-dating study.'' J Pers. 77(4): 933-64. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19558447 Abstract]]
* Luo S, Zhang G. 2009. ''What leads to romantic attraction: similarity, reciprocity, security, or beauty? Evidence from a speed-dating study.'' J Pers. 77(4): 933-64. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19558447 Abstract]]
* Olderbak SG, Malter F, Wolf PSA, Jones DN, Figueredo AJ. 2017. ''Predicting Romantic Interest at Zero Acquaintance: Evidence of Sex Differences in Trait Perception but Not in Predictors of Interest.'' European Journal of Personality. 31(1): 42-62. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/per.2087 Abstract]]
* Olderbak SG, Malter F, Wolf PSA, Jones DN, Figueredo AJ. 2017. ''Predicting Romantic Interest at Zero Acquaintance: Evidence of Sex Differences in Trait Perception but Not in Predictors of Interest.'' European Journal of Personality. 31(1): 42-62. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/per.2087 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Looks_are_most_important_to_women_in_video_dating">Looks are most important in video dating</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Looks_are_most_important_to_women_in_video_dating">Looks are most important in video dating</span>===
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Olderbak et al. conducted a video dating study consisting of sample of N = 102 participants (56% women, mean age 18.85 years) all university undergraduates. The participants completed several self-report questionnaires, including the mate value inventory (measure of traits that are purportedly desired in a romantic partner), questionnaires designed to measure [[Life history|life history strategy]] (Mini-K),
Olderbak et al. conducted a video dating study consisting of sample of N = 102 participants (56% women, mean age 18.85 years) all university undergraduates. The participants completed several self-report questionnaires, including the mate value inventory (measure of traits that are purportedly desired in a romantic partner), questionnaires designed to measure [[Life history|life history strategy]] (Mini-K),
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_personality_trait The Big Five personality traits], and a measurement of physical attractiveness.  
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_personality_trait The Big Five personality traits], and a measurement of physical attractiveness.  


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* ''We found that when women rated the traits of men, they more often came to an agreement than when men rated women. However, there were considerable halo effects on the trait perception by women.''
* ''We found that when women rated the traits of men, they more often came to an agreement than when men rated women. However, there were considerable halo effects on the trait perception by women.''
* ''Overall, women came to an agreement on the male targets' mate value, mate value-reduced, physical attractiveness, slow life history strategy and extraversion, and men came to an agreement on the female targets' physical attractiveness, conscientiousness and extraversion.''
* ''Overall, women came to an agreement on the male targets' mate value, mate value-reduced, physical attractiveness, slow life history strategy and extraversion, and men came to an agreement on the female targets' physical attractiveness, conscientiousness and extraversion.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Olderbak SG, Malter F, Wolf PSA, Jones DN, Figueredo AJ. 2017. ''Predicting Romantic Interest at Zero Acquaintance: Evidence of Sex Differences in Trait Perception but Not in Predictors of Interest.'' European Journal of Personality. 31(1): 42-62. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/per.2087 Abstract]]
* Olderbak SG, Malter F, Wolf PSA, Jones DN, Figueredo AJ. 2017. ''Predicting Romantic Interest at Zero Acquaintance: Evidence of Sex Differences in Trait Perception but Not in Predictors of Interest.'' European Journal of Personality. 31(1): 42-62. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/per.2087 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Looks_are_most_important_to_women_in_blind_dating">Looks are most important in blind dating</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Looks_are_most_important_to_women_in_blind_dating">Looks are most important in blind dating</span>===
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Walster et al. (1966) conducted a field experiment consisting of a "computer dance", also known as ''Walster's computer dating study'', in which they organized blind dates by an old IBM punch-card computer to test their hypothesis of assortative mating (that people tend to date others in their own 'league' of attractiveness, wealth, status, personality etc.). Four raters (college sophomores) rated the subjects (N = 752) on a 8 point scale for physical attractiveness ranging from "very unattractive" to "very attractive".
Walster et al. (1966) conducted a field experiment consisting of a "computer dance", also known as ''Walster's computer dating study'', in which they organized blind dates by an old IBM punch-card computer to test their hypothesis of assortative mating (that people tend to date others in their own 'league' of attractiveness, wealth, status, personality etc.). Four raters (college sophomores) rated the subjects (N = 752) on a 8 point scale for physical attractiveness ranging from "very unattractive" to "very attractive".


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The subjects were then assigned to a date by the IBM computer, with the condition that a man never be assigned to a woman taller then himself. The IBM punch card next in the deck was assigned to the subject in the case of that event.  
The subjects were then assigned to a date by the IBM computer, with the condition that a man never be assigned to a woman taller then himself. The IBM punch card next in the deck was assigned to the subject in the case of that event.  


After the blind date, the subjects were asked to rate their liking of the date, whether they would like to date the partner again, and their opinion of the date's personality, mutual compatibility between the subject and the date and liking of date for the subject.  
After the blind date, the subjects were asked to rate their liking of the date, whether they would like to date the partner again, and their opinion of the date's personality, mutual compatibility between the subject and the date and liking of date for the subject.
The conclusions of the study were:
The conclusions of the study were:
* By far, the largest determinant of the subjects liking of their dates was their dates physical attractiveness. The correlation between liking of the date and their partner's physical attractiveness was: for men rating women r = .79 and it was r = .69 for women rating men.
* By far, the largest determinant of the subjects liking of their dates was their dates physical attractiveness. The correlation between liking of the date and their partner's physical attractiveness was: for men rating women r = .79 and it was r = .69 for women rating men.
* Men's level of academic achievement was actually somewhat negatively correlated with his dates desire for him (r = .-18)
* Men's level of academic achievement was actually somewhat negatively correlated with his dates desire for him (r = .-18)
* All the personality metrics measured (self-esteem, introversion vs extroversion and masculinity vs femininity) had no significant correlation with the subjects ratings of their dates.
* All the personality metrics measured (self-esteem, introversion vs extroversion and masculinity vs femininity) had no significant correlation with the subjects ratings of their dates.
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''It is apparent that by far the greatest determinant of how much liking an individual feels for his/her partner is simply how attractive the partner is.''
* ''It is apparent that by far the greatest determinant of how much liking an individual feels for his/her partner is simply how attractive the partner is.''
* ''We should note that, even though further contact may have reduced the importance of physical attractiveness, whether or not the subjects attempted to continue to date his (or her) partner depended on his (or her) partner's physical attractiveness.''
* ''We should note that, even though further contact may have reduced the importance of physical attractiveness, whether or not the subjects attempted to continue to date his (or her) partner depended on his (or her) partner's physical attractiveness.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Walster E, Aronson V, Abrahams D, Rottman L. 1966. ''Importance of physical attractiveness in dating behavior.'' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 4(5): 508-516. [[https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fh0021188 Abstract]]
* Walster E, Aronson V, Abrahams D, Rottman L. 1966. ''Importance of physical attractiveness in dating behavior.'' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 4(5): 508-516. [[https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fh0021188 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="It_is_Looks_.3E_Personality_.3E_Money_for_both_genders.2C_but_women_lie_more_about_it">It is Looks > Personality > Money for both genders, but women lie more about it</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="It_is_Looks_.3E_Personality_.3E_Money_for_both_genders.2C_but_women_lie_more_about_it">It is Looks > Personality > Money for both genders, but women lie more about it</span>===
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Researchers from Northwestern University attempted to answer the question: Do People Know What They Desire in a Romantic Partner?
Researchers from Northwestern University attempted to answer the question: Do People Know What They Desire in a Romantic Partner?


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* Women's Pre-Conceptions: Personality (8.1) > Money (7.73) > Looks (7.18)
* Women's Pre-Conceptions: Personality (8.1) > Money (7.73) > Looks (7.18)
* Both Genders' Actual Factors: ''Looks > Personality > Money''
* Both Genders' Actual Factors: ''Looks > Personality > Money''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>


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'''Men and women's pre-dating assessments of important of looks, money, and personality out of 10:'''
'''Men and women's pre-dating assessments of important of looks, money, and personality out of 10:'''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  
!  
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| 7.73
| 7.73
|}
|}
 
'''How much looks, personality, and money actually correlated with relationship success for each gender, showing it is Looks > Personality > Money for both genders:'''
'''How much looks, personality, and money actually correlated with relationship success for each gender, showing it is Looks > Personality > Money for both genders:'''
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  
!  
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| 0.16
| 0.16
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Although physical attractiveness, good earning prospects, and personable characteristics were all positively and significantly associated with romantic interest, the data revealed no evidence of sex differences in these associations. ''
* ''Although physical attractiveness, good earning prospects, and personable characteristics were all positively and significantly associated with romantic interest, the data revealed no evidence of sex differences in these associations. ''
 
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Eastwick PW, Finkel EJ. 2008. ''Sex Differences in Mate Preferences Revisited: Do People Know What They Initially Desire in a Romantic Partner?'' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 94(2):245-264. [[http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/eli-finkel/documents/EastwickFinkel2008_JPSP.pdf FullText]]
*Eastwick PW, Finkel EJ. 2008. ''Sex Differences in Mate Preferences Revisited: Do People Know What They Initially Desire in a Romantic Partner?'' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 94(2):245-264. [[http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/eli-finkel/documents/EastwickFinkel2008_JPSP.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Your_looks_define_perception_of_your_personality_in_online_dating">Your looks define perception of your personality in online dating</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Your_looks_define_perception_of_your_personality_in_online_dating">Your looks define perception of your personality in online dating</span>===
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When dating site OkCupid first began, they allowed users to rate prospective partners independently on both personality and looks. Over time, they saw the futility of this approach, as it became apparent that users did not distinguish between personality and looks. In their blog, they cite an example of a "hot" model with no profile filled out, that still scored top points for both looks and personality (even though no one could possibly know anything about the model's personality from an empty profile).
When dating site OkCupid first began, they allowed users to rate prospective partners independently on both personality and looks. Over time, they saw the futility of this approach, as it became apparent that users did not distinguish between personality and looks. In their blog, they cite an example of a "hot" model with no profile filled out, that still scored top points for both looks and personality (even though no one could possibly know anything about the model's personality from an empty profile).


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>


Related to this, OkCupid conducted an unwitting experiment pertaining to the effects of profile pictures on one's success in online dating, and the user perceptions of compatibility based on profile text vs photographs. On January 15, 2013, OkCupid celebrated the release of a new app dealing with blind dates by disabling all profile pictures on OkCupid, which they dubbed “Love Is Blind Day”. They found that while overall traffic declined, users were 44% more willing to message first, conversations were lengthier, and contact details were exchanged more often. However, when they restored the profile pictures after the end of the day, they noticed that many of the conversations starting on the day abruptly finished. This further reinforces the idea that displaying one's personality through profile text and messages on online dating apps in an attempt to compensate for physical unattractiveness is likely a doomed endeavor.
Related to this, OkCupid conducted an unwitting experiment pertaining to the effects of profile pictures on one's success in online dating, and the user perceptions of compatibility based on profile text vs photographs. On January 15, 2013, OkCupid celebrated the release of a new app dealing with blind dates by disabling all profile pictures on OkCupid, which they dubbed “Love Is Blind Day”. They found that while overall traffic declined, users were 44% more willing to message first, conversations were lengthier, and contact details were exchanged more often. However, when they restored the profile pictures after the end of the day, they noticed that many of the conversations starting on the day abruptly finished. This further reinforces the idea that displaying one's personality through profile text and messages on online dating apps in an attempt to compensate for physical unattractiveness is likely a doomed endeavor.
 
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:OK Cupid Looks Personality.png|300px|thumb|none|OkCupid's data showing personality ratings vs. looks ratings of profiles which demonstrate almost perfect 1:1 correlation]]
[[File:OK Cupid Looks Personality.png|300px|thumb|none|OkCupid's data showing personality ratings vs. looks ratings of profiles which demonstrate almost perfect 1:1 correlation]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''According to our users, "looks" and "personality" were the same thing.''
* ''According to our users, "looks" and "personality" were the same thing.''
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Rudder C. 2014. ''We Experiment On Human Beings!'' OkTrends: Dating Research from OkCupid. [[https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/weexperimentonhumanbeings.html Web]]
* Rudder C. 2014. ''We Experiment On Human Beings!'' OkTrends: Dating Research from OkCupid. [[https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/weexperimentonhumanbeings.html Web]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="A_man.27s_personality_only_matters_to_a_woman_if_he_meets_her_basic_looks_cutoff_first">A man's personality only matters to a woman if he meets her basic looks cutoff first</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="A_man.27s_personality_only_matters_to_a_woman_if_he_meets_her_basic_looks_cutoff_first">A man's personality only matters to a woman if he meets her basic looks cutoff first</span>===
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Fugère et al. (2017) conducted a study examining the mate preferences of (N = 80) women and their mothers.  
Fugère et al. (2017) conducted a study examining the mate preferences of (N = 80) women and their mothers.  


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* ''Reinforcing the importance of men’s physical attractiveness, men with the most desirable personality profiles were rated more favorably than their counterparts only when they were moderately attractive or more attractive; unattractive men were never rated as more desirable partners for daughters, even when they possessed the most favorable personality profile'' (Fugère et al. 2019).
* ''Reinforcing the importance of men’s physical attractiveness, men with the most desirable personality profiles were rated more favorably than their counterparts only when they were moderately attractive or more attractive; unattractive men were never rated as more desirable partners for daughters, even when they possessed the most favorable personality profile'' (Fugère et al. 2019).
* '' ... when women and their fathers disagreed about the best mate for daughters, women chose the more attractiveman while fathers chose the man with the more desirable personality traits. (Fugère et al. 2019).''
* '' ... when women and their fathers disagreed about the best mate for daughters, women chose the more attractiveman while fathers chose the man with the more desirable personality traits. (Fugère et al. 2019).''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Fugère MA, Chabot C, Doucette K, Cousins AJ. 2017.'' The Importance of Physical Attractiveness to the Mate Choices of Women and Their Mothers.'' Evolutionary Psychological Science. 3(3): 243-252. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40806-017-0092-x Abstract]]
*Fugère MA, Chabot C, Doucette K, Cousins AJ. 2017.'' The Importance of Physical Attractiveness to the Mate Choices of Women and Their Mothers.'' Evolutionary Psychological Science. 3(3): 243-252. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40806-017-0092-x Abstract]]
* Fugère MA, Madden S, Cousins AJ. 2019. ''The Relative Importance of Physical Attractiveness and Personality Characteristics to the Mate Choices of Women and Their Fathers''. Evolutionary Psychological Science. 5(4):394-404. [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-019-00195-z Abstract]]
* Fugère MA, Madden S, Cousins AJ. 2019. ''The Relative Importance of Physical Attractiveness and Personality Characteristics to the Mate Choices of Women and Their Fathers''. Evolutionary Psychological Science. 5(4):394-404. [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-019-00195-z Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Being_unattractive_reduces_men.27s_chances_of_finding_partners.2C_but_not_women.27s">Being unattractive reduces men's chances of finding partners, but not women's</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Being_unattractive_reduces_men.27s_chances_of_finding_partners.2C_but_not_women.27s">Being unattractive reduces men's chances of finding partners, but not women's</span>===
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Researchers analyzed the results of 11,056 interviews in Spain to assess which factors most predicted a person's ability to find a partner for marriage.
Researchers analyzed the results of 11,056 interviews in Spain to assess which factors most predicted a person's ability to find a partner for marriage.


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* ''For men, the results show that being unattractive decreases the likelihood of finding a partner, of finding a partner with a university degree, and of finding a partner with a higher educational level. ''
* ''For men, the results show that being unattractive decreases the likelihood of finding a partner, of finding a partner with a university degree, and of finding a partner with a higher educational level. ''
* ''Being unattractive reduced the probability of mating for males by between 15 and 17 points, depending on the models used, when compared to the more attractive group, and 10 points compared to those with an average attractiveness level.''
* ''Being unattractive reduced the probability of mating for males by between 15 and 17 points, depending on the models used, when compared to the more attractive group, and 10 points compared to those with an average attractiveness level.''
*  ''Being unattractive decreased the probability of social advancement through mating in males. The difference between them and those that were very attractive was 29 percentage points. The difference for those with average attractiveness levels was 20 percentage points.''
*  ''Being unattractive decreased the probability of social advancement through mating in males. The difference between them and those that were very attractive was 29 percentage points. The difference for those with average attractiveness levels was 20 percentage points.''
* ''For women, physical attractiveness does not affect the likelihood of any of those events occurring. ''
* ''For women, physical attractiveness does not affect the likelihood of any of those events occurring. ''
* ''Among women, physical attractiveness did not matter when it came to mating. The results for women indicate that attractiveness did not matter.''
* ''Among women, physical attractiveness did not matter when it came to mating. The results for women indicate that attractiveness did not matter.''
* ''The opposite happens with males: their physical attractiveness matters. ''
* ''The opposite happens with males: their physical attractiveness matters. ''
* ''Being unattractive penalised the likelihood of forming a couple among women of working-class origin, which was not the case for daughter of high-ranking professionals. Even in this case, the less attractive women had a greater likelihood of forming a couple.''
* ''Being unattractive penalised the likelihood of forming a couple among women of working-class origin, which was not the case for daughter of high-ranking professionals. Even in this case, the less attractive women had a greater likelihood of forming a couple.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Martínez-Pastor JI. 2017. ''How Important is Physical Attractiveness in the Marriage Market.'' Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas. 159: 91-112. [[http://www.reis.cis.es/REIS/PDF/REIS_159_07_ENGLISH1499424514902.pdf FullText]]
* Martínez-Pastor JI. 2017. ''How Important is Physical Attractiveness in the Marriage Market.'' Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas. 159: 91-112. [[http://www.reis.cis.es/REIS/PDF/REIS_159_07_ENGLISH1499424514902.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="In_short-term_dating_and_when_women_have_many_dating_options_they_are_more_choosy_about_looks_than_men">In short-term dating and provided many options, women care more about looks than men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="In_short-term_dating_and_when_women_have_many_dating_options_they_are_more_choosy_about_looks_than_men">In short-term dating and provided many options, women care more about looks than men</span>===
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In a Norwegian study by Bendixen et al. (2019) examined how college students aged 19-30 (mean 22) felt about their most recent encounter with the opposite sex and whether it lead to a romantic relationship.
In a Norwegian study by Bendixen et al. (2019) examined how college students aged 19-30 (mean 22) felt about their most recent encounter with the opposite sex and whether it lead to a romantic relationship.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Regarding own sexual attraction men reported on average on the midpoint of the scale, whereas women on average reported their own sexual attraction in the lower end of the scale.''
* ''Regarding own sexual attraction men reported on average on the midpoint of the scale, whereas women on average reported their own sexual attraction in the lower end of the scale.''
* ''Relative to nonfreshmen women, freshmen women’s odds of ending up having sex was 3.7 times higher.''
* ''Relative to nonfreshmen women, freshmen women’s odds of ending up having sex was 3.7 times higher.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
 
* Bendixen M, Kennair LE, Biegler R, Haselton MG. 2019. ''Adjusting signals of sexual interest in the most recent naturally occurring opposite-sex encounter in two different contexts.'' Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences. [[https://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000162 Abstract]]
* Bendixen M, Kennair LE, Biegler R, Haselton MG. 2019. ''Adjusting signals of sexual interest in the most recent naturally occurring opposite-sex encounter in two different contexts.'' Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences. [[http://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000162 Abstract]]
 
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id=".27Very_unattractive.27_women_are_more_likely_to_be_married_than_other_women">'Very unattractive' women are more likely to be married than other women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id=".27Very_unattractive.27_women_are_more_likely_to_be_married_than_other_women">'Very unattractive' women are more likely to be married than other women</span>===
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Kanazawa, Hu & Larere (2018) conducted an analysis of the The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health data consisting of a "sample of 20,745 adolescents" who were personally interviewed in their homes in four 'waves' ranging from 1994-2008. Only the data of those who participated in all waves and didn't drop out of the study was used for the authors analysis.
Kanazawa, Hu & Larere (2018) conducted an analysis of the The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health data consisting of a "sample of 20,745 adolescents" who were personally interviewed in their homes in four 'waves' ranging from 1994-2008. Only the data of those who participated in all waves and didn't drop out of the study was used for the authors analysis.


The authors analysed the data to find how attractive the participants (that were married or cohabitating) had been at the time of the beginning of their marriage or cohabitation, and used income as a proxy for their intelligence (IQ and income being robustly proven by previous research to be correlated).  
The authors analysed the data to find how attractive the participants (that were married or cohabitating) had been at the time of the beginning of their marriage or cohabitation, and used income as a proxy for their intelligence (IQ and income being robustly proven by previous research to be correlated).  
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* ''Because both intelligence and physical attractiveness are highly heritable, we would expect their offspring to be simultaneously intelligent and very unattractive.''
* ''Because both intelligence and physical attractiveness are highly heritable, we would expect their offspring to be simultaneously intelligent and very unattractive.''
* ''Intelligent men’s preference to marry or mate with very unattractive women, if robust, can potentially explain why the correlation between intelligence and physical attractiveness is not larger despite the assortative mating of intelligent men of higher status and physically attractive women over many generations.''
* ''Intelligent men’s preference to marry or mate with very unattractive women, if robust, can potentially explain why the correlation between intelligence and physical attractiveness is not larger despite the assortative mating of intelligent men of higher status and physically attractive women over many generations.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Kanazawa S, Hu S, Larere A. 2018. ''Why do very unattractive workers earn so much?'' Economics & Human Biology. 29: 189-197. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X17302204?via%3Dihub Abstract]]
* Kanazawa S, Hu S, Larere A. 2018. ''Why do very unattractive workers earn so much?'' Economics & Human Biology. 29: 189-197. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X17302204?via%3Dihub Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_less_likely_to_use_a_condom_with_a_more_attractive_male_partner">Women are less likely to use a condom with a more attractive male partner</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_less_likely_to_use_a_condom_with_a_more_attractive_male_partner">Women are less likely to use a condom with a more attractive male partner</span>===
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A study by Eleftheriou ''et al.'' (2019) consisting of an online questionnaire answered by "480 English-speaking women who have sex with men" who rated the facial attractiveness of 20 men and detailed their willingness to have intercourse with the men without a condom.
A study by Eleftheriou ''et al.'' (2019) consisting of an online questionnaire answered by "480 English-speaking women who have sex with men" who rated the facial attractiveness of 20 men and detailed their willingness to have intercourse with the men without a condom.
They found:
They found:
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* The more attractive a participant judged herself to be, the more she believed that, overall, men are likely to have a STD.
* The more attractive a participant judged herself to be, the more she believed that, overall, men are likely to have a STD.
* Women showed significantly higher condom use intentions with: men who they rated as less attractive (p < 0.0005), ''men who they rated as less likely to carry or transmit an STI'' (p < 0.0005), men with whom they were less interested in having sex (p < 0.0005) and when they estimated that fewer of their peers would also have condomless sex with him (p < 0.0005).
* Women showed significantly higher condom use intentions with: men who they rated as less attractive (p < 0.0005), ''men who they rated as less likely to carry or transmit an STI'' (p < 0.0005), men with whom they were less interested in having sex (p < 0.0005) and when they estimated that fewer of their peers would also have condomless sex with him (p < 0.0005).
In other words, whether a man is attractive is the most important predictor of whether women will use a condom during intercourse with him. Furthermore, ''women are less likely to use a condom with a man they judge as being high risk for carrying or transmitting an STD to them.''
In other words, whether a man is attractive is the most important predictor of whether women will use a condom during intercourse with him. Furthermore, ''women are less likely to use a condom with a man they judge as being high risk for carrying or transmitting an STD to them.''


Eleftheriou et al. (2016) found a very similar result for heterosexual men with an even higher magnitude of correlation of r = −0.785, suggesting that men are just as choosy with regards to looks, if not more choosy.
Eleftheriou et al. (2016) found a very similar result for heterosexual men with an even higher magnitude of correlation of r = −0.785, suggesting that men are just as choosy with regards to looks, if not more choosy.
<!-- needs to be more balanced regarding good genes
This result can be regarded as evidence for the [[sexy son hypothesis]], proposed by statistician and geneticist Ronald Fisher (1930). His theory—expanding upon Darwin's much overlooked emphasis on the sexual selection for male traits by females—states that [[beauty]] may have evolved by a feedback loop ([[Fisherian runaway]]) to become so attractive that women are readily willing to copulate with a beautiful male irrespective of other considerations (e.g. his ability or willingness to provide for and protect the female), because the males' beauty—which is partly heritable—confer on their offspring a potential reproductive advantage. The same does hold true for the opposite case i.e. men more readily copulate with beautiful women, but men can afford to be much more less selective/more promiscuous in any case because they do not need to pay the cost of carrying and giving birth to the child and do not need to consider women's ability to provide ([[Bateman's Principle]] of differential parental investment). Hence, women's behavior of disregarding the ability to provide merely at the benefit of better looking offspring has much more drastic implications. -->


<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
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* ''Moreover, in the current study, we found that participants reported lower condom use intentions towards men with whom they were willing to have sex. This result was surprising when we considered that these same women also judged that a greater number of women like themselves would also be willing to have condomless sex with these men.''  
* ''Moreover, in the current study, we found that participants reported lower condom use intentions towards men with whom they were willing to have sex. This result was surprising when we considered that these same women also judged that a greater number of women like themselves would also be willing to have condomless sex with these men.''  
* ''This finding may be more easily explained, when we consider the work of Fishbein et al. and Williams et al., who found that risk information about a partner is sometimes ignored when the partner is attractive.''
* ''This finding may be more easily explained, when we consider the work of Fishbein et al. and Williams et al., who found that risk information about a partner is sometimes ignored when the partner is attractive.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Eleftheriou, A, Bullock S, Graham CA, Skakoon-Sparling S, Ingham R. 2019. ''Does attractiveness influence condom use intentions in women who have sex with men?'' PLoS ONE. 14(5): e0217152. [[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0217152 FullText]]
*Eleftheriou, A, Bullock S, Graham CA, Skakoon-Sparling S, Ingham R. 2019. ''Does attractiveness influence condom use intentions in women who have sex with men?'' PLoS ONE. 14(5): e0217152. [[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0217152 FullText]]
* Eleftheriou, A., Bullock, S., Graham, C. A., Stone, N., & Ingham, R. 2016. Does attractiveness influence condom use intentions in heterosexual men? An experimental study. BMJ Open, 6(6), e010883. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010883 [[https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/6/e010883.full FullText]]
* Eleftheriou, A., Bullock, S., Graham, C. A., Stone, N., & Ingham, R. 2016. Does attractiveness influence condom use intentions in heterosexual men? An experimental study. BMJ Open, 6(6), e010883. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010883 [[https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/6/e010883.full FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="A_man.27s_masculinity_and_physical_attractiveness_predicts_a_woman.27s_chance_of_orgasm">A man's masculinity and physical attractiveness predicts a woman's chance of orgasm</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="A_man.27s_masculinity_and_physical_attractiveness_predicts_a_woman.27s_chance_of_orgasm">A man's masculinity and physical attractiveness predicts a woman's chance of orgasm</span>===
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Puts et al. (2011) conducted a study of a sample of university students (men N = 110, women N = 110) who were in a committed sexual relationship. The participants were photographed and then led into a private booth where they completed a questionnaire where the men rated "rated their own attractiveness, dominance and masculinity and their partner's femininity" and the women rated their own attractiveness and their partner's dominance and masculinity. Women also reported their rate of orgasm during sexual intercourse and partner-aided and self induced orgasms during masturbation.  
Puts et al. (2011) conducted a study of a sample of university students (men N = 110, women N = 110) who were in a committed sexual relationship. The participants were photographed and then led into a private booth where they completed a questionnaire where the men rated "rated their own attractiveness, dominance and masculinity and their partner's femininity" and the women rated their own attractiveness and their partner's dominance and masculinity. Women also reported their rate of orgasm during sexual intercourse and partner-aided and self induced orgasms during masturbation.  


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* Women were much more likely to orgasm (β = .50) during or after the man if he was more attractive and reported himself as dominant (β = .24)
* Women were much more likely to orgasm (β = .50) during or after the man if he was more attractive and reported himself as dominant (β = .24)
* Masculinity and attractiveness predicted women's probability of orgasm during intercourse, but not during not intercourse activities (i.e oral sex, mutual masturbation), the authors suggested that this finding demonstrated that the female orgasm possibly serves an evolutionary adaptive function, i.e that women's orgasms increase the retention of the semen of the most genetically desirable mates.
* Masculinity and attractiveness predicted women's probability of orgasm during intercourse, but not during not intercourse activities (i.e oral sex, mutual masturbation), the authors suggested that this finding demonstrated that the female orgasm possibly serves an evolutionary adaptive function, i.e that women's orgasms increase the retention of the semen of the most genetically desirable mates.
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''We found that objective measures of the quality of women's mates—men's attractiveness and masculinity—significantly predicted the women's orgasms.''
* ''We found that objective measures of the quality of women's mates—men's attractiveness and masculinity—significantly predicted the women's orgasms.''
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* ''This suggests that male sire quality increases female orgasm specifically during sexual behaviors that could result in conception, thus supporting the sire choice hypothesis.''
* ''This suggests that male sire quality increases female orgasm specifically during sexual behaviors that could result in conception, thus supporting the sire choice hypothesis.''
* ''Interestingly, this component of female orgasm (achieving orgasm after or during the male partners orgasm) was negatively predicted by male self-rated dominance and masculinity. Because more objective measures of male dominance, masculinity and attractiveness either weakly or negatively loaded onto the self-rated dominance/masculinity component, we suspect that self-rated dominance/masculinity measured something other than genetic quality.''
* ''Interestingly, this component of female orgasm (achieving orgasm after or during the male partners orgasm) was negatively predicted by male self-rated dominance and masculinity. Because more objective measures of male dominance, masculinity and attractiveness either weakly or negatively loaded onto the self-rated dominance/masculinity component, we suspect that self-rated dominance/masculinity measured something other than genetic quality.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Puts DA, Welling LLM, Puriss RP, Dawood K. 2012. ''Men's masculinity and attractiveness predict their female partners' reported orgasm frequency and timing.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 33(1): 1-9. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513811000250 Abstract]]
* Puts DA, Welling LLM, Puriss RP, Dawood K. 2012. ''Men's masculinity and attractiveness predict their female partners' reported orgasm frequency and timing.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 33(1): 1-9. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513811000250 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="A_man.27s_physical_attractiveness_to_other_women_predicts_his_partner.27s_chance_of_orgasm">A man's physical attractiveness to other women predicts his partner's chance of orgasm</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="A_man.27s_physical_attractiveness_to_other_women_predicts_his_partner.27s_chance_of_orgasm">A man's physical attractiveness to other women predicts his partner's chance of orgasm</span>===
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Sela et al. (2015) conducted a self-reported survey of women (N = 439) in "committed, heterosexual relationship" to investigate the relationship between their chance of orgasm during their last copulation with their partner and their assessments of their own and other women's attraction to their male partners.  
Sela et al. (2015) conducted a self-reported survey of women (N = 439) in "committed, heterosexual relationship" to investigate the relationship between their chance of orgasm during their last copulation with their partner and their assessments of their own and other women's attraction to their male partners.  


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Additionally, women's chance of orgasm was mediated by their perceptions of ''other women's'' attraction to their mates.
Additionally, women's chance of orgasm was mediated by their perceptions of ''other women's'' attraction to their mates.
 
This suggests that women are sexually aroused by a male partner they perceive as being highly attractive to other women, which provides more support for the hypothesis that mate-choice copying applies to human females.
This suggests that women are sexually aroused by a male partner they perceive as being highly attractive to other women, which provides more support for the hypothesis that mate-choice copying applies to human females.


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*  ''Perception of other women's assessments of their partner's attractiveness predicts female copulatory orgasm, even after controlling for age and relationship duration and satisfaction (although relationship satisfaction also predicts female copulatory orgasm.)''
*  ''Perception of other women's assessments of their partner's attractiveness predicts female copulatory orgasm, even after controlling for age and relationship duration and satisfaction (although relationship satisfaction also predicts female copulatory orgasm.)''
* ''Women may attend to which men other women find attractive and, as a consequence, find these men attractive, have sex with them, and have orgasms with them – all to reduce the costs of mate choice.''
* ''Women may attend to which men other women find attractive and, as a consequence, find these men attractive, have sex with them, and have orgasms with them – all to reduce the costs of mate choice.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Sela Y, Weekes-Shackelford VA, Shackelford TK, Pham M. 2015. ''Female copulatory orgasm and male partner’s attractiveness to his partner and other women.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 79: 152-156. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886915001002 Abstract]]
* Sela Y, Weekes-Shackelford VA, Shackelford TK, Pham M. 2015. ''Female copulatory orgasm and male partner’s attractiveness to his partner and other women.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 79: 152-156. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886915001002 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="The_attractiveness_gap_in_a_couple_predicts_how_long_they_wait_before_engaging_in_sex">The attractiveness gap in a couple predicts how long they wait before engaging in sex</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="The_attractiveness_gap_in_a_couple_predicts_how_long_they_wait_before_engaging_in_sex">The attractiveness gap in a couple predicts how long they wait before engaging in sex</span>===
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Hunt, Eastwick & Finkel (2015) conducted a study which aim was to examine the effects of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propinquity propinquity] on human sexual attraction.


Hunt, Eastwick & Finkel (2015) conducted a study which aim was to examine the effects of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propinquity propinquity] on human sexual attraction.
The participants in the study (N = 334, 167 couples, 28 excluded from study)
 
The participants in the study (N = 334, 167 couples, 28 excluded from study)  
were recruited from a longitudinal study of romantic relationships.
were recruited from a longitudinal study of romantic relationships.
The participants were instructed to complete an online questionnaire, which was designed to evaluate the length of the relationship and the length of their acquaintance prior to the initiation of the relationship of the subjects.
The participants were instructed to complete an online questionnaire, which was designed to evaluate the length of the relationship and the length of their acquaintance prior to the initiation of the relationship of the subjects.
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Couples who formed their relationships soon after meeting were more likely to match based on physical attractiveness than those who formed their relationships well after meeting each other.''  
* ''Couples who formed their relationships soon after meeting were more likely to match based on physical attractiveness than those who formed their relationships well after meeting each other.''  
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Hunt LL, Eastwick PW, Finkel EJ. 2015. ''Leveling the Playing Field: Longer Acquaintance Predicts Reduced Assortative Mating on Attractiveness.'' Psychological Science. 26(7): 1046-1053. [[https://static1.squarespace.com/static/504114b1e4b0b97fe5a520af/t/55f09bafe4b0f0a5b7e04f6b/1441831855396/HuntEastwickFinkel2015PSci.pdf FullText]]
*Hunt LL, Eastwick PW, Finkel EJ. 2015. ''Leveling the Playing Field: Longer Acquaintance Predicts Reduced Assortative Mating on Attractiveness.'' Psychological Science. 26(7): 1046-1053. [[https://static1.squarespace.com/static/504114b1e4b0b97fe5a520af/t/55f09bafe4b0f0a5b7e04f6b/1441831855396/HuntEastwickFinkel2015PSci.pdf FullText]]
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* McCabe MP. 1987. ''Desired and experienced levels of premarital affection and sexual intercourse during dating.'' Journal of Sex Research. 23(1):23-33. [[https://doi.org/10.1080/00224498709551339 Abstract]]
* McCabe MP. 1987. ''Desired and experienced levels of premarital affection and sexual intercourse during dating.'' Journal of Sex Research. 23(1):23-33. [[https://doi.org/10.1080/00224498709551339 Abstract]]
* Cohen LL, Shotland RL. 1996. ''Timing of first sexual intercourse in a relationship: Expectations, experiences, and perceptions of others.'' Journal of Sex Research. 33(4):291-9. [[https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499609551846 Abstract]]
* Cohen LL, Shotland RL. 1996. ''Timing of first sexual intercourse in a relationship: Expectations, experiences, and perceptions of others.'' Journal of Sex Research. 33(4):291-9. [[https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499609551846 Abstract]]
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Face''</span>==
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Face''</span>==
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men.27s_facial_masculinity_determines_female_interest_for_friendship_vs._short.2Flong-term_dating">Men's facial masculinity determines female interest for friendship vs. short/long-term dating</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men.27s_facial_masculinity_determines_female_interest_for_friendship_vs._short.2Flong-term_dating">Men's facial masculinity determines female interest for friendship vs. short/long-term dating</span>===
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By morphing a man's photo from its most masculine form to its most androgynous, researchers were able to directly gauge how the masculinity affected women's sensations of "friendliness", being "enemy-like", and being "sexy".  
By morphing a man's photo from its most masculine form to its most androgynous, researchers were able to directly gauge how the masculinity affected women's sensations of "friendliness", being "enemy-like", and being "sexy".  


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
[[File:Facial-sexual-dimorphism.jpg|500px|none|thumb|How male facial sexual dimorphism influences female assessment as friend, enemy, or sexual.]]
[[File:Facial-sexual-dimorphism.jpg|500px|none|thumb|How male facial sexual dimorphism influences female assessment as friend, enemy, or sexual.]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quote:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quote:'''</span>
* ''Using a movie that morphs a very masculine male face (frame 1 of 700) into an androgynous face, the facial pictures and vertical lines indicate the mean location of participants' dominant male (DOM), short-term mate (STM), long-term mate (LTM), average male (AVM) and androgynous face (AND) selections, with respect to experimentally assigned personality traits.''
* ''Using a movie that morphs a very masculine male face (frame 1 of 700) into an androgynous face, the facial pictures and vertical lines indicate the mean location of participants' dominant male (DOM), short-term mate (STM), long-term mate (LTM), average male (AVM) and androgynous face (AND) selections, with respect to experimentally assigned personality traits.''
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* ''The STM selection appears to be the best 'good-genes' choice (Lover factor), while avoiding the negative traits associated with high degrees of masculinity (Enemy factor). ''
* ''The STM selection appears to be the best 'good-genes' choice (Lover factor), while avoiding the negative traits associated with high degrees of masculinity (Enemy factor). ''
* ''The LTM selection appears to trade off some 'good genes' attributes in favor of those required for a good friend and good father (included in F1).''
* ''The LTM selection appears to trade off some 'good genes' attributes in favor of those required for a good friend and good father (included in F1).''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Johnston VS. 2006. ''Mate choice decisions: the role of facial beauty.'' Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 10(1): 8-13. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364661305003207 Abstract]]
* Johnston VS. 2006. ''Mate choice decisions: the role of facial beauty.'' Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 10(1): 8-13. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364661305003207 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_with_dominant.2C_aggressive_faces_.28high_fWHR.29_are_preferred_for_short_term_relationships">Women prefer men with dominant, aggressive and wide faces (high fWHR)</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_with_dominant.2C_aggressive_faces_.28high_fWHR.29_are_preferred_for_short_term_relationships">Women prefer men with dominant, aggressive and wide faces (high fWHR)</span>===
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Facial Width-Height Ratio (fWHR) is a proportionate measure of a man's facial width to his height, measured laterally from the edges of the zygomatic processes and vertically from the mid-brow to the top of the upper lips. Two examples of how this measure works are posted under 'Figures' below.
Facial Width-Height Ratio (fWHR) is a proportionate measure of a man's facial width to his height, measured laterally from the edges of the zygomatic processes and vertically from the mid-brow to the top of the upper lips. Two examples of how this measure works are posted under 'Figures' below.


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* Facial adiposity (unisex raters)
* Facial adiposity (unisex raters)
* Attractiveness (female raters only)
* Attractiveness (female raters only)
Inter-rater reliability was high for all four dimensions. Thus it was demonstrated that raters could come to a clear consensus on how dominant, aggressive, overweight, and attractive each man appeared.
Inter-rater reliability was high for all four dimensions. Thus it was demonstrated that raters could come to a clear consensus on how dominant, aggressive, overweight, and attractive each man appeared.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:fwhr-examples.jpg|thumb|none|300px|Example of high vs. low fWHR male faces. fWHR is measured from the width of the zygomatic arches and height between the vermillion border of the upper lip and midbrow point at the top.]]
[[File:fwhr-examples.jpg|thumb|none|300px|Example of high vs. low fWHR male faces. fWHR is measured from the width of the zygomatic arches and height between the vermillion border of the upper lip and midbrow point at the top.]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ The relation between the variables studied on women's interest in a long-term (LTR) or short-term (STR) relationship, and how likely they were to choose the men for a further date.
|+ The relation between the variables studied on women's interest in a long-term (LTR) or short-term (STR) relationship, and how likely they were to choose the men for a further date.
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| .30
| .30
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''The direct and indirect effects of fWHR combined explain 34% of the variance in women’s interest in short-term relationships''
* ''The direct and indirect effects of fWHR combined explain 34% of the variance in women’s interest in short-term relationships''
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* ''Thus, results support our model that a higher male fWHR leads to perceptions of greater dominance, which in turn makes men attractive for short-term relationships''
* ''Thus, results support our model that a higher male fWHR leads to perceptions of greater dominance, which in turn makes men attractive for short-term relationships''
* ''The results are also consistent with the non-mutually exclusive explanation that women may be favoring dominant-looking men to gain protection in a short term context at the expense of having long-term investment.''
* ''The results are also consistent with the non-mutually exclusive explanation that women may be favoring dominant-looking men to gain protection in a short term context at the expense of having long-term investment.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Valentine KA, Norman PLI, Penke L, Perret DI. 2014. ''Judging a Man by the Width of his Face: The Role of Facial Ratios and Dominance in Mate Choice at Speed-Dating Events.'' Psychological Science. 25(3): 806-811. [[https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2727&context=soss_research FullText]]
* Valentine KA, Norman PLI, Penke L, Perret DI. 2014. ''Judging a Man by the Width of his Face: The Role of Facial Ratios and Dominance in Mate Choice at Speed-Dating Events.'' Psychological Science. 25(3): 806-811. [[https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2727&context=soss_research FullText]]
* Jantz RL, 2001. Cranial change in Americans: 1850–1975. Journal of Forensic Science, 46(4), pp.784-787. [[https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS15047J Abstract]]
* Jantz RL, 2001. Cranial change in Americans: 1850–1975. Journal of Forensic Science, 46(4), pp.784-787. [[https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS15047J Abstract]]
* Proffit WR, Fields HW, Larson B, Sarver DM, 2018. Contemporary orthodontics-e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences. [[https://books.google.com/books?id=A45nDwAAQBAJ GoogleBooks]]
* Proffit WR, Fields HW, Larson B, Sarver DM, 2018. Contemporary orthodontics-e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences. [[https://books.google.com/books?id=A45nDwAAQBAJ GoogleBooks]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="High_fWHR_men_express_greater_psychopathy.2C_aggression.2C_cheating.2C_and_exploitative_behavior">High fWHR men express greater psychopathy, aggression, cheating, and exploitative behavior</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="High_fWHR_men_express_greater_psychopathy.2C_aggression.2C_cheating.2C_and_exploitative_behavior">High fWHR men express greater psychopathy, aggression, cheating, and exploitative behavior</span>===
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High fWHR is not only associated with greater short term attractiveness to women, it is also associated with greater psychopathy, aggression, cheating, self-centered impulsivity, deception, and exploitative behavior.
High fWHR is not only associated with greater short term attractiveness to women, it is also associated with greater psychopathy, aggression, cheating, self-centered impulsivity, deception, and exploitative behavior.


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* Anderl C, Hahn T, Schmidt AK, Moldenhauer H, Notebaert K, Clément CC, Windmann S. 2016. ''Facial width-to-height ratio predicts psychopathic traits in males.'' Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 99-101. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886915005759 Abstract]]
* Anderl C, Hahn T, Schmidt AK, Moldenhauer H, Notebaert K, Clément CC, Windmann S. 2016. ''Facial width-to-height ratio predicts psychopathic traits in males.'' Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 99-101. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886915005759 Abstract]]
* Haselhuhn MP, Ormiston ME, Wong EM. 2015. ''Men’s facial width-to-height ratio predicts aggression: A meta-analysis.'' PLoS One, 10(4), e0122637. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388848/ Abstract]]
* Haselhuhn MP, Ormiston ME, Wong EM. 2015. ''Men’s facial width-to-height ratio predicts aggression: A meta-analysis.'' PLoS One, 10(4), e0122637. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388848/ Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Teenage_boys_with_.27dominant.27_facial_features_have_sex_earlier">Teenage boys with 'dominant' facial features have sex earlier</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Teenage_boys_with_.27dominant.27_facial_features_have_sex_earlier">Teenage boys with 'dominant' facial features have sex earlier</span>===
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Halpern & Udry (1994) conducted a 3 year long study of (N = 58) teenage boys to determine the effects of sex hormones (primarily androgens) on sexual behavior. They administered a series of questionnaires conducted in the boys homes regarding their involvement in various sexual activities. The interviewer rated the subjects level of physical attractiveness.
Halpern & Udry (1994) conducted a 3 year long study of (N = 58) teenage boys to determine the effects of sex hormones (primarily androgens) on sexual behavior. They administered a series of questionnaires conducted in the boys homes regarding their involvement in various sexual activities. The interviewer rated the subjects level of physical attractiveness.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Correlations between factors and whether the subjects had sex once or multiple times.
|+ Correlations between factors and whether the subjects had sex once or multiple times.
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| .88
| .88
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Attractiveness and dominant appearance each account for variance in sexual experience beyond that explained by pubertal development, but dominance is the better predictor. This result is consistent with our expectation that dominant looking men have earlier coital opportunities than submissive looking men.''
* ''Attractiveness and dominant appearance each account for variance in sexual experience beyond that explained by pubertal development, but dominance is the better predictor. This result is consistent with our expectation that dominant looking men have earlier coital opportunities than submissive looking men.''
* ''Lacking data on female choice, we cannot say if dominant looking men have more sexual access because women give it to them, or because the men obtain it for themselves, or for both reasons''.
* ''Lacking data on female choice, we cannot say if dominant looking men have more sexual access because women give it to them, or because the men obtain it for themselves, or for both reasons''.
* ''Dominant faces are likely to be handsome or muscular, oval or rectangular in shape, and with prominent as opposed to weak brow and chin.''
* ''Dominant faces are likely to be handsome or muscular, oval or rectangular in shape, and with prominent as opposed to weak brow and chin.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Mazur A, Halpern C, Udry RJ. 1994. ''Dominant looking male teenagers copulate earlier.'' Ethology & Sociobiology. 15(2): 87-94. [[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-44767-001 Abstract]]
* Mazur A, Halpern C, Udry RJ. 1994. ''Dominant looking male teenagers copulate earlier.'' Ethology & Sociobiology. 15(2): 87-94. [[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-44767-001 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_who_have_experienced_domestic_violence_find_men_with_higher_fWHRs_more_attractive">Women who have experienced domestic violence find men with higher fWHRs more attractive</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_who_have_experienced_domestic_violence_find_men_with_higher_fWHRs_more_attractive">Women who have experienced domestic violence find men with higher fWHRs more attractive</span>===
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Liberz et al. (2018) conducted a study to examine victimized (pertaining both sexual molestation and domestic violence) women's perception of the facial and behavioral cues of potential male aggressive behavior.
Liberz et al. (2018) conducted a study to examine victimized (pertaining both sexual molestation and domestic violence) women's perception of the facial and behavioral cues of potential male aggressive behavior.


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* ''A reduced appraisal of threat signals and an attraction to wider-faced and more aggressive men might increase the risk for revictimization.''
* ''A reduced appraisal of threat signals and an attraction to wider-faced and more aggressive men might increase the risk for revictimization.''
* ''It is possible that those men with masculine facial features signal more protective behavior and security, attributes that revictimized women might desire. These “psychological barriers” seem to be important predictors of coping responses and should find more consideration in prevention programs.''
* ''It is possible that those men with masculine facial features signal more protective behavior and security, attributes that revictimized women might desire. These “psychological barriers” seem to be important predictors of coping responses and should find more consideration in prevention programs.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Reference:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Reference:'''</span>
* Lieberz KA, Müller-Engelmann M, Bornefeld-Ettmann P, Priebe K, Weidmann A, Fydrich T, Geniole SN, McCormick CM, Rausch S, Thome J, Steil R. 2018. ''Detecting implicit cues of aggressiveness in male faces in revictimized female PTSD patients and healthy controls.'' Psychiatry Research. 267: 429-437. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165178117303815 Abstract]]
* Lieberz KA, Müller-Engelmann M, Bornefeld-Ettmann P, Priebe K, Weidmann A, Fydrich T, Geniole SN, McCormick CM, Rausch S, Thome J, Steil R. 2018. ''Detecting implicit cues of aggressiveness in male faces in revictimized female PTSD patients and healthy controls.'' Psychiatry Research. 267: 429-437. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165178117303815 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="High_fWHR_is_associated_with_greater_lifetime_reproductive_success">High fWHR is associated with greater lifetime reproductive success </span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="High_fWHR_is_associated_with_greater_lifetime_reproductive_success">High fWHR is associated with greater lifetime reproductive success </span>===
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Loehr & O'Hara (2013) examined data gathered from Finnish national archives pertaining to Finnish conscripts who fought in the {{w|Winter War}} against the Soviet Union that lasted from 30 November 1939 to 13 March 1940. The researchers examined photographs of the soldiers to calculate their [[fWHR]] (Facial-width to height ratio), which has been stated in previous studies to be associated with greater survival rates from traumatic injury, mating success, and aggression.  
Loehr & O'Hara (2013) examined data gathered from Finnish national archives pertaining to Finnish conscripts who fought in the {{w|Winter War}} against the Soviet Union that lasted from 30 November 1939 to 13 March 1940. The researchers examined photographs of the soldiers to calculate their [[fWHR]] (Facial-width to height ratio), which has been stated in previous studies to be associated with greater survival rates from traumatic injury, mating success, and aggression.  


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* ''Soldiers with wider faces had more children after controlling for wartime survival, (analysis with full data; a soldier with a face 1 s.d. wider has 1.88 times as many children.''
* ''Soldiers with wider faces had more children after controlling for wartime survival, (analysis with full data; a soldier with a face 1 s.d. wider has 1.88 times as many children.''
* ''Previous research has found that wider-faced males are less likely to die violent deaths, but only when close physical contact is involved (e.g.death by knife wounds or strangling), and not when technology is used (death by gunshot or poisoning.)''
* ''Previous research has found that wider-faced males are less likely to die violent deaths, but only when close physical contact is involved (e.g.death by knife wounds or strangling), and not when technology is used (death by gunshot or poisoning.)''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Loehr J, O'Hara RB. 2013. ''Facial morphology predicts male fitness and rank but not survival in Second World War Finnish soldiers.'' Biology Letters. 9: 20130049. [[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0049 FullText]]
* Loehr J, O'Hara RB. 2013. ''Facial morphology predicts male fitness and rank but not survival in Second World War Finnish soldiers.'' Biology Letters. 9: 20130049. [[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0049 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Even_chickens_prefer_sexually_dimorphic_human_faces.2C_to_the_same_extent_as_humans">Even chickens prefer sexually dimorphic human faces, to the same extent as humans</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Even_chickens_prefer_sexually_dimorphic_human_faces.2C_to_the_same_extent_as_humans">Even chickens prefer sexually dimorphic human faces, to the same extent as humans</span>===
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Ghirlanda, Jansson & Enquist (2002) conducted a novel study to examine the origins of the preference for attractive, sexually dimorphic faces in humans.
Ghirlanda, Jansson & Enquist (2002) conducted a novel study to examine the origins of the preference for attractive, sexually dimorphic faces in humans.


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* ''We cannot of course be sure that chickens and humans processed the face images in exactly the same way. This leaves open the possibility that, while chickens use some general mechanism, humans possess instead a specially evolved mechanism for processing faces.''  
* ''We cannot of course be sure that chickens and humans processed the face images in exactly the same way. This leaves open the possibility that, while chickens use some general mechanism, humans possess instead a specially evolved mechanism for processing faces.''  
* ''Ours is of course a preliminary study. We believe, however, that it shows the potentials of the comparative study of preferences. This method is not only relevant to the study of human faces, it can be applied to any communication system to evaluate whether its evolution has favored information transfer or rather is a product of receiver biases.''
* ''Ours is of course a preliminary study. We believe, however, that it shows the potentials of the comparative study of preferences. This method is not only relevant to the study of human faces, it can be applied to any communication system to evaluate whether its evolution has favored information transfer or rather is a product of receiver biases.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Ghirlanda S, Jansson L, Enquist M. 2002. ''Chickens prefer beautiful humans.'' Human Nature. 13(3): 383–389. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12110-002-1021-6 Abstract]]
* Ghirlanda S, Jansson L, Enquist M. 2002. ''Chickens prefer beautiful humans.'' Human Nature. 13(3): 383–389. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12110-002-1021-6 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Symmetry_is_universally_beautiful_and_leads_to_more_sexual_partners">Symmetry is universally beautiful and leads to more sexual partners</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Symmetry_is_universally_beautiful_and_leads_to_more_sexual_partners">Symmetry is universally beautiful and leads to more sexual partners</span>===
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Gangestad & Thornhill (1997) conducted a study on Extra-Pair Copulations (i.e. infidelity). Among other things, they found evidence that men with lower fluctuating asymmetry (FAI) (i.e. more symmetrical males), which is considered an indicator of developmental stability, were more likely to be chosen as EPC partners by women, implying that women were more willing to choose them as casual sex partners.


Gangestad & Thornhill (1997) conducted a study on Extra-Pair Copulations (i.e. infidelity). Among other things, they found evidence that men with lower fluctuating asymmetry  (FAI) (i.e. more symmetrical males), which is considered an indicator of developmental stability, were more likely to be chosen as EPC partners by women, implying that women were more willing to choose them as casual sex partners.
An earlier study by the same authors also found a significant negative correlation between FAI and lifelong sex partner count (i.e. more symmetrical males reported more female sex partners).
 
An earlier study by the same authors also found a significant negative correlation between FAI and lifelong sex partner count (i.e. more symmetrical males reported more female sex partners).  
Controlling for facial attractiveness and other potential confounds, the correlation between FAI and partner count was still significant (partial r = -.47).
Controlling for facial attractiveness and other potential confounds, the correlation between FAI and partner count was still significant (partial r = -.47).


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* ''Subtle, heritable asymmetries in seven nonfacial human body traits correlated negatively with number of self-reported, lifetime sex partners and correlated positively with self-reported age at first copulation in a college student sample These relationships remained statistically significant when age, marital status, body height, ethnicity, physical anomalies associated with early prenatal development, and physical attractiveness were statistically controlled.'' (Thornhill & Gangestad, 1994).
* ''Subtle, heritable asymmetries in seven nonfacial human body traits correlated negatively with number of self-reported, lifetime sex partners and correlated positively with self-reported age at first copulation in a college student sample These relationships remained statistically significant when age, marital status, body height, ethnicity, physical anomalies associated with early prenatal development, and physical attractiveness were statistically controlled.'' (Thornhill & Gangestad, 1994).
* ''Converging evidence for the appeal of facial symmetry comes from studies with normal faces. Natural variations in symmetry co-vary with attractiveness (Jones &Hill 1993,for some ethnic groups; Grammer & Thornhill 1994; Mealey et al. 1999; Rikowski & Grammer 1999; Rhodes et al. 1998, 1999; Scheib et al. 1999; Zebrowitz et al. 1996). Symmetry remains attractive when the effects of averageness are statistically controlled, which suggests that the two contribute independently to attractiveness (Rhodes et al. 1999b).''
* ''Converging evidence for the appeal of facial symmetry comes from studies with normal faces. Natural variations in symmetry co-vary with attractiveness (Jones &Hill 1993,for some ethnic groups; Grammer & Thornhill 1994; Mealey et al. 1999; Rikowski & Grammer 1999; Rhodes et al. 1998, 1999; Scheib et al. 1999; Zebrowitz et al. 1996). Symmetry remains attractive when the effects of averageness are statistically controlled, which suggests that the two contribute independently to attractiveness (Rhodes et al. 1999b).''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Rhodes, G. ''The Evolutionary Psychology of Facial Beauty.'' Annu. Psychol, 57:199-226. [[https://www.annualreviews.org/article/suppl/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190208/suppl_file/ps.57.rhodes.appendix2.pdf FullText]] [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16318594 Abstract]]
* Rhodes, G. ''The Evolutionary Psychology of Facial Beauty.'' Annu. Psychol, 57:199-226. [[https://www.annualreviews.org/article/suppl/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190208/suppl_file/ps.57.rhodes.appendix2.pdf FullText]] [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16318594 Abstract]]
* Gangestad SW, Thornhill R. 1997. ''The evolutionary psychology of extrapair sex: The role of fluctuating asymmetry''. Evolution and Human Behavior 18(2):69-88.[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513897000032 Abstract]]
* Gangestad SW, Thornhill R. 1997. ''The evolutionary psychology of extrapair sex: The role of fluctuating asymmetry''. Evolution and Human Behavior 18(2):69-88.[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513897000032 Abstract]]
* Thornhill R, Gangestad SW. 1994. ''Human Fluctuating Asymmetry and Sexual Behavior''. Psychological Science 5(5):297-302. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00629.x#articleCitationDownloadContainer Abstract]]
* Thornhill R, Gangestad SW. 1994. ''Human Fluctuating Asymmetry and Sexual Behavior''. Psychological Science 5(5):297-302. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00629.x#articleCitationDownloadContainer Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Facial_plastic_surgery_significantly_changes_how_a_man.27s_personality_is_perceived">Facial plastic surgery significantly changes how a man's personality is perceived</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Facial_plastic_surgery_significantly_changes_how_a_man.27s_personality_is_perceived">Facial plastic surgery significantly changes how a man's personality is perceived</span>===
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To evaluate how changes in men's faces from plastic surgery manifested into changes in their perceived personalities, before and after photographs of 24 men of average age 49.3 (SD = 16.4) who underwent facial cosmetic surgery were shown to 64 women and 81 men. Evaluators rated the perceived personality traits of the photographed men before and after surgery.
To evaluate how changes in men's faces from plastic surgery manifested into changes in their perceived personalities, before and after photographs of 24 men of average age 49.3 (SD = 16.4) who underwent facial cosmetic surgery were shown to 64 women and 81 men. Evaluators rated the perceived personality traits of the photographed men before and after surgery.


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* ''Patients who underwent rhinoplasty had improvements in perceived attractiveness (0.51; 95% CI, 0.03-1.00) and likeability (0.40; 95% CI, 0.03-1.00). ''
* ''Patients who underwent rhinoplasty had improvements in perceived attractiveness (0.51; 95% CI, 0.03-1.00) and likeability (0.40; 95% CI, 0.03-1.00). ''
* ''Chin augmentation did not show any significant improvements.''
* ''Chin augmentation did not show any significant improvements.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*  Parsa KM, Gao W, Lally J, Davison SP, Reilly MJ. 2019. ''Evaluation of Personality Perception in Men Before and After Facial Cosmetic Surgery.'' JAMA Facial Plast Surg. [[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamafacialplasticsurgery/article-abstract/2737367 Abstract]]
*  Parsa KM, Gao W, Lally J, Davison SP, Reilly MJ. 2019. ''Evaluation of Personality Perception in Men Before and After Facial Cosmetic Surgery.'' JAMA Facial Plast Surg. [[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamafacialplasticsurgery/article-abstract/2737367 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Facial_shape_predicts_perceived_leadership_ability_and_election_outcomes">Facial shape predicts perceived leadership ability and election outcomes</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Facial_shape_predicts_perceived_leadership_ability_and_election_outcomes">Facial shape predicts perceived leadership ability and election outcomes</span>===
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Re et al. (2013) performed a review of existing evidence showing facial structure predicts perceptions of leadership capacity and outcomes of corporate and electoral success. They note an abundance of evidence showing characteristics such as fWHR, facial maturity (whether someone is "baby-faced"), and facial masculinity can all play a role.
Re et al. (2013) performed a review of existing evidence showing facial structure predicts perceptions of leadership capacity and outcomes of corporate and electoral success. They note an abundance of evidence showing characteristics such as fWHR, facial maturity (whether someone is "baby-faced"), and facial masculinity can all play a role.


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* ''Leadership selection is also influenced by perceived facial masculinity (sexual dimorphism in face shape). For example, masculine face structure is preferred in leaders’ faces in times of intergroup conflict, while more feminine faces are preferred during periods where within-group relationship maintenance is emphasized.''
* ''Leadership selection is also influenced by perceived facial masculinity (sexual dimorphism in face shape). For example, masculine face structure is preferred in leaders’ faces in times of intergroup conflict, while more feminine faces are preferred during periods where within-group relationship maintenance is emphasized.''
* ''When allowed to manually manipulate faces, participants increased facial cues associated with perceived height in order to maximize leadership perception.''
* ''When allowed to manually manipulate faces, participants increased facial cues associated with perceived height in order to maximize leadership perception.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Re DE, Hunter DW, Coetzee V, Tiddeman BP, Xiao D, DeBruine LM, Jones BC, Perrett DI. 2013. ''Looking Like a Leader–Facial Shape Predicts Perceived Height and Leadership Ability.'' PLoS ONE. 8(12): e80957. [[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080957 FullText]]
* Re DE, Hunter DW, Coetzee V, Tiddeman BP, Xiao D, DeBruine LM, Jones BC, Perrett DI. 2013. ''Looking Like a Leader–Facial Shape Predicts Perceived Height and Leadership Ability.'' PLoS ONE. 8(12): e80957. [[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080957 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Facial_attractiveness_contributes_more_to_overall_attractiveness_than_body.2C_particularly_in_men">Facial attractiveness contributes more to overall attractiveness than body, particularly in men </span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Facial_attractiveness_contributes_more_to_overall_attractiveness_than_body.2C_particularly_in_men">Facial attractiveness contributes more to overall attractiveness than body, particularly in men </span>===
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Currie and Little (2009) conducted a study regarding relative contributions of facial and bodily attractiveness to overall physical attractiveness.
Currie and Little (2009) conducted a study regarding relative contributions of facial and bodily attractiveness to overall physical attractiveness.  
Participants (males N = 127 females N = 133) were shown a randomized sequence of masked (to minimize potential confounds, such as hair and clothing) body images, then face images, then combined images (the images were presented side to side, not synthesized into a full body photo) and were then requested to rate these the physical attractiveness of these images. A separate group of unisex raters were also requested to rate the images, with correlations between the ratings of both groups being very high.
Participants (males N = 127 females N = 133) were shown a randomized sequence of masked (to minimize potential confounds, such as hair and clothing) body images, then face images, then combined images (the images were presented side to side, not synthesized into a full body photo) and were then requested to rate these the physical attractiveness of these images. A separate group of unisex raters were also requested to rate the images, with correlations between the ratings of both groups being very high.


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* ''Interestingly, the body was relatively more important in male ratings of female images under the short-term condition compared with the long-term condition. The effect of facial attractiveness was relatively constant under both conditions.''
* ''Interestingly, the body was relatively more important in male ratings of female images under the short-term condition compared with the long-term condition. The effect of facial attractiveness was relatively constant under both conditions.''
* ''There is some evidence for a hierarchical interaction between facial attractiveness and bodily attractiveness in determining overall physical attractiveness, especially in female ratings of male bodies. The male models with the three lowest mean ratings of their bodies had mean combined face and body ratings lower than either the independent body ratings or the independent face ratings. This suggests that the body needs to be above a certain level of attractiveness before the overall physical attractiveness is rated at a higher level.''
* ''There is some evidence for a hierarchical interaction between facial attractiveness and bodily attractiveness in determining overall physical attractiveness, especially in female ratings of male bodies. The male models with the three lowest mean ratings of their bodies had mean combined face and body ratings lower than either the independent body ratings or the independent face ratings. This suggests that the body needs to be above a certain level of attractiveness before the overall physical attractiveness is rated at a higher level.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Currie TE, Little AC. 2009. ''The relative importance of the face and body in judgments of human physical attractiveness.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 30(6): 406-416. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513809000580 Abstract]]
*Currie TE, Little AC. 2009. ''The relative importance of the face and body in judgments of human physical attractiveness.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 30(6): 406-416. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513809000580 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Facial_attractiveness_is_more_important_than_body_because_a_face_can.27t_easily_be_changed">Facial attractiveness is more important than body because a face can't easily be changed</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Facial_attractiveness_is_more_important_than_body_because_a_face_can.27t_easily_be_changed">Facial attractiveness is more important than body because a face can't easily be changed</span>===
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Jonason et al. (2012) reviewed evidence to determine the value of an attractive face relative to an attractive body and performed a small experiment to test how men and women would value each in a short term or long term dating scenario. They found that in both scenarios, an attractive face was valued more than an attractive body.  
Jonason et al. (2012) reviewed evidence to determine the value of an attractive face relative to an attractive body and performed a small experiment to test how men and women would value each in a short term or long term dating scenario. They found that in both scenarios, an attractive face was valued more than an attractive body.  


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* ''Although facial attractiveness is surely important for short-term mates, it appears to be more valued in long-term mates by both sexes. ''
* ''Although facial attractiveness is surely important for short-term mates, it appears to be more valued in long-term mates by both sexes. ''
* ''A body may be more easily changed via diet and exercise whereas the structural traits of the face are resistant to change beyond drastic plastic surgery procedures. Stated another way, the face may be a better or more reliable cue to important phenotypic qualities despite the correlation between having a quality body and face (Thornhill & Moller, 1997).''
* ''A body may be more easily changed via diet and exercise whereas the structural traits of the face are resistant to change beyond drastic plastic surgery procedures. Stated another way, the face may be a better or more reliable cue to important phenotypic qualities despite the correlation between having a quality body and face (Thornhill & Moller, 1997).''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Jonason PK, Raulston T, Rotolo A. 2012. ''More Than Just a Pretty Face and a Hot Body: Multiple Cues in Mate-Choice.'' The Journal of Social Psychology. 152(2): 174–184. [[https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2011.586654 Abstract]]
* Jonason PK, Raulston T, Rotolo A. 2012. ''More Than Just a Pretty Face and a Hot Body: Multiple Cues in Mate-Choice.'' The Journal of Social Psychology. 152(2): 174–184. [[https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2011.586654 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Bald_men_and_men_with_thinning_hair_are_perceived_as_less_attractive">Bald men and men with thinning hair are perceived as less attractive</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Bald_men_and_men_with_thinning_hair_are_perceived_as_less_attractive">Bald men and men with thinning hair are perceived as less attractive</span>===
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Mannes (2012) conducted three studies examining how balding influences person perception, simulating balding by shaving in the experimental group.
Mannes (2012) conducted three studies examining how balding influences person perception, simulating balding by shaving in the experimental group.
In all studies men were rated as more dominant, but not as more attractive.
In all studies men were rated as more dominant, but not as more attractive.
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| -0.15
| -0.15
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|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Mannes AE. ''Shorn Scalps and Perceptions of Male Dominance.'' [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0162309595001301 Abstract]] [[http://opim.wharton.upenn.edu/DPlab/papers/publishedPapers/Mannes_2012_%20Shorn%20scalps%20and%20perceptions%20of%20male%20dominance.pdf FullText]] [[https://www.reddit.com/r/BlackPillScience/comments/am0vx1/bald_men_perceived_as_more_attractive_dominant/ Discussion]]
* Mannes AE. ''Shorn Scalps and Perceptions of Male Dominance.'' [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0162309595001301 Abstract]] [[http://opim.wharton.upenn.edu/DPlab/papers/publishedPapers/Mannes_2012_%20Shorn%20scalps%20and%20perceptions%20of%20male%20dominance.pdf FullText]] [[https://www.reddit.com/r/BlackPillScience/comments/am0vx1/bald_men_perceived_as_more_attractive_dominant/ Discussion]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Males_who_start_puberty_late_are_more_likely_to_remain_sexually_inexperienced_or_virgins"> Males who start puberty late are more likely to remain sexually inexperienced or virgins </span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Males_who_start_puberty_late_are_more_likely_to_remain_sexually_inexperienced_or_virgins"> Males who start puberty late are more likely to remain sexually inexperienced or virgins </span>===
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In the 2006 study ''Adolescent predictors of emerging adult sexual patterns'', they discovered that people who were physically immature compared to peers during the teen years are more likely to remain virgins in adulthood. In the study ''Sexuality (and Lack Thereof) in Adolescence and Early Adulthood: A Review of the Literature.'', researchers found that men who start puberty late are more likely to remain sexually inexperienced during adulthood. The studies also reveal that boys who are physically immature compared to their peers as teenagers are also more likely to remain sexually inexperienced or remain virgins as adults.
In the 2006 study ''Adolescent predictors of emerging adult sexual patterns'', they discovered that people who were physically immature compared to peers during the teen years are more likely to remain virgins in adulthood. In the study ''Sexuality (and Lack Thereof) in Adolescence and Early Adulthood: A Review of the Literature.'', researchers found that men who start puberty late are more likely to remain sexually inexperienced during adulthood. The studies also reveal that boys who are physically immature compared to their peers as teenagers are also more likely to remain sexually inexperienced or remain virgins as adults.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Boislard, M.-A., van de Bongardt, D., & Blais, M. (2016). Sexuality (and Lack Thereof) in Adolescence and Early Adulthood: A Review of the Literature. Behavioral Sciences, 6(1), 8.doi:10.3390/bs6010008. [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/171f/648087db3b57d575a35dcb503f1dab217cec.pdf?_ga=2.180193636.1964169681.1595134877-998069284.1595134877 FullText]]
*Boislard, M.-A., van de Bongardt, D., & Blais, M. (2016). Sexuality (and Lack Thereof) in Adolescence and Early Adulthood: A Review of the Literature. Behavioral Sciences, 6(1), 8.doi:10.3390/bs6010008. [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/171f/648087db3b57d575a35dcb503f1dab217cec.pdf?_ga=2.180193636.1964169681.1595134877-998069284.1595134877 FullText]]
*Tucker Halpern, C., Waller, M.W., Spriggs, A., & Hallfors, D.D. (2006). Adolescent predictors of emerging adult sexual patterns [Electronic version]. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(6), 926.e1 - 926.e10.
*Tucker Halpern, C., Waller, M.W., Spriggs, A., & Hallfors, D.D. (2006). Adolescent predictors of emerging adult sexual patterns [Electronic version]. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(6), 926.e1 - 926.e10.
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Money''</span>==
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Money''</span>==
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="A_man_having_the_.22correct.22_race.2C_height.2C_and_face_is_worth_millions_of_dollars_to_women">A man having the "correct" race, height, and face is worth millions of dollars to women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="A_man_having_the_.22correct.22_race.2C_height.2C_and_face_is_worth_millions_of_dollars_to_women">A man having the "correct" race, height, and face is worth millions of dollars to women</span>===
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To approximate the value of a man's race, height, and facial attractiveness to women, researchers uses a novel data set obtained from an online dating service. Their analysis was based on a detailed record of the site users’ attributes and their partner searches, which allowed them to estimate each user's preference specifications, taking into account a large number of partner characteristics.  
To approximate the value of a man's race, height, and facial attractiveness to women, researchers uses a novel data set obtained from an online dating service. Their analysis was based on a detailed record of the site users’ attributes and their partner searches, which allowed them to estimate each user's preference specifications, taking into account a large number of partner characteristics.


Their findings included:
Their findings included:
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* Being 5'7" requires $150,000 extra income per year compared to a 5'11" man, or $180,000 extra compared to a 6'2" man.
* Being 5'7" requires $150,000 extra income per year compared to a 5'11" man, or $180,000 extra compared to a 6'2" man.
* Being bottom 10% facially requires $40,000 extra income per year compared to an average man or $186,000 extra compared to a top 10% man.
* Being bottom 10% facially requires $40,000 extra income per year compared to an average man or $186,000 extra compared to a top 10% man.
If these annual costs can be applied over the decades that a long term partnership would involve, the value of a man's race, height, and face to a woman can be estimated well into the millions of dollars over a lifetime. For example, according to this data, a 5' 8" average looking Asian man (5th decile), would need to earn a total of $3,696,000 additional income over the course of a 7 year marriage to be considered equally desirable as a 5' 11.5" highly attractive (10th decile) white man, to a white woman. This is without factoring in the usual costs of divorce for such high earning men.
If these annual costs can be applied over the decades that a long term partnership would involve, the value of a man's race, height, and face to a woman can be estimated well into the millions of dollars over a lifetime. For example, according to this data, a 5' 8" average looking Asian man (5th decile), would need to earn a total of $3,696,000 additional income over the course of a 7 year marriage to be considered equally desirable as a 5' 11.5" highly attractive (10th decile) white man, to a white woman. This is without factoring in the usual costs of divorce for such high earning men.


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| $0
| $0
|}
|}
'''The Monetary Value of a Man's Height to a Woman:'''
'''The Monetary Value of a Man's Height to a Woman:'''


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| -$63,000
| -$63,000
|}
|}
'''The Monetary Value of a Man's Face to a Woman:'''
'''The Monetary Value of a Man's Face to a Woman:'''


''The amount of income needed above baseline of $62,500 USD per year for men to be considered equal by women on the basis of their faces.''
''The amount of income needed above baseline of $62,500 USD per year for men to be considered equal by women on the basis of their faces.''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Man's Facial Looks Rating
! Man's Facial Looks Rating
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| $0
| $0
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Hitsch GJ, Hortaçsu A, Ariely D. 2006. ''What Makes You Click?—Mate Preferences and Matching Outcomes in Online Dating.'' University of Chicago & MIT. [[http://home.uchicago.edu/~hortacsu/onlinedating.pdf FullText]]
* Hitsch GJ, Hortaçsu A, Ariely D. 2006. ''What Makes You Click?—Mate Preferences and Matching Outcomes in Online Dating.'' University of Chicago & MIT. [[http://home.uchicago.edu/~hortacsu/onlinedating.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="23-33.25_of_women_intentionally_mislead_men_they_are_not_interested_in_for_free_meals">23-33% of women intentionally mislead men they are not interested in for free meals</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="23-33.25_of_women_intentionally_mislead_men_they_are_not_interested_in_for_free_meals">23-33% of women intentionally mislead men they are not interested in for free meals</span>===
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Collison, Howell & Harig (2019) conducted two studies of 'foodie calls,' i.e when a person (almost overwhelmingly a woman) feigns reciprocal interest in a romantic suitor with the intention of using them for a free meal.
Collison, Howell & Harig (2019) conducted two studies of 'foodie calls,' i.e when a person (almost overwhelmingly a woman) feigns reciprocal interest in a romantic suitor with the intention of using them for a free meal.


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* ''The general dark triad factor, rather than any specific trait, was the only predictor to emerge in all models.''  
* ''The general dark triad factor, rather than any specific trait, was the only predictor to emerge in all models.''  
* ''Both social role theory and dark triad suggest that women with dark personality traits and traditional gender role beliefs may exploit traditional dating scripts for men. The findings support these theoretical relationships in a real-world dating situation.''
* ''Both social role theory and dark triad suggest that women with dark personality traits and traditional gender role beliefs may exploit traditional dating scripts for men. The findings support these theoretical relationships in a real-world dating situation.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Collisson B, Howell JL, Harig T. 2019. ''Foodie Calls: When Women Date Men for a Free Meal (Rather Than a Relationship).'' Social Psychological and Personality Science. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1948550619856308?journalCode=sppa Abstract]]
* Collisson B, Howell JL, Harig T. 2019. ''Foodie Calls: When Women Date Men for a Free Meal (Rather Than a Relationship).'' Social Psychological and Personality Science. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1948550619856308?journalCode=sppa Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_orgasm_more_when_having_sex_with_rich_men">Women orgasm more when having sex with rich men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_orgasm_more_when_having_sex_with_rich_men">Women orgasm more when having sex with rich men</span>===
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Pollet & Nettle (2009) conducted a study investigating women's self-reported orgasm frequency and their partners' characteristics (N = 1534 women).
Pollet & Nettle (2009) conducted a study investigating women's self-reported orgasm frequency and their partners' characteristics (N = 1534 women).
The two variables in particular that were hypothesized to be predictive of female orgasm's frequency were men's annual wealth and height.
The two variables in particular that were hypothesized to be predictive of female orgasm's frequency were men's annual wealth and height.
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Womens orgasms based on male wealth.PNG|500px|thumb|none|Women's orgasm frequency based on their male partner's wealth]]
[[File:Womens orgasms based on male wealth.PNG|500px|thumb|none|Women's orgasm frequency based on their male partner's wealth]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''More desirable mates cause women to experience more orgasms.''
* ''More desirable mates cause women to experience more orgasms.''
* ''There may be assortative mating of desirable men with women susceptible to be highly orgasmic.''
* ''There may be assortative mating of desirable men with women susceptible to be highly orgasmic.''
* ''The association in the CHFLS data between partner wealth and self-reported orgasm frequency is best explained by the fact that women with higher-income partners are healthier, happier, younger, and more educated than women with lower-income partners.''
* ''The association in the CHFLS data between partner wealth and self-reported orgasm frequency is best explained by the fact that women with higher-income partners are healthier, happier, younger, and more educated than women with lower-income partners.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Pollet TV, Nettle D. 2009. ''Partner wealth predicts self-reported orgasm frequency in a sample of Chinese women.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 30(2): 146-151.[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513808001177?via%3Dihub Abstract]]
* Pollet TV, Nettle D. 2009. ''Partner wealth predicts self-reported orgasm frequency in a sample of Chinese women.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 30(2): 146-151.[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513808001177?via%3Dihub Abstract]]
* Herberich E, Hothorn T, Nettle D, & Pollet TV. 2010. ''A re-evaluation of the statistical model in Pollet and Nettle 2009''. Evolution and Human Behavior. 31(2): 150-151. [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247233758_A_re-evaluation_of_the_statistical_model_in_Pollet_and_Nettle_2009 Abstract]]
* Herberich E, Hothorn T, Nettle D, & Pollet TV. 2010. ''A re-evaluation of the statistical model in Pollet and Nettle 2009''. Evolution and Human Behavior. 31(2): 150-151. [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247233758_A_re-evaluation_of_the_statistical_model_in_Pollet_and_Nettle_2009 Abstract]]
*  Pollet TV, Nettle D. 2010. ''Correction to Pollet and Nettle (2009): “Partner wealth predicts self-reported orgasm frequency in a sample of Chinese women''. Evolution and Human Behavior. 31(2):149. [[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-03654-009 Abstract]]
*  Pollet TV, Nettle D. 2010. ''Correction to Pollet and Nettle (2009): “Partner wealth predicts self-reported orgasm frequency in a sample of Chinese women''. Evolution and Human Behavior. 31(2):149. [[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-03654-009 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Most_women_fake_orgasms_and_moan_loudly_without_having_orgasms">Most women fake orgasms and moan loudly without having orgasms</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Most_women_fake_orgasms_and_moan_loudly_without_having_orgasms">Most women fake orgasms and moan loudly without having orgasms</span>===
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Muehlenhard (2010) reviewed survey results on the prevalence of women faking their orgasms and found that between 53% and 68% of the women studied admitted to have pretended orgasms at least once. These surveys used a variety of different methods, from questionnaires distributed via mail by women's magazines to samples of college students in a variety of Western countries. Conversely, only about half as many men admitted to having faked an orgasm at least once.
Muehlenhard (2010) reviewed survey results on the prevalence of women faking their orgasms and found that between 53% and 68% of the women studied admitted to have pretended orgasms at least once. These surveys used a variety of different methods, from questionnaires distributed via mail by women's magazines to samples of college students in a variety of Western countries. Conversely, only about half as many men admitted to having faked an orgasm at least once.
Pleasing the partner and uncertainty about the bond are some of the most commonly reported as reason for faking orgasms in women and much more common in women and then men, while men rather faked an orgasm due to wanting to end the sex due to being drunk or tired without losing faith and risking an impotent reputation.
Pleasing the partner and uncertainty about the bond are some of the most commonly reported as reason for faking orgasms in women and much more common in women and then men, while men rather faked an orgasm due to wanting to end the sex due to being drunk or tired without losing faith and risking an impotent reputation.
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* Hamilton, W., & Arrowood, P. (1978). Copulatory vocalizations of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus), gibbons (Hylobates hoolock), and humans. Science, 200(4348), 1405–1409. doi:10.1126/science.663622
* Hamilton, W., & Arrowood, P. (1978). Copulatory vocalizations of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus), gibbons (Hylobates hoolock), and humans. Science, 200(4348), 1405–1409. doi:10.1126/science.663622
* Mogielnicki C, Pearl K. 2020. ''Hominid sexual nature.'' [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12064-020-00312-8 Article]]
* Mogielnicki C, Pearl K. 2020. ''Hominid sexual nature.'' [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12064-020-00312-8 Article]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_with_much_lower_incomes_than_their_wives_are_more_than_twice_as_likely_to_not_have_sex">Men with much lower incomes than their wives are more than twice as likely to not have sex</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_with_much_lower_incomes_than_their_wives_are_more_than_twice_as_likely_to_not_have_sex">Men with much lower incomes than their wives are more than twice as likely to not have sex</span>===
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Kim et al. (2017) analyzed data from the long running General Social Survey (GSS) to examine the 'socio demographic, attitudinal, and lifestyle factors that were associated with past-year sexlessness'. It was found that married men that contributed < 20% of the household income were more then twice as likely to not have sex in the past year.
Kim et al. (2017) analyzed data from the long running General Social Survey (GSS) to examine the 'socio demographic, attitudinal, and lifestyle factors that were associated with past-year sexlessness'. It was found that married men that contributed < 20% of the household income were more then twice as likely to not have sex in the past year.


<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
*  ''Among males, the multivariable analysis also showed that sexlessness was associated with providing less than 20% of the household income (OR 2.27).''
*  ''Among males, the multivariable analysis also showed that sexlessness was associated with providing less than 20% of the household income (OR 2.27).''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Kim JH, Wilson ST, Muennig P. 2017. ''Sociodemographic Correlates of Sexlessness Among American Adults and Associations with Self-Reported Happiness Levels: Evidence from the U.S. General Social Survey.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior. 46(8): 2403-2415. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-017-0968-7 Abstract]]
*Kim JH, Wilson ST, Muennig P. 2017. ''Sociodemographic Correlates of Sexlessness Among American Adults and Associations with Self-Reported Happiness Levels: Evidence from the U.S. General Social Survey.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior. 46(8): 2403-2415. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-017-0968-7 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Photoshopping_a_man_into_a_luxury_apartment_made_women_rate_him_as_30.25_more_attractive">Photoshopping a man into a luxury apartment made women rate him as 30% more attractive</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Photoshopping_a_man_into_a_luxury_apartment_made_women_rate_him_as_30.25_more_attractive">Photoshopping a man into a luxury apartment made women rate him as 30% more attractive</span>===
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Dunn & Hill (2014) conducted a study wherein undergraduate students rated the attractiveness of a control photo of a opposite sex target in a 'neutral' apartment vs luxury. The photos were rated by two groups of participants, one group rating the control photo (N = 59) and another rating the luxury apartment photo (N = 43). The participants rated the attractiveness of the opposite sex target photo on a decile (1-10) scale.
Dunn & Hill (2014) conducted a study wherein undergraduate students rated the attractiveness of a control photo of a opposite sex target in a 'neutral' apartment vs luxury. The photos were rated by two groups of participants, one group rating the control photo (N = 59) and another rating the luxury apartment photo (N = 43). The participants rated the attractiveness of the opposite sex target photo on a decile (1-10) scale.


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* ''It appears then that it may be adaptive for men to display luxury consumption for example through purchasing a sports car or expensive house/apartment as a way of enhancing their social status, leading to more mating opportunities and higher levels of fitness.''  
* ''It appears then that it may be adaptive for men to display luxury consumption for example through purchasing a sports car or expensive house/apartment as a way of enhancing their social status, leading to more mating opportunities and higher levels of fitness.''  
* ''However, the results of this and other studies suggest that if women are attempting to increase the likelihood of attracting males through status enhancement, then this may indeed be a futile endeavour.''
* ''However, the results of this and other studies suggest that if women are attempting to increase the likelihood of attracting males through status enhancement, then this may indeed be a futile endeavour.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Dunn MJ, Hill A. 2014. ''Manipulated luxury-apartment ownership enhances opposite-sex attraction in females but not males.'' Journal of Evolutionary Psychology. 12(1): 1-17. [[https://akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/JEP.12.2014.1.1 Abstract]] [[https://akademiai.com/doi/pdf/10.1556/JEP.12.2014.1.1 FullText]]
* Dunn MJ, Hill A. 2014. ''Manipulated luxury-apartment ownership enhances opposite-sex attraction in females but not males.'' Journal of Evolutionary Psychology. 12(1): 1-17. [[https://akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/JEP.12.2014.1.1 Abstract]] [[https://akademiai.com/doi/pdf/10.1556/JEP.12.2014.1.1 FullText]]
 
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_1.2C000x_more_sensitive_than_men_to_economic_status_cues_when_rating_attractiveness">Women are 1,000x more sensitive than men to economic status cues when rating attractiveness</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_1.2C000x_more_sensitive_than_men_to_economic_status_cues_when_rating_attractiveness">Women are 1,000x more sensitive than men to economic status cues when rating attractiveness</span>===
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Abstract from the paper: Parental investment hypotheses regarding mate selection suggest that human males should seek partners featured by youth and high fertility. However, females should be more sensitive to resources that can be invested on themselves and their offspring. Previous studies indicate that economic status is indeed important in male attractiveness. However, no previous study has quantified and compared the impact of equivalent resources on male and female attractiveness. Annual salary is a direct way to evaluate economic status. Here, we combined images of male and female body shape with information on annual salary to elucidate the influence of economic status on the attractiveness ratings by opposite sex raters in American, Chinese and European populations. We found that ratings of attractiveness were around 1000 times more sensitive to salary for females rating males, compared to males rating females. These results indicate that higher economic status can offset lower physical attractiveness in men much more easily than in women. Neither raters' BMI nor age influenced this effect for females rating male attractiveness. This difference explains many features of human mating behavior and may pose a barrier for male engagement in low-consumption lifestyles.
Abstract from the paper: Parental investment hypotheses regarding mate selection suggest that human males should seek partners featured by youth and high fertility. However, females should be more sensitive to resources that can be invested on themselves and their offspring. Previous studies indicate that economic status is indeed important in male attractiveness. However, no previous study has quantified and compared the impact of equivalent resources on male and female attractiveness. Annual salary is a direct way to evaluate economic status. Here, we combined images of male and female body shape with information on annual salary to elucidate the influence of economic status on the attractiveness ratings by opposite sex raters in American, Chinese and European populations. We found that ratings of attractiveness were around 1000 times more sensitive to salary for females rating males, compared to males rating females. These results indicate that higher economic status can offset lower physical attractiveness in men much more easily than in women. Neither raters' BMI nor age influenced this effect for females rating male attractiveness. This difference explains many features of human mating behavior and may pose a barrier for male engagement in low-consumption lifestyles.


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*''These results indicate that higher economic status can offset lower physical attractiveness in men much more easily than in women. ''
*''These results indicate that higher economic status can offset lower physical attractiveness in men much more easily than in women. ''
*''This difference explains many features of human mating behavior and may pose a barrier for male engagement in low-consumption lifestyles.''
*''This difference explains many features of human mating behavior and may pose a barrier for male engagement in low-consumption lifestyles.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Wang G, et al. 2018. ''Different impacts of resources on opposite sex ratings of physical attractiveness by males and females.'' [[https://www.ehbonline.org/article/S1090-5138(17)30315-X/fulltext FullText]]
* Wang G, et al. 2018. ''Different impacts of resources on opposite sex ratings of physical attractiveness by males and females.'' [[https://www.ehbonline.org/article/S1090-5138(17)30315-X/fulltext FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="By_the_end_of_her_life.2C_the_average_woman_will_have_a_negative_.24122.2C000_net_fiscal_impact">By the end of her life, the average woman will have a negative $122,000 net fiscal impact</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="By_the_end_of_her_life.2C_the_average_woman_will_have_a_negative_.24122.2C000_net_fiscal_impact">By the end of her life, the average woman will have a negative $122,000 net fiscal impact</span>===
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In the past, women had to accrue resources to survive either through their own hard work or by choosing a partner who was successful and stable enough to provide adequately for them. Through feminist restructuring of government services, however, this has long since changed.  
In the past, women had to accrue resources to survive either through their own hard work or by choosing a partner who was successful and stable enough to provide adequately for them. Through feminist restructuring of government services, however, this has long since changed.  


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Cumulative net fiscal impact per capita.png|thumb|500px|none|Over a lifetime, a man provides in taxes roughly an equal amount as he takes from the government, while each woman runs a deficit of approximately $122,000.]]
[[File:Cumulative net fiscal impact per capita.png|thumb|500px|none|Over a lifetime, a man provides in taxes roughly an equal amount as he takes from the government, while each woman runs a deficit of approximately $122,000.]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''On average, males start having positive net fiscal impact—their per capita tax revenue exceed the (allocated) expenditure they receive—in their early twenties. Women, on average, do not pass this 'break even' point until their mid-40s. This is due to a combination of lower workforce participation, higher health and education spending, higher income support and lower direct and indirect taxation.''
* ''On average, males start having positive net fiscal impact—their per capita tax revenue exceed the (allocated) expenditure they receive—in their early twenties. Women, on average, do not pass this 'break even' point until their mid-40s. This is due to a combination of lower workforce participation, higher health and education spending, higher income support and lower direct and indirect taxation.''
* ''The positive net fiscal impact women make from 45-59 never outweighs the prior negative net fiscal impacts. As a result, when the large negative net impacts of the retirement years arrive, they simply add to an already negative profile. Men, on the other hand, appear to have a positive cumulative net fiscal impact from approximately 40 until 80 years of age. For these particular taxes and public expenditures, the net fiscal incidence on men is approximately zero when cumulated over all ages.''
* ''The positive net fiscal impact women make from 45-59 never outweighs the prior negative net fiscal impacts. As a result, when the large negative net impacts of the retirement years arrive, they simply add to an already negative profile. Men, on the other hand, appear to have a positive cumulative net fiscal impact from approximately 40 until 80 years of age. For these particular taxes and public expenditures, the net fiscal incidence on men is approximately zero when cumulated over all ages.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Aziz O, Gemmell N, Laws A. 2014. ''The Distribution of Income and Fiscal Incidence by Age and Gender: Some Evidence from New Zealand.'' Victoria University of Wellington Working Paper in Public Finance No. 10/2013. [[http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2375926 FullText]]
* Aziz O, Gemmell N, Laws A. 2014. ''The Distribution of Income and Fiscal Incidence by Age and Gender: Some Evidence from New Zealand.'' Victoria University of Wellington Working Paper in Public Finance No. 10/2013. [[https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2375926 FullText]]
* Andersson, F. 2012. Hur välfärdstjänsterna används och omfördelar hushållens ekonomiska resurser. Ekonomisk Debatt. 40. 35-48. [[https://www.nationalekonomi.se/ed/8-2012-argang-40/hur-valfardstjansterna-anvands-och-omfordelar-hushallens-ekonomiska-resurser FullText]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320297610_Hur_valfardstjansterna_anvands_och_omfordelar_hushallens_ekonomiska_resurser/citation/download FullText]]
* Andersson, F. 2012. Hur välfärdstjänsterna används och omfördelar hushållens ekonomiska resurser. Ekonomisk Debatt. 40. 35-48. [[https://www.nationalekonomi.se/ed/8-2012-argang-40/hur-valfardstjansterna-anvands-och-omfordelar-hushallens-ekonomiska-resurser FullText]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320297610_Hur_valfardstjansterna_anvands_och_omfordelar_hushallens_ekonomiska_resurser/citation/download FullText]]
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Height''</span>==
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Height''</span>==
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="A_man.27s_height_determines_his_dating_pool._Over_94.25_of_women_reject_men_for_being_.22too_short.22">A man's height determines his dating pool. Over 94% of women reject men for being "too short"</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="A_man.27s_height_determines_his_dating_pool._Over_94.25_of_women_reject_men_for_being_.22too_short.22">A man's height determines his dating pool. Over 94% of women reject men for being "too short"</span>===
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Stulp et al (2013) used a sample of 5782 North American speed-daters making 128,104 choices to determine preferences for partner height and how height influenced the formation of a match. They found that women were most likely to choose a speed-dater 25 cm taller than themselves, whereas men were most likely to choose women only 7 cm shorter than themselves. As a consequence, matches were most likely at an intermediate height difference (19 cm) that differed significantly from the preferred height difference of both sexes.  
Stulp et al (2013) used a sample of 5782 North American speed-daters making 128,104 choices to determine preferences for partner height and how height influenced the formation of a match. They found that women were most likely to choose a speed-dater 25 cm taller than themselves, whereas men were most likely to choose women only 7 cm shorter than themselves. As a consequence, matches were most likely at an intermediate height difference (19 cm) that differed significantly from the preferred height difference of both sexes.  


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Their findings demonstrated the cutoffs at which women consider a man too short or too tall:
Their findings demonstrated the cutoffs at which women consider a man too short or too tall:
* 90% of women will reject a man who is 5'4" based solely on his height.
* 90% of women will reject a man who is 5'4" based solely on his height.
* 65% of women will reject a man who is 5'7" based solely on his height.
* 65% of women will reject a man who is 5'7" based solely on his height.
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* 30% of women believe there is no such thing as a man being "too tall."
* 30% of women believe there is no such thing as a man being "too tall."
* Over 94% of women will reject a man solely for him being too short.
* Over 94% of women will reject a man solely for him being too short.
[[File:Women-s-Acceptance-of-Potential-Male-Partners-Based-on-Male-Height.png|600px|none|thumb|The percent of women willing to accept a man as a potential partner based solely on his height.]]
[[File:Women-s-Acceptance-of-Potential-Male-Partners-Based-on-Male-Height.png|600px|none|thumb|The percent of women willing to accept a man as a potential partner based solely on his height.]]
'''2) Every Inch Counts:'''
'''2) Every Inch Counts:'''


Further analysis of their data demonstrates the importance of every inch of height for men, as two inches of height gain for a man can be found to have the following results:
Further analysis of their data demonstrates the importance of every inch of height for men, as two inches of height gain for a man can be found to have the following results:
* A man in the 5'4-5'6" range will have more than double the potential number of female partners with 2" height gain.
* A man in the 5'4-5'6" range will have more than double the potential number of female partners with 2" height gain.
* A 5'4" man will have 2.3 times as many potential female partners by gaining 2" height.
* A 5'4" man will have 2.3 times as many potential female partners by gaining 2" height.
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* Benefits become insignificant past 5'10".  
* Benefits become insignificant past 5'10".  
* Below 5'1" a 2" height gain also makes an insignificant difference, as even after 2" gain, a man at this height is still "too short" for most women to consider.
* Below 5'1" a 2" height gain also makes an insignificant difference, as even after 2" gain, a man at this height is still "too short" for most women to consider.
[[File:Women-s-Acceptance-Height-Multiplier.png|600px|none|thumb|The multiplication in dating pool size a man experiences for a 2" gain in height due to women's height cutoffs]]
[[File:Women-s-Acceptance-Height-Multiplier.png|600px|none|thumb|The multiplication in dating pool size a man experiences for a 2" gain in height due to women's height cutoffs]]
'''3) Competition:'''
'''3) Competition:'''


Because the few women who are willing to date a shorter men are also generally willing to date a taller man as well, the competition for women willing to date shorter men becomes extremely high. This means:
Because the few women who are willing to date a shorter men are also generally willing to date a taller man as well, the competition for women willing to date shorter men becomes extremely high. This means:
* A 5' man must "beat" over 12 men (most of whom will be taller) to get a girl accepting of his height.
* A 5' man must "beat" over 12 men (most of whom will be taller) to get a girl accepting of his height.
* A 5'4" man will have to "beat" over 7 other men (most of whom will be taller) to get a girl accepting of his height.
* A 5'4" man will have to "beat" over 7 other men (most of whom will be taller) to get a girl accepting of his height.
* 5'10 to 6'4" men have the least competition as the demand for these men outpaces their supply, and statistically overall women must compete for these men rather than vice versa.
* 5'10 to 6'4" men have the least competition as the demand for these men outpaces their supply, and statistically overall women must compete for these men rather than vice versa.
[[File:Women-s-Height-Preferences-Number-of-Competitors.png|600px|none|thumb|The number of men competing for a woman who will accept their height at each male height]]
[[File:Women-s-Height-Preferences-Number-of-Competitors.png|600px|none|thumb|The number of men competing for a woman who will accept their height at each male height]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>


People often associate better qualities with taller men as a result of [[halo effect]]. There are indeed some correlations, e.g., IQ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height_and_intelligence correlates weakly, that is around r = 0.1-0.2 depending on sample] with body height. Presumably, the optimum is in the middle, which is indeed reflected in women's preferences. A 10 cm increase in body height compared to a height of 178 cm shortens the average lifespan by five years, leading to more joint wear, cardiovascular disease, etc. (Samaras, 2002). Women typically being less interested in very tall men may also be a result of norms (male-not-too-tall norm, e.g., Tao, 2016). It could also partly reflect discrepancies between ideal mate preferences and what the women can attain (at least in committed relationships, like those examined by the researchers). The female preference in terms of the ideal height of their male romantic partners also seems to vary by culture/country. Women in countries with smaller average heights seem to prefer smaller height gaps, and women in taller countries prefer larger height gaps (the ideal height discrepancy women state they prefer was found to be as large as preferring their male partners to be up to 25 cm taller in the UK). This likely reflects women calibrating their preference to the pool of males that are available to them.
People often associate better qualities with taller men as a result of [[halo effect]]. There are indeed some correlations, e.g., IQ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height_and_intelligence correlates weakly, that is around r = 0.1-0.2 depending on sample] with body height. Presumably, the optimum is in the middle, which is indeed reflected in women's preferences. A 10 cm increase in body height compared to a height of 178 cm shortens the average lifespan by five years, leading to more joint wear, cardiovascular disease, etc. (Samaras, 2002). Women typically being less interested in very tall men may also be a result of norms (male-not-too-tall norm, e.g., Tao, 2016). It could also partly reflect discrepancies between ideal mate preferences and what the women can attain (at least in committed relationships, like those examined by the researchers). The female preference in terms of the ideal height of their male romantic partners also seems to vary by culture/country. Women in countries with smaller average heights seem to prefer smaller height gaps, and women in taller countries prefer larger height gaps (the ideal height discrepancy women state they prefer was found to be as large as preferring their male partners to be up to 25 cm taller in the UK). This likely reflects women calibrating their preference to the pool of males that are available to them.


<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
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* Samaras. 2002. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071721/ FullText]] [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071721/bin/48856-23f1_F2OT.jpg Figure]]
* Samaras. 2002. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071721/ FullText]] [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071721/bin/48856-23f1_F2OT.jpg Figure]]
* Tao HL. 2016. ''Male-Taller and Male-Not-Too-Tall Norms in Taiwan: A New Methodological Approach.'' Evolutionary Psychology, 14(4), 1474704916671522. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1474704916671522 FullText]]
* Tao HL. 2016. ''Male-Taller and Male-Not-Too-Tall Norms in Taiwan: A New Methodological Approach.'' Evolutionary Psychology, 14(4), 1474704916671522. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1474704916671522 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_happiest_with_their_partner.27s_heights_when_they_are_8.24.22_inches_taller_then_them">Women are happiest with their partner's heights when they are 8.24" inches taller then them</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_happiest_with_their_partner.27s_heights_when_they_are_8.24.22_inches_taller_then_them">Women are happiest with their partner's heights when they are 8.24" inches taller then them</span>===
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Stulp et al. (2013) conducted another study regarding the preferences for height in a romantic partner of (N = 693) mainly ethnic Dutch and German university students.
Stulp et al. (2013) conducted another study regarding the preferences for height in a romantic partner of (N = 693) mainly ethnic Dutch and German university students.
The were asked a series of questions regarding their preferences in regards to the height of a potential partner, which was broken in three categories, minimally acceptable, ideal and maximally acceptable.
The were asked a series of questions regarding their preferences in regards to the height of a potential partner, which was broken in three categories, minimally acceptable, ideal and maximally acceptable.
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* ''Women were much more restrictive in their range of acceptable heights compared to men. That is, women were more likely to rule out certain heights as completely unacceptable.''
* ''Women were much more restrictive in their range of acceptable heights compared to men. That is, women were more likely to rule out certain heights as completely unacceptable.''
* ''The increased satisfaction with their own height among taller men is also in line with studies indicating that tall men have higher self-esteem, display less jealousy towards other men, and display higher levels of subjective well-being.''
* ''The increased satisfaction with their own height among taller men is also in line with studies indicating that tall men have higher self-esteem, display less jealousy towards other men, and display higher levels of subjective well-being.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Stulp G, Buunk AP, Pollet T. 2013. ''Women want taller men more than men want shorter women.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 54(8): 877-883. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886913000020 Abstract]]
* Stulp G, Buunk AP, Pollet T. 2013. ''Women want taller men more than men want shorter women.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 54(8): 877-883. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886913000020 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Short_men_have_twice_the_suicide_rate_of_tall_men">Short men have twice the suicide rate of tall men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Short_men_have_twice_the_suicide_rate_of_tall_men">Short men have twice the suicide rate of tall men</span>===
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Researchers in Sweden surveyed government data including 79% of all men born in Sweden in 1950–1981 to identify health outcomes for these men. They found that every extra 5 cm of height reduced suicide rates by 9%, such that the tallest men had half the suicide rate of shorter men.  
Researchers in Sweden surveyed government data including 79% of all men born in Sweden in 1950–1981 to identify health outcomes for these men. They found that every extra 5 cm of height reduced suicide rates by 9%, such that the tallest men had half the suicide rate of shorter men.  


They suggest several reasons for this difference. They note that shorter men tend to end up with lower socioeconomic status as they grow up, irrespective of their childhood social class. Additionally, as women judge shorter men negatively, they are therefore less likely to marry, which generally protects against suicide. An association between shorter height and higher risk of substance abuse was also found.
They suggest several reasons for this difference. They note that shorter men tend to end up with lower socioeconomic status as they grow up, irrespective of their childhood social class. Additionally, as women judge shorter men negatively, they are therefore less likely to marry, which generally protects against suicide. An association between shorter height and higher risk of substance abuse was also found.
 
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''We found a twofold higher risk of suicide in short men than tall men. ''
* ''We found a twofold higher risk of suicide in short men than tall men. ''
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* ''In a subset of subjects, however, we found that educational level, a marker of socioeconomic position, had little effect on the associations.''  
* ''In a subset of subjects, however, we found that educational level, a marker of socioeconomic position, had little effect on the associations.''  
* ''Marriage protects against suicide, and short individuals may be less likely to marry than taller ones.''
* ''Marriage protects against suicide, and short individuals may be less likely to marry than taller ones.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Magnusson PKE, Gunnell D, Tynelius P, Davey Smith G, Rasmussen F. 2005. ''Strong Inverse Association Between Height and Suicide in a Large Cohort of Swedish Men: Evidence of Early Life Origins of Suicidal Behavior?'' Am J Psychiatry. 162: 1373–1375. [[https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1373 Abstract]] [[https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1373 FullText]]
* Magnusson PKE, Gunnell D, Tynelius P, Davey Smith G, Rasmussen F. 2005. ''Strong Inverse Association Between Height and Suicide in a Large Cohort of Swedish Men: Evidence of Early Life Origins of Suicidal Behavior?'' Am J Psychiatry. 162: 1373–1375. [[https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1373 Abstract]] [[https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1373 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="24.25_of_men_under_5.279.22_would_undergo_surgery_costing_31.25_of_their_life_savings_to_be_taller">24% of men under 5'9" would undergo surgery costing 31% of their life savings to be taller</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="24.25_of_men_under_5.279.22_would_undergo_surgery_costing_31.25_of_their_life_savings_to_be_taller">24% of men under 5'9" would undergo surgery costing 31% of their life savings to be taller</span>===
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BodyLogicMD, a network of physician-owned medical practices, performed a survey of 1,105 Americans using Amazon's Mechanical Turk platform. Their goal was to explore emotional impacts of height, including implications for romantic prospects and self-esteem.  
BodyLogicMD, a network of physician-owned medical practices, performed a survey of 1,105 Americans using Amazon's Mechanical Turk platform. Their goal was to explore emotional impacts of height, including implications for romantic prospects and self-esteem.  


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Primary findings of their survey on height's impact were:
Primary findings of their survey on height's impact were:
* Both men and women said the ideal male height is 6' tall (i.e. Taller than 82.1% of men in America).
* Both men and women said the ideal male height is 6' tall (i.e. Taller than 82.1% of men in America).
* Taller men reported they felt they were funnier, more desirable, more confident, more attractive, and more satisfied with their sex lives than shorter men.
* Taller men reported they felt they were funnier, more desirable, more confident, more attractive, and more satisfied with their sex lives than shorter men.
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* Short height was associated with feelings of being less masculine—48% of men under 5'5" felt less masculine due to their height.
* Short height was associated with feelings of being less masculine—48% of men under 5'5" felt less masculine due to their height.
* Taller men were significantly more likely to feel they were successful in their careers and make the salaries they deserved.
* Taller men were significantly more likely to feel they were successful in their careers and make the salaries they deserved.
In investigating perspectives on height enhancement surgeries, which are usually reserved to cases of medical deformity and carry risks of limb loss, permanent disability, and death:
In investigating perspectives on height enhancement surgeries, which are usually reserved to cases of medical deformity and carry risks of limb loss, permanent disability, and death:
* 60% of men overall wished they were taller.
* 60% of men overall wished they were taller.
* 21.1% of men under 5'9" had actively researched ways to become taller.
* 21.1% of men under 5'9" had actively researched ways to become taller.
* 23.9% of men under 5'9" said they would surgically alter their height if possible to become taller.
* 23.9% of men under 5'9" said they would surgically alter their height if possible to become taller.
* On average, men wanting to be taller would pay 30.9% of their life savings to do so.
* On average, men wanting to be taller would pay 30.9% of their life savings to do so.
The study also confirmed that men were far more flexible about the heights of their potential partners than women. Women were 9.3x more likely to wish their partner was taller than to wish he was shorter. Specifically, 36.2% of women wished their partner was taller than he was, while only 3.9% of women wished their partner was shorter than he was.
The study also confirmed that men were far more flexible about the heights of their potential partners than women. Women were 9.3x more likely to wish their partner was taller than to wish he was shorter. Specifically, 36.2% of women wished their partner was taller than he was, while only 3.9% of women wished their partner was shorter than he was.


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* ''At all heights, men were considerably less picky about the stature of their potential lovers.''
* ''At all heights, men were considerably less picky about the stature of their potential lovers.''
* ''More than three-quarters of short, average, and tall men said they'd give dating someone taller a try.''
* ''More than three-quarters of short, average, and tall men said they'd give dating someone taller a try.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* BodyLogicMD. 2019. ''Drawing the Short Straw: Exploring Height's Impact on Self-Perception, Dating, and Work.'' [[https://www.bodylogicmd.com/drawing-the-short-straw FullText]]
* BodyLogicMD. 2019. ''Drawing the Short Straw: Exploring Height's Impact on Self-Perception, Dating, and Work.'' [[https://www.bodylogicmd.com/drawing-the-short-straw FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id=".27Short_man_syndrome.27_is_a_myth_-_taller_men_are_quicker_to_lose_their_tempers_than_short_men">Taller men are quicker to engage in physical aggression than short men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id=".27Short_man_syndrome.27_is_a_myth_-_taller_men_are_quicker_to_lose_their_tempers_than_short_men">Taller men are quicker to engage in physical aggression than short men</span>===
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Researchers from the University of Central Lancashire conducting an experiment for the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) found taller men were more likely to lose their temper.
Researchers from the University of Central Lancashire conducting an experiment for the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) found taller men were more likely to lose their temper.


Men of different heights (ten men of 'average height' and ten men 5'5" or below) duelled with wooden sticks but one of the subjects deliberately provoked the other by rapping them across the knuckles. The research was designed to test Short Man Syndrome—or "[[Napoleon complex]]"—the theory that shorter men are more aggressive to dominate those who are taller than them.
Men of different heights (ten men of 'average height' and ten men 5'5" or below) duelled with wooden sticks but one of the subjects deliberately provoked the other by rapping them across the knuckles. The research was designed to test Short Man Syndrome—or "[[Napoleon complex]]"—the theory that shorter men are more aggressive to dominate those who are taller than them.
Heart monitors revealed it was the taller men who flew off the handle more quickly and hit back.
Heart monitors revealed it was the taller men who flew off the handle more quickly and hit back.


<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6501633.stm
* http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6501633.stm
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Taller_men_have_more_partners_and_father_more_children">Taller men have more partners and father more children</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Taller_men_have_more_partners_and_father_more_children">Taller men have more partners and father more children</span>===
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Mueller & Muzur (2001) examined survey data derived from surviving graduates of the class of 1950 of the United States Military Academy at West Point, that provided family and marriage information. These data were merged with measures of academic, career, athletic and social performance while at the academy.
Mueller & Muzur (2001) examined survey data derived from surviving graduates of the class of 1950 of the United States Military Academy at West Point, that provided family and marriage information. These data were merged with measures of academic, career, athletic and social performance while at the academy.


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It was also found that cadet's heights had no effect on their future economic success (a finding that the researchers noted was unusual), therefore, the greater economic success that taller men generally experience didn't explain their greater [[reproductive success|reproductive success]].
It was also found that cadet's heights had no effect on their future economic success (a finding that the researchers noted was unusual), therefore, the greater economic success that taller men generally experience didn't explain their greater [[reproductive success|reproductive success]].


Other studies have also confirmed these findings (Pawlowski et al. 2000). There is also evidence that taller men are more likely to have long term mating partners and to have more partners than shorter men (Nettle, 2002).
Other studies have also confirmed these findings (Pawlowski et al. 2000). There is also evidence that taller men are more likely to have long term mating partners and to have more partners than shorter men (Nettle, 2002).  


<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Taller men had more reproductive opportunities (more marriages, younger second wives) and used them to have more children than shorter men. The chances of survival into adulthood of taller men’s children were not lower.''
* ''Taller men had more reproductive opportunities (more marriages, younger second wives) and used them to have more children than shorter men. The chances of survival into adulthood of taller men’s children were not lower.''
* ''The positive effect of height on reproductive performance was not mediated by men’s social status, i.e., their military rank, or by the measures of academic, athletic, and military talent which helped in gaining high status.''
* ''The positive effect of height on reproductive performance was not mediated by men’s social status, i.e., their military rank, or by the measures of academic, athletic, and military talent which helped in gaining high status.''
* ''Thus, selection seemingly follows most closely a “horse race” model, with a few winners taking most of the prize, measured in fitness differentials. Discerning no fitness disadvantage to tallness, we are left with the possibility of unconstrained directional sexual selection in favor of ever increasing male height within the observed phenotype range.''
* ''Thus, selection seemingly follows most closely a “horse race” model, with a few winners taking most of the prize, measured in fitness differentials. Discerning no fitness disadvantage to tallness, we are left with the possibility of unconstrained directional sexual selection in favor of ever increasing male height within the observed phenotype range.''
 
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Mueller U, Mazur A. 2001. ''Evidence of unconstrained directional selection for male tallness.'' Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 50(4): 302-311. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002650100370 Abstract]]
*Mueller U, Mazur A. 2001. ''Evidence of unconstrained directional selection for male tallness.'' Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 50(4): 302-311. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002650100370 Abstract]]
* Mark Q. 2010. ''Mathematical modeling of fluctuations in human height: the role of gender equality and equitable mate selection'' (Doctoral dissertation, Humboldt State University). [[http://humboldt-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/2148/624/ThesisFinal.pdf FullText]]
* Mark Q. 2010. ''Mathematical modeling of fluctuations in human height: the role of gender equality and equitable mate selection'' (Doctoral dissertation, Humboldt State University). [[http://humboldt-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/2148/624/ThesisFinal.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Sperm_banks_require_that_men_be_at_least_5.278.22_tall">Sperm banks require that men be at least 5'8" tall</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Sperm_banks_require_that_men_be_at_least_5.278.22_tall">Sperm banks require that men be at least 5'8" tall</span>===
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Sperm banks usually require that men be at least 5 feet 8 inches tall. 5 feet 8 inches corresponds to the 35.3rd percentile for height for males aged over 20 years old in the United States.
Sperm banks usually require that men be at least 5 feet 8 inches tall. 5 feet 8 inches corresponds to the 35.3rd percentile for height for males aged over 20 years old in the United States.


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* Van Deven M. 2011. ''Secrets of the sperm bank.'' Salon [[https://www.salon.com/2011/09/25/sex_cells_interview/ Article]]
* Van Deven M. 2011. ''Secrets of the sperm bank.'' Salon [[https://www.salon.com/2011/09/25/sex_cells_interview/ Article]]
* Fryar CD, Gu Q, Ogden CL, Flegal KM. 2016. ''Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2011–2014.'' Vital Health Stat. 3(39). [[https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_03/sr03_039.pdf#page15 FullText]]
* Fryar CD, Gu Q, Ogden CL, Flegal KM. 2016. ''Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2011–2014.'' Vital Health Stat. 3(39). [[https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_03/sr03_039.pdf#page15 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="The_.231_most_important_thing_to_women_in_a_man.27s_online_dating_bio_is_if_he_says_he_is_6.27_tall">The most important thing to women in a man's online dating bio is that he claims to be 6' tall</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="The_.231_most_important_thing_to_women_in_a_man.27s_online_dating_bio_is_if_he_says_he_is_6.27_tall">The most important thing to women in a man's online dating bio is that he claims to be 6' tall</span>===
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The dating website Badoo analyzed its most successful users' "about me" sections, taking note of the most frequently used words among popular users to figure out which words best predict swiping success for a male and female user. Successful female profiles listed "love", "drink", and "music" in their top three. The only physical attribute listed was "blue eyes" at #7.
The dating website Badoo analyzed its most successful users' "about me" sections, taking note of the most frequently used words among popular users to figure out which words best predict swiping success for a male and female user. Successful female profiles listed "love", "drink", and "music" in their top three. The only physical attribute listed was "blue eyes" at #7.


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The top 10 words associated with successful profiles were, in descending order:
The top 10 words associated with successful profiles were, in descending order:
* '''Women's Profiles:''' ''Love, Drink, Music, LOL, Gym, Coffee, Blue Eyes, :), Beer, Foodie''
* '''Women's Profiles:''' ''Love, Drink, Music, LOL, Gym, Coffee, Blue Eyes, :), Beer, Foodie''
* '''Men's Profiles:''' ''6', Family, Dogs, Dinner, Beard, Travel, Music, Relationship, Gym, Car''
* '''Men's Profiles:''' ''6', Family, Dogs, Dinner, Beard, Travel, Music, Relationship, Gym, Car''
Common advice for a man who struggles in the swipe-based dating economy is to ensure his bio is well written to show off his personality. If showcasing personality is the purpose, it is difficult to understand why a man's height would be the absolute most important thing to a woman he could place in his bio.
Common advice for a man who struggles in the swipe-based dating economy is to ensure his bio is well written to show off his personality. If showcasing personality is the purpose, it is difficult to understand why a man's height would be the absolute most important thing to a woman he could place in his bio.


<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Morgan J. 2018. ''How to get the most right-swipes: The top 10 words to include on your dating app bio revealed.'' The Independent. [[https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/dating-app-tinder-bio-words-most-right-swipes-music-gym-6-foot-badoo-a8512541.html Article]]
* Morgan J. 2018. ''How to get the most right-swipes: The top 10 words to include on your dating app bio revealed.'' The Independent. [[https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/dating-app-tinder-bio-words-most-right-swipes-music-gym-6-foot-badoo-a8512541.html Article]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Taller_men_report_more_satisfaction_in_their_romantic_relationships_than_shorter_men">Taller men report more satisfaction in their romantic relationships than shorter men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Taller_men_report_more_satisfaction_in_their_romantic_relationships_than_shorter_men">Taller men report more satisfaction in their romantic relationships than shorter men</span>===
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Brewer and Riley (2009) examined the relationship between a man's height and its connection to their level of satisfaction in their romantic relationships.
Brewer and Riley (2009) examined the relationship between a man's height and its connection to their level of satisfaction in their romantic relationships.


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However, the following study's findings cast some doubt on the explanations they had utilized to explain why shorter men display higher levels of cognitive jealousy. They found no significant relationships between the male partner's height and the woman's relationship satisfaction or investment into the relationship in general. These findings render the claim that the short men are more protective of their mates as they run a greater risk of cuckoldry somewhat dubious, as one would expect women who were prone to cheat or defect from a relationship to report lower levels of satisfaction with the relationship in general.
However, the following study's findings cast some doubt on the explanations they had utilized to explain why shorter men display higher levels of cognitive jealousy. They found no significant relationships between the male partner's height and the woman's relationship satisfaction or investment into the relationship in general. These findings render the claim that the short men are more protective of their mates as they run a greater risk of cuckoldry somewhat dubious, as one would expect women who were prone to cheat or defect from a relationship to report lower levels of satisfaction with the relationship in general.


One alternate explanation for the findings would be that shorter men are more jealous because they are at greater risk of being defeated in physical competitions with other males, and physical contests for control of women would have been a very relevant factor in mating throughout the evolutionary history of man, as they are in other great apes.  
One alternate explanation for the findings would be that shorter men are more jealous because they are at greater risk of being defeated in physical competitions with other males, and physical contests for control of women would have been a very relevant factor in mating throughout the evolutionary history of man, as they are in other great apes.
In support of this intrasexual competition-related explanation of the studies findings, previous research has indicated that men that are more competitive with other men tend to inflate their self-reported heights more than other men (Mailhos et al., 2017) and that there is a negative relationship between male height and their general level of intrasexual competitiveness (Polo et al., 2018). These findings imply that the greater levels of jealous cognitions found among the shorter men in Brewer and Riley's study could be primarily explained by shorter men being more cognitively primed for intrasexual threats than taller men. This increased bias to perceive other men as sexual rivals could be because the shorter men have to compensate for their lower desirability by behaving more aggressive towards other men and being more vigilant in guarding their women, as the authors suggested. However, the finding that women in these relationships do not generally report lower relationship satisfaction levels with shorter men seems to cast doubt on this explanation.
In support of this intrasexual competition-related explanation of the studies findings, previous research has indicated that men that are more competitive with other men tend to inflate their self-reported heights more than other men (Mailhos et al., 2017) and that there is a negative relationship between male height and their general level of intrasexual competitiveness (Polo et al., 2018). These findings imply that the greater levels of jealous cognitions found among the shorter men in Brewer and Riley's study could be primarily explained by shorter men being more cognitively primed for intrasexual threats than taller men. This increased bias to perceive other men as sexual rivals could be because the shorter men have to compensate for their lower desirability by behaving more aggressive towards other men and being more vigilant in guarding their women, as the authors suggested. However, the finding that women in these relationships do not generally report lower relationship satisfaction levels with shorter men seems to cast doubt on this explanation.


Thus, it could merely be that intrasexual competition based on physical threat and violence for women has 'wired' less formidable men to be more vigilant in their romantic relationships in general, as they historically faced a greater threat of having their female partners physically removed from them by stronger men.  
Thus, it could merely be that intrasexual competition based on physical threat and violence for women has 'wired' less formidable men to be more vigilant in their romantic relationships in general, as they historically faced a greater threat of having their female partners physically removed from them by stronger men.
This intrasexual competition adaption would seem to many people to be a maladaptive cognition in the generally less violent, more domesticated context of modern mating, and some would no doubt argue that that shorter men are simply insecure over their heights and the increased jealousy they exhibited in their relationships is primarily rooted in this insecurity.
This intrasexual competition adaption would seem to many people to be a maladaptive cognition in the generally less violent, more domesticated context of modern mating, and some would no doubt argue that that shorter men are simply insecure over their heights and the increased jealousy they exhibited in their relationships is primarily rooted in this insecurity.
However, it is certainly possible that the shorter men's fear of having their female partners taken from them by more formidable men may have some validity to it, even in the context of dating in modern society. Recent research indicates intrasexual competition is still a very salient factor in contemporary mating, with physical formidability being strongly associated with male partner counts in particular social contexts (Kordsmeyer et al., 2018).  
However, it is certainly possible that the shorter men's fear of having their female partners taken from them by more formidable men may have some validity to it, even in the context of dating in modern society. Recent research indicates intrasexual competition is still a very salient factor in contemporary mating, with physical formidability being strongly associated with male partner counts in particular social contexts (Kordsmeyer et al., 2018).
It is uncertain how this female preference for physically dominant men plays out seemingly largely independent of female preferences. It could be that simply women choose the most dominant male around, regardless of their stated or even revealed preferences in men. Seeing their partner being successfully physically intimidated by other males may serve to lower their attraction to them.
It is uncertain how this female preference for physically dominant men plays out seemingly largely independent of female preferences. It could be that simply women choose the most dominant male around, regardless of their stated or even revealed preferences in men. Seeing their partner being successfully physically intimidated by other males may serve to lower their attraction to them.


Another alternative explanation for why shorter men tend to exhibit more cognitive jealously is because this trait appears to be linked to a faster [[life history]] speed.
Another alternative explanation for why shorter men tend to exhibit more cognitive jealously is because this trait appears to be linked to a faster [[life history]] speed.
Put simply, fast life history strategists are adapted to an unstable 'live-fast die young' ecology where mating effort is higher (which may be linked to higher levels of intrasexual competition, as they may be assortatively mated with women that are pursuing a similarly accelerated life history strategy) and cuckoldry is more common in general.  
Put simply, fast life history strategists are adapted to an unstable 'live-fast die young' ecology where mating effort is higher (which may be linked to higher levels of intrasexual competition, as they may be assortatively mated with women that are pursuing a similarly accelerated life history strategy) and cuckoldry is more common in general.
As body size is negatively linked to life history speed across the animal kingdom, the same general negative relationship between life-history speed and body size may also be found in human males.  
As body size is negatively linked to life history speed across the animal kingdom, the same general negative relationship between life-history speed and body size may also be found in human males.
In support of the life history hypothesis, there is evidence that a shorter stature is associated with several hypothesized indices of a faster life history speed in women, including larger levels of cognitive jealousy, possessiveness and greater levels of intrasexual competition (Buunk et al., 2009). Suppose these findings also hold for shorter men. In that case, it is likely that the higher levels of intrasexual competitiveness and jealousy found among these men are mainly mediated by their faster life-history strategies.
In support of the life history hypothesis, there is evidence that a shorter stature is associated with several hypothesized indices of a faster life history speed in women, including larger levels of cognitive jealousy, possessiveness and greater levels of intrasexual competition (Buunk et al., 2009). Suppose these findings also hold for shorter men. In that case, it is likely that the higher levels of intrasexual competitiveness and jealousy found among these men are mainly mediated by their faster life-history strategies.


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* ''In the current study, short men were most likely to adopt mate retention behaviors such as increasing the love and care that they show their partner. In this manner short men demonstrate that they are aware of the risk of cuckoldry but attempt to increase the desirability of a woman's current relationship rather than adopting more risky strategies that encourage comparisons with a rival or appear aggressive.''
* ''In the current study, short men were most likely to adopt mate retention behaviors such as increasing the love and care that they show their partner. In this manner short men demonstrate that they are aware of the risk of cuckoldry but attempt to increase the desirability of a woman's current relationship rather than adopting more risky strategies that encourage comparisons with a rival or appear aggressive.''
* ''Although there may be less incentive for tall men to interpret ambiguous situations jealously (for example a lower likelihood that their partner would attract a higher quality mate than for short men), when unambiguous situations occur, men experience an emotional reaction, regardless of height.''
* ''Although there may be less incentive for tall men to interpret ambiguous situations jealously (for example a lower likelihood that their partner would attract a higher quality mate than for short men), when unambiguous situations occur, men experience an emotional reaction, regardless of height.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Brewer G, Riley C. 2009. ''Height, Relationship Satisfaction, Jealousy, and Mate Retention.'' Evolutionary Psychology. 7(3): 477-489. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/147470490900700310?icid=int.sj-related-articles.similar-articles.45#articleCitationDownloadContainer FullText]]
* Brewer G, Riley C. 2009. ''Height, Relationship Satisfaction, Jealousy, and Mate Retention.'' Evolutionary Psychology. 7(3): 477-489. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/147470490900700310?icid=int.sj-related-articles.similar-articles.45#articleCitationDownloadContainer FullText]]
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* Buunk AP, Pollet, TV & Klavina L. 2009. ''Height among Women is Curvilinearly Related to Life History Strategy''. Evolutionary Psychology, 7(4). [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/147470490900700405 FullText]]
* Buunk AP, Pollet, TV & Klavina L. 2009. ''Height among Women is Curvilinearly Related to Life History Strategy''. Evolutionary Psychology, 7(4). [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/147470490900700405 FullText]]
* Feingold A. 1982. ''Do Taller Men Have Prettier Girlfriends?''. Psychological Reports, 50, pp. 810. [[https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1982.50.3.810 Abstract]]
* Feingold A. 1982. ''Do Taller Men Have Prettier Girlfriends?''. Psychological Reports, 50, pp. 810. [[https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1982.50.3.810 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Short_students_more_likely_to_be_bullied_in_school">Short students more likely to be bullied in school</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Short_students_more_likely_to_be_bullied_in_school">Short students more likely to be bullied in school</span>===
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92 short pupils and 117 controls who are of average stature matched for age and sex with a mean age range of 14.7 (13.4–15.7) years were given a questionnaire and so were parents and teachers to know how many pupils get bullied or perpetrate bullying. The study found that short boys were more likely to be bullied than boys of average stature, were significantly more likely to be upset when bullied, and were less likely to perpetrate bullying.
92 short pupils and 117 controls who are of average stature matched for age and sex with a mean age range of 14.7 (13.4–15.7) years were given a questionnaire and so were parents and teachers to know how many pupils get bullied or perpetrate bullying. The study found that short boys were more likely to be bullied than boys of average stature, were significantly more likely to be upset when bullied, and were less likely to perpetrate bullying.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |  
! rowspan="2" |  
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| colspan="3" | ''Teachers' report''
| colspan="3" | ''Teachers' report''
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''This report suggests that short children are more likely to be bullied than their taller peers. More short pupils also report a degree of social isolation—the result, or possibly even the cause, of their victimisation.''
* ''This report suggests that short children are more likely to be bullied than their taller peers. More short pupils also report a degree of social isolation—the result, or possibly even the cause, of their victimisation.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Voss, Jean; Mulligan (March 4, 2000). "Bullying in school: are short pupils at risk? Questionnaire study in a cohort". The BMJ. 320 (7235): 612–3. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7235.612. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 10698879. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC32258/pdf/612.pdf FullText]]
*Voss, Jean; Mulligan (March 4, 2000). "Bullying in school: are short pupils at risk? Questionnaire study in a cohort". The BMJ. 320 (7235): 612–3. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7235.612. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 10698879. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC32258/pdf/612.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Short_men_more_likely_to_experience_premature_hair_loss">Short men more likely to experience premature hair loss</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Short_men_more_likely_to_experience_premature_hair_loss">Short men more likely to experience premature hair loss</span>===
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A study examined the genomes of over 20,000 men, roughly half of whom had went bald well before they turned 50 years old. The other half of participants experienced no hair loss and were used for comparison. The study included men from the United States, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, the United Kingdom, Greece and Australia. The researchers identified 63 alterations in the human genome that increase the risk of premature baldness. And in many instances, the DNA regions overlapped with genes for short stature. It's been shown that genetics are not destiny, and Heilmann-Heimbach said young men who are short should not worry that they are necessarily going to lose their hair at an early age. "All the other family members — if they kept their hair and are also somehow the same body height, then I wouldn't be too afraid to lose my hair," she said.
A study examined the genomes of over 20,000 men, roughly half of whom had went bald well before they turned 50 years old. The other half of participants experienced no hair loss and were used for comparison. The study included men from the United States, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, the United Kingdom, Greece and Australia. The researchers identified 63 alterations in the human genome that increase the risk of premature baldness. And in many instances, the DNA regions overlapped with genes for short stature. It's been shown that genetics are not destiny, and Heilmann-Heimbach said young men who are short should not worry that they are necessarily going to lose their hair at an early age. "All the other family members — if they kept their hair and are also somehow the same body height, then I wouldn't be too afraid to lose my hair," she said.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Berman, Jessica (March 8, 2017). "[https://www.voanews.com/science-health/risk-premature-balding-found-genes-short-men Risk of Premature Balding Found in Genes of Short Men]". Voice of America.
* Berman, Jessica (March 8, 2017). "[https://www.voanews.com/science-health/risk-premature-balding-found-genes-short-men Risk of Premature Balding Found in Genes of Short Men]". Voice of America.
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Body''</span>==
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Body''</span>==
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="36.4.25_of_US_male_online_daters_are_now_resorting_to_anabolic_steroids_.26_bulimia_to_compete">36.4% of US male online daters are now resorting to anabolic steroids & bulimia to compete</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="36.4.25_of_US_male_online_daters_are_now_resorting_to_anabolic_steroids_.26_bulimia_to_compete">36.4% of US male online daters are now resorting to anabolic steroids & bulimia to compete</span>===
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Researchers from Harvard in 2019 surveyed online dating users and non dating app users in the United States using Amazon's MTurk (Mechanical Turk) platform to evaluate if online dating usage was associated with risky image enhancing behaviors. Their sample included 1098 women and 628 men. 33% of the men in their survey reported using online dating. '''36.4% of male online daters reported using [[Anabolic steroid|Anabolic Steroids (AS)]]''', as opposed to only 3.8% of non online dating men who reported AS use.  
Researchers from Harvard in 2019 surveyed online dating users and non dating app users in the United States using Amazon's MTurk (Mechanical Turk) platform to evaluate if online dating usage was associated with risky image enhancing behaviors. Their sample included 1098 women and 628 men. 33% of the men in their survey reported using online dating. '''36.4% of male online daters reported using [[Anabolic steroid|Anabolic Steroids (AS)]]''', as opposed to only 3.8% of non online dating men who reported AS use.  


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| 18.1
| 18.1
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Men who use dating apps had 3.2 to 14.6 times the odds of engaging in all six UWCBs compared to men who were non-users.''
* ''Men who use dating apps had 3.2 to 14.6 times the odds of engaging in all six UWCBs compared to men who were non-users.''
* ''We also documented elevated engagement in many UWCBs among Asian American, Hispanic and other or mixed dating app users. We did not, however, find elevated odds of UWCBs based on sexual orientation.''
* ''We also documented elevated engagement in many UWCBs among Asian American, Hispanic and other or mixed dating app users. We did not, however, find elevated odds of UWCBs based on sexual orientation.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Tran A, Suharlim C, Mattie H, Davison K, Agénor M, Austin SA. 2019. ''Dating app use and unhealthy weight control behaviors among a sample of U.S. adults: a cross-sectional study.'' Journal of Eating Disorders. 7: 16. [[https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-019-0244-4#Sec10 FullText]]
* Tran A, Suharlim C, Mattie H, Davison K, Agénor M, Austin SA. 2019. ''Dating app use and unhealthy weight control behaviors among a sample of U.S. adults: a cross-sectional study.'' Journal of Eating Disorders. 7: 16. [[https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-019-0244-4#Sec10 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Rated_strength_is_the_main_predictor_of_men.27s_bodily_attractiveness._No_women_prefer_weak_men">Rated strength is the main predictor of men's bodily attractiveness. No women prefer weak men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Rated_strength_is_the_main_predictor_of_men.27s_bodily_attractiveness._No_women_prefer_weak_men">Rated strength is the main predictor of men's bodily attractiveness. No women prefer weak men</span>===
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Two studies by Sell, Lukazsweski, and Townsley (2017) published by the Royal Society examining the preferences of 160 young female raters, found a very strong (r = 0.80) correlation between bodily attractiveness and rated physical strength. Furthermore, they discovered that contrary to popular views about men's bodily attractiveness, there was a linear relationship between perceived strength and bodily attractiveness, i.e the men that were perceived as the strongest were also perceived as the most attractive.
Two studies by Sell, Lukazsweski, and Townsley (2017) published by the Royal Society examining the preferences of 160 young female raters, found a very strong (r = 0.80) correlation between bodily attractiveness and rated physical strength. Furthermore, they discovered that contrary to popular views about men's bodily attractiveness, there was a linear relationship between perceived strength and bodily attractiveness, i.e the men that were perceived as the strongest were also perceived as the most attractive.


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* ''Cues of upper body strength account for most of the variance in men's bodily attractiveness.''
* ''Cues of upper body strength account for most of the variance in men's bodily attractiveness.''
* ''Contrary to popular theories of men's physical attractiveness, there was no evidence of a nonlinear effect; the strongest men were the most attractive in all samples.''
* ''Contrary to popular theories of men's physical attractiveness, there was no evidence of a nonlinear effect; the strongest men were the most attractive in all samples.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Sell A, Lukazweski AW, Townsley M. 2017. ''Cues of upper body strength account for most of the variance in men's bodily attractiveness.'' Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 284: 1869. [[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2017.1819#d3e552 FullText]]
*Sell A, Lukazweski AW, Townsley M. 2017. ''Cues of upper body strength account for most of the variance in men's bodily attractiveness.'' Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 284: 1869. [[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2017.1819#d3e552 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="The_most_attractive_BMI_range_for_men_is_~24.5-27_and_for_women_~17-19_as_it_is_most_youthful">The most attractive BMI range for men is ~24.5-27 and for women ~17-19 as it is most youthful</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="The_most_attractive_BMI_range_for_men_is_~24.5-27_and_for_women_~17-19_as_it_is_most_youthful">The most attractive BMI range for men is ~24.5-27 and for women ~17-19 as it is most youthful</span>===
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In the 2006 version of the Hitsch et al. MIT Research Paper "What Makes You Click", probabilities of receiving first contacts were assessed for a large dating site over a 3.5 month period in 2003 (N = 22,000) based on male and female BMI. It was found that men greatly preferred women of BMI around 17, which researchers noted corresponds roughly to a supermodel's thinness. By contrast, women on average contacted men with a BMI of 27 most often, which would correspond to a very muscular or mildly overweight man, depending on his physical conditioning.
In the 2006 version of the Hitsch et al. MIT Research Paper "What Makes You Click", probabilities of receiving first contacts were assessed for a large dating site over a 3.5 month period in 2003 (N = 22,000) based on male and female BMI. It was found that men greatly preferred women of BMI around 17, which researchers noted corresponds roughly to a supermodel's thinness. By contrast, women on average contacted men with a BMI of 27 most often, which would correspond to a very muscular or mildly overweight man, depending on his physical conditioning.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:First contacts by BMI.PNG|500px|thumb|none|First contact average outcomes for an online dating site based on BMI standardized relative to a BMI of 22-24 for each gender]]
[[File:First contacts by BMI.PNG|500px|thumb|none|First contact average outcomes for an online dating site based on BMI standardized relative to a BMI of 22-24 for each gender]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''The optimal BMI for men is about 27. For women, on the other hand, the optimal BMI is about 17, which is considered under-weight and corresponds to the figure of a supermodel. A woman with such a BMI receives 90% more first-contact e-mails than a woman with a BMI of 25.'' (Hitsch et al. 2006)
* ''The optimal BMI for men is about 27. For women, on the other hand, the optimal BMI is about 17, which is considered under-weight and corresponds to the figure of a supermodel. A woman with such a BMI receives 90% more first-contact e-mails than a woman with a BMI of 25.'' (Hitsch et al. 2006)
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Hitsch GJ, Hortacsu A, Ariely D. 2006. ''What Makes You Click? Mate Preferences and Matching Outcomes in Online Dating.'' MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 4603-06. [[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=895442 FullText]]
* Hitsch GJ, Hortacsu A, Ariely D. 2006. ''What Makes You Click? Mate Preferences and Matching Outcomes in Online Dating.'' MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 4603-06. [[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=895442 FullText]]
* Crossley KL, Cornelissen PL, Tovée MJ. 2012. ''What Is an Attractive Body? Using an Interactive 3D Program to Create the Ideal Body for You and Your Partner.'' PLOS ONE. 7(11): e50601. [[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0050601 FullText]] [[https://www.today.com/health/ideal-real-what-perfect-body-really-looks-men-women-t83731 News]]
* Crossley KL, Cornelissen PL, Tovée MJ. 2012. ''What Is an Attractive Body? Using an Interactive 3D Program to Create the Ideal Body for You and Your Partner.'' PLOS ONE. 7(11): e50601. [[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0050601 FullText]] [[https://www.today.com/health/ideal-real-what-perfect-body-really-looks-men-women-t83731 News]]
*  Wang G, Djafarian K, Egedigwe CA, El Hamdouchi A, Ojiambo R, Ramuth H, Wallner-Liebmann SJ, Lackner S, Diouf A, Sauciuvenaite J, Hambly C, Vaanholt LM, Faries MD, Speakman​ JR. 2015. ''The relationship of female physical attractiveness to body fatness.'' PeerJ. 3:e1155. [[https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1155 FullText]] [[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3213417/Why-men-thinner-women-attractive-Scientists-say-evolutionary-fitness-makes-slimmer-females-appealing.html News]]
*  Wang G, Djafarian K, Egedigwe CA, El Hamdouchi A, Ojiambo R, Ramuth H, Wallner-Liebmann SJ, Lackner S, Diouf A, Sauciuvenaite J, Hambly C, Vaanholt LM, Faries MD, Speakman​ JR. 2015. ''The relationship of female physical attractiveness to body fatness.'' PeerJ. 3:e1155. [[https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1155 FullText]] [[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3213417/Why-men-thinner-women-attractive-Scientists-say-evolutionary-fitness-makes-slimmer-females-appealing.html News]]
* National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). 2016. ''Healthy weight, overweight, and obesity among U.S. adults.'' U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [[https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/databriefs/adultweight.pdf FullText]]
* National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). 2016. ''Healthy weight, overweight, and obesity among U.S. adults.'' U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [[https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/databriefs/adultweight.pdf FullText]]
 
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_prefer_low_waist-hip_ratios_in_women">Men prefer low waist-hip ratios in women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_prefer_low_waist-hip_ratios_in_women">Men prefer low waist-hip ratios in women</span>===
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WHR is a ratio calculated by measuring the waist circumference and dividing that measurement by the hip circumference. Lower WHR in women has often been proposed by researchers to be generally desired by men because it is claimed to constitute an 'honest signal' of the woman's fertility.  
WHR is a ratio calculated by measuring the waist circumference and dividing that measurement by the hip circumference. Lower WHR in women has often been proposed by researchers to be generally desired by men because it is claimed to constitute an 'honest signal' of the woman's fertility.  


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* ''A small waist size together with relatively more gluteo-femoral fat serves as a strong direct indicator that a woman has reached the age of sexual maturity and her reproductive resourced are untapped. Men attracted to these anthropometric indicators should have an increased likelihood of having offspring with better brain development.''
* ''A small waist size together with relatively more gluteo-femoral fat serves as a strong direct indicator that a woman has reached the age of sexual maturity and her reproductive resourced are untapped. Men attracted to these anthropometric indicators should have an increased likelihood of having offspring with better brain development.''
* ''In contemporary populations, where there are significant socioeconomic and human capital costs to teen pregnancy,there are often decidedly negative attitudes about teenage sexuality, pregnancy, and marriage, and toward older men who pursue teenage women. Thus, suggestions that nubile females are especially attractive may not not fit well with social-policy priorities. On the other hand, because it ostensibly focuses on physiological states rather than on age related reproductive value,the health-and-fertility hypothesis is free of psychological implications about the inherent attractiveness of youth.''
* ''In contemporary populations, where there are significant socioeconomic and human capital costs to teen pregnancy,there are often decidedly negative attitudes about teenage sexuality, pregnancy, and marriage, and toward older men who pursue teenage women. Thus, suggestions that nubile females are especially attractive may not not fit well with social-policy priorities. On the other hand, because it ostensibly focuses on physiological states rather than on age related reproductive value,the health-and-fertility hypothesis is free of psychological implications about the inherent attractiveness of youth.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Lassek WD, Gaulin SJC. 2019. ''Evidence supporting nubility and reproductive value as the key to human female physical attractiveness.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 40(5): 408-419. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513819300418 Abstract]]
* Lassek WD, Gaulin SJC. 2019. ''Evidence supporting nubility and reproductive value as the key to human female physical attractiveness.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 40(5): 408-419. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513819300418 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Even_congenitally_blind_men_prefer_a_low_waist-hip_ratio_in_women">Even congenitally blind men prefer a low waist-hip ratio in women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Even_congenitally_blind_men_prefer_a_low_waist-hip_ratio_in_women">Even congenitally blind men prefer a low waist-hip ratio in women</span>===
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Karremans, Frankenhuis, and Arons (2009) conducted a study comparing the preference for a lower waist-hip ratio, a trait argued to be near universally desired by men cross culturally, between a sample of congenitally blind men (N = 19) and (N = 38) sighted men; half of whom were blindfolded.
Karremans, Frankenhuis, and Arons (2009) conducted a study comparing the preference for a lower waist-hip ratio, a trait argued to be near universally desired by men cross culturally, between a sample of congenitally blind men (N = 19) and (N = 38) sighted men; half of whom were blindfolded.


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The researchers findings were:
The researchers findings were:
* "The study demonstrates that congenitally blind men, like their sighted counterparts, prefer a low female WHR."
* "The study demonstrates that congenitally blind men, like their sighted counterparts, prefer a low female WHR."
* Although both sighted and blind men preferred the lower WHR, the effect was stronger for sighted men who visually inspected the bodies
* Although both sighted and blind men preferred the lower WHR, the effect was stronger for sighted men who visually inspected the bodies
* This implies while there is an innate, instinctual preference among men for a lower WHR, this preference can also be strengthened by visual input.
* This implies while there is an innate, instinctual preference among men for a lower WHR, this preference can also be strengthened by visual input.
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Karremans JC, Frankenhuis WE, Arons S. 2010. ''Blind men prefer a low waist-to-hip ratio.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 31(3): 182-186. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513809001093?via%3Dihub Abstract]]
* Karremans JC, Frankenhuis WE, Arons S. 2010. ''Blind men prefer a low waist-to-hip ratio.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 31(3): 182-186. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513809001093?via%3Dihub Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="A_man.27s_muscle_building_capacity_is_primarily_determined_by_genetics">A man's muscle building capacity is primarily determined by genetics</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="A_man.27s_muscle_building_capacity_is_primarily_determined_by_genetics">A man's muscle building capacity is primarily determined by genetics</span>===
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There is significant evidence that an individual's muscle-building genetics is the primary determinant of an individual's muscle-building capabilities.
There is significant evidence that an individual's muscle-building genetics is the primary determinant of an individual's muscle-building capabilities.
Carpinelli (2017), reviewed key studies regarding this topic, concluding that the research provided strong evidence for individual genetic variance being the largest factor in how one responds to strength training, as compared to differences in exercise programming, effort, diet and other factors.
Carpinelli (2017), reviewed key studies regarding this topic, concluding that the research provided strong evidence for individual genetic variance being the largest factor in how one responds to strength training, as compared to differences in exercise programming, effort, diet and other factors.
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Significantly, they found evidence that circulating levels of male hormones (within the physiologically normal range; excluding the effects of performance-enhancing drugs) did not appear to have a large effect on the individual's response to resistance training. Instead, they found that one of the main factors that determined individual response to resistance training was likely intramuscular androgen receptor content and density. This also means that even one's response to potent exogenous substances designed to enhance muscular growth, such as androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS), is also substantially determined by genetics.
Significantly, they found evidence that circulating levels of male hormones (within the physiologically normal range; excluding the effects of performance-enhancing drugs) did not appear to have a large effect on the individual's response to resistance training. Instead, they found that one of the main factors that determined individual response to resistance training was likely intramuscular androgen receptor content and density. This also means that even one's response to potent exogenous substances designed to enhance muscular growth, such as androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS), is also substantially determined by genetics.


Another factor that determines an individual's response to strength training and their maximal muscle building capacity is skeletal frame size. There are large correlations between the thickness of certain joints in the body and total fat-free mass, particularly wrist thickness, as this is positively correlated with lean body mass but negatively correlated with total body fat (Chumlea et al., 2001). It is even possible to calculate one's maximal muscular potential with a rough degree of accuracy from the thickness of one's wrists and ankles (Nuckols, G., 2015).  
Another factor that determines an individual's response to strength training and their maximal muscle building capacity is skeletal frame size. There are large correlations between the thickness of certain joints in the body and total fat-free mass, particularly wrist thickness, as this is positively correlated with lean body mass but negatively correlated with total body fat (Chumlea et al., 2001). It is even possible to calculate one's maximal muscular potential with a rough degree of accuracy from the thickness of one's wrists and ankles (Nuckols, G., 2015).
As bone circumference is mostly heritable and also generally fixed by the end of adolescence in any case (Clark, J., 1955), a frame size significantly smaller than average can be a major factor limiting the quality of the response to resistance training, especially if commenced in adulthood.  
As bone circumference is mostly heritable and also generally fixed by the end of adolescence in any case (Clark, J., 1955), a frame size significantly smaller than average can be a major factor limiting the quality of the response to resistance training, especially if commenced in adulthood.
There are also substantial racial differences in average bone thickness and density, with blacks having the thickest bones, then whites; with Asians and south Asians having the thinnest and weakest bones on average (Zengin et al., 2016, Cong & Walker, 2014).
There are also substantial racial differences in average bone thickness and density, with blacks having the thickest bones, then whites; with Asians and south Asians having the thinnest and weakest bones on average (Zengin et al., 2016, Cong & Walker, 2014).
Thus, one could also expect the typical response to resistance training to vary somewhat by race, with there being more 'easy gainers' found among blacks and more 'hard gainers' found among east and south Asians.  
Thus, one could also expect the typical response to resistance training to vary somewhat by race, with there being more 'easy gainers' found among blacks and more 'hard gainers' found among east and south Asians.  
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*''The previously discussed studies that reported and focus#ed on the interindividual heterogeneity of responses to resistance training [1-12] all demonstrated that when a group of people participate in an identical resistance training program, their responses to that program vary considerably and apparently are primarily genetically determined''. (Carpinelli, 2017).
*''The previously discussed studies that reported and focus#ed on the interindividual heterogeneity of responses to resistance training [1-12] all demonstrated that when a group of people participate in an identical resistance training program, their responses to that program vary considerably and apparently are primarily genetically determined''. (Carpinelli, 2017).
* ''Men and women exhibit wide ranges of response to resistance training, with some subjects showing little to no gain, and others showing profound changes, increasing size by over 10 cm and doubling their strength.'' (Hubal et al., 2005).
* ''Men and women exhibit wide ranges of response to resistance training, with some subjects showing little to no gain, and others showing profound changes, increasing size by over 10 cm and doubling their strength.'' (Hubal et al., 2005).
*''Individuals with a greater basal presence of SCs demonstrated, with training, a remarkable ability to expand the SC pool, incorporate new nuclei, and achieve robust growth.'' (Petralla et al., 1985).
*''Individuals with a greater basal presence of SCs demonstrated, with training, a remarkable ability to expand the SC pool, incorporate new nuclei, and achieve robust growth.'' (Petralla et al., 1985).
*''These results indicate that intramuscular androgen receptor content, but neither circulating nor intramuscular hormones (or the enzymes regulating their intramuscular production), influence skeletal muscle hypertrophy following RET in previously trained young men.'' (Morton et al., 2018).
*''These results indicate that intramuscular androgen receptor content, but neither circulating nor intramuscular hormones (or the enzymes regulating their intramuscular production), influence skeletal muscle hypertrophy following RET in previously trained young men.'' (Morton et al., 2018).
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Carpinelli, R. 2017. ''Interindividual Heterogeneity of Adaptions to Resistance Training.'' Medicina Sportiva Practica:18(4):79-94[[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323443805_INTERINDIVIDUAL_HETEROGENEITY_OF_ADAPTATIONS_TO_RESISTANCE_TRAINING FullText]]
* Carpinelli, R. 2017. ''Interindividual Heterogeneity of Adaptions to Resistance Training.'' Medicina Sportiva Practica:18(4):79-94[[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323443805_INTERINDIVIDUAL_HETEROGENEITY_OF_ADAPTATIONS_TO_RESISTANCE_TRAINING FullText]]
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* Zengin AR, Pye SR, Cook MJ, Adams JE, Wu FCW, O' Neill TW & Ward KA. 2016. ''Ethnic differences in bone geometry between White, Black and South Asian men in the UK.'' Bone:91:180–185. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5004623/ FullText]]
* Zengin AR, Pye SR, Cook MJ, Adams JE, Wu FCW, O' Neill TW & Ward KA. 2016. ''Ethnic differences in bone geometry between White, Black and South Asian men in the UK.'' Bone:91:180–185. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5004623/ FullText]]
* Cong E & Walker MD. 2014. ''The Chinese skeleton: insights into microstructure that help to explain the epidemiology of fracture''. Bone Research:2:14009 [[https://www.nature.com/articles/boneres20149 FullText]]
* Cong E & Walker MD. 2014. ''The Chinese skeleton: insights into microstructure that help to explain the epidemiology of fracture''. Bone Research:2:14009 [[https://www.nature.com/articles/boneres20149 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Among_male_university_students.2C_only_cues_of_physical_dominance_over_other_men_predicted_their_mating_success">Among university students, only physical dominance over other men predicted mating success</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Among_male_university_students.2C_only_cues_of_physical_dominance_over_other_men_predicted_their_mating_success">Among university students, only physical dominance over other men predicted mating success</span>===
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A study by Kordsmeyer et al. 2018 found that men's mating success (defined as "an aggregate of participants' number of sexual partners within the last twelve months, lifetime number of one-night stands and of sexual partners without relationship interest") among university students was only related to how dominant other men perceived them. Women's attractiveness ratings were not predictive. This suggests men's mating success is largely determined by their intrasexual competition by means of physical intimidation. Since perceived strength is only moderately related to actual strength, it is likely that men's V-shaped upper body is largely sexually selected and rather mimics actual strength. That the study's advertisement may have primarily selected for men who were confident with their physical appearance, thus they possibly were selected to meet a minimal looks threshold, necessary for dating, that may have went unnoticed by the researchers.
A study by Kordsmeyer et al. 2018 found that men's mating success (defined as "an aggregate of participants' number of sexual partners within the last twelve months, lifetime number of one-night stands and of sexual partners without relationship interest") among university students was only related to how dominant other men perceived them. Women's attractiveness ratings were not predictive. This suggests men's mating success is largely determined by their intrasexual competition by means of physical intimidation. Since perceived strength is only moderately related to actual strength, it is likely that men's V-shaped upper body is largely sexually selected and rather mimics actual strength. That the study's advertisement may have primarily selected for men who were confident with their physical appearance, thus they possibly were selected to meet a minimal looks threshold, necessary for dating, that may have went unnoticed by the researchers.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''These findings thus suggest a greater importance of intrasexual competition than female choice in human male sexual selection.''
* ''These findings thus suggest a greater importance of intrasexual competition than female choice in human male sexual selection.''
* ''This directly replicates Hill et al.'s (2013) result for upper body size (“girth” in their study), and underlines that upper body size may be sexually selected and enhance men's mating success.''
* ''This directly replicates Hill et al.'s (2013) result for upper body size (“girth” in their study), and underlines that upper body size may be sexually selected and enhance men's mating success.''
* ''These findings converge with two more ecologically valid results from two studies in small scale societies. In one Western African population, men involved in traditional ritual fights (wrestling) had a higher number of offspring, but were not especially preferred by local women (Llaurens, Raymond, & Faurie, 2009). In another traditional society, men's success in turtle hunting predicted earlier onset of reproduction and higher reproductive success, but again did not seem to be valued by women (Smith, Bird, & Bird, 2003).''
* ''These findings converge with two more ecologically valid results from two studies in small scale societies. In one Western African population, men involved in traditional ritual fights (wrestling) had a higher number of offspring, but were not especially preferred by local women (Llaurens, Raymond, & Faurie, 2009). In another traditional society, men's success in turtle hunting predicted earlier onset of reproduction and higher reproductive success, but again did not seem to be valued by women (Smith, Bird, & Bird, 2003).''
* ''Men's access to female mates is determined in part by intimidating and winning deference from male rivals, and that this influence may be independent of and even exceed that of mate attraction.''
* ''Men's access to female mates is determined in part by intimidating and winning deference from male rivals, and that this influence may be independent of and even exceed that of mate attraction.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Kordsmeyer TL, Hunt J, Puts DA, Ostner J, Penke L. 2018. ''The relative importance of intra-and intersexual selection on human male sexually dimorphic traits.'' Evolution and Human Behavior, 39(4), pp.424-436. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513817304105 Abstract]] [[http://larspenke.eu/pdfs/Kordsmeyer_et_al_2018_-_Intra-_vs_intersexual_selection_on_human_males.pdf FullText]]
* Kordsmeyer TL, Hunt J, Puts DA, Ostner J, Penke L. 2018. ''The relative importance of intra-and intersexual selection on human male sexually dimorphic traits.'' Evolution and Human Behavior, 39(4), pp.424-436. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513817304105 Abstract]] [[http://larspenke.eu/pdfs/Kordsmeyer_et_al_2018_-_Intra-_vs_intersexual_selection_on_human_males.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Antisocial_personality_disorders_are_linked_with_being_overweight.2Fobese_in_women_but_not_men">Antisocial personality disorders are linked with being overweight/obese in women but not men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Antisocial_personality_disorders_are_linked_with_being_overweight.2Fobese_in_women_but_not_men">Antisocial personality disorders are linked with being overweight/obese in women but not men</span>===
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A report based on the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N = 43,093) in America assessed whether there were associations between antisocial disorders and BMI status. The three antisocial disorders included in the analysis were: (1) Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), (2) Syndromal antisocial behavior in adulthood without conduct disorder before age 15, and (3) Conduct disorder (CD).  
A report based on the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N = 43,093) in America assessed whether there were associations between antisocial disorders and BMI status. The three antisocial disorders included in the analysis were: (1) Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), (2) Syndromal antisocial behavior in adulthood without conduct disorder before age 15, and (3) Conduct disorder (CD).  


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* ''Among men, antisociality was not associated with BMI. ''
* ''Among men, antisociality was not associated with BMI. ''
* ''Among women, ASPD was significantly associated with overweight and extreme obesity; AABS was associated with obesity and extreme obesity; and "CD only" was significantly associated with overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity.''
* ''Among women, ASPD was significantly associated with overweight and extreme obesity; AABS was associated with obesity and extreme obesity; and "CD only" was significantly associated with overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Goldstein RB, Dawson DA, Stinson FS, Ruan WJ, Chou SP, Pickering RP, Grant BF. 2008. ''Antisocial Behavioral Syndromes and Body Mass Index Among Adults in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.'' Compr Psychiatry. 49(3): 225–237. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730646/ FullText]]
* Goldstein RB, Dawson DA, Stinson FS, Ruan WJ, Chou SP, Pickering RP, Grant BF. 2008. ''Antisocial Behavioral Syndromes and Body Mass Index Among Adults in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.'' Compr Psychiatry. 49(3): 225–237. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730646/ FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Across_91_studies.2C_bodily_masculinity_was_predictive_of_men.27s_mating_and_reproductive_success">Across 91 studies, bodily masculinity was predictive of men's mating and reproductive success</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Across_91_studies.2C_bodily_masculinity_was_predictive_of_men.27s_mating_and_reproductive_success">Across 91 studies, bodily masculinity was predictive of men's mating and reproductive success</span>===
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Lidborg et al. conducted a meta-analysis of several studies that examined the effects of various measures of physical masculinity (k = 91, N = 155,348).
Lidborg et al. conducted a meta-analysis of several studies that examined the effects of various measures of physical masculinity (k = 91, N = 155,348).


The main objective of the meta-analysis was to examine two separate hypotheses about the evolutionary functions of masculine phenotypic traits in men; both in a historical and contemporary context.
The main objective of the meta-analysis was to examine two separate hypotheses about the evolutionary functions of masculine phenotypic traits in men; both in a historical and contemporary context.


The researchers examined the effects of physical masculinity on two (somewhat overlapping) domains; namely, how much these traits benefit men in either having greater [[reproductive success]] (more offspring), or sexual success, measured by recording participant's self-reported lifetime sexual partner count, copulation frequency, and age at sexual debut, among other things.
The researchers examined the effects of physical masculinity on two (somewhat overlapping) domains; namely, how much these traits benefit men in either having greater [[reproductive success]] (more offspring), or sexual success, measured by recording participant's self-reported lifetime sexual partner count, copulation frequency, and age at sexual debut, among other things.
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Effect sizes of the studies included in the analysis were standardized and measured by Pearson's ''r'', and the outcomes for each of the measures of phenotypic masculinity are reproduced below, in the data section.
Effect sizes of the studies included in the analysis were standardized and measured by Pearson's ''r'', and the outcomes for each of the measures of phenotypic masculinity are reproduced below, in the data section.


Overall, body masculinity, height, Testosterone level, a deeper voice, and 2:4D Digit Ratio, a purported measure of prenatal testosterone exposure, were all significantly predictive of mating success, while facial masculinity was not.
Overall, body masculinity, height, Testosterone level, a deeper voice, and 2:4D Digit Ratio, a purported measure of prenatal testosterone exposure, were all significantly predictive of mating success, while facial masculinity was not.


Of the various measures of physical masculinity that were examined, only body masculinity was found to be significantly associated with men's [[reproductive success]].
Of the various measures of physical masculinity that were examined, only body masculinity was found to be significantly associated with men's [[reproductive success]].


<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="6" | Correlations between physical masculinity and mating success (bolded indicates significant effect)
! colspan="6" | Correlations between physical masculinity and mating success (bolded indicates significant effect)
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| r = .097
| r = .097
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="6" | Correlations between physical masculinity and reproductive success (bolded indicates significant effect)
! colspan="6" | Correlations between physical masculinity and reproductive success (bolded indicates significant effect)
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| r = .039
| r = .039
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>


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The fact that bodily masculinity was the only significant predictor of mating success in this dataset implies that the intrasexual competition hypothesis is more valid than the handicap hypothesis, as bodily masculinity was the only trait that was predictive of reproductive success, whereas facial masculinity wasn't associated with either mating or reproductive success.  
The fact that bodily masculinity was the only significant predictor of mating success in this dataset implies that the intrasexual competition hypothesis is more valid than the handicap hypothesis, as bodily masculinity was the only trait that was predictive of reproductive success, whereas facial masculinity wasn't associated with either mating or reproductive success.  
 
These two hypotheses overlap somewhat and are not mutually exclusive. One would also expect a 'higher quality' organism to ascend in [[dominance hierarchies]] with greater ease.
These two hypotheses overlap somewhat and are not mutually exclusive. One would also expect a 'higher quality' organism to ascend in [[dominance hierarchies]] with greater ease.
However, whether such traits are even indicative of 'good genes' at all is uncertain. In particular, it has been strongly disputed whether facial masculinity is associated with better immune functioning at, with Scott et al. (2013), among others, arguing that the evidence seeming to demonstrate such a link is tenuous and speculative at best.
However, whether such traits are even indicative of 'good genes' at all is uncertain. In particular, it has been strongly disputed whether facial masculinity is associated with better immune functioning at, with Scott et al. (2013), among others, arguing that the evidence seeming to demonstrate such a link is tenuous and speculative at best.
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''The strongest associations with mating outcomes were seen in terms of body masculinity (r= .133, 95% CI: [0.091, 0.176]), voice pitch (r= .132, 95% CI: [0.061, 0.204]), and testosterone levels (r= .097, 95% CI: [0.070, 0.125]); moderation analyses showed that these three effects did not significantly differ from each other (p> .05). Height and 2D:4D were also significant predictors of mating success, but showed significantly smaller effect sizes than body, voice or testosterone levels (height: r= .057, CI: [0.027, 0.087]; 2D:4D: r= .034, CI: [0.000, 0.069]). The relationship between facial masculinity and mating success was not significant (r= 0.080, 95% CI: [-0.003, 0.164]).''
* ''The strongest associations with mating outcomes were seen in terms of body masculinity (r= .133, 95% CI: [0.091, 0.176]), voice pitch (r= .132, 95% CI: [0.061, 0.204]), and testosterone levels (r= .097, 95% CI: [0.070, 0.125]); moderation analyses showed that these three effects did not significantly differ from each other (p> .05). Height and 2D:4D were also significant predictors of mating success, but showed significantly smaller effect sizes than body, voice or testosterone levels (height: r= .057, CI: [0.027, 0.087]; 2D:4D: r= .034, CI: [0.000, 0.069]). The relationship between facial masculinity and mating success was not significant (r= 0.080, 95% CI: [-0.003, 0.164]).''
* ''In the second set of analyses, we tested the hypothesis that masculine traits and testosterone levels positively predict reproductive success. As Tables 3 and 4 show, relationships were in the predicted direction,but body masculinity was the only significant predictor (r = .119, 95% CI: [0.058, 0.182).''
* ''In the second set of analyses, we tested the hypothesis that masculine traits and testosterone levels positively predict reproductive success. As Tables 3 and 4 show, relationships were in the predicted direction,but body masculinity was the only significant predictor (r = .119, 95% CI: [0.058, 0.182).''
* ''As the only trait in our analysis that is consistently (and most strongly) correlated with fitness outcomes across populations, body masculinity is the only trait we can conclude appears to be under present selection in naturally fertile populations [...] Since traits such as strength and muscularity are associated with formidability, this finding lends support to the male-male competition hypothesis.''
* ''As the only trait in our analysis that is consistently (and most strongly) correlated with fitness outcomes across populations, body masculinity is the only trait we can conclude appears to be under present selection in naturally fertile populations [...] Since traits such as strength and muscularity are associated with formidability, this finding lends support to the male-male competition hypothesis.''
* ''We suggest that immunocompetence perspectives on masculinity, whilst appealing in many ways, should still be regarded as speculative, and that other perspectives–and other traits–should be the subject of greater attention for researchers studying human mate preferences (Scott IML et al. 2013).''
* ''We suggest that immunocompetence perspectives on masculinity, whilst appealing in many ways, should still be regarded as speculative, and that other perspectives–and other traits–should be the subject of greater attention for researchers studying human mate preferences (Scott IML et al. 2013).''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Lidbord LH, Cross CP, Boothroyd LG. 2020. ''Masculinity matters(but mostly if you’re muscular):A meta-analysis of the relationships between sexually dimorphic traits in men and mating/reproductive success''. Preprint copy. [[https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.06.980896 Abstract]][[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.980896v1.full.pdf FullText]]
* Lidbord LH, Cross CP, Boothroyd LG. 2020. ''Masculinity matters(but mostly if you’re muscular):A meta-analysis of the relationships between sexually dimorphic traits in men and mating/reproductive success''. Preprint copy. [[https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.06.980896 Abstract]][[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.980896v1.full.pdf FullText]]
* Scott IML, Clark AP, Boothroyd LG, Penton-Voak IS. 2013. ''Do men’s faces really signal heritable immunocompetence?''. Behavioral Ecology, 24: pp 579–589. [[https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ars092 FullText]]
* Scott IML, Clark AP, Boothroyd LG, Penton-Voak IS. 2013. ''Do men’s faces really signal heritable immunocompetence?''. Behavioral Ecology, 24: pp 579–589. [[https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ars092 FullText]]
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Penis''</span>==
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Penis''</span>==
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_most_prefer_penises_longer_than_84.8.25_of_all_men.27s">Women most prefer penises longer than 84.8% of all men's</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_most_prefer_penises_longer_than_84.8.25_of_all_men.27s">Women most prefer penises longer than 84.8% of all men's</span>===
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A study by Prause ''et al.'' examined the preference for penis size in their male partners among women. It found that presented with scale 3D printed dildos, women preferred a penis of slightly larger circumference and length for one-time (length = 6.4 inches/16.3 cm, circumference = 5.0 inches/12.7 cm) versus long-term (length = 6.3 inches/16.0 cm, circumference = 4.8 inches/12.2 cm) sexual partners. Which according to the calcSD Percentile Calculator demonstrates women preferred a penis fully one standard deviation above the average penis size for one-night stands.
A study by Prause ''et al.'' examined the preference for penis size in their male partners among women. It found that presented with scale 3D printed dildos, women preferred a penis of slightly larger circumference and length for one-time (length = 6.4 inches/16.3 cm, circumference = 5.0 inches/12.7 cm) versus long-term (length = 6.3 inches/16.0 cm, circumference = 4.8 inches/12.2 cm) sexual partners. Which according to the calcSD Percentile Calculator demonstrates women preferred a penis fully one standard deviation above the average penis size for one-night stands.


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* Prause N, Park J, Leung S, Miller G. 2015. ''Women's Preferences for Penis Size: A New Research Method Using Selection among 3D Models.'' PLoS ONE. 10(9): e0133079. [[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0133079 FullText]]
* Prause N, Park J, Leung S, Miller G. 2015. ''Women's Preferences for Penis Size: A New Research Method Using Selection among 3D Models.'' PLoS ONE. 10(9): e0133079. [[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0133079 FullText]]
* /u/CarnivalNightZone. ''calcSD Percentile calculator.'' [[https://calcsd.netlify.com/full Web]] [[https://old.reddit.com/u/CarnivalNightZone Author]]
* /u/CarnivalNightZone. ''calcSD Percentile calculator.'' [[https://calcsd.netlify.com/full Web]] [[https://old.reddit.com/u/CarnivalNightZone Author]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Larger_penis_size_has_an_equivalent_effect_on_male_attractiveness_to_women_as_greater_height">Larger penis size has an equivalent effect on male attractiveness to women as greater height</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Larger_penis_size_has_an_equivalent_effect_on_male_attractiveness_to_women_as_greater_height">Larger penis size has an equivalent effect on male attractiveness to women as greater height</span>===
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A study by Mautz ''et al.'' published in PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013) where women rated life sized projections of 3D male bodies, which varied on such dimensions as shoulder to waist width ratio, stature and flaccid penis length, concluded (in somewhat contradiction to the results of the above study, which examined preferences for erect and not flaccid penis length) that "surprisingly, larger penis size and greater height had almost equivalent positive effects on male attractiveness" and that size of flaccid penis that was seen as more attractive by women, didn't decrease at the upper range examined (at least up to the limit of 13 cm, or 5.11 inches used in the study) along with greater height similarly always being more attractive.  
A study by Mautz ''et al.'' published in PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013) where women rated life sized projections of 3D male bodies, which varied on such dimensions as shoulder to waist width ratio, stature and flaccid penis length, concluded (in somewhat contradiction to the results of the above study, which examined preferences for erect and not flaccid penis length) that "surprisingly, larger penis size and greater height had almost equivalent positive effects on male attractiveness" and that size of flaccid penis that was seen as more attractive by women, didn't decrease at the upper range examined (at least up to the limit of 13 cm, or 5.11 inches used in the study) along with greater height similarly always being more attractive.  


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Mautz B, Wong B, Peters R, Jennions M. 2013. ''Penis size interacts with body shape and height to influence male attractiveness.'' PNAS. 110(17): 6925-6930. [[https://www.pnas.org/content/110/17/6925 FullText]]
* Mautz B, Wong B, Peters R, Jennions M. 2013. ''Penis size interacts with body shape and height to influence male attractiveness.'' PNAS. 110(17): 6925-6930. [[https://www.pnas.org/content/110/17/6925 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_who_prefer_longer_penises_are_more_likely_to_have_vaginal_orgasms">Women who prefer longer penises are more likely to have vaginal orgasms</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_who_prefer_longer_penises_are_more_likely_to_have_vaginal_orgasms">Women who prefer longer penises are more likely to have vaginal orgasms</span>===
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Costa et al. (2012) conducted an online survey of 323 "coitally experienced women."
Costa et al. (2012) conducted an online survey of 323 "coitally experienced women."
The aim of the survey was to test the hypothesis that women who preferred a longer penis in their male sexual partners, had more frequent vaginal orgasms during sexual intercourse.
The aim of the survey was to test the hypothesis that women who preferred a longer penis in their male sexual partners, had more frequent vaginal orgasms during sexual intercourse.
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*''The resulting male anxiety about penis size may not reflect internalized, culturally arbitrary masculines stereotypes, but an accurate appreciation that size matters to many women.''
*''The resulting male anxiety about penis size may not reflect internalized, culturally arbitrary masculines stereotypes, but an accurate appreciation that size matters to many women.''
*''Like many men’s desire to have a longer than average penis, the desire of (especially vaginally orgasmic) women to have a man with a longer than average penis may reflect lessons learned from real sexual experiences rather than internalization of arbitrary stereotypes.''
*''Like many men’s desire to have a longer than average penis, the desire of (especially vaginally orgasmic) women to have a man with a longer than average penis may reflect lessons learned from real sexual experiences rather than internalization of arbitrary stereotypes.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Costa RM, Miller GF, Brody S. 2012. ''Women who prefer longer penises are more likely to have vaginal orgasms (but not clitoral orgasms): implications for an evolutionary theory of vaginal orgasm.'' J Sex Med. 9(12): 3079-88. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23006745 Abstract]]
* Costa RM, Miller GF, Brody S. 2012. ''Women who prefer longer penises are more likely to have vaginal orgasms (but not clitoral orgasms): implications for an evolutionary theory of vaginal orgasm.'' J Sex Med. 9(12): 3079-88. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23006745 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="90.25_of_women_agree_that_penis_girth_is_more_important_than_length_for_their_sexual_satisfaction">90% of women agree that penis girth is more important than length for their sexual satisfaction</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="90.25_of_women_agree_that_penis_girth_is_more_important_than_length_for_their_sexual_satisfaction">90% of women agree that penis girth is more important than length for their sexual satisfaction</span>===
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A survey of women found that 90% reported penis girth was more important for their sexual satisfaction than penis length. None reported that it did not matter or they could not tell the difference.
A survey of women found that 90% reported penis girth was more important for their sexual satisfaction than penis length. None reported that it did not matter or they could not tell the difference.


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* ''Women reported that penis width was more important for their sexual satisfaction than penis length. The results were statistically significant. Penis width needs to be given more consideration, and taken into account when one discusses penis size. ''
* ''Women reported that penis width was more important for their sexual satisfaction than penis length. The results were statistically significant. Penis width needs to be given more consideration, and taken into account when one discusses penis size. ''
* ''Penis width may be important due to a penis thick at the base providing greater clitoral stimulation as the male thrusts into the female during sexual intercourse.''
* ''Penis width may be important due to a penis thick at the base providing greater clitoral stimulation as the male thrusts into the female during sexual intercourse.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Eisen R. 2001. ''Penis size: Survey of female perceptions of sexual satisfaction.'' BMC Womens Health. 1: 1. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33342/ FullText]]
* Eisen R. 2001. ''Penis size: Survey of female perceptions of sexual satisfaction.'' BMC Womens Health. 1: 1. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33342/ FullText]]
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Voice''</span>==
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Voice''</span>==
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_with_deeper_voices_have_more_children_and_sexual_partners">Men with deeper voices have more children and sexual partners</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_with_deeper_voices_have_more_children_and_sexual_partners">Men with deeper voices have more children and sexual partners</span>===
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Apicella ''et al''. (2008) conducted a study of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza_people Hadza] hunter-gatherer tribe in Tanzania, which consisted of male subjects speaking into an auditory recording device to record vocal pitch and also reporting their [[reproductive success|reproductive histories]].
Apicella ''et al''. (2008) conducted a study of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza_people Hadza] hunter-gatherer tribe in Tanzania, which consisted of male subjects speaking into an auditory recording device to record vocal pitch and also reporting their [[reproductive success|reproductive histories]].  
The Hadza do not conduct arranged marriages, women are free to choose their marital partners.
The Hadza do not conduct arranged marriages, women are free to choose their marital partners.
The authors found:
The authors found:
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* "Finally, we were unable to confirm paternity, so we cannot rule out the possibility that, men with low voice pitch may just have more confidence in their paternity than men with high voice pitch."
* "Finally, we were unable to confirm paternity, so we cannot rule out the possibility that, men with low voice pitch may just have more confidence in their paternity than men with high voice pitch."
* The authors concluded that voice pitch has been under sexual selection throughout human history.
* The authors concluded that voice pitch has been under sexual selection throughout human history.
Another study by Puts (2005) recorded the vocal samples of a (N = 111) males from the University of Pittsburgh and asked them to report their number of recent sexual partners. He also had (N = 142) female students in various states of ovulation (conception risk) rate the attractiveness of the male voice samples, based on whether they were desired for a short or long term relationship. It was found:
Another study by Puts (2005) recorded the vocal samples of a (N = 111) males from the University of Pittsburgh and asked them to report their number of recent sexual partners. He also had (N = 142) female students in various states of ovulation (conception risk) rate the attractiveness of the male voice samples, based on whether they were desired for a short or long term relationship. It was found:
* Lower voices were perceived as more attractive, particularly in fertile women for short-term relationships.
* Lower voices were perceived as more attractive, particularly in fertile women for short-term relationships.
* The authors of the study stated low vocal pitch in males is attractive to women possibly because it denotes "good genes", benefits males in male to male competition for mates, or it simply developed due to "[[Fisherian runaway]] sexual selection" (i.e. the [[sexy son hypothesis]])
* The authors of the study stated low vocal pitch in males is attractive to women possibly because it denotes "good genes", benefits males in male to male competition for mates, or it simply developed due to "[[Fisherian runaway]] sexual selection" (i.e. the [[sexy son hypothesis]])
* Lower vocal pitch weakly predicted male participants’ self-reported number of sexual partners over the past year (r = .17)
* Lower vocal pitch weakly predicted male participants’ self-reported number of sexual partners over the past year (r = .17)
Interestingly, no relation between male vocal pitch and overall health has been found (Arnocky 2018; O’Connor 2014).
Interestingly, no relation between male vocal pitch and overall health has been found (Arnocky 2018; O’Connor 2014).


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* Apicella CL, Feinberg DR, Marlowe FW. 2007. ''Voice pitch predicts reproductive success in male hunter-gatherers.'' Biol Lett. 3(6): 682–684. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2391230/ FullText]]
* Apicella CL, Feinberg DR, Marlowe FW. 2007. ''Voice pitch predicts reproductive success in male hunter-gatherers.'' Biol Lett. 3(6): 682–684. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2391230/ FullText]]
* Puts, DA. 2005. ''Mating context and menstrual phase affect women's preferences for male voice pitch.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 26(5): 388-397. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513805000176 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Puts/publication/228782698_Mating_context_and_menstrual_phase_affect_women's_preferences_for_male_voice_pitch/links/5b2135c7458515270fc6bb29/Mating-context-and-menstrual-phase-affect-womens-preferences-for-male-voice-pitch.pdf FullText]]
* Puts, DA. 2005. ''Mating context and menstrual phase affect women's preferences for male voice pitch.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 26(5): 388-397. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513805000176 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Puts/publication/228782698_Mating_context_and_menstrual_phase_affect_women's_preferences_for_male_voice_pitch/links/5b2135c7458515270fc6bb29/Mating-context-and-menstrual-phase-affect-womens-preferences-for-male-voice-pitch.pdf FullText]]
* Arnocky S, et al. 2018. ''Do men with more masculine voices have better immunocompetence?.'' [[http://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.06.003 Abstract]]
* Arnocky S, et al. 2018. ''Do men with more masculine voices have better immunocompetence?.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.06.003 Abstract]]
* O’Connor JJM, et al. 2014. ''Perceptions of infidelity risk predict women’s preferences for low male voice pitch in short-term over long-term relationship contexts''.[[http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.029 Abstract]]
* O’Connor JJM, et al. 2014. ''Perceptions of infidelity risk predict women’s preferences for low male voice pitch in short-term over long-term relationship contexts''.[[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.029 Abstract]]
 
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Social_dialect_and_men.E2.80.99s_voice_pitch_influence_women.E2.80.99s_mate_preferences">Social dialect and men’s voice pitch influence women’s mate preferences</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Social_dialect_and_men.E2.80.99s_voice_pitch_influence_women.E2.80.99s_mate_preferences">Social dialect and men’s voice pitch influence women’s mate preferences</span>===
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O’Connor et al. (2014) examined if male voice pitch and social dialect influence women's perceptions of men's socioeconomic status and attractiveness. They found women perceived lower pitched male voices as higher in socioeconomic status than higher pitched male voices. Furthermore, women independently perceived lower pitched voices and higher status sociolinguistic dialects as higher in socioeconomic status and attractiveness. They also found a significant interaction wherein women preferred lower pitched men's voices more often when dialects were lower in sociolinguistic status than when they were higher in sociolinguistic status. Women also perceived lower pitched voices as higher in socioeconomic status more often when dialects were higher in sociolinguistic status than when lower in sociolinguistic status. Finally, women's own self-rated socioeconomic status was positively related to their preferences for voices with higher status sociolinguistic dialects, but not to their preferences for voice pitch. Hence, women's preferences for traits associated with potentially biologically heritable benefits, such as low voice pitch, are moderated by the presence of traits associated with resource accrual, such as social dialect markers. However, women's preferences for language markers of resource accrual may be functionally independent from preferences for potential biological indicators of heritable benefits, such as voice pitch.
O’Connor et al. (2014) examined if male voice pitch and social dialect influence women's perceptions of men's socioeconomic status and attractiveness. They found women perceived lower pitched male voices as higher in socioeconomic status than higher pitched male voices. Furthermore, women independently perceived lower pitched voices and higher status sociolinguistic dialects as higher in socioeconomic status and attractiveness. They also found a significant interaction wherein women preferred lower pitched men's voices more often when dialects were lower in sociolinguistic status than when they were higher in sociolinguistic status. Women also perceived lower pitched voices as higher in socioeconomic status more often when dialects were higher in sociolinguistic status than when lower in sociolinguistic status. Finally, women's own self-rated socioeconomic status was positively related to their preferences for voices with higher status sociolinguistic dialects, but not to their preferences for voice pitch. Hence, women's preferences for traits associated with potentially biologically heritable benefits, such as low voice pitch, are moderated by the presence of traits associated with resource accrual, such as social dialect markers. However, women's preferences for language markers of resource accrual may be functionally independent from preferences for potential biological indicators of heritable benefits, such as voice pitch.


<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* O’Connor JJM, Fraccaro PJ, Pisanski K, Tigue CC, O’Donnell TJ, Feinberg DR. 2014. ''Social dialect and men’s voice pitch influence women’s mate preferences.'' Evolution and Human Behavior, 35(5), 368–375. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.05.001 Abstract]]
* O’Connor JJM, Fraccaro PJ, Pisanski K, Tigue CC, O’Donnell TJ, Feinberg DR. 2014. ''Social dialect and men’s voice pitch influence women’s mate preferences.'' Evolution and Human Behavior, 35(5), 368–375. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.05.001 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Among_male_CEOs.2C_voice_pitch_is_a_significant_predictor_of_earnings">Among male CEOs, voice pitch is a significant predictor of earnings</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Among_male_CEOs.2C_voice_pitch_is_a_significant_predictor_of_earnings">Among male CEOs, voice pitch is a significant predictor of earnings</span>===
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Mayew et al. (2013) conducted a study analyzing the vocal pitch of 792 male CEOs using acoustics software and found:
Mayew et al. (2013) conducted a study analyzing the vocal pitch of 792 male CEOs using acoustics software and found:
* A deeper voice was significantly associated with increased salaries, and size of the firm managed by the CEOs.
* A deeper voice was significantly associated with increased salaries, and size of the firm managed by the CEOs.
* This was most likely due to CEOs with deeper voices being favored more for leadership positions, due to them being perceived as possessing more "leadership qualities".
* This was most likely due to CEOs with deeper voices being favored more for leadership positions, due to them being perceived as possessing more "leadership qualities".
* The oft-lamented dearth of female CEOs and the corporate pay gap may be partially due to this factor, as women typically have much higher pitched voices then men. It was found that the median firm size run by a woman was remarkably similar to what it would be if vocal pitch was the sole determinate of firm size for someone with a vocal pitch of 210 Hz, roughly corresponding to the mid-range of typical female variance in vocal pitch.
* The oft-lamented dearth of female CEOs and the corporate pay gap may be partially due to this factor, as women typically have much higher pitched voices then men. It was found that the median firm size run by a woman was remarkably similar to what it would be if vocal pitch was the sole determinate of firm size for someone with a vocal pitch of 210 Hz, roughly corresponding to the mid-range of typical female variance in vocal pitch.
* Body size, and [[fWHR]] are not significantly correlated with vocal pitch, therefore the effects of vocal pitch seen in this study are not confounded by these factors.
* Body size, and [[fWHR]] are not significantly correlated with vocal pitch, therefore the effects of vocal pitch seen in this study are not confounded by these factors.
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''A 1% decrease in voice pitch is associated with a $30 million increase in the size of the firm managed, and in turn, $19 thousand more in annual compensation.''
* ''A 1% decrease in voice pitch is associated with a $30 million increase in the size of the firm managed, and in turn, $19 thousand more in annual compensation.''
* ''If voice pitch was the sole determinant of firm size for a female CEO, our estimate ... would imply that the size of the firm run by a female CEO with a voice pitch of 210 Hz would be about $1.5 billion. For the female CEOs listed in the S&P 1500 stock index during our sample period, the median firm size is strikingly similar at roughly $1.7 billion in assets.''
* ''If voice pitch was the sole determinant of firm size for a female CEO, our estimate ... would imply that the size of the firm run by a female CEO with a voice pitch of 210 Hz would be about $1.5 billion. For the female CEOs listed in the S&P 1500 stock index during our sample period, the median firm size is strikingly similar at roughly $1.7 billion in assets.''
* ''Our evidence is consistent with a trait known to indicate success in biological competition also being associated with success in securing leadership positions at top corporations.''
* ''Our evidence is consistent with a trait known to indicate success in biological competition also being associated with success in securing leadership positions at top corporations.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Mayew WJ, Parsons CA, Venkatachalama M. 2013. ''Voice pitch and the labor market success of male chief executive officers.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 34(4): 243-248. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513813000238 Abstract]] [[https://scprod2-lb.mccombs.utexas.edu/~/media/Files/MSB/Departments/Accounting/Centennial/MPV_PSYCI_07262012.pdf FullText]]
* Mayew WJ, Parsons CA, Venkatachalama M. 2013. ''Voice pitch and the labor market success of male chief executive officers.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 34(4): 243-248. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513813000238 Abstract]] [[https://scprod2-lb.mccombs.utexas.edu/~/media/Files/MSB/Departments/Accounting/Centennial/MPV_PSYCI_07262012.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Autistic_males_are_much_more_likely_to_have_a_nasal_voice">Autistic males are much more likely to have a nasal voice</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Autistic_males_are_much_more_likely_to_have_a_nasal_voice">Autistic males are much more likely to have a nasal voice</span>===
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Researchers compared the voices of 29 high-functioning autistic boys ages 6 to 13 to 29 typically developing boys matched on age and ethnicity. 10 listeners who are oblivious to the diagnoses of the speakers rated speech samples for nasality and reported their perceptions of the speaker on a 6-point Likert-type scale. Results showed significantly greater listener-perceived nasality in high-functioning autistic boys than typically developing boys and listeners rated high-functioning autistic boys significantly higher on negative socially relevant adjectives, a finding which was mediated by nasality. Additionally, compared to typically developing speakers, speakers with high-functioning autism were rated lower on dominance and perceived age, and were rated higher on perceived disability. Nasal voices were perceived as younger, less dominant, and less masculine. High-functioning autistic boys were more likely to have nasal voices and the neutral speech of high-functioning autistic boys was perceived as "whiny" or "annoying". Their nasal voices may play a role in the low social status of youth who have high-functioning autism.
Researchers compared the voices of 29 high-functioning autistic boys ages 6 to 13 to 29 typically developing boys matched on age and ethnicity. 10 listeners who are oblivious to the diagnoses of the speakers rated speech samples for nasality and reported their perceptions of the speaker on a 6-point Likert-type scale. Results showed significantly greater listener-perceived nasality in high-functioning autistic boys than typically developing boys and listeners rated high-functioning autistic boys significantly higher on negative socially relevant adjectives, a finding which was mediated by nasality. Additionally, compared to typically developing speakers, speakers with high-functioning autism were rated lower on dominance and perceived age, and were rated higher on perceived disability. Nasal voices were perceived as younger, less dominant, and less masculine. High-functioning autistic boys were more likely to have nasal voices and the neutral speech of high-functioning autistic boys was perceived as "whiny" or "annoying". Their nasal voices may play a role in the low social status of youth who have high-functioning autism.


<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Smerbeck, A. M. (2015). Nasal voice in boys with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 17, 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2015.06.009 [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1750946715000744 Abstract]]
* Smerbeck, A. M. (2015). Nasal voice in boys with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 17, 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2015.06.009 [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1750946715000744 Abstract]]
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Age''</span>==
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Age''</span>==
{{main_articles|[[Agepill]], [[Agecuck]], [[Teenager]], and [[The Wall]]}}
{{main_articles|[[Agepill]], [[Agecuck]], [[Teenager]], and [[The Wall]]}}
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="It_is_normal_for_healthy_men_to_find_pubescent_.26_prepubescent_females_sexually_arousing">It is normal for healthy men to find pubescent & prepubescent females sexually arousing</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="It_is_normal_for_healthy_men_to_find_pubescent_.26_prepubescent_females_sexually_arousing">It is normal for healthy men to find pubescent & prepubescent females sexually arousing</span>===
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One of the best indicators of men's involuntary sexual arousal in response to images is ''phallometry'' which consists in measuring penile tumescence. Multiple studies have been done to assess the male arousal profile in response to erotic stimuli featuring females of various ages.
One of the best indicators of men's involuntary sexual arousal in response to images is ''phallometry'' which consists in measuring penile tumescence. Multiple studies have been done to assess the male arousal profile in response to erotic stimuli featuring females of various ages.


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Similarly, Becker-Blease et al. (2006) found in a sample of N = 531 undergraduate men that approximately ''18%'' report having fantasized in the last 12 months about perpetrating child sexual abuse (e.g. "how often have you had fantasies about sex with a child?") and 8% had masturbated to these fantasies. Only a minority of men in the sample seemed to have any intentions of acting on these fantasies, however, 4% did indicate that they would possibly engage in sexual activity with a child if there was no risk of exposure.
Similarly, Becker-Blease et al. (2006) found in a sample of N = 531 undergraduate men that approximately ''18%'' report having fantasized in the last 12 months about perpetrating child sexual abuse (e.g. "how often have you had fantasies about sex with a child?") and 8% had masturbated to these fantasies. Only a minority of men in the sample seemed to have any intentions of acting on these fantasies, however, 4% did indicate that they would possibly engage in sexual activity with a child if there was no risk of exposure.


Filip Schuster (2014) conducted a meta-analysis revealing that 22% of normal men show greater or equal sexual arousal to child stimuli (individuals up to 13 years old) than to adult stimuli. About 3% of men have a ''preference'' for pedophilia (mostly sexually aroused by prepubescents) and about 16% for hebephilia (mostly sexually aroused by pubescents).
Filip Schuster (2014) conducted a meta-analysis revealing that 22% of normal men show greater or equal sexual arousal to child stimuli (individuals up to 13 years old) than to adult stimuli. About 3% of men have a ''preference'' for pedophilia (mostly sexually aroused by prepubescents) and about 16% for hebephilia (mostly sexually aroused by pubescents).


The scientific consensus is that arousal by child pornography is not necessarily indicative of the paraphilia to be attracted to females far under the legal age of consent, and indeed, such arousal is ''normal''.
The scientific consensus is that arousal by child pornography is not necessarily indicative of the paraphilia to be attracted to females far under the legal age of consent, and indeed, such arousal is ''normal''.
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Erectile responses of healthy men.png|600px|thumb|none|Normal erectile responses for healthy nondeviant men (Freund and Costell 1970)]]
[[File:Erectile responses of healthy men.png|600px|thumb|none|Normal erectile responses for healthy nondeviant men (Freund and Costell 1970)]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''A series of studies in the 1970s and 1980s consistently showed that gynephilic men experience sexual arousal to prepubescent girls.''  
* ''A series of studies in the 1970s and 1980s consistently showed that gynephilic men experience sexual arousal to prepubescent girls.''  
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* ''This pattern has been termed the “classical control profile” (Frenzel & Lang, 1989).'' (Lykins et al. 2010)
* ''This pattern has been termed the “classical control profile” (Frenzel & Lang, 1989).'' (Lykins et al. 2010)
* ''Consistent with previous data (Barbaree & Marshall, 1989; Briere & Runtz, 1989; Fedora et al., 1992; Freund & Watson, 1991), 20% of the current subjects self-reported pedophilic interest and 26.25% exhibited penile arousal to pedophilic stimuli that equalled or exceeded arousal to adult stimuli. (Hall et al. 1995).''
* ''Consistent with previous data (Barbaree & Marshall, 1989; Briere & Runtz, 1989; Fedora et al., 1992; Freund & Watson, 1991), 20% of the current subjects self-reported pedophilic interest and 26.25% exhibited penile arousal to pedophilic stimuli that equalled or exceeded arousal to adult stimuli. (Hall et al. 1995).''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Apostolou M, Shialos M, Georgiadou P. 2019. ''The emotional cost of poor mating performance.'' Personality and Individual Differences, 138, pp. 188-192. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886918305348 Abstract]]
* Apostolou M, Shialos M, Georgiadou P. 2019. ''The emotional cost of poor mating performance.'' Personality and Individual Differences, 138, pp. 188-192. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886918305348 Abstract]]
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* Gowaty P. 1992. In: ''Feminism and Evolutionary Biology.'' p. 231-40. [[https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1601&context=fchd_facpub Context]]
* Gowaty P. 1992. In: ''Feminism and Evolutionary Biology.'' p. 231-40. [[https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1601&context=fchd_facpub Context]]
* Filip Schuster. 2014. ''Every fifth boy and man is pedophilic or hebephilic.'' [[https://www.ipce.info/sites/ipce.info/files/biblio_attachments/every_fifth.pdf FullText]]
* Filip Schuster. 2014. ''Every fifth boy and man is pedophilic or hebephilic.'' [[https://www.ipce.info/sites/ipce.info/files/biblio_attachments/every_fifth.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_rate_the_faces_of_adolescent_girls_as_more_attractive_and_feminine_than_adult_women">Men rate the faces of adolescent girls as more attractive and feminine than adult women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_rate_the_faces_of_adolescent_girls_as_more_attractive_and_feminine_than_adult_women">Men rate the faces of adolescent girls as more attractive and feminine than adult women</span>===
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Anthropology and Sociology researchers Röder et al. (2013) from the University of Göttingen noted that prior research on male ratings of female attractiveness and femininity has largely restricted itself to only considering women of young adult age (i.e., college-aged). However, they note that the capability for a female to become pregnant or bear children is not limited to this age range, but commences at menarche (first period), which is currently roughly at a mean age of 12.43 (Chumlea et al. 2003). They sought to investigate whether male ratings of female attractiveness and femininity would show a response to this age group and how it would compare to male responses to adult and menopausal women.
Anthropology and Sociology researchers Röder et al. (2013) from the University of Göttingen noted that prior research on male ratings of female attractiveness and femininity has largely restricted itself to only considering women of young adult age (i.e., college-aged). However, they note that the capability for a female to become pregnant or bear children is not limited to this age range, but commences at menarche (first period), which is currently roughly at a mean age of 12.43 (Chumlea et al. 2003). They sought to investigate whether male ratings of female attractiveness and femininity would show a response to this age group and how it would compare to male responses to adult and menopausal women.


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* ''Health and youth are considered to be the predominant qualities men employ in their assessment of female attractiveness and femininity because of their link with fertility and reproductive value (Grammer et al., 2003; Wood, 1989). ''
* ''Health and youth are considered to be the predominant qualities men employ in their assessment of female attractiveness and femininity because of their link with fertility and reproductive value (Grammer et al., 2003; Wood, 1989). ''
* ''Our data suggest a general preference for female youth.''
* ''Our data suggest a general preference for female youth.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Röder S, Fink B, Jones BC. 2013. ''Facial, Olfactory, and Vocal Cues to Female Reproductive Value.'' Evolutionary Psychology. 11(2): 392-404. [[https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491301100209 Abstract]] [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/147470491301100209 FullText]]
* Röder S, Fink B, Jones BC. 2013. ''Facial, Olfactory, and Vocal Cues to Female Reproductive Value.'' Evolutionary Psychology. 11(2): 392-404. [[https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491301100209 Abstract]] [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/147470491301100209 FullText]]
* Chumlea WC, Schubert CM, Roche AF, Kulin HE, Lee PA, Himes JH, Sun SS. 2003. ''Age at menarche and racial comparisons in US girls.'' Pediatrics. 111(1): 110-3. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12509562 Abstract]]
* Chumlea WC, Schubert CM, Roche AF, Kulin HE, Lee PA, Himes JH, Sun SS. 2003. ''Age at menarche and racial comparisons in US girls.'' Pediatrics. 111(1): 110-3. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12509562 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_downplay_their_sexual_attraction_to_adolescent_girls.2C_even_where_they_are_of_legal_age">Men downplay their sexual attraction to adolescent girls, even where they are of legal age</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_downplay_their_sexual_attraction_to_adolescent_girls.2C_even_where_they_are_of_legal_age">Men downplay their sexual attraction to adolescent girls, even where they are of legal age</span>===
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Bennett, Lowe & Petrova (2015) aiming to replicate the findings of previous research into the subject (e.g: O’Donnell et al. 2014) examined men's (N = 36; mean age 34.5) ratings of their level of sexual attraction to photographs of adolescent girls [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanner_scale at level 3 or 4 on the Tanner scale of pubertal development.] The true age of the girls in the photographs was obscured by the researchers; they labelled the photos deceptively, claiming the same girls were either 14-15 or 16-17 years of age, respectively.
Bennett, Lowe & Petrova (2015) aiming to replicate the findings of previous research into the subject (e.g: O’Donnell et al. 2014) examined men's (N = 36; mean age 34.5) ratings of their level of sexual attraction to photographs of adolescent girls [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanner_scale at level 3 or 4 on the Tanner scale of pubertal development.] The true age of the girls in the photographs was obscured by the researchers; they labelled the photos deceptively, claiming the same girls were either 14-15 or 16-17 years of age, respectively.


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*  ''Importantly, this replication occurred despite the age of consent in Bulgaria being 2 years younger than that of the UK. Key findings were that apparently younger girls were rated as less attractive than (the same) apparently older girls, who in turn were considered less attractive than women.''
*  ''Importantly, this replication occurred despite the age of consent in Bulgaria being 2 years younger than that of the UK. Key findings were that apparently younger girls were rated as less attractive than (the same) apparently older girls, who in turn were considered less attractive than women.''
* ''That these findings were found in populations with differing ages of sexual consent suggests that they are general, perhaps ethically driven norms,rather than norms based on legal controls on behavior.''  
* ''That these findings were found in populations with differing ages of sexual consent suggests that they are general, perhaps ethically driven norms,rather than norms based on legal controls on behavior.''  
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Bennett P, Lowe R, Petrova H. 2015. ''Heterosexual Men’s Ratings of Sexual Attractiveness of Adolescent Girls: A Cross-Cultural Analysis.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior. 44(8): 2201–2206. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-015-0504-6 Abstract]]
* Bennett P, Lowe R, Petrova H. 2015. ''Heterosexual Men’s Ratings of Sexual Attractiveness of Adolescent Girls: A Cross-Cultural Analysis.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior. 44(8): 2201–2206. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-015-0504-6 Abstract]]
* O’Donnell M, Lowe RP, Brotherton H, Bennett P. 2014. ''Heterosexual men’s ratings of sexual attractiveness of adolescent girls: Effects of labeling the target as under or over the age of sexual consent.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior. 43: 267–271. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24132774?dopt=Abstract Abstract]]
* O’Donnell M, Lowe RP, Brotherton H, Bennett P. 2014. ''Heterosexual men’s ratings of sexual attractiveness of adolescent girls: Effects of labeling the target as under or over the age of sexual consent.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior. 43: 267–271. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24132774?dopt=Abstract Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_sexually_prefer_young_women_throughout_life.2C_while_women_prefer_age-matched_men">Men sexually prefer young women throughout life, while women prefer age-matched men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_sexually_prefer_young_women_throughout_life.2C_while_women_prefer_age-matched_men">Men sexually prefer young women throughout life, while women prefer age-matched men</span>===
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Co-founder of OkCupid Christian Rudder analyzed how age preferences change with age among OkCupid users. He found that, throughout men's lives, men most prefer women who are 20-23 years old.
Co-founder of OkCupid Christian Rudder analyzed how age preferences change with age among OkCupid users. He found that, throughout men's lives, men most prefer women who are 20-23 years old.
By contrast, women prefer men who are within a few years of their own age, and as they get older, they prefer men who more closely match their age. Only after 31 do they prefer men who are younger, and then only by a few years.
By contrast, women prefer men who are within a few years of their own age, and as they get older, they prefer men who more closely match their age. Only after 31 do they prefer men who are younger, and then only by a few years.
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
[[File:Ages of partners men and women find most attractive.png|600px|none|thumb|A man/woman's age vs. the age of partners who look best to him/her]]
[[File:Ages of partners men and women find most attractive.png|600px|none|thumb|A man/woman's age vs. the age of partners who look best to him/her]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Rudder C. 2015. ''Men's Favorite Ages Are 20, 21, 22, and 23: A Data Dive by the Co-Founder of OKCupid.'' Jezebel. [[https://jezebel.com/mens-favorite-ages-are-20-21-22-and-23-a-data-dive-1731660984 News]]
* Rudder C. 2015. ''Men's Favorite Ages Are 20, 21, 22, and 23: A Data Dive by the Co-Founder of OKCupid.'' Jezebel. [[https://jezebel.com/mens-favorite-ages-are-20-21-22-and-23-a-data-dive-1731660984 News]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men.27s_desirability_to_women_online_peaks_at_50.2C_while_women.27s_peaks_at_18_and_then_falls_rapidly">Men's desirability to women online peaks at 50, while women's peaks at 18 and then falls rapidly</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men.27s_desirability_to_women_online_peaks_at_50.2C_while_women.27s_peaks_at_18_and_then_falls_rapidly">Men's desirability to women online peaks at 50, while women's peaks at 18 and then falls rapidly</span>===
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Bruch and Newman (2018) analyzed thousands of messages exchanged on a "popular, free online-dating service" between more than 186,000 straight men and women. They looked only at four metro areas—New York, Boston, Chicago, and Seattle—and only at messages from January 2014.
Bruch and Newman (2018) analyzed thousands of messages exchanged on a "popular, free online-dating service" between more than 186,000 straight men and women. They looked only at four metro areas—New York, Boston, Chicago, and Seattle—and only at messages from January 2014.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Desirability of men vs women by age.PNG|thumb|none|600px|Desirability of men and women online by age]]
[[File:Desirability of men vs women by age.PNG|thumb|none|600px|Desirability of men and women online by age]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''The average woman’s desirability drops from the time she is 18 until she is 60. ''
* ''The average woman’s desirability drops from the time she is 18 until she is 60. ''
* ''For men, desirability peaks around 50 and then declines. ''
* ''For men, desirability peaks around 50 and then declines. ''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Bruch EE, Newman MEJ. 2018. ''Aspirational pursuit of mates in online dating markets.'' Science Advances. 4(8). [[https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaap9815/tab-figures-data FullText]] [[https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaap9815.abstract Abstract]]
* Bruch EE, Newman MEJ. 2018. ''Aspirational pursuit of mates in online dating markets.'' Science Advances. 4(8). [[https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaap9815/tab-figures-data FullText]] [[https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaap9815.abstract Abstract]]
* Meyer R. 2018. ''Dude, She’s (Exactly 25 Percent) Out of Your League.'' The Atlantic. [[https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/08/online-dating-out-of-your-league/567083/ News]]
* Meyer R. 2018. ''Dude, She’s (Exactly 25 Percent) Out of Your League.'' The Atlantic. [[https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/08/online-dating-out-of-your-league/567083/ News]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Younger_female_prostitutes_are_in_higher_demand_and_charge_more.2C_across_numerous_cultures">Younger female prostitutes are in higher demand and charge more, across numerous cultures</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Younger_female_prostitutes_are_in_higher_demand_and_charge_more.2C_across_numerous_cultures">Younger female prostitutes are in higher demand and charge more, across numerous cultures</span>===
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Dunn (2018) conducted a study wherein data was collected of advertising profiles posted by female escorts on the website [https://adultwork.com AdultWork.com].
Dunn (2018) conducted a study wherein data was collected of advertising profiles posted by female escorts on the website [https://adultwork.com AdultWork.com].
The data consisted of a cross-cultural sample, with data collected from the following countries/regions: Australia, The United States, The United Kingdom, Ireland and "Eastern Europe" (the particular countries were not specified.)  
The data consisted of a cross-cultural sample, with data collected from the following countries/regions: Australia, The United States, The United Kingdom, Ireland and "Eastern Europe" (the particular countries were not specified.)  
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* ''Prostitution has been recorded across all cultures and historical epochs.''
* ''Prostitution has been recorded across all cultures and historical epochs.''
* ''With the exception of Irish escorts advertising for an outcall service, differences were found in all countries sampled with younger escorts charging significantly higher fees than older escorts. ''
* ''With the exception of Irish escorts advertising for an outcall service, differences were found in all countries sampled with younger escorts charging significantly higher fees than older escorts. ''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Dunn MJ. 2018. ''Younger Escorts Advertise Higher Charges Online than Older Escorts for Sexual Services Cross-Culturally.'' Evolutionary Psychological Science. 4(3): 331-339. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40806-018-0142-z Abstract]]
* Dunn MJ. 2018. ''Younger Escorts Advertise Higher Charges Online than Older Escorts for Sexual Services Cross-Culturally.'' Evolutionary Psychological Science. 4(3): 331-339. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40806-018-0142-z Abstract]]
* Sohn K. 2016. ''Men’s revealed preferences regarding women’s ages: evidence from prostitution.'' Evolution and Human Behavior, 37(4), 272-280. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.01.002 Abstract]]
* Sohn K. 2016. ''Men’s revealed preferences regarding women’s ages: evidence from prostitution.'' Evolution and Human Behavior, 37(4), 272-280. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.01.002 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_age_facially_at_2-3_times_the_rate_of_men">Women age facially at 2-3 times the rate of men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_age_facially_at_2-3_times_the_rate_of_men">Women age facially at 2-3 times the rate of men</span>===
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It is a common expression that comparatively speaking, "men age like wine, women age like milk." Scientifically, it has been shown that this phrase may in fact have validity, as women develop facial signs of aging at 2-3 times the rate that men do.
It is a common expression that comparatively speaking, "men age like wine, women age like milk." Scientifically, it has been shown that this phrase may in fact have validity, as women develop facial signs of aging at 2-3 times the rate that men do.


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* ''Before age 50 and also after age 60, female faces age—on average—about twice as fast as male faces; between 50 and 60 years, this sex difference in aging rate is even more pronounced (up to three times faster).''
* ''Before age 50 and also after age 60, female faces age—on average—about twice as fast as male faces; between 50 and 60 years, this sex difference in aging rate is even more pronounced (up to three times faster).''
* ''Aging was generally associated with a flatter face, sagged soft tissue ("broken" jawline), deeper nasolabial folds, smaller visible areas of the eyes, thinner lips, and longer nose and ears.''
* ''Aging was generally associated with a flatter face, sagged soft tissue ("broken" jawline), deeper nasolabial folds, smaller visible areas of the eyes, thinner lips, and longer nose and ears.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Windhager S, Mitteroecker P, Rupić I, Lauc T, Polašek O, Schaefer K. 2019. ''Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause.'' Am J Phys Anthropol. 169:678–688. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.23878 FullText]]
* Windhager S, Mitteroecker P, Rupić I, Lauc T, Polašek O, Schaefer K. 2019. ''Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause.'' Am J Phys Anthropol. 169:678–688. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.23878 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Age_gap_couples_fare_better_than_age_similar_couples">Age gap couples fare better than age similar couples</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Age_gap_couples_fare_better_than_age_similar_couples">Age gap couples fare better than age similar couples</span>===
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Studies have shown that age gap couples are more likely to break up than age similar couples and that the risk of breaking up increases as the age gap increases. Nonetheless, studies also show that the intrinsic nature of the age gap itself has nothing to do with the risk of breaking up, and instead, society's strong stigma against age gaps causes the risk of breaking up. Research shows that when age gap couples are exposed to disapproval from friends, family and society at large, they experience less commitment and satisfaction in the relationship while when they receive approval from friends and family and don't experience stigma from others, they have a lot of commitment and satisfaction. Most age gap couples will receive disapproval from friends, family and society at large. When they experience approval from others, age gap couples fare far better than age similar couples. In fact, studies show that age gap couples have increased life satisfaction compared to age similar relationships and are more trusting, less jealous, and less selfish compared to age similar relationships. This is particularly true for age gap couples of an older man and younger woman. These studies found this to be true among age gap couples, including age gap couples where the younger partner might be a college student (i.e.: in the 18 to 21 age group). The reason age gap couples fare better is because their age gap matches the evolutionary perspective of age gaps between older men and younger women (i.e.: young women having high fertility and high reproductive value and older men having more wealth and resources to provide for a family). Many people will assume that young women who date much older men have daddy issues, but studies show this is a myth and that most women who date much older men have healthy relationships with their own father.
Studies have shown that age gap couples are more likely to break up than age similar couples and that the risk of breaking up increases as the age gap increases. Nonetheless, studies also show that the intrinsic nature of the age gap itself has nothing to do with the risk of breaking up, and instead, society's strong stigma against age gaps causes the risk of breaking up. Research shows that when age gap couples are exposed to disapproval from friends, family and society at large, they experience less commitment and satisfaction in the relationship while when they receive approval from friends and family and don't experience stigma from others, they have a lot of commitment and satisfaction. Most age gap couples will receive disapproval from friends, family and society at large. When they experience approval from others, age gap couples fare far better than age similar couples. In fact, studies show that age gap couples have increased life satisfaction compared to age similar relationships and are more trusting, less jealous, and less selfish compared to age similar relationships. This is particularly true for age gap couples of an older man and younger woman. These studies found this to be true among age gap couples, including age gap couples where the younger partner might be a college student (i.e.: in the 18 to 21 age group). The reason age gap couples fare better is because their age gap matches the evolutionary perspective of age gaps between older men and younger women (i.e.: young women having high fertility and high reproductive value and older men having more wealth and resources to provide for a family). Many people will assume that young women who date much older men have daddy issues, but studies show this is a myth and that most women who date much older men have healthy relationships with their own father.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
*''In addition to increased life satisfaction, research suggests age-gap relationships fare well in other regards. For instance, age-gap partners appear to be more trusting, less jealous, and less selfish in their relationships compared to persons who are more similar in age to their romantic partners.''
*''In addition to increased life satisfaction, research suggests age-gap relationships fare well in other regards. For instance, age-gap partners appear to be more trusting, less jealous, and less selfish in their relationships compared to persons who are more similar in age to their romantic partners.''
*''The common belief that the women who choose much older partners because of having “daddy issues” was unfounded in this study. There was no significant difference in attachment styles between the 2 groups, and 74% of the women in age-gap relationships were securely attached. Results are consistent with the limited literature on age-gap relationships regarding attachment style and relationship satisfaction. This study adds to the growing body of literature on attachment style and offers insight into the less-explored age-gap relationship dynamic.''
*''The common belief that the women who choose much older partners because of having “daddy issues” was unfounded in this study. There was no significant difference in attachment styles between the 2 groups, and 74% of the women in age-gap relationships were securely attached. Results are consistent with the limited literature on age-gap relationships regarding attachment style and relationship satisfaction. This study adds to the growing body of literature on attachment style and offers insight into the less-explored age-gap relationship dynamic.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Skentelbery, S. G., & Fowler, D. M. (2016). Attachment styles of women-younger partners in age-gap relationships. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 10(2), 142–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000064
*Skentelbery, S. G., & Fowler, D. M. (2016). Attachment styles of women-younger partners in age-gap relationships. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 10(2), 142–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000064
*Lehmiller, Justin and Agnew, Christopher, "May-December Paradoxes: An Exploration of Age-Gap Relationships in Western Society" (2011). Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications. Paper 27. http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/psychpubs/27. [[https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=psychpubs FullText]]
*Lehmiller, Justin and Agnew, Christopher, "May-December Paradoxes: An Exploration of Age-Gap Relationships in Western Society" (2011). Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications. Paper 27. http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/psychpubs/27. [[https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=psychpubs FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Young_Americans_are_harsher_critics_than_older_Americans_of_older_men_dating_younger_women">Young Americans are harsher critics than older Americans of older men dating younger women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Young_Americans_are_harsher_critics_than_older_Americans_of_older_men_dating_younger_women">Young Americans are harsher critics than older Americans of older men dating younger women</span>===
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In the 2018 research paper "Why do people disparage May–December romances? Condemnation of age-discrepant romantic relationships as strategic moralization", a survey was conducted asking 401 Americans (211 women and 190 men) their opinion on age gap relationships, especially ones where the man is older than the woman. A key finding was that young people were harsher critics than older adults of older men dating younger women.
In the 2018 research paper "Why do people disparage May–December romances? Condemnation of age-discrepant romantic relationships as strategic moralization", a survey was conducted asking 401 Americans (211 women and 190 men) their opinion on age gap relationships, especially ones where the man is older than the woman. A key finding was that young people were harsher critics than older adults of older men dating younger women.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Sela, Y., Pham, M. N., Mogilski, J. K., Lopes, G. S., Shackelford, T. K., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2018). Why do people disparage May–December romances? Condemnation of age-discrepant romantic relationships as strategic moralization. Personality and Individual Differences, 130, 6-10. [[https://www.toddkshackelford.com/downloads/Sela%20et%20al-PAID-2018.pdf FullText]]
*Sela, Y., Pham, M. N., Mogilski, J. K., Lopes, G. S., Shackelford, T. K., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2018). Why do people disparage May–December romances? Condemnation of age-discrepant romantic relationships as strategic moralization. Personality and Individual Differences, 130, 6-10. [[https://www.toddkshackelford.com/downloads/Sela%20et%20al-PAID-2018.pdf FullText]]
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Hypergamy''</span>==
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Hypergamy''</span>==
This section covers both female choosiness and [[hypergamy]]. Choosiness may be a cause of hypergamy via [[principle of least interest]].
This section covers both female choosiness and [[hypergamy]]. Choosiness may be a cause of hypergamy via [[principle of least interest]].
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_rate_80.25_of_men_as_.22below_average.22.2C_while_men_rate_women_on_a_bell_curve">Women rate 80% of men as "below medium", while men rate women on a bell curve</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_rate_80.25_of_men_as_.22below_average.22.2C_while_men_rate_women_on_a_bell_curve">Women rate 80% of men as "below medium", while men rate women on a bell curve</span>===
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In 2009, the dating site OkCupid published a blog article titled "Your Looks and Your Inbox" which analyzed the messaging patterns of their userbase broken down by sex and looks. They found that while men rated women on roughly a bell curve distribution centered around medium (5/10), women rated 80% of men as below medium. This data was further analyzed for the book Dataclysm (2014) by OkCupid founder Christian Rudder, providing a more detailed graphing of the original data, demonstrated below, converted to a 0 to 10 rating scale. Christian Rudder expounded on his findings in an interview in 2014, available [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_islsqquXAo&feature=youtu.be&t=2161 here].
In 2009, the dating site OkCupid published a blog article titled "Your Looks and Your Inbox" which analyzed the messaging patterns of their userbase broken down by sex and looks. They found that while men rated women on roughly a bell curve distribution centered around medium (5/10), women rated 80% of men as below medium. This data was further analyzed for the book Dataclysm (2014) by OkCupid founder Christian Rudder, providing a more detailed graphing of the original data, demonstrated below, converted to a 0 to 10 rating scale. Christian Rudder expounded on his findings in an interview in 2014, available [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_islsqquXAo&feature=youtu.be&t=2161 here].


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Women rate an incredible 80% of guys as worse-looking than medium. Very harsh.''
* ''Women rate an incredible 80% of guys as worse-looking than medium. Very harsh.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Rudder C. 2009. ''Your Looks and Your Inbox.'' OK Trends. [[https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/yourlooksandyourinbox.html Article]]
* Rudder C. 2009. ''Your Looks and Your Inbox.'' OK Trends. [[https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/yourlooksandyourinbox.html Article]]
* Rudder C. 2014. ''Dataclysm: Love, Sex, Race, and Identity—What Our Online Lives Tell Us about Our Offline Selves.'' Broadway Books. [[http://i.imgur.com/uAOsyLn.gif Excerpt]]
* Rudder C. 2014. ''Dataclysm: Love, Sex, Race, and Identity—What Our Online Lives Tell Us about Our Offline Selves.'' Broadway Books. [[https://i.imgur.com/uAOsyLn.gif Excerpt]]
* Bendixen, M., Kennair, L.E.O., Biegler, R. and Haselton, M.G., 2019. ''Adjusting signals of sexual interest in the most recent naturally occurring opposite-sex encounter in two different contexts.'' [[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2019-18462-001 Abstract]]
* Bendixen, M., Kennair, L.E.O., Biegler, R. and Haselton, M.G., 2019. ''Adjusting signals of sexual interest in the most recent naturally occurring opposite-sex encounter in two different contexts.'' [[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2019-18462-001 Abstract]]
* Marshall J, Wasserman T T. 1997. ''The Perception of Sexual Attractiveness: Sex Differences in Variability.'' [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1024570814293 Abstract]]
* Marshall J, Wasserman T T. 1997. ''The Perception of Sexual Attractiveness: Sex Differences in Variability.'' [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1024570814293 Abstract]]
* Eagly A H, Mladinic A, Otto S. 1991. ''Are Women Evaluated More Favorably Than Men?: An Analysis of Attitudes, Beliefs, and Emotions.'' [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1991.tb00792.x Abstract]]
* Eagly A H, Mladinic A, Otto S. 1991. ''Are Women Evaluated More Favorably Than Men?: An Analysis of Attitudes, Beliefs, and Emotions.'' [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1991.tb00792.x Abstract]]
* Birnbaum G E, et al. 2014. ''Why Do Men Prefer Nice Women? Gender Typicality Mediates the Effect of Responsiveness on Perceived Attractiveness in Initial Acquaintanceships.'' [[http://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214543879 Abstract]] [[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.909.5408&rep=rep1&type=pdf FullText]]
* Birnbaum G E, et al. 2014. ''Why Do Men Prefer Nice Women? Gender Typicality Mediates the Effect of Responsiveness on Perceived Attractiveness in Initial Acquaintanceships.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214543879 Abstract]] [[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.909.5408&rep=rep1&type=pdf FullText]]
* Wood D, Brumbaugh C C. 2009. ''Using Revealed Mate Preferences to Evaluate Market Force and Differential Preference Explanations for Mate Selection.'' [[http://doi.org/10.1037/a0015 Abstract]] [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0cb0/ad55235f09832dc9f28d1bbde9e86ea1a402.pdf FullText]]
* Wood D, Brumbaugh C C. 2009. ''Using Revealed Mate Preferences to Evaluate Market Force and Differential Preference Explanations for Mate Selection.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015 Abstract]] [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0cb0/ad55235f09832dc9f28d1bbde9e86ea1a402.pdf FullText]]
* Bruch EE, Newman ME. 2018. ''Aspirational pursuit of mates in online dating markets.'' Science Advances. 4(8):eaap9815. [[https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/4/8/eaap9815.full.pdf FullText]]
* Bruch EE, Newman ME. 2018. ''Aspirational pursuit of mates in online dating markets.'' Science Advances. 4(8):eaap9815. [[https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/4/8/eaap9815.full.pdf FullText]]
* Eibl-Eibesfeldt. 2017. ''Pair Formation, Courtship, Sexual Love.'' In: ''Human ethology.'' Routledge. [[https://books.google.com/books?id=-CExDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT6&ots=KctjD7Zprm&dq=Pair%20Formation%2C%20Courtship%2C%20Sexual%20Love&pg=PT335#v=onepage&q=Pair%20Formation,%20Courtship,%20Sexual%20Love&f=false GoogleBooks]]
* Eibl-Eibesfeldt. 2017. ''Pair Formation, Courtship, Sexual Love.'' In: ''Human ethology.'' Routledge. [[https://books.google.com/books?id=-CExDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT6&ots=KctjD7Zprm&dq=Pair%20Formation%2C%20Courtship%2C%20Sexual%20Love&pg=PT335#v=onepage&q=Pair%20Formation,%20Courtship,%20Sexual%20Love&f=false GoogleBooks]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="In_sexually_liberated_societies.2C_only_women_decide_when_sex_occurs"> In sexually liberated societies, only women decide when sex occurs </span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="In_sexually_liberated_societies.2C_only_women_decide_when_sex_occurs"> In sexually liberated societies, only women decide when sex occurs </span>===
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Cohen and Shotland (1996) computed correlations between when people thought sex should start and when they actually began having sex. For the men, the correlation was not significant (r = .19), which implies they had no say, whereas for women the correlation was very high (r = .88). Moreover, women rarely initiate, and hence get to choose. Hence it is likely that women cause this pattern somewhat more than men.
Cohen and Shotland (1996) computed correlations between when people thought sex should start and when they actually began having sex. For the men, the correlation was not significant (r = .19), which implies they had no say, whereas for women the correlation was very high (r = .88). Moreover, women rarely initiate, and hence get to choose. Hence it is likely that women cause this pattern somewhat more than men.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Cohen LL, Shotland RL. 1996. ''Timing of first sexual intercourse in a relationship: Expectations, experiences, and perceptions of others.'' Journal of Sex Research. 33(4):291-9. [[https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499609551846 Abstract]]
* Cohen LL, Shotland RL. 1996. ''Timing of first sexual intercourse in a relationship: Expectations, experiences, and perceptions of others.'' Journal of Sex Research. 33(4):291-9. [[https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499609551846 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_prefer_men_with_high_income_and_high_educational_status">Women prefer men with high income and high educational status</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_prefer_men_with_high_income_and_high_educational_status">Women prefer men with high income and high educational status</span>===
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The dating site OkCupid released data through their blog about the preference of women's dating decisions regarding men's income. In the first figure below, one can see that women were much more likely to message males with higher income, especially for men older than 22 years.
The dating site OkCupid released data through their blog about the preference of women's dating decisions regarding men's income. In the first figure below, one can see that women were much more likely to message males with higher income, especially for men older than 22 years.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Poorcel2.png|none|thumb|500x500px|Women preferentially message men with high income.]]
[[File:Poorcel2.png|none|thumb|500x500px|Women preferentially message men with high income.]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''If you’re 23 or older and don’t make much money, go die in a fire. It’s not hard to see where the incentive to exaggerate comes from.''
* ''If you’re 23 or older and don’t make much money, go die in a fire. It’s not hard to see where the incentive to exaggerate comes from.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Rudder C. 2009. ''The Big Lies People Tell In Online Dating.'' OK Trends. [[https://archive.fo/rBE2U#selection-661.99-661.232 Article]]
* Rudder C. 2009. ''The Big Lies People Tell In Online Dating.'' OK Trends. [[https://archive.fo/rBE2U#selection-661.99-661.232 Article]]
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* Fales, M.R., Frederick, D.A., Garcia, J.R., Gildersleeve, K.A., Haselton, M.G. and Fisher, H.E. 2016. ''Mating markets and bargaining hands: Mate preferences for attractiveness and resources in two national US studies.'' [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282931592 Abstract]]
* Fales, M.R., Frederick, D.A., Garcia, J.R., Gildersleeve, K.A., Haselton, M.G. and Fisher, H.E. 2016. ''Mating markets and bargaining hands: Mate preferences for attractiveness and resources in two national US studies.'' [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282931592 Abstract]]
* Buss DM, Schmitt DP. 2019. ''Mate preferences and their behavioral manifestations.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103408 Abstract]]
* Buss DM, Schmitt DP. 2019. ''Mate preferences and their behavioral manifestations.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103408 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Career_women_are_refusing_to_marry_down_facing_a_.27shortage.27_of_equally_or_more_successful_men">Career women are refusing to marry down facing a 'shortage' of equally or more successful men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Career_women_are_refusing_to_marry_down_facing_a_.27shortage.27_of_equally_or_more_successful_men">Career women are refusing to marry down facing a 'shortage' of equally or more successful men</span>===
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A study by Lichter, Price & Swigert (2019) assessed whether unmarried women currently face demographic shortages of marital partners in the U.S. marriage market as a possible explanation for the declines in marriage.
A study by Lichter, Price & Swigert (2019) assessed whether unmarried women currently face demographic shortages of marital partners in the U.S. marriage market as a possible explanation for the declines in marriage.


The study identifies marriages between 2008 and 2017 of the ''American Community Survey''. They found unmarried women prefer partners who have an average income that is about ''58% higher'' than the actual unmarried men available. They also prefer men who are ''30% more likely to be employed'' (90% vs. 70%) and 19% more likely to have a college degree (30% vs. 25%).
The study identifies marriages between 2008 and 2017 of the ''American Community Survey''. They found unmarried women prefer partners who have an average income that is about ''58% higher'' than the actual unmarried men available. They also prefer men who are ''30% more likely to be employed'' (90% vs. 70%) and 19% more likely to have a college degree (30% vs. 25%).


Racial and ethnic minorities, especially Black women, face the largest shortages of this kind, as do low socioeconomic status and ''high socioeconomic'' status unmarried women.
Racial and ethnic minorities, especially Black women, face the largest shortages of this kind, as do low socioeconomic status and ''high socioeconomic'' status unmarried women.


This study reveals large deficits in the supply of potential male spouses. One implication is that the unmarried may remain unmarried or marry less well‐suited partners
This study reveals large deficits in the supply of potential male spouses. One implication is that the unmarried may remain unmarried or marry less well‐suited partners
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Lichter DT, Price JP, Swigert JM. (2019). ''Mismatches in the Marriage Market. Journal of Marriage and Family.'' [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jomf.12603 Abstract]] [[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6004239/High-flying-career-women-refusing-marry-despite-struggling-Mr-Right.html News]]
* Lichter DT, Price JP, Swigert JM. (2019). ''Mismatches in the Marriage Market. Journal of Marriage and Family.'' [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jomf.12603 Abstract]] [[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6004239/High-flying-career-women-refusing-marry-despite-struggling-Mr-Right.html News]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="A_survey_found_a_dramatically_higher_median_sex_partner_count_for_young_women_than_young_men">A survey found a dramatically higher median sex partner count for young women than young men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="A_survey_found_a_dramatically_higher_median_sex_partner_count_for_young_women_than_young_men">A survey found a dramatically higher median sex partner count for young women than young men</span>===
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A recurring government-funded survey concerning the self reported sexual attitudes and experiences of Finns aged 18-79, FINNSEX, found evidence of striking changes in female sexual behaviors across the generations and also strong evidence of increasing female [[hypergamy]], illustrated by the fact that young women (aged 18-24) had approximately double the median number of sex partners than men of the same age, a near reversal of the figures in the earliest FINNSEX survey conducted in 1971. Parity between the sexes was found in the second youngest age group covered by the survey (25-34), with both groups reporting 6 lifetime sexual partners.
A recurring government-funded survey concerning the self reported sexual attitudes and experiences of Finns aged 18-79, FINNSEX, found evidence of striking changes in female sexual behaviors across the generations and also strong evidence of increasing female [[hypergamy]], illustrated by the fact that young women (aged 18-24) had approximately double the median number of sex partners than men of the same age, a near reversal of the figures in the earliest FINNSEX survey conducted in 1971. Parity between the sexes was found in the second youngest age group covered by the survey (25-34), with both groups reporting 6 lifetime sexual partners.


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* Around 26% of young (18-24%) women in the 2015 survey approved of legal prostitution vs around 65% of young men in the same age group. Support for legal prostitution generally declined among older age groups, (for both sexes) in the survey.  
* Around 26% of young (18-24%) women in the 2015 survey approved of legal prostitution vs around 65% of young men in the same age group. Support for legal prostitution generally declined among older age groups, (for both sexes) in the survey.  
* There was a substantial increase in the amount of women who approved of "consensual sadomasochistic sex acts" comparing the 2015 survey results to the 2007 results. Around 75% of young women aged 18-24 approved of such acts, with this figure being fairly steady, but there is a steep decline in approval of these sexual acts noted among women 44 years or older. There was a substantial secular increase in women's approval of such acts from earlier surveys, with this increase being smallest among older (age 55+) women.
* There was a substantial increase in the amount of women who approved of "consensual sadomasochistic sex acts" comparing the 2015 survey results to the 2007 results. Around 75% of young women aged 18-24 approved of such acts, with this figure being fairly steady, but there is a steep decline in approval of these sexual acts noted among women 44 years or older. There was a substantial secular increase in women's approval of such acts from earlier surveys, with this increase being smallest among older (age 55+) women.
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:1542099410982.jpg|none|thumb|500x500px|The amount of sexually active men aged 18-24 has dramatically decreased. No change for women of the same age. (FINSEX, 2015)]]
[[File:1542099410982.jpg|none|thumb|500x500px|The amount of sexually active men aged 18-24 has dramatically decreased. No change for women of the same age. (FINSEX, 2015)]]
[[File:Finnsex1.png|thumb|none|500x500px|Women aged 18-24 report dramatically more sexual partners than men the same age. (FINSEX, 2015)]]
[[File:Finnsex1.png|thumb|none|500x500px|Women aged 18-24 report dramatically more sexual partners than men the same age. (FINSEX, 2015)]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* FINSEX research project. 2015. ''Finnish Sexuality Research Project, 2015 Survey Results.'' [[https://www.vaestoliitto.fi/tieto_ja_tutkimus/vaestontutkimuslaitos/seksologinen_tutkimus/suomalaisten-seksuaalisuus-finse/ FullText]]
* FINSEX research project. 2015. ''Finnish Sexuality Research Project, 2015 Survey Results.'' [[https://www.vaestoliitto.fi/tieto_ja_tutkimus/vaestontutkimuslaitos/seksologinen_tutkimus/suomalaisten-seksuaalisuus-finse/ FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men.27s_social_status_accounts_for_62.25_of_the_variance_of_copulation_opportunities">Men's social status accounts for 62% of the variance of copulation opportunities</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men.27s_social_status_accounts_for_62.25_of_the_variance_of_copulation_opportunities">Men's social status accounts for 62% of the variance of copulation opportunities</span>===
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In most social species, position in the male dominance hierarchy and fertility are positively correlated, but in traditional human societies, this correlation is less clear and even vanishes in the most economically advanced societies. In the social science literature, this has been used as argument that humans do not naturally organize hierarchically, i.e. that men's social status is not adaptive, but social construction.
In most social species, position in the male dominance hierarchy and fertility are positively correlated, but in traditional human societies, this correlation is less clear and even vanishes in the most economically advanced societies. In the social science literature, this has been used as argument that humans do not naturally organize hierarchically, i.e. that men's social status is not adaptive, but social construction.


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* ''This pattern is remarkably similar to what is found in many traditional societies and would result in a substantial positive relationship between cultural and reproductive success in industrial populations were it not for the novel conditions imposed by contraception and monogamy.''
* ''This pattern is remarkably similar to what is found in many traditional societies and would result in a substantial positive relationship between cultural and reproductive success in industrial populations were it not for the novel conditions imposed by contraception and monogamy.''
*''The importance of resources to women is apparent even in egalitarian societies such as the Ache and the Sharanahua, where the best hunters are able to attract the most sexual partners.'' (Cashdan, 1996).
*''The importance of resources to women is apparent even in egalitarian societies such as the Ache and the Sharanahua, where the best hunters are able to attract the most sexual partners.'' (Cashdan, 1996).
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Von Rueden CR, Jaeggi AV. 2016. ''Men’s status and reproductive success in 33 nonindustrial societies: Effects of subsistence, marriage system, and reproductive strategy.'' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(39), 10824-10829. [[https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606800113 Abstract]]
* Von Rueden CR, Jaeggi AV. 2016. ''Men’s status and reproductive success in 33 nonindustrial societies: Effects of subsistence, marriage system, and reproductive strategy.'' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(39), 10824-10829. [[https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606800113 Abstract]]
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* Mealey L. 1985. ''The relationship between social status and biological success: Acase study of the Mormon religious hierarchy.'' Ethology and Sociobiology, 6,249-257.
* Mealey L. 1985. ''The relationship between social status and biological success: Acase study of the Mormon religious hierarchy.'' Ethology and Sociobiology, 6,249-257.
* Symons D. 1979. ''The evolution of human sexuality.'' New York: Oxford University Press.
* Symons D. 1979. ''The evolution of human sexuality.'' New York: Oxford University Press.
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="93.25_of_women_preferred_being_asked_out_on_a_date_rather_than_doing_the_asking">93% of women preferred being asked out on a date rather than doing the asking</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="93.25_of_women_preferred_being_asked_out_on_a_date_rather_than_doing_the_asking">93% of women preferred being asked out on a date rather than doing the asking</span>===
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Mills et al. (2011) conducted a survey in which they asked N = 87 women and men whether they would prefer to be asked out over doing the asking. Despite greater gender equality, they found 93% of women and 16% of men answered positively. This corresponds to a sex difference of roughly d = 2.5, which is a huge difference.
Mills et al. (2011) conducted a survey in which they asked N = 87 women and men whether they would prefer to be asked out over doing the asking. Despite greater gender equality, they found 93% of women and 16% of men answered positively. This corresponds to a sex difference of roughly d = 2.5, which is a huge difference.
This allows women to blame the entire relationship on men, and hence allows them to evade any responsibility and makes it easier to choose and quash unwanted sexual approaches.
This allows women to blame the entire relationship on men, and hence allows them to evade any responsibility and makes it easier to choose and quash unwanted sexual approaches.
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* Mills M. 2011. ''Why Don't Women Ask Men Out on First Dates? Despite greater equality, women still don't ask. Why?'' [[https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-how-and-why-sex-differences/201104/why-dont-women-ask-men-out-first-dates Article]]
* Mills M. 2011. ''Why Don't Women Ask Men Out on First Dates? Despite greater equality, women still don't ask. Why?'' [[https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-how-and-why-sex-differences/201104/why-dont-women-ask-men-out-first-dates Article]]
* Baumeister RF, Vohs KD. 2004 ''Sexual economics: Sex as female resource for social exchange in heterosexual interactions.'' Personality and Social Psychology Review. 8(4):339-63.
* Baumeister RF, Vohs KD. 2004 ''Sexual economics: Sex as female resource for social exchange in heterosexual interactions.'' Personality and Social Psychology Review. 8(4):339-63.
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="The_top_10.25_of_men_get_58.25_of_women.27s_likes_in_online_dating">The top 10% of men get 58% of women's likes in online dating</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="The_top_10.25_of_men_get_58.25_of_women.27s_likes_in_online_dating">The top 10% of men get 58% of women's likes in online dating</span>===
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Online dating app Hinge works similarly to Tinder, but was designed with the intent of creating a more equitable and better functioning dating market. However, even on Hinge, evidence for female [[hypergamy]] is overwhelming. The distribution of likes women provide is heavily skewed such that 16.4% of their likes go to the top 1% of men, 41.1% of their likes go to the top 5% of men, 58% of their likes go to the top 10%, and 95.7% of their likes go to the top 50%. This means that only 4.3% of their likes go to the entire bottom 50% of men. Thus a top 1% man will receive 190x times more likes as a man who is in the bottom 50%.  
Online dating app Hinge works similarly to Tinder, but was designed with the intent of creating a more equitable and better functioning dating market. However, even on Hinge, evidence for female [[hypergamy]] is overwhelming. The distribution of likes women provide is heavily skewed such that 16.4% of their likes go to the top 1% of men, 41.1% of their likes go to the top 5% of men, 58% of their likes go to the top 10%, and 95.7% of their likes go to the top 50%. This means that only 4.3% of their likes go to the entire bottom 50% of men. Thus a top 1% man will receive 190x times more likes as a man who is in the bottom 50%.  


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Distribution-of-Women-s-Likes-of-Men-on-Dating-App-Hinge.png|600px|thumb|none|Graphed distribution of women's likes of men on Hinge]]
[[File:Distribution-of-Women-s-Likes-of-Men-on-Dating-App-Hinge.png|600px|thumb|none|Graphed distribution of women's likes of men on Hinge]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''The biggest problem men face on dating apps—the Brad Pitts of the world take the lion’s share of the likes from an already like-deficient sex.''
* ''The biggest problem men face on dating apps—the Brad Pitts of the world take the lion’s share of the likes from an already like-deficient sex.''
* ''Every nation in the world has a currency, but that currency is not equally distributed amongst the citizens of every country. These economic inequalities are described using what is called the Gini index. In our context, the closer the Gini index is to 0, the more equally likes are distributed across all of our users; a higher Gini index rating means more likes are being concentrated into fewer recipients.''
* ''Every nation in the world has a currency, but that currency is not equally distributed amongst the citizens of every country. These economic inequalities are described using what is called the Gini index. In our context, the closer the Gini index is to 0, the more equally likes are distributed across all of our users; a higher Gini index rating means more likes are being concentrated into fewer recipients.''
* ''It turns out that, as it pertains to incoming likes, straight females on Hinge show a Gini index of 0.376, and for straight males it’s 0.542. On a list of 149 countries' Gini indices provided by the CIA World Factbook, this would place the female dating economy as 75th most unequal (average—think Western Europe) and the male dating economy as the 8th most unequal (kleptocracy, apartheid, perpetual civil war—think South Africa).''
* ''It turns out that, as it pertains to incoming likes, straight females on Hinge show a Gini index of 0.376, and for straight males it’s 0.542. On a list of 149 countries' Gini indices provided by the CIA World Factbook, this would place the female dating economy as 75th most unequal (average—think Western Europe) and the male dating economy as the 8th most unequal (kleptocracy, apartheid, perpetual civil war—think South Africa).''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Goldgeier A. 2017. ''What's The Biggest Challenge Men Face On Dating Apps?: A Q&A With Aviv Goldgeier, Junior Growth Engineer.'' Hinge IRL: Advice and Insights for Modern Daters. [[https://hingeirl.com/hinge-reports/whats-the-biggest-challenge-men-face-on-dating-apps-a-qa-with-aviv-goldgeier-junior-growth-engineer/ Article]]
* Goldgeier A. 2017. ''What's The Biggest Challenge Men Face On Dating Apps?: A Q&A With Aviv Goldgeier, Junior Growth Engineer.'' Hinge IRL: Advice and Insights for Modern Daters. [[https://hingeirl.com/hinge-reports/whats-the-biggest-challenge-men-face-on-dating-apps-a-qa-with-aviv-goldgeier-junior-growth-engineer/ Article]]
* Kopf D. 2017. ''These statistics show why it’s so hard to be an average man on dating apps.'' Quartz. [[https://qz.com/1051462/these-statistics-show-why-its-so-hard-to-be-an-average-man-on-dating-apps/ Article]]
* Kopf D. 2017. ''These statistics show why it’s so hard to be an average man on dating apps.'' Quartz. [[https://qz.com/1051462/these-statistics-show-why-its-so-hard-to-be-an-average-man-on-dating-apps/ Article]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_like_61.9.25_of_female_profiles.2C_women_like_only_4.5.25_of_male_profiles">Men like 61.9% of female profiles, women like only 4.5% of male profiles</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_like_61.9.25_of_female_profiles.2C_women_like_only_4.5.25_of_male_profiles">Men like 61.9% of female profiles, women like only 4.5% of male profiles</span>===
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Researchers conducted a field experiment on Tinder using 24 fictitious Tinder profiles in multiple cities in Flanders, the Northern, Dutch speaking region of Belgium. These profiles only differed on education level. They then collected and analyzed data on 3,600 profile evaluations to evaluate the extent to which education played a role in matching or dating on the app.  
Researchers conducted a field experiment on Tinder using 24 fictitious Tinder profiles in multiple cities in Flanders, the Northern, Dutch speaking region of Belgium. These profiles only differed on education level. They then collected and analyzed data on 3,600 profile evaluations to evaluate the extent to which education played a role in matching or dating on the app.  


To ensure the pictures they used for the profiles were similar in attractiveness, they scored 32 (16 male, 16 female) pictures on Amazon Mechanical Turk and selected 8 pictures (4 male, 4 female) that 493 workers on MTurk judged to be similar in level of attractiveness. Then to ensure an even more fair evaluation, they attached to each picture three different education levels in three different cities.
To ensure the pictures they used for the profiles were similar in attractiveness, they scored 32 (16 male, 16 female) pictures on Amazon Mechanical Turk and selected 8 pictures (4 male, 4 female) that 493 workers on MTurk judged to be similar in level of attractiveness. Then to ensure an even more fair evaluation, they attached to each picture three different education levels in three different cities.


They swiped to like 150 times for each profile, then collected data. Overall, men liked or superliked 61.9% of their female profiles. On the other hand, women only liked 4.5% of the male profiles. Men started a conversation with the female profiles 42.3% of the time, while women only initiated conversations 6.2% with the male profiles.  
They swiped to like 150 times for each profile, then collected data. Overall, men liked or superliked 61.9% of their female profiles. On the other hand, women only liked 4.5% of the male profiles. Men started a conversation with the female profiles 42.3% of the time, while women only initiated conversations 6.2% with the male profiles.  


The Tinder study also found some evidence for [[hypergamy]], which, they report, matched findings from other online dating studies, namely women tended to visit more educated men than themselves about twice as often and less educated men only half as often compared to someone of equal educational status. They also found that, contrary to the popular notion that men are "intimidated" by highly educated women, a woman's education level did not significantly change a man's swiping behavior. It was ultimately found that Tinder users do not engage in educationally assortative mating patterns as similarly educated people were not more likely to match, rather there was only evidence for the existence of female hypergamy.
The Tinder study also found some evidence for [[hypergamy]], which, they report, matched findings from other online dating studies, namely women tended to visit more educated men than themselves about twice as often and less educated men only half as often compared to someone of equal educational status. They also found that, contrary to the popular notion that men are "intimidated" by highly educated women, a woman's education level did not significantly change a man's swiping behavior. It was ultimately found that Tinder users do not engage in educationally assortative mating patterns as similarly educated people were not more likely to match, rather there was only evidence for the existence of female hypergamy.
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* ''Women on Tinder are more selective than men on Tinder.''
* ''Women on Tinder are more selective than men on Tinder.''
* ''Male subjects (super)liked [liked or superliked] 61.9% of the female evaluated profiles, while female subjects (super)liked [liked or superliked] only 4.5% of the male evaluated profiles.''
* ''Male subjects (super)liked [liked or superliked] 61.9% of the female evaluated profiles, while female subjects (super)liked [liked or superliked] only 4.5% of the male evaluated profiles.''
* ''Male subjects started a conversation with the female evaluated profiles much more often (42.3%) than the other way around (6.2%).''
* ''Male subjects started a conversation with the female evaluated profiles much more often (42.3%) than the other way around (6.2%).''
* ''Women on Tinder have a preference for highly educated men.''
* ''Women on Tinder have a preference for highly educated men.''
* ''We find evidence for a preference for hypergamy ... This effect is driven by the female subjects, who like higher educated profiles 92.2% more often, whereas this effect is not significant for the male subjects. ''
* ''We find evidence for a preference for hypergamy ... This effect is driven by the female subjects, who like higher educated profiles 92.2% more often, whereas this effect is not significant for the male subjects. ''
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* ''On Tinder, preferences for educational assortative mating are absent.''
* ''On Tinder, preferences for educational assortative mating are absent.''
* ''Women have a greater parental investment and are therefore looking for the most high-quality partner possible, in order to obtain high-quality offspring, therefore being more selective. Conversely, men have a smaller parental investment and are looking to maximize the quantity of offspring, resulting in them being less selective.''
* ''Women have a greater parental investment and are therefore looking for the most high-quality partner possible, in order to obtain high-quality offspring, therefore being more selective. Conversely, men have a smaller parental investment and are looking to maximize the quantity of offspring, resulting in them being less selective.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Neyt B, Vandenbulcke S, Baert S. 2019. ''Are men intimidated by highly educated women? Undercover on Tinder.'' Economics of Education Review. 73: 101914. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272775719301104 Abstract]] [[http://ftp.iza.org/dp11933.pdf FullText]]
* Neyt B, Vandenbulcke S, Baert S. 2019. ''Are men intimidated by highly educated women? Undercover on Tinder.'' Economics of Education Review. 73: 101914. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272775719301104 Abstract]] [[http://ftp.iza.org/dp11933.pdf FullText]]
* Maticka-Tyndale. 2010. ''Casual sex on spring break: Intentions and behaviors of canadian students.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499809551941 Abstract]]
* Maticka-Tyndale. 2010. ''Casual sex on spring break: Intentions and behaviors of canadian students.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499809551941 Abstract]]
* Clark RD, Hatfield E. 1989. ''Gender differences in receptivity to sexual offers.'' Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality. 2(1):39-55. [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J056v02n01_04 Abstract]]
* Clark RD, Hatfield E. 1989. ''Gender differences in receptivity to sexual offers.'' Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality. 2(1):39-55. [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J056v02n01_04 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="The_top_5-20.25_of_men_.28ie._.22Chads.22.29_are_now_having_more_sex_than_ever_before">The top 5-20% of men (ie. "Chads") are now having more sex than ever before</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="The_top_5-20.25_of_men_.28ie._.22Chads.22.29_are_now_having_more_sex_than_ever_before">The top 5-20% of men (ie. "Chads") are now having more sex than ever before</span>===
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Data was drawn to assess trends in sexual behavior from the 2002 and 2011–2013 National Survey of Family Growth, a US household survey focusing on sexual and [[reproductive success|reproductive health]].  
Data was drawn to assess trends in sexual behavior from the 2002 and 2011–2013 National Survey of Family Growth, a US household survey focusing on sexual and [[reproductive success|reproductive health]].  


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* ''We found an overall statistically significant increase in reported lifetime opposite-sex sex partners overall for men in the top 20% from 12 in 2002 to 15 in 2011–2013 (95% CIs, 11–14 and 15–15, respectively).''
* ''We found an overall statistically significant increase in reported lifetime opposite-sex sex partners overall for men in the top 20% from 12 in 2002 to 15 in 2011–2013 (95% CIs, 11–14 and 15–15, respectively).''
* ''Similarly, there was a statistically significant overall increase in reported lifetime partners for men in the top 5% from 38 in 2002 to 50 in 2011–2013 (95% CIs, 30–40 and 50–50, respectively).''
* ''Similarly, there was a statistically significant overall increase in reported lifetime partners for men in the top 5% from 38 in 2002 to 50 in 2011–2013 (95% CIs, 30–40 and 50–50, respectively).''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Harper CR, Dittus PJ, Leichliter JS, Aral, SO. 2017. ''Changes in the Distribution of Sex Partners in the United States: 2002 to 2011–2013.'' Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 44(2): 96–100. [[https://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2017/02000/Changes_in_the_Distribution_of_Sex_Partners_in_the.5.aspx FullText]]
* Harper CR, Dittus PJ, Leichliter JS, Aral, SO. 2017. ''Changes in the Distribution of Sex Partners in the United States: 2002 to 2011–2013.'' Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 44(2): 96–100. [[https://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2017/02000/Changes_in_the_Distribution_of_Sex_Partners_in_the.5.aspx FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Average_women_receive_15_times_as_many_matches_as_average_men_on_Tinder">Average women receive 15 times as many matches as average men on Tinder</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Average_women_receive_15_times_as_many_matches_as_average_men_on_Tinder">Average women receive 15 times as many matches as average men on Tinder</span>===
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To understand gender differences in Tinder outcomes, researchers created 14 curated profiles for men and women designed to reflect the characteristics of "average" users. Locations were set to London and New York. They used these profiles to monitor the way others react to them, specifically in terms of matches and subsequent messaging.  
To understand gender differences in Tinder outcomes, researchers created 14 curated profiles for men and women designed to reflect the characteristics of "average" users. Locations were set to London and New York. They used these profiles to monitor the way others react to them, specifically in terms of matches and subsequent messaging.  


They then liked all profiles possible within a 100 mile radius for all profile accounts. Through the interactions of these 14 profiles, they thereby collected data on almost half a million users.
They then liked all profiles possible within a 100 mile radius for all profile accounts. Through the interactions of these 14 profiles, they thereby collected data on almost half a million users.


They found the male profiles had only a 0.67% match rate, while the female profiles had a 10.3% match rate. Thus in this study there were 15.4x as many matches for female profiles as the male. It should be noted that the profiles they used only had a single photo, as they were using copyright-free stock images.
They found the male profiles had only a 0.67% match rate, while the female profiles had a 10.3% match rate. Thus in this study there were 15.4x as many matches for female profiles as the male. It should be noted that the profiles they used only had a single photo, as they were using copyright-free stock images.  


In a second study, they used photos of a real woman and man to compare the effects of having one vs. three photos. They found using three photos increased both genders' match rates considerably. In particular the male profile went from a 0.27% match rate to 1.96% match rate, and the female profile went from an 18% match rate to a 23% match rate. Without seeing these pictures, however, and no control process in their methodology to assess or match attractiveness of the photos, it is difficult to assess the degree to which attractiveness of the photos mediated this process. However, it would certainly imply the possibility that the profiles in the first experiment might have performed better had they incorporated more photos.
In a second study, they used photos of a real woman and man to compare the effects of having one vs. three photos. They found using three photos increased both genders' match rates considerably. In particular the male profile went from a 0.27% match rate to 1.96% match rate, and the female profile went from an 18% match rate to a 23% match rate. Without seeing these pictures, however, and no control process in their methodology to assess or match attractiveness of the photos, it is difficult to assess the degree to which attractiveness of the photos mediated this process. However, it would certainly imply the possibility that the profiles in the first experiment might have performed better had they incorporated more photos.
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| '''10.3%'''
| '''10.3%'''
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Women attain large numbers of matches rapidly, whilst men only slowly accumulate matches. ''
* ''Women attain large numbers of matches rapidly, whilst men only slowly accumulate matches. ''
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* ''Women tend to be highly selective in whom they like, leading to a starvation of matches for men. Men, on the other hand, are more accommodating in their practices, hitting like for a far larger proportion of women. This mirrors many sociological observations about mating, although Tinder seems to enact quite extreme examples of this. ''
* ''Women tend to be highly selective in whom they like, leading to a starvation of matches for men. Men, on the other hand, are more accommodating in their practices, hitting like for a far larger proportion of women. This mirrors many sociological observations about mating, although Tinder seems to enact quite extreme examples of this. ''
* ''Our findings suggest a "feedback loop", whereby men are driven to be less selective in the hope of attaining a match, whilst women are increasingly driven to be more selective, safe in the knowledge that any profiles they like will probably result in a match.''
* ''Our findings suggest a "feedback loop", whereby men are driven to be less selective in the hope of attaining a match, whilst women are increasingly driven to be more selective, safe in the knowledge that any profiles they like will probably result in a match.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Reference:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Reference:'''</span>
* Tyson G, Perta VC, Haddadi H, Seto MC. 2016. ''A First Look at User Activity on Tinder.'' ASONAM '16 Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining. 461-466. [[https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.01952 Abstract]] [[https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.01952.pdf FullText]]
* Tyson G, Perta VC, Haddadi H, Seto MC. 2016. ''A First Look at User Activity on Tinder.'' ASONAM '16 Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining. 461-466. [[https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.01952 Abstract]] [[https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.01952.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Tinder_manipulates_male_profile_visibility_to_promote_hypergamy_.26_maximize_revenues_from_men">Tinder manipulates male profile visibility to promote hypergamy & maximize revenues from men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Tinder_manipulates_male_profile_visibility_to_promote_hypergamy_.26_maximize_revenues_from_men">Tinder manipulates male profile visibility to promote hypergamy & maximize revenues from men</span>===
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Journalists from the French newspaper Le Monde performed a dating experiment on Tinder using an average looking man and woman, finding that the average match rate for women was 50% and for men only 2%. Thus women in this experiment had a 25x greater match rate than men.
Journalists from the French newspaper Le Monde performed a dating experiment on Tinder using an average looking man and woman, finding that the average match rate for women was 50% and for men only 2%. Thus women in this experiment had a 25x greater match rate than men.


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This provides evidence for women generally being far more sexually selective than men, and shows that most men are never given consideration. However, they also raise the important point that Tinder manipulates male profile visibility such that the only ways a man's profile is shown to women at all is if many other women also like that man (i.e. proving he is very attractive) or the man is paying for Boosts or other monetized solutions. They even go so far as to suggest Tinder is intentionally targeting men who can most easily pay for these services to maximize their frustration and thus revenue potential from them.
This provides evidence for women generally being far more sexually selective than men, and shows that most men are never given consideration. However, they also raise the important point that Tinder manipulates male profile visibility such that the only ways a man's profile is shown to women at all is if many other women also like that man (i.e. proving he is very attractive) or the man is paying for Boosts or other monetized solutions. They even go so far as to suggest Tinder is intentionally targeting men who can most easily pay for these services to maximize their frustration and thus revenue potential from them.
 
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''On the world's number one dating app, the average match rate in the quest for a heterosexual relationship is 50% for a woman, and that of a man of... 2%. ''
* ''On the world's number one dating app, the average match rate in the quest for a heterosexual relationship is 50% for a woman, and that of a man of... 2%. ''
* ''"Tinder is working with video game specialists to learn how to activate the frustration mechanisms in men's brains. When they have identified a profile that can pay—a certain level of income, a certain level of education, etc.—they put it in a category where its profile appears less. Once he buys the option, his profile is, depending on his level of attractiveness, either shown normally or shown much more," explains Jean Meyer, CEO of the Once app, which Match—Tinder's parent company—tried to swallow.''
* ''"Tinder is working with video game specialists to learn how to activate the frustration mechanisms in men's brains. When they have identified a profile that can pay—a certain level of income, a certain level of education, etc.—they put it in a category where its profile appears less. Once he buys the option, his profile is, depending on his level of attractiveness, either shown normally or shown much more," explains Jean Meyer, CEO of the Once app, which Match—Tinder's parent company—tried to swallow.''
* ''"Yes, that's how it works!" confirms a former employee of a dating app who wishes to remain anonymous to the two investigators. There are more men on the app, and the majority of them are simply not shown to users.''
* ''"Yes, that's how it works!" confirms a former employee of a dating app who wishes to remain anonymous to the two investigators. There are more men on the app, and the majority of them are simply not shown to users.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Reference:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Reference:'''</span>
* The HuffPost. 2019. ''On Tinder, women are 25 times more likely to match than men.'' Huffington Post. [[https://www.translatetheweb.com/?from=&to=en&dl=en&a=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.fr%2Fentry%2Fsur-tinder-les-femmes-ont-25-fois-plus-de-chances-de-matcher-que-les-hommes_fr_5d3c0c66e4b0a6d6373fb646 Article]]
* The HuffPost. 2019. ''On Tinder, women are 25 times more likely to match than men.'' Huffington Post. [[https://www.translatetheweb.com/?from=&to=en&dl=en&a=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.fr%2Fentry%2Fsur-tinder-les-femmes-ont-25-fois-plus-de-chances-de-matcher-que-les-hommes_fr_5d3c0c66e4b0a6d6373fb646 Article]]
* Carman A. 2019. ''Tinder explains how its algorithm works.'' The Verge. [[https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/15/18267772/tinder-elo-score-desirability-algorithm-how-works Article]]
* Carman A. 2019. ''Tinder explains how its algorithm works.'' The Verge. [[https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/15/18267772/tinder-elo-score-desirability-algorithm-how-works Article]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_more_attracted_to_men_who_are_already_in_relationships_than_single_men">Women are more attracted to men who are already in relationships than single men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_more_attracted_to_men_who_are_already_in_relationships_than_single_men">Women are more attracted to men who are already in relationships than single men</span>===
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A study by Parker & Burkley (2009) where female and male participants (N = 184) who were single or in a relationship viewed information about an opposite-sex other and indicated their interest in pursuing this target. Half of the participants were told that the target was single and half read that the target was currently in a relationship.
A study by Parker & Burkley (2009) where female and male participants (N = 184) who were single or in a relationship viewed information about an opposite-sex other and indicated their interest in pursuing this target. Half of the participants were told that the target was single and half read that the target was currently in a relationship.


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Thus the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_effect Matthew Principle] ("For whosoever hath, to him shall be given, and he shall have more abundance. But whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken away even that which he hath" [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+13&version=KJ21 Matthew 13.12 KJ21]) can clearly be said to apply to the realm of human sexual relationships.
Thus the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_effect Matthew Principle] ("For whosoever hath, to him shall be given, and he shall have more abundance. But whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken away even that which he hath" [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+13&version=KJ21 Matthew 13.12 KJ21]) can clearly be said to apply to the realm of human sexual relationships.


Mate choice copying may be an expression of women's disinterest in low status males and interest in high status males which is [[#Males_gained_peer_status_through_having_had_sex_and_females_lost_peer_status|correlated with men's peer status]], i.e. women may dislike singles because they are more often low status. Since other women choose based on status, the relationship status of a man is a costly and hence accurate indicator of having already won prior contest competitions.
Mate choice copying may be an expression of women's disinterest in low status males and interest in high status males which is [[#Males_gained_peer_status_through_having_had_sex_and_females_lost_peer_status|correlated with men's peer status]], i.e. women may dislike singles because they are more often low status. Since other women choose based on status, the relationship status of a man is a costly and hence accurate indicator of having already won prior contest competitions.
All of this (including the preference for high status men) may also simply be an expression of women's more agreeable, subordinating behavior which presumably evolved being physically weaker and more childlike ([[bodyguard hypothesis]]).
All of this (including the preference for high status men) may also simply be an expression of women's more agreeable, subordinating behavior which presumably evolved being physically weaker and more childlike ([[bodyguard hypothesis]]).


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''90% of single women indicated interest in an already attached male vs 59% who indicated interest in the same male who was stated to be single.''
* ''90% of single women indicated interest in an already attached male vs 59% who indicated interest in the same male who was stated to be single.''
* ''There was no significant effect for men viewing pictures of women.''
* ''There was no significant effect for men viewing pictures of women.''
* ''Single women in this study were significantly more interested in the target when he was attached. This may be because an attached man has demonstrated his ability to commit and in some ways his qualities have already been "pre-screened" by another woman.''
* ''Single women in this study were significantly more interested in the target when he was attached. This may be because an attached man has demonstrated his ability to commit and in some ways his qualities have already been "pre-screened" by another woman.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Parker J, Burkley M. 2009. ''Who’s chasing whom? The impact of gender and relationship status on mate poaching.'' Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 45(4): 1016-1019. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103109001048?via%3Dihub Abstract]]
* Parker J, Burkley M. 2009. ''Who’s chasing whom? The impact of gender and relationship status on mate poaching.'' Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 45(4): 1016-1019. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103109001048?via%3Dihub Abstract]]
* Street SE, Morgan TJ, Thornton A, Brown GR, Laland KN, Cross CP. 2018. ''Human mate-choice copying is domain-general social learning.'' Scientific reports. 8(1):1715. [[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-19770-8 FullText]]
* Street SE, Morgan TJ, Thornton A, Brown GR, Laland KN, Cross CP. 2018. ''Human mate-choice copying is domain-general social learning.'' Scientific reports. 8(1):1715. [[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-19770-8 FullText]]
Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. 1989. ''Pair Formation, Courtship, Sexual Love.'' In: ''Human Ethology.'' Rougtledge. [[https://books.google.com/books?id=-CExDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT6&ots=KctjD7Zprm&dq=Pair%20Formation%2C%20Courtship%2C%20Sexual%20Love&pg=PT335#v=onepage&q=Pair%20Formation,%20Courtship,%20Sexual%20Love&f=false Excerpt]]
Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. 1989. ''Pair Formation, Courtship, Sexual Love.'' In: ''Human Ethology.'' Rougtledge. [[https://books.google.com/books?id=-CExDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT6&ots=KctjD7Zprm&dq=Pair%20Formation%2C%20Courtship%2C%20Sexual%20Love&pg=PT335#v=onepage&q=Pair%20Formation,%20Courtship,%20Sexual%20Love&f=false Excerpt]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_prone_to_instability_when_they_are_more_attractive_than_their_male_partner">Women are prone to instability when they are more attractive than their male partner</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_prone_to_instability_when_they_are_more_attractive_than_their_male_partner">Women are prone to instability when they are more attractive than their male partner</span>===
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Women reported a tendency towards dating men who they perceived as more attractive than them. When their partners were less attractive than them, they reported more resistance to their partner's attempts to "mate guard," i.e they displayed less commitment, more resistance to men's public displays of affection, more flirting with other men, seeing other men as appealing dating alternatives, and more frequent thoughts about breaking up.
Women reported a tendency towards dating men who they perceived as more attractive than them. When their partners were less attractive than them, they reported more resistance to their partner's attempts to "mate guard," i.e they displayed less commitment, more resistance to men's public displays of affection, more flirting with other men, seeing other men as appealing dating alternatives, and more frequent thoughts about breaking up.


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* ''Women (N = 692) in romantic relationships (average duration approximately two years) self-reported their own as well as their partners' physical attractiveness, revealing significant perceived matching in physical attractiveness, as well as a tendency to rate their partners as more attractive than themselves. ''
* ''Women (N = 692) in romantic relationships (average duration approximately two years) self-reported their own as well as their partners' physical attractiveness, revealing significant perceived matching in physical attractiveness, as well as a tendency to rate their partners as more attractive than themselves. ''
* ''When women perceived themselves as more attractive than their mates, they reported less commitment, more flirting with other men, more appealing dating alternatives, and more frequent thoughts about breaking up.''
* ''When women perceived themselves as more attractive than their mates, they reported less commitment, more flirting with other men, more appealing dating alternatives, and more frequent thoughts about breaking up.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Fugère MA, Cousins AJ, MacLaren SA. 2015. ''(Mis)matching in physical attractiveness and women's resistance to mate guarding.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 87: 190-195. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019188691500505X Abstract]]
* Fugère MA, Cousins AJ, MacLaren SA. 2015. ''(Mis)matching in physical attractiveness and women's resistance to mate guarding.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 87: 190-195. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019188691500505X Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Before_.27enforced_monogamy.27.2C_women.27s_effective_population_size_was_up_to_17x_larger_than_men.27s">Before 'enforced monogamy', women's effective population size was up to 17x larger than men's</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Before_.27enforced_monogamy.27.2C_women.27s_effective_population_size_was_up_to_17x_larger_than_men.27s">Before 'enforced monogamy', women's effective population size was up to 17x larger than men's</span>===
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Karmin et al. (2015) analyzed the genetic diversity of exclusively male and female parts of the DNA (male Y chromosome and female mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA) to estimate effective population sizes of both sexes throughout human history. The analysis revealed the following:
Karmin et al. (2015) analyzed the genetic diversity of exclusively male and female parts of the DNA (male Y chromosome and female mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA) to estimate effective population sizes of both sexes throughout human history. The analysis revealed the following:
* Genetic diversity in female DNA is much higher, replicating earlier findings by Wilder (2004) and Favre & Sornette (2012). This implies that men have had higher variance in [[reproductive success|reproductive success]]. Some men had hundreds of children, but others none. Conversely, women rarely had no children due to males being less selective in their partner choice, but women cannot produce hundreds of children within a lifetime. This finding generally agrees with evidence of moderate [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy polygyny] across human cultures.
* Genetic diversity in female DNA is much higher, replicating earlier findings by Wilder (2004) and Favre & Sornette (2012). This implies that men have had higher variance in [[reproductive success|reproductive success]]. Some men had hundreds of children, but others none. Conversely, women rarely had no children due to males being less selective in their partner choice, but women cannot produce hundreds of children within a lifetime. This finding generally agrees with evidence of moderate [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy polygyny] across human cultures.
* Around 8,000 years ago, women's effective population size grew substantially compared to men's, peaking around 17 times the size of men's (see Figure below).
* Around 8,000 years ago, women's effective population size grew substantially compared to men's, peaking around 17 times the size of men's (see Figure below).
* The peak coincides with early agricultural revolutions, hence a plausible explanation is increasingly polygynous mating practices enabled by the power concentration and wealth accumulation of farmers. Economic inequality and hereditary systems may also have disproportionately increased the reproductive success of few wealthy men and their descendants, e.g. through political and religious succession, e.g. chiefdoms, hereditary priesthoods and early monarchies.
* The peak coincides with early agricultural revolutions, hence a plausible explanation is increasingly polygynous mating practices enabled by the power concentration and wealth accumulation of farmers. Economic inequality and hereditary systems may also have disproportionately increased the reproductive success of few wealthy men and their descendants, e.g. through political and religious succession, e.g. chiefdoms, hereditary priesthoods and early monarchies.
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Karmin2015.png|thumb|500px|none|Karmin et al. (2015) found a peak in the sex ratio of genetic diversity around 8,000 years ago]]
[[File:Karmin2015.png|thumb|500px|none|Karmin et al. (2015) found a peak in the sex ratio of genetic diversity around 8,000 years ago]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Likely, the effect we observe is due to a combination of culturally driven increased male variance in offspring number within demes and an increased male-specific variance among demes, perhaps enhanced by increased sex-biased migration patterns and male-specific cultural inheritance of fitness.'' (Karmin et al., 2015)
* ''Likely, the effect we observe is due to a combination of culturally driven increased male variance in offspring number within demes and an increased male-specific variance among demes, perhaps enhanced by increased sex-biased migration patterns and male-specific cultural inheritance of fitness.'' (Karmin et al., 2015)
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* ''Most men who ever lived did not have descendants who are alive today. Their lines were dead ends.'' (Tierney, 2007)
* ''Most men who ever lived did not have descendants who are alive today. Their lines were dead ends.'' (Tierney, 2007)
* ''Look at it this way. Most women have only a few children, and hardly any have more than a dozen—but many fathers have had more than a few, and some men have actually had several dozen, even hundreds of kids. In terms of the biological competition to produce offspring, then, men outnumbered women both among the losers and among the biggest winners.'' (Tierney, 2007)
* ''Look at it this way. Most women have only a few children, and hardly any have more than a dozen—but many fathers have had more than a few, and some men have actually had several dozen, even hundreds of kids. In terms of the biological competition to produce offspring, then, men outnumbered women both among the losers and among the biggest winners.'' (Tierney, 2007)
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Sayres MAW, Järve M, Talas UG, et al. 2015. ''A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture.'' Genome Research. 25: 459-466. [[https://genome.cshlp.org/content/25/4/459.abstract Abstract]] [[https://genome.cshlp.org/content/25/4/459.full.pdf+html FullText]]
* Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Sayres MAW, Järve M, Talas UG, et al. 2015. ''A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture.'' Genome Research. 25: 459-466. [[https://genome.cshlp.org/content/25/4/459.abstract Abstract]] [[https://genome.cshlp.org/content/25/4/459.full.pdf+html FullText]]
* Diep F. 2017. ''8,000 Years Ago, 17 Women Reproduced for Every One Man.'' Pacific Standard. [[https://psmag.com/environment/17-to-1-reproductive-success News]]
* Diep F. 2017. ''8,000 Years Ago, 17 Women Reproduced for Every One Man.'' Pacific Standard. [[https://psmag.com/environment/17-to-1-reproductive-success News]]
* Wilder JA, Mobasher Z, Hammer MF. 2004. ''Genetic Evidence for Unequal Effective Population Sizes of Human Females and Males.'' Molecular Biology and Evolution, 21(11): 2047–2057. [[https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/21/11/2047/1147770#20340635 FullText]]
* Wilder JA, Mobasher Z, Hammer MF. 2004. ''Genetic Evidence for Unequal Effective Population Sizes of Human Females and Males.'' Molecular Biology and Evolution, 21(11): 2047–2057. [[https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/21/11/2047/1147770#20340635 FullText]]
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* Cochran G. 2015. ''Y-chromosome crash''. [[https://westhunt.wordpress.com/2015/03/21/y-chromosome-crash/ Web]]
* Cochran G. 2015. ''Y-chromosome crash''. [[https://westhunt.wordpress.com/2015/03/21/y-chromosome-crash/ Web]]
* Favre M, Sornette D. 2012. ''Strong gender differences in reproductive success variance, and the times to the most recent common ancestors. Journal of theoretical biology.'' 310:43-54. [[https://arxiv.org/pdf/1203.6231.pdf FullText]]
* Favre M, Sornette D. 2012. ''Strong gender differences in reproductive success variance, and the times to the most recent common ancestors. Journal of theoretical biology.'' 310:43-54. [[https://arxiv.org/pdf/1203.6231.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_bitterly_reject_unattractive_men_after_facing_rejection_themselves_by_an_attractive_man">Women bitterly reject unattractive men after facing rejection themselves by an attractive man</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_bitterly_reject_unattractive_men_after_facing_rejection_themselves_by_an_attractive_man">Women bitterly reject unattractive men after facing rejection themselves by an attractive man</span>===
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Macdonald et al. (2015) conducted two identical studies to confirm their hypothesis that rejected individuals are likely to feel insulted and thus derogate unattractive partners in an attempt to ameliorate the loss of status they receive through being rejected.
Macdonald et al. (2015) conducted two identical studies to confirm their hypothesis that rejected individuals are likely to feel insulted and thus derogate unattractive partners in an attempt to ameliorate the loss of status they receive through being rejected.


A group of female Canadian university students (N = 126 for the first study, N = 166 for the second) were presented with two separate online dating profiles with identical biographic information.  
A group of female Canadian university students (N = 126 for the first study, N = 166 for the second) were presented with two separate online dating profiles with identical biographic information.  


The two profiles solely differed on the metric of third-party rated physical attractiveness (mean rating for the 'attractive' profile = 4.39; mean rating for the 'unattractive' profile = 1.79).  
The two profiles solely differed on the metric of third-party rated physical attractiveness (mean rating for the 'attractive' profile = 4.39; mean rating for the 'unattractive' profile = 1.79).
After viewing the two profiles, the participants were given either acceptance or rejection feedback from the two profiles, with the participants being under the impression that they were participating in a study of online dating behavior; in comparison to dating 'in real life'. The participants then evaluated the two profiles on their level of desirability as a potential romantic partner, their responsiveness and rating the partner's physical attractiveness.
After viewing the two profiles, the participants were given either acceptance or rejection feedback from the two profiles, with the participants being under the impression that they were participating in a study of online dating behavior; in comparison to dating 'in real life'. The participants then evaluated the two profiles on their level of desirability as a potential romantic partner, their responsiveness and rating the partner's physical attractiveness.


It was found that as expected participants were likely to derogate the men who had been portrayed as rejecting them. More interestingly, it was discovered that participants that were rejected by the attractive man were likely to derogate and reject the unattractive man; even when he was depicted as being accepting towards them.
It was found that as expected participants were likely to derogate the men who had been portrayed as rejecting them. More interestingly, it was discovered that participants that were rejected by the attractive man were likely to derogate and reject the unattractive man; even when he was depicted as being accepting towards them.


The researchers suggested that this revealed an attempt by the participants to lessen the social impact of rejection by a desirable mate, by derogating and thus asserting one's superiority towards a man seen as 'lesser' than oneself.  
The researchers suggested that this revealed an attempt by the participants to lessen the social impact of rejection by a desirable mate, by derogating and thus asserting one's superiority towards a man seen as 'lesser' than oneself.
The opposite situation was not found, rejection by the unattractive man had no effect on the women's acceptance towards the attractive man.
The opposite situation was not found, rejection by the unattractive man had no effect on the women's acceptance towards the attractive man.


<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>


Perhaps this study helps explain one reason why many incels report being the recipient of callous and dismissive behavior by women they attempt to make romantic connections with. It could be that many of these women 'punch down' on unattractive men in an attempt to restore their damaged self-esteem and social status because of them having experiencing rejection by at the hands of an [[chad|attractive man.]]  
Perhaps this study helps explain one reason why many incels report being the recipient of callous and dismissive behavior by women they attempt to make romantic connections with. It could be that many of these women 'punch down' on unattractive men in an attempt to restore their damaged self-esteem and social status because of them having experiencing rejection by at the hands of an [[chad|attractive man.]]


<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
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* ''However, consistent with our theoretical position, we did not find evidence that rejection by an unattractive man spurred derogation of an attractive man.''
* ''However, consistent with our theoretical position, we did not find evidence that rejection by an unattractive man spurred derogation of an attractive man.''
* ''Furthermore, based on participants’ ratings, our attractive males may arguably be labeled as moderately attractive. Thus, it is unclear what effects would emerge if rejection came from a highly attractive individual.''
* ''Furthermore, based on participants’ ratings, our attractive males may arguably be labeled as moderately attractive. Thus, it is unclear what effects would emerge if rejection came from a highly attractive individual.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* MacDonald G, Baratta PL, Tzalazidis R. 2015. ''Resisting Connection Following Social Exclusion: Rejection by an Attractive Suitor Provokes Derogation of an Unattractive Suitor.'' Social Psychological and Personality Science. 6(7): 766-772. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1948550615584196 Abstract]]
* MacDonald G, Baratta PL, Tzalazidis R. 2015. ''Resisting Connection Following Social Exclusion: Rejection by an Attractive Suitor Provokes Derogation of an Unattractive Suitor.'' Social Psychological and Personality Science. 6(7): 766-772. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1948550615584196 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="A_large_survey_study_found_no_clues_to_stronger_sexual_motivation_among_women">A large survey study found no clues to stronger sexual motivation among women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="A_large_survey_study_found_no_clues_to_stronger_sexual_motivation_among_women">A large survey study found no clues to stronger sexual motivation among women</span>===
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Baumeister et al. (2001) conducted a comprehensive survey study of sex difference in sex drive and found not a single study that significantly showed women have a higher sex drive. Baumeister's and related results are also summarized in the ''[[libido]] article''.
Baumeister et al. (2001) conducted a comprehensive survey study of sex difference in sex drive and found not a single study that significantly showed women have a higher sex drive. Baumeister's and related results are also summarized in the ''[[libido]] article''.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Baumeister, R.F., Catanese, K.R. and Vohs, K.D., 2001. ''Is there a gender difference in strength of sex drive? Theoretical views, conceptual distinctions, and a review of relevant evidence.'' [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5f84/46340d4ed375007351539e7993fa44e2e31b.pdf FullText]]
* Baumeister, R.F., Catanese, K.R. and Vohs, K.D., 2001. ''Is there a gender difference in strength of sex drive? Theoretical views, conceptual distinctions, and a review of relevant evidence.'' [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5f84/46340d4ed375007351539e7993fa44e2e31b.pdf FullText]]
* Puts, D.A., Bailey, D.H. and Reno, P.L., 2015. ''Contest competition in men.'' [[http://doi.org/10.1002/9781119125563.evpsych113 Abstract]]
* Puts, D.A., Bailey, D.H. and Reno, P.L., 2015. ''Contest competition in men.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119125563.evpsych113 Abstract]]
 
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Aversion_to_having_the_wife_earn_more_explains_29.25_of_the_decline_in_marriages">Aversion to having the wife earn more explains 29% of the decline in marriages</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Aversion_to_having_the_wife_earn_more_explains_29.25_of_the_decline_in_marriages">Aversion to having the wife earn more explains 29% of the decline in marriages</span>===
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In a very large sample (N = 73,654), Bertrand et al. (2015) examined the causes and consequences of the income gap within households. They found that within marriage markets, when a randomly chosen woman becomes more likely to earn more than a randomly chosen man, marriage rates decline.
In a very large sample (N = 73,654), Bertrand et al. (2015) examined the causes and consequences of the income gap within households. They found that within marriage markets, when a randomly chosen woman becomes more likely to earn more than a randomly chosen man, marriage rates decline.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''In couples where the wife earns more than the husband, the wife spends more time on household chores; moreover, those couples are less satisfied with their marriage and are more likely to divorce.''
* ''In couples where the wife earns more than the husband, the wife spends more time on household chores; moreover, those couples are less satisfied with their marriage and are more likely to divorce.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Bertrand M, Kamenica E and Pan J. 2015. ''Gender identity and relative income within households.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv001 Abstract]
* Bertrand M, Kamenica E and Pan J. 2015. ''Gender identity and relative income within households.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv001 Abstract]
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Cucks''</span>==
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Cucks''</span>==
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_name_the_wrong_man_as_the_.22father.22_for_3.36.25_of_all_childbirths">Women name the wrong man as the "father" for 3.36% of all childbirths </span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_name_the_wrong_man_as_the_.22father.22_for_3.36.25_of_all_childbirths">Women name the wrong man as the "father" for 3.36% of all childbirths </span>===
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A review published in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health by Bellis ''et al.'' (2005) concluded that in cases where paternity was disputed, 26.9% of cases showed paternity discordance (PD, aka paternity fraud). In the general population where children were more randomly tested by blood or genetic markers to assess their paternity, the median rate of paternity fraud was 3.7%, with studies ranging from 0.8% to 30%. The high figures are likely outliers. Combining all samples one finds a rate of paternity fraud of 3.36% (N = 20,871, 95% CI: 3.12% to 3.61%).
A review published in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health by Bellis ''et al.'' (2005) concluded that in cases where paternity was disputed, 26.9% of cases showed paternity discordance (PD, aka paternity fraud). In the general population where children were more randomly tested by blood or genetic markers to assess their paternity, the median rate of paternity fraud was 3.7%, with studies ranging from 0.8% to 30%. The high figures are likely outliers. Combining all samples one finds a rate of paternity fraud of 3.36% (N = 20,871, 95% CI: 3.12% to 3.61%).


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| Median
| Median
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''For disputed paternity tests median levels of PD across 16 studies is 26.9%. ''
* ''For disputed paternity tests median levels of PD across 16 studies is 26.9%. ''
* ''For studies based on populations chosen for reasons other than disputed paternity median PD is 3.7%. '' (Bellis et al. 2005)
* ''For studies based on populations chosen for reasons other than disputed paternity median PD is 3.7%. '' (Bellis et al. 2005)
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Bellis M, Hughes K, Hughes S, Ashton J. 2005. ''Measuring paternal discrepancy and its public health consequences.'' J Epidemiol Community Health. 59(9): 749–754. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1733152/ FullText]] [[https://jech.bmj.com/content/59/9/749.info FullText]]
* Bellis M, Hughes K, Hughes S, Ashton J. 2005. ''Measuring paternal discrepancy and its public health consequences.'' J Epidemiol Community Health. 59(9): 749–754. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1733152/ FullText]] [[https://jech.bmj.com/content/59/9/749.info FullText]]
* Vâlsan L. 2013. ''France upholds the ban on paternity tests.'' A Voice For Men. [[https://www.avoiceformen.com/mens-rights/france-upholds-the-ban-on-paternity-tests/ Web]]
* Vâlsan L. 2013. ''France upholds the ban on paternity tests.'' A Voice For Men. [[https://www.avoiceformen.com/mens-rights/france-upholds-the-ban-on-paternity-tests/ Web]]
* ''Article 226-28 of French Penal Code prohibiting DNA paternity testing'' [[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do;jsessionid=31ADE74F1A72F9EAB11F2682C486084E.tpdjo17v_2?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006418005&dateTexte=20081113&categorieLien=id FullText]]
* ''Article 226-28 of French Penal Code prohibiting DNA paternity testing'' [[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do;jsessionid=31ADE74F1A72F9EAB11F2682C486084E.tpdjo17v_2?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006418005&dateTexte=20081113&categorieLien=id FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_rapidly_lose_interest_in_sex_once_in_a_stable_relationship_or_living_with_a_man">Women rapidly lose interest in sex once in a stable relationship or living with a man</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_rapidly_lose_interest_in_sex_once_in_a_stable_relationship_or_living_with_a_man">Women rapidly lose interest in sex once in a stable relationship or living with a man</span>===
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Klusmann (2006) examined a set of data consisting of three different samples of individuals (N = 573) 30, 45 and 60 years of age, which were drawn randomly from local resident registration offices in the cities of Hamburg and Leipzig, Germany. 776 interviews were conducted, with a response rate of 30%.
Klusmann (2006) examined a set of data consisting of three different samples of individuals (N = 573) 30, 45 and 60 years of age, which were drawn randomly from local resident registration offices in the cities of Hamburg and Leipzig, Germany. 776 interviews were conducted, with a response rate of 30%.


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However, when examining factors modifying the relation between sex, partnership duration, and sexual motivation, it was found that female sexual desire rapidly declined after cohabitation, while it only slightly declined when the female was living separate to the male partner. It was also found that female sexual desire declined less when the male partner had a higher level of education relative to hers.
However, when examining factors modifying the relation between sex, partnership duration, and sexual motivation, it was found that female sexual desire rapidly declined after cohabitation, while it only slightly declined when the female was living separate to the male partner. It was also found that female sexual desire declined less when the male partner had a higher level of education relative to hers.


The author stated that these results appear to support the assertion that differentiation of desire over the course of a relationship is explained by different evolutionary motivations between the sexes. Men have a motivation to maintain a high level of sexual desire to ensure regular [[copulation|copulations]] to guard against cuckoldry by potential rivals and maximize reproduction. Whereas, in women the primary motivator when it comes to relationships desire to create and maintain a pair-bond with the male, to ensure his continued investment in her and her offspring.
The author stated that these results appear to support the assertion that differentiation of desire over the course of a relationship is explained by different evolutionary motivations between the sexes. Men have a motivation to maintain a high level of sexual desire to ensure regular [[copulation|copulations]] to guard against cuckoldry by potential rivals and maximize reproduction. Whereas, in women the primary motivator when it comes to relationships desire to create and maintain a pair-bond with the male, to ensure his continued investment in her and her offspring.


<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
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Paradoxically, women's seemingly inferior ability for long-term pair bonding compared to men, contradicts women's otherwise more [[life history|k-selected]] sexual nature. In particular, women are more choosy in mate choice and [[sex drive|wait longer]] before engaging in sex which is indicative of high parental investment and may be explained by women's higher [[Bateman's principle|parental investment]] and [[Scientific_Blackpill_(Supplemental)#Women_were_historically_predominantly_involved_in_cooking_and_they_never_dominated_men|resource dependence]]. However, losing sexual interest in their current mate more quickly is indicative of low long-term parental investment, i.e. more r-selected behavior that would be more adaptive in mild ecologies like the tropicals, and women's desire to liberate themselves from their partner is incompatible with the demands of modern civilization. A number of potential explanations could be provided for women's faster decline in sexual interest:
Paradoxically, women's seemingly inferior ability for long-term pair bonding compared to men, contradicts women's otherwise more [[life history|k-selected]] sexual nature. In particular, women are more choosy in mate choice and [[sex drive|wait longer]] before engaging in sex which is indicative of high parental investment and may be explained by women's higher [[Bateman's principle|parental investment]] and [[Scientific_Blackpill_(Supplemental)#Women_were_historically_predominantly_involved_in_cooking_and_they_never_dominated_men|resource dependence]]. However, losing sexual interest in their current mate more quickly is indicative of low long-term parental investment, i.e. more r-selected behavior that would be more adaptive in mild ecologies like the tropicals, and women's desire to liberate themselves from their partner is incompatible with the demands of modern civilization. A number of potential explanations could be provided for women's faster decline in sexual interest:
# Women's sexuality may be stuck in a more r-selected past because they have been subject to less selective pressure, having had a higher [[reproductive success]] throughout human history.
# Women's sexuality may be stuck in a more r-selected past because they have been subject to less selective pressure, having had a higher [[reproductive success]] throughout human history.
# This phenomenon might be an instance of the [[Promiscuity|coolidge effect]] for women, which is the effect that animals prefer sexual variety in order to get genetically diverse offspring. Men have nothing to lose copulating with the same partner, as they can still impregnate other women through extramarital sex simultaneously and not invest into the offspring much. Women, on the other hand, have greater parental investment, so they only benefit from greater sexual variety, if access to resources is secured. As infidelity is a risk getting dumped, they need a new partner who both invests and provides a different set of genes.
# This phenomenon might be an instance of the [[Promiscuity|coolidge effect]] for women, which is the effect that animals prefer sexual variety in order to get genetically diverse offspring. Men have nothing to lose copulating with the same partner, as they can still impregnate other women through extramarital sex simultaneously and not invest into the offspring much. Women, on the other hand, have greater parental investment, so they only benefit from greater sexual variety, if access to resources is secured. As infidelity is a risk getting dumped, they need a new partner who both invests and provides a different set of genes.
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# Some argued women's sexual competition primarily lies in competing by arousing men's attention to get access to resources. Once their partner of interest is on the verge of showing disinterest, women become [https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/evolution-the-self/201109/fear-inspired-sex-womans-ultimate-defense-or-weapon anxious and will readily offer sex] to secure his [[Hypergamy|resource investment]] and [[Bodyguard hypothesis|protection]]. Some argued, women engage in this behavior as disinterest on part of the male is a costly signal of having alternative options and this observation lead to the invention of the "dread game" in [[redpill]] circles, meaning the deliberate display of disinterest to provoke women's voluntary offer of sex. In a long-term bond, womens gain certainty to have secured her husband's resources, so they see less need for rewarding her partner with sex. If the man is high, status, however, he has a multitude of alternative options, so she continuously needs to secure his resources with sex. This is also corroborated by Klusmann's study as it found that when women's status (in terms of educational status) is lower than the man's then she does not lose her sex drive.  
# Some argued women's sexual competition primarily lies in competing by arousing men's attention to get access to resources. Once their partner of interest is on the verge of showing disinterest, women become [https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/evolution-the-self/201109/fear-inspired-sex-womans-ultimate-defense-or-weapon anxious and will readily offer sex] to secure his [[Hypergamy|resource investment]] and [[Bodyguard hypothesis|protection]]. Some argued, women engage in this behavior as disinterest on part of the male is a costly signal of having alternative options and this observation lead to the invention of the "dread game" in [[redpill]] circles, meaning the deliberate display of disinterest to provoke women's voluntary offer of sex. In a long-term bond, womens gain certainty to have secured her husband's resources, so they see less need for rewarding her partner with sex. If the man is high, status, however, he has a multitude of alternative options, so she continuously needs to secure his resources with sex. This is also corroborated by Klusmann's study as it found that when women's status (in terms of educational status) is lower than the man's then she does not lose her sex drive.  
# Just as men, women's testosterone levels drop in a long-term relationship, meaning their competitiveness decreases too, which may mean their competition in baiting men with sex, including their husband, decreases too.
# Just as men, women's testosterone levels drop in a long-term relationship, meaning their competitiveness decreases too, which may mean their competition in baiting men with sex, including their husband, decreases too.
The results of this study have since been replicated by two longitudinal studies performed by McNulty et.al (2019). They found that controlling for the effects of childbirth, post-natal depression and stress, the length of the marriage was still a predictor of lower female [[libido]], but not male libido, which remained constant.
The results of this study have since been replicated by two longitudinal studies performed by McNulty et.al (2019). They found that controlling for the effects of childbirth, post-natal depression and stress, the length of the marriage was still a predictor of lower female [[libido]], but not male libido, which remained constant.


<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figure:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figure:'''</span>
[[File:WantSexOften.png|thumb|none|500px|Women's interest in sex declines rapidly while men's interest remains relatively stable. This effect is not explained by menopause because it's the same for women aged 30 as the same study revealed.]]
[[File:WantSexOften.png|thumb|none|500px|Women's interest in sex declines rapidly while men's interest remains relatively stable. This effect is not explained by menopause because it's the same for women aged 30 as the same study revealed.]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''This study investigates changes in sexual motivation over the duration of a partnership in a population sample stratified by age. The results replicate and extend the findings of a previous study that was based on a sample of college students. ''
* ''This study investigates changes in sexual motivation over the duration of a partnership in a population sample stratified by age. The results replicate and extend the findings of a previous study that was based on a sample of college students. ''
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* ''The results seem more intelligible from an evolutionary perspective as reflections of evolved design for sexual motivation, fine-tuned to the different conditions governing the reproductive success of males and females. In this view male sexual motivation promotes a constant frequency of copulation in order to guard against cuckoldry. Female sexual motivation, in contrast, promotes copulation to solve the adaptive problem of procuring male resources by establishing and maintaining a pair bond.''
* ''The results seem more intelligible from an evolutionary perspective as reflections of evolved design for sexual motivation, fine-tuned to the different conditions governing the reproductive success of males and females. In this view male sexual motivation promotes a constant frequency of copulation in order to guard against cuckoldry. Female sexual motivation, in contrast, promotes copulation to solve the adaptive problem of procuring male resources by establishing and maintaining a pair bond.''
* ''The author is not a professional researcher in any of these fields herself. She relates that, after four years of happy marriage and shortly after her 27th birthday, she began to feel bored and unhappy for no apparent reason. She turned to a number of books and professionals, all of whom agreed that the fault lay with her husband; she adopted this now conventional view for a time herself. Fortunately—and unlike most women—she kept digging for answers. She met women, at first accidentally, who described similar experiences, and questioned them. Later she began seeking women out for lengthy interviews. She eventually interviewed men as well. It is worth noting that she managed to devote several hours a week to this research without any degree in sociology or taxpayer-funded grants. Gradually, consistent patterns began to emerge from the stories she was hearing. “By the time I stopped counting, I had interviewed 123 women and 72 men. . . . I found it fascinating that something so prevalent could be kept so secret.” ([https://www.counter-currents.com/2011/06/rotating-polyandry-and-its-enforcers-part-1/ Source]).''
* ''The author is not a professional researcher in any of these fields herself. She relates that, after four years of happy marriage and shortly after her 27th birthday, she began to feel bored and unhappy for no apparent reason. She turned to a number of books and professionals, all of whom agreed that the fault lay with her husband; she adopted this now conventional view for a time herself. Fortunately—and unlike most women—she kept digging for answers. She met women, at first accidentally, who described similar experiences, and questioned them. Later she began seeking women out for lengthy interviews. She eventually interviewed men as well. It is worth noting that she managed to devote several hours a week to this research without any degree in sociology or taxpayer-funded grants. Gradually, consistent patterns began to emerge from the stories she was hearing. “By the time I stopped counting, I had interviewed 123 women and 72 men. . . . I found it fascinating that something so prevalent could be kept so secret.” ([https://www.counter-currents.com/2011/06/rotating-polyandry-and-its-enforcers-part-1/ Source]).''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Klusmann D. 2006. ''Sperm competition and female procurement of male resources.'' Human Nature. 17(3): 283–300. [[http://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-006-1010-2 Abstract]] [[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.572.4494&rep=rep1&type=pdf FullText]]
* Klusmann D. 2006. ''Sperm competition and female procurement of male resources.'' Human Nature. 17(3): 283–300. [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-006-1010-2 Abstract]] [[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.572.4494&rep=rep1&type=pdf FullText]]
* McNulty JK, Maxwell JA, Meltzer AL, Baumeister RF. 2019. ''The Honeymoon Is Over: Sex-Differentiated Changes in Sexual Desire Predict Marital Dissatisfaction''. Arch Sex Behav. [[http://jessmaxwell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Honeymoon-is-over_in-press.pdf FullText]]
* McNulty JK, Maxwell JA, Meltzer AL, Baumeister RF. 2019. ''The Honeymoon Is Over: Sex-Differentiated Changes in Sexual Desire Predict Marital Dissatisfaction''. Arch Sex Behav. [[http://jessmaxwell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Honeymoon-is-over_in-press.pdf FullText]]
* Buss DM, Goetz C, Duntley JD, Asao K, Conroy-Beam D. 2017. ''The mate switching hypothesis'' [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886916308534 Abstract]]
* Buss DM, Goetz C, Duntley JD, Asao K, Conroy-Beam D. 2017. ''The mate switching hypothesis'' [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886916308534 Abstract]]
* Kresanov P, Kotler J, Seto M, Lieberman D, Santtila P, Antfolk J. 2018. ''Intergenerational incest aversion: self-reported sexual arousal and disgust to hypothetical sexual contact with family members.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.06.008 Abstract]]
* Kresanov P, Kotler J, Seto M, Lieberman D, Santtila P, Antfolk J. 2018. ''Intergenerational incest aversion: self-reported sexual arousal and disgust to hypothetical sexual contact with family members.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.06.008 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="The_more_women_love_their_husbands.2C_the_less_likely_they_are_to_initiate_sex">The more women love their husbands, the less likely they are to initiate sex</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="The_more_women_love_their_husbands.2C_the_less_likely_they_are_to_initiate_sex">The more women love their husbands, the less likely they are to initiate sex</span>===
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Researchers interviewed 168 couples living in rural Pennsylvania who were in their first marriages about their activities and interactions with their partners within two months of when each couple was married and then annually over the course of 13-year study.
Researchers interviewed 168 couples living in rural Pennsylvania who were in their first marriages about their activities and interactions with their partners within two months of when each couple was married and then annually over the course of 13-year study.


They found that the more men love their wives, the more likely they were to be affectionate and create an environment in which the couple does a variety of things together, be it leisure activities or household chores. The more husbands loved their wives, they more likely they were also to initiate sex.
They found that the more men love their wives, the more likely they were to be affectionate and create an environment in which the couple does a variety of things together, be it leisure activities or household chores. The more husbands loved their wives, they more likely they were also to initiate sex.


By contrast, women showed affection by enacting fewer negative or antagonistic behaviors (e.g nagging less and being less annoying). Wives were found to actually be less likely to initiate sex the more they loved their husbands.
By contrast, women showed affection by enacting fewer negative or antagonistic behaviors (e.g nagging less and being less annoying). Wives were found to actually be less likely to initiate sex the more they loved their husbands.


To summarize:
To summarize:
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* Men showed affection by initiating sex, sharing leisure activities, and doing housework with their wife.
* Men showed affection by initiating sex, sharing leisure activities, and doing housework with their wife.
* Women showed affection by enacting fewer negative or antagonistic behaviors.
* Women showed affection by enacting fewer negative or antagonistic behaviors.
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>


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* ''Wives expressed love by enacting fewer negative or antagonistic behaviors, husbands showed love by initiating sex, sharing leisure activities, and doing household work together with their wives. ''
* ''Wives expressed love by enacting fewer negative or antagonistic behaviors, husbands showed love by initiating sex, sharing leisure activities, and doing household work together with their wives. ''
* ''While the more husbands loved their wives, they more likely they were to initiate sex, wives were actually less likely to make the first move the more they loved their husbands.''
* ''While the more husbands loved their wives, they more likely they were to initiate sex, wives were actually less likely to make the first move the more they loved their husbands.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Schoenfeld EA, Bredow CA, Huston TL. 2012. ''Do Men and Women Show Love Differently in Marriage?'' Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 38(11): 1396-1409. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167212450739 Abstract]]
* Schoenfeld EA, Bredow CA, Huston TL. 2012. ''Do Men and Women Show Love Differently in Marriage?'' Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 38(11): 1396-1409. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167212450739 Abstract]]
* Hsu C. 2012. ''Psychologists Reveal That Men and Women Do Love Differently.'' Medical Daily. [[https://www.medicaldaily.com/psychologists-reveal-men-and-women-do-love-differently-are-equally-affectionate-241662 News]]
* Hsu C. 2012. ''Psychologists Reveal That Men and Women Do Love Differently.'' Medical Daily. [[https://www.medicaldaily.com/psychologists-reveal-men-and-women-do-love-differently-are-equally-affectionate-241662 News]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_initiate_69.25_of_divorces">Women initiate 69% of divorces</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_initiate_69.25_of_divorces">Women initiate 69% of divorces</span>===
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A survey titled "How Couples Meet and Stay Together" collected data from 2,262 adults in heterosexual relationships, including the relationship status of participants between 2009 and 2015. Analysis of the data revealed that women initiated 69% of divorces, while men only initiated 31%.  
A survey titled "How Couples Meet and Stay Together" collected data from 2,262 adults in heterosexual relationships, including the relationship status of participants between 2009 and 2015. Analysis of the data revealed that women initiated 69% of divorces, while men only initiated 31%.  


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* American Sociological Association. 2015. ''Women more likely than men to initiate divorces, but not non-marital breakups.'' ScienceDaily. [[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150822154900.htm FullText]]
* American Sociological Association. 2015. ''Women more likely than men to initiate divorces, but not non-marital breakups.'' ScienceDaily. [[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150822154900.htm FullText]]
* Rosenfeld MJ. 2017. ''Who wants the Breakup? Gender and Breakup in Heterosexual Couples.'' [[https://web.stanford.edu/~mrosenfe/Rosenfeld_gender_of_breakup.pdf FullText]]
* Rosenfeld MJ. 2017. ''Who wants the Breakup? Gender and Breakup in Heterosexual Couples.'' [[https://web.stanford.edu/~mrosenfe/Rosenfeld_gender_of_breakup.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Half_of_women_in_relationships_report_maintaining_a_.27back-up.27_partner_in_their_social_circle">Half of women in relationships report maintaining a 'back-up' partner in their social circle</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Half_of_women_in_relationships_report_maintaining_a_.27back-up.27_partner_in_their_social_circle">Half of women in relationships report maintaining a 'back-up' partner in their social circle</span>===
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In 2014, online market research company OnePoll.com conducted a survey of 1,000 UK women in relationships for the newspaper ''The Daily Mail'' to determine how many of these female respondents in relationships had a 'Plan-B' (i.e. possible alternative to their current partner). They found:
In 2014, online market research company OnePoll.com conducted a survey of 1,000 UK women in relationships for the newspaper ''The Daily Mail'' to determine how many of these female respondents in relationships had a 'Plan-B' (i.e. possible alternative to their current partner). They found:
* 43% of women reported having a back-up partner.
* 43% of women reported having a back-up partner.
* 80% were in contact with the back-up partner.
* 80% were in contact with the back-up partner.
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* 25% said they had feelings as strong for their back-up partner as they do for their primary partner.
* 25% said they had feelings as strong for their back-up partner as they do for their primary partner.
* 15% said their feelings were stronger for the back-up then for their primary partner.
* 15% said their feelings were stronger for the back-up then for their primary partner.
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>


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* ''For our research to establish that almost 50 per cent of women in relationships have a 'Plan B' is a worrying sign ... This could spark fear in men across the UK and be great news for women looking for that extra bit of love and care so that their attentions aren't swayed.''
* ''For our research to establish that almost 50 per cent of women in relationships have a 'Plan B' is a worrying sign ... This could spark fear in men across the UK and be great news for women looking for that extra bit of love and care so that their attentions aren't swayed.''
* ''Around half had a 'never say never' approach, while trouble may lie ahead for one in six who said they were 'seriously considering' rekindling their romance with the man in the shadows.''
* ''Around half had a 'never say never' approach, while trouble may lie ahead for one in six who said they were 'seriously considering' rekindling their romance with the man in the shadows.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Kirkova D. 2014. ''HALF of women have a fall-back partner on standby who has always fancied them, in case their current relationship turns sour.'' The Daily Mail. [[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2769593/HALF-women-fall-partner-standby-fancied-case-current-relationship-turns-sour.html Article]] [[https://archive.is/BS9jk Archive]]
* Kirkova D. 2014. ''HALF of women have a fall-back partner on standby who has always fancied them, in case their current relationship turns sour.'' The Daily Mail. [[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2769593/HALF-women-fall-partner-standby-fancied-case-current-relationship-turns-sour.html Article]] [[https://archive.is/BS9jk Archive]]
* Daily Mail Reporter. 2012. ''Why three affairs are unforgivable: Six in ten women would forgive their partner if they strayed twice.'' The Daily Mail. [[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2196146/Why-affairs-unforgivable-Six-women-forgive-partner-strayed-twice.html Article]]
* Daily Mail Reporter. 2012. ''Why three affairs are unforgivable: Six in ten women would forgive their partner if they strayed twice.'' The Daily Mail. [[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2196146/Why-affairs-unforgivable-Six-women-forgive-partner-strayed-twice.html Article]]
* Buss DM. 2018. ''Sexual and Emotional Infidelity: Evolved Gender Differences in Jealousy Prove Robust and Replicable.'' [[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1745691617698225 Abstract]]
* Buss DM. 2018. ''Sexual and Emotional Infidelity: Evolved Gender Differences in Jealousy Prove Robust and Replicable.'' [[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1745691617698225 Abstract]]
* Fincham FD, May RW. 2017. Infidelity in romantic relationships. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.03.008 Abstract]] [[http://www.fincham.info/papers/2017-infidelity.pdf FullText]]
* Fincham FD, May RW. 2017. Infidelity in romantic relationships. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.03.008 Abstract]] [[http://www.fincham.info/papers/2017-infidelity.pdf FullText]]
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* Wedberg NA. 2016. ''Partner insurance: Women may have backup romantic partners as a mating strategy'' [[https://dspace.sunyconnect.suny.edu/bitstream/handle/1951/67467/Wedberg_Thesis.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y FullText]]
* Wedberg NA. 2016. ''Partner insurance: Women may have backup romantic partners as a mating strategy'' [[https://dspace.sunyconnect.suny.edu/bitstream/handle/1951/67467/Wedberg_Thesis.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y FullText]]
* Wang W. 2018. ''Who Cheats More? The Demographics of Infidelity in America'' [[https://ifstudies.org/blog/who-cheats-more-the-demographics-of-cheating-in-america Article]]
* Wang W. 2018. ''Who Cheats More? The Demographics of Infidelity in America'' [[https://ifstudies.org/blog/who-cheats-more-the-demographics-of-cheating-in-america Article]]
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Sluts''</span>==
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Sluts''</span>==
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_who_have_premarital_sex_partners_have_higher_divorce_rates">Women who have premarital sex partners have higher divorce rates</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_who_have_premarital_sex_partners_have_higher_divorce_rates">Women who have premarital sex partners have higher divorce rates</span>===
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The National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) is a large periodic survey run by the CDC to gather information on family life, marriage and divorce, pregnancy, infertility, use of contraception, and men’s and women’s health, most recently from 2011-2013. Analysis of outcomes from this most recent data show a considerably higher odds of divorce proportionate to the number of premarital sex partners a woman has before marriage. Even a woman having one premarital sex partner doubles the odds of divorce. A woman having two premarital sex partners gives 3.5 times the odds of divorce.
The National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) is a large periodic survey run by the CDC to gather information on family life, marriage and divorce, pregnancy, infertility, use of contraception, and men’s and women’s health, most recently from 2011-2013. Analysis of outcomes from this most recent data show a considerably higher odds of divorce proportionate to the number of premarital sex partners a woman has before marriage. Even a woman having one premarital sex partner doubles the odds of divorce. A woman having two premarital sex partners gives 3.5 times the odds of divorce.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Brides premarital partner count.PNG|thumb|none|500px|Hazard ratios indicating increased odds of divorce for women with various premarital partner counts, per decade of marriage compared to reference category of 0 partners (total abstinence before marriage). Controlled for family structure of origin, race, education and urbanicity, age at marriage, and church attendance.]]
[[File:Brides premarital partner count.PNG|thumb|none|500px|Hazard ratios indicating increased odds of divorce for women with various premarital partner counts, per decade of marriage compared to reference category of 0 partners (total abstinence before marriage). Controlled for family structure of origin, race, education and urbanicity, age at marriage, and church attendance.]]
[[File:Changes in premarital sex partners.PNG|thumb|none|500px|The distribution of women's premarital sex partners, per decade of marriage cohorts. It seems "saving oneself for marriage" is no longer a common strategy among women.]]
[[File:Changes in premarital sex partners.PNG|thumb|none|500px|The distribution of women's premarital sex partners, per decade of marriage cohorts. It seems "saving oneself for marriage" is no longer a common strategy among women.]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Wolfinger NH. 2016. ''Counterintuitive Trends in the Link Between Premarital Sex and Marital Stability.'' Institute for Family Studies. [[https://ifstudies.org/blog/counterintuitive-trends-in-the-link-between-premarital-sex-and-marital-stability Article]]
* Wolfinger NH. 2016. ''Counterintuitive Trends in the Link Between Premarital Sex and Marital Stability.'' Institute for Family Studies. [[https://ifstudies.org/blog/counterintuitive-trends-in-the-link-between-premarital-sex-and-marital-stability Article]]
* https://i.redd.it/yfp6l9kjwdi01.jpg
* https://i.redd.it/yfp6l9kjwdi01.jpg
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Promiscuous_women_are_more_incompetent.2C_cold.2C_and_unstable.2C_according_to_women">Promiscuous women are more incompetent, cold, and unstable, according to women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Promiscuous_women_are_more_incompetent.2C_cold.2C_and_unstable.2C_according_to_women">Promiscuous women are more incompetent, cold, and unstable, according to women</span>===
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Vrangalova et al. (2013) conducted a study to examine the moderators of individuals negative views of promiscuous women.
Vrangalova et al. (2013) conducted a study to examine the moderators of individuals negative views of promiscuous women.
It is commonly maintained that there exists a sexual 'double standard' where men's promiscuous behavior is positively viewed by society, but promiscuous women are shunned, particularly by men. The researchers sought to confirm the hypothesis—originating in evolutionary psychology—that 'slut shaming' is actually a more salient feature of same-sex platonic relationships between females, owing to female intrasexual competition for desirable male mates.
It is commonly maintained that there exists a sexual 'double standard' where men's promiscuous behavior is positively viewed by society, but promiscuous women are shunned, particularly by men. The researchers sought to confirm the hypothesis—originating in evolutionary psychology—that 'slut shaming' is actually a more salient feature of same-sex platonic relationships between females, owing to female intrasexual competition for desirable male mates.


A group of university students (N = 758, 75% female) who were stated by the researchers to be generally 'not very religious' and 'politically liberal' were asked to complete an anonymous survey pertaining to the personality traits they found desirable in a potential same-sex friend.
A group of university students (N = 758, 75% female) who were stated by the researchers to be generally 'not very religious' and 'politically liberal' were asked to complete an anonymous survey pertaining to the personality traits they found desirable in a potential same-sex friend.
They were asked to read two vignettes, one being portrayed as more promiscuous then the other. The participants own level of sexual permissiveness was measured using the sociosexual orientation survey, i.e measuring participants favorable attitudes towards casual sex, their [[libido]], and promiscuous sexual behavior.
They were asked to read two vignettes, one being portrayed as more promiscuous then the other. The participants own level of sexual permissiveness was measured using the sociosexual orientation survey, i.e measuring participants favorable attitudes towards casual sex, their [[libido]], and promiscuous sexual behavior.


It was found that women viewed promiscuous women as less competent, warm and emotionally stable, regardless of their own level of permissiveness. They viewed promiscuous women more negatively than the more chaste women in all respects except for viewing more promiscuous women as being more extroverted. While expressing a general aversion for promiscuous behavior in women, the men in the study didn't perceive the more permissive women as possessing more negative personality characteristics. In fact, men viewed more promiscuous women as being more competent and emotionally stable. Non-permissive men perceived promiscuous women as less desirable friendship candidates.
It was found that women viewed promiscuous women as less competent, warm and emotionally stable, regardless of their own level of permissiveness. They viewed promiscuous women more negatively than the more chaste women in all respects except for viewing more promiscuous women as being more extroverted. While expressing a general aversion for promiscuous behavior in women, the men in the study didn't perceive the more permissive women as possessing more negative personality characteristics. In fact, men viewed more promiscuous women as being more competent and emotionally stable. Non-permissive men perceived promiscuous women as less desirable friendship candidates.
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* ''A double standard emerged for preferences regarding four specific personality dimensions, including competence, emotional stability, warmth, and dominance. Whereas women preferred the non-permissive target in all four dimensions, men showed preference for the permissive target in the first two, and no preference in the last two dimensions.''
* ''A double standard emerged for preferences regarding four specific personality dimensions, including competence, emotional stability, warmth, and dominance. Whereas women preferred the non-permissive target in all four dimensions, men showed preference for the permissive target in the first two, and no preference in the last two dimensions.''
* ''There was also no moderation of participant permissiveness in disliking of sexuality, and in preferences regarding competence, dominance, extraversion, and emotional stability''.
* ''There was also no moderation of participant permissiveness in disliking of sexuality, and in preferences regarding competence, dominance, extraversion, and emotional stability''.
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Vrangalova Z, Bukberg RE, Rieger G. 2013. ''Birds of a feather? Not when it comes to sexual permissiveness.'' Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 31(1): 93-113. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0265407513487638 Abstract]]
* Vrangalova Z, Bukberg RE, Rieger G. 2013. ''Birds of a feather? Not when it comes to sexual permissiveness.'' Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 31(1): 93-113. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0265407513487638 Abstract]]
* Reynolds T, Baumeister RF, Maner JK, 2018. ''Competitive reputation manipulation: Women strategically transmit social information about romantic rivals.'' [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103117304195 Abstract]]
* Reynolds T, Baumeister RF, Maner JK, 2018. ''Competitive reputation manipulation: Women strategically transmit social information about romantic rivals.'' [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103117304195 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_.27dehumanize.27_and_act_more_aggressively_towards_promiscuous_women">Women 'dehumanize' and act more aggressively towards promiscuous women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_.27dehumanize.27_and_act_more_aggressively_towards_promiscuous_women">Women 'dehumanize' and act more aggressively towards promiscuous women</span>===
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Arnocky et al. (2019) recruited (N = 113) heterosexual female under-graduate students (mean age = 19.61) to confirm several predictions they had made regarding the nature inter-sexual competition, grounded in evolutionary theories. The women completed a psychometric scale measuring levels of Intrasexual Competitiveness. The scale consists of 12 items, such as “I can’t stand it when I meet another woman who is more attractive than I am” and “When I go out, I can’t stand it when men pay more attention to a friend of mine than to me.” Participants reported their level of agreement to these statements on a 1-7 Likert scale.  
Arnocky et al. (2019) recruited (N = 113) heterosexual female under-graduate students (mean age = 19.61) to confirm several predictions they had made regarding the nature inter-sexual competition, grounded in evolutionary theories. The women completed a psychometric scale measuring levels of Intrasexual Competitiveness. The scale consists of 12 items, such as “I can’t stand it when I meet another woman who is more attractive than I am” and “When I go out, I can’t stand it when men pay more attention to a friend of mine than to me.” Participants reported their level of agreement to these statements on a 1-7 Likert scale.  


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To control for any possible changes in behavior between the two conditions, a group of female raters were asked to rate the audio voice recordings from the two videos, and they were judged to be similar in traits rated such as likability, intelligence, extraversion, and attractiveness. Each participant was randomly assigned to receive either the sexualized video or the conventional video.  
To control for any possible changes in behavior between the two conditions, a group of female raters were asked to rate the audio voice recordings from the two videos, and they were judged to be similar in traits rated such as likability, intelligence, extraversion, and attractiveness. Each participant was randomly assigned to receive either the sexualized video or the conventional video.  


After watching the video the participants were asked to rate their perceptions of the targets personality as measured by their level of the 'big-five' personality traits. The researchers constructed a variable termed 'uniquely human personality traits', which was the average score across the four Openness and Conscientiousness items in the questionnaire, representing these two dimensions of the Big Five, which have been demonstrated in previous research to be judged as the most uniquely 'human' personality traits.
After watching the video the participants were asked to rate their perceptions of the targets personality as measured by their level of the 'big-five' personality traits. The researchers constructed a variable termed 'uniquely human personality traits', which was the average score across the four Openness and Conscientiousness items in the questionnaire, representing these two dimensions of the Big Five, which have been demonstrated in previous research to be judged as the most uniquely 'human' personality traits.


The participants were then told they would play an economic game with their partner, a task that required them to select among three response options to earn points that would be exchangeable for money at the end of the study. Participants could choose to 'steal' points from their partner to but these stolen points were not added to the participants tally, thus stealing points was spiteful and aggressive (as it resulted in an opportunity cost, the participants time would ideally have been better spent protecting their own points).
The participants were then told they would play an economic game with their partner, a task that required them to select among three response options to earn points that would be exchangeable for money at the end of the study. Participants could choose to 'steal' points from their partner to but these stolen points were not added to the participants tally, thus stealing points was spiteful and aggressive (as it resulted in an opportunity cost, the participants time would ideally have been better spent protecting their own points).


Results showed that the female participants 'dehumanized' the more sexualized woman, and this caused increased aggressive behavior towards her in the economic game. This was most pronounced among women with a high level of intrasexual competitiveness.
Results showed that the female participants 'dehumanized' the more sexualized woman, and this caused increased aggressive behavior towards her in the economic game. This was most pronounced among women with a high level of intrasexual competitiveness.


<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''This suggests that mere exposure to a sexualized woman predicts intrasexual aggression and that it does so in part via reduced perceived humanness of the target.''
* ''This suggests that mere exposure to a sexualized woman predicts intrasexual aggression and that it does so in part via reduced perceived humanness of the target.''
*  ''This provides support for the sexual-economics hypothesis, in that women aggressively punish other women who present themselves as too sexually available as a function of intrasexual competition. An important aspect of women’s intrasexual competition may therefore entail the social regulation of women’s sexuality by other women.''
*  ''This provides support for the sexual-economics hypothesis, in that women aggressively punish other women who present themselves as too sexually available as a function of intrasexual competition. An important aspect of women’s intrasexual competition may therefore entail the social regulation of women’s sexuality by other women.''
*  ''This study provides some of the first empirical evidence in support of the hypothesis that women’s punishment of sexualized women is likely a function of intrasexual competition.''
*  ''This study provides some of the first empirical evidence in support of the hypothesis that women’s punishment of sexualized women is likely a function of intrasexual competition.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Arnocky S, Proietti V, Ruddick EL, Côté T, Ortiz TL, Hodson G, Carré JM. 2019. ''Aggression Toward Sexualized Women Is Mediated by Decreased Perceptions of Humanness.'' 30(5): 748-756. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797619836106 Abstract]]
* Arnocky S, Proietti V, Ruddick EL, Côté T, Ortiz TL, Hodson G, Carré JM. 2019. ''Aggression Toward Sexualized Women Is Mediated by Decreased Perceptions of Humanness.'' 30(5): 748-756. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797619836106 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_write_45.0-61.3.25_of_all_.27misogynistic.27_tweets_on_Twitter_about_female_promiscuity">Women write 45.0-61.3% of all 'misogynistic' tweets on Twitter about female promiscuity</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_write_45.0-61.3.25_of_all_.27misogynistic.27_tweets_on_Twitter_about_female_promiscuity">Women write 45.0-61.3% of all 'misogynistic' tweets on Twitter about female promiscuity</span>===
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A data analysis of Twitter in 2014 by Bartlett et al. for the UK 'think tank' Demos demonstrated that women appear to write at least 45% of the "misogynistic" tweets on Twitter, containing words like "slut," "whore," and "rape," almost equal to the amount attributable to men.
A data analysis of Twitter in 2014 by Bartlett et al. for the UK 'think tank' Demos demonstrated that women appear to write at least 45% of the "misogynistic" tweets on Twitter, containing words like "slut," "whore," and "rape," almost equal to the amount attributable to men.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Women are as almost as likely as men to use the terms 'slut' and 'whore' on Twitter. Not only are women using these words, they are directing them at each other, both casually and offensively; women are increasingly more inclined to engage in discourses using the same language that has been, and continues to be, used as derogatory against them.'' (Bartlett et al. 2014)
* ''Women are as almost as likely as men to use the terms 'slut' and 'whore' on Twitter. Not only are women using these words, they are directing them at each other, both casually and offensively; women are increasingly more inclined to engage in discourses using the same language that has been, and continues to be, used as derogatory against them.'' (Bartlett et al. 2014)
* ''We took a look at the gender break down of people mentioning "slut" and "whore". Perhaps surprisingly, women are tweeting them more than men at almost double the rate.''
* ''We took a look at the gender break down of people mentioning "slut" and "whore". Perhaps surprisingly, women are tweeting them more than men at almost double the rate.''
* ''Twitter is basically the cafeteria in Mean Girls.'' (Brandwatch, 2016)
* ''Twitter is basically the cafeteria in Mean Girls.'' (Brandwatch, 2016)
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Bartlett J, Norrie R, Patel S, Rumpel R, Wibberley S. 2014. ''Misogyny on Twitter.'' Demos. [[http://www.demos.co.uk/files/MISOGYNY_ON_TWITTER.pdf FullText]] [[https://time.com/107228/women-misogyny-twitter-study-demos/ News]]
* Bartlett J, Norrie R, Patel S, Rumpel R, Wibberley S. 2014. ''Misogyny on Twitter.'' Demos. [[http://www.demos.co.uk/files/MISOGYNY_ON_TWITTER.pdf FullText]] [[https://time.com/107228/women-misogyny-twitter-study-demos/ News]]
* Joyce G. 2016. ''React: Will Twitter ever be Free of Misogynistic Abuse?'' Brandwatch. [[https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/react-will-twitter-ever-free-misogynistic-abuse/ Article]]
* Joyce G. 2016. ''React: Will Twitter ever be Free of Misogynistic Abuse?'' Brandwatch. [[https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/react-will-twitter-ever-free-misogynistic-abuse/ Article]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_sexualize_themselves_online_to_attract_high_status_mates">Income inequality not gender inequality explains female sexualization on social media</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_sexualize_themselves_online_to_attract_high_status_mates">Income inequality not gender inequality explains female sexualization on social media</span>===
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Blake et al. (2018) regressed the aggregated count of 'sexy selfies' posted onto social media websites (Twitter and Instagram) in a city or county in the U.S onto five variables reflecting inequality between men and women in health, education, and the labor market (using the Gender Inequality Index Developed by the U.N) and then onto one variable measuring income inequality, the Gini coefficient.  
Blake et al. (2018) regressed the aggregated count of 'sexy selfies' posted onto social media websites (Twitter and Instagram) in a city or county in the U.S onto five variables reflecting inequality between men and women in health, education, and the labor market (using the Gender Inequality Index Developed by the U.N) and then onto one variable measuring income inequality, the Gini coefficient.  


The researchers found no significant association with gender inequality and the number of 'sexy selfies' posted in a particular region. They instead found a strong relationship between income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient and the prevalence of 'sexy selfies' on social media. It was also found that women spend more money on self-beautification (beauty salons) and expensive clothes as measured by the greater profits of retailers and providers of these services in areas of high income inequality.
The researchers found no significant association with gender inequality and the number of 'sexy selfies' posted in a particular region. They instead found a strong relationship between income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient and the prevalence of 'sexy selfies' on social media. It was also found that women spend more money on self-beautification (beauty salons) and expensive clothes as measured by the greater profits of retailers and providers of these services in areas of high income inequality.


The researchers suggested that, in opposition to feminist theories regarding women's sexualization being a function of patriarchal norms being imposed on them by men, it is instead women that choose to sexualize themselves to compete with each other, in their competition for high-status mates in areas with high income inequality and permissive sexual attitudes.
The researchers suggested that, in opposition to feminist theories regarding women's sexualization being a function of patriarchal norms being imposed on them by men, it is instead women that choose to sexualize themselves to compete with each other, in their competition for high-status mates in areas with high income inequality and permissive sexual attitudes.
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* ''We did not find any association between sexualization or physical appearance enhancement and the operational sex ratio, suggesting that the relative abundance or scarcity of mates is not associated with these outcomes.''
* ''We did not find any association between sexualization or physical appearance enhancement and the operational sex ratio, suggesting that the relative abundance or scarcity of mates is not associated with these outcomes.''
* ''A recently accepted paper shows convergent evidence: Negative economic shocks narrow the pool of suitable men, thus intensifying mating competition among women by increasing the share of unwed women and mothers.''
* ''A recently accepted paper shows convergent evidence: Negative economic shocks narrow the pool of suitable men, thus intensifying mating competition among women by increasing the share of unwed women and mothers.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Blake KR, Bastian B, Denson TF, Grosjean P, Brooks RC. 2018. ''Income inequality not gender inequality positively covaries with female sexualization on social media.'' PNAS. 115(35): 8722-8727. [[https://www.pnas.org/content/115/35/8722 FullText]]
* Blake KR, Bastian B, Denson TF, Grosjean P, Brooks RC. 2018. ''Income inequality not gender inequality positively covaries with female sexualization on social media.'' PNAS. 115(35): 8722-8727. [[https://www.pnas.org/content/115/35/8722 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_half_as_likely_as_men_to_be_very_satisfied_by_a_one_night_stand">Women are half as likely as men to be very satisfied by a one night stand</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_are_half_as_likely_as_men_to_be_very_satisfied_by_a_one_night_stand">Women are half as likely as men to be very satisfied by a one night stand</span>===
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Researchers from the company "Dr Ed" (now ZavaMed) surveyed 500 Americans and 500 Europeans to gauge their experiences with short-term sexual encounters. 66% of respondents admitted to having had a one night stand in the past. Only 14% of them were planned. On average, women in Europe and America have had five one night stands.
Researchers from the company "Dr Ed" (now ZavaMed) surveyed 500 Americans and 500 Europeans to gauge their experiences with short-term sexual encounters. 66% of respondents admitted to having had a one night stand in the past. Only 14% of them were planned. On average, women in Europe and America have had five one night stands.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Orgasm mediates the gender difference in how positively participants respond to casual sex. Specifically, men are more likely to orgasm during casual sex, and people who orgasm during casual sex are more likely to experience positive reactions afterwards. (Piemonte et al., 2019) ''
* ''Orgasm mediates the gender difference in how positively participants respond to casual sex. Specifically, men are more likely to orgasm during casual sex, and people who orgasm during casual sex are more likely to experience positive reactions afterwards. (Piemonte et al., 2019) ''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* MH Staff. 2017. ''Here's How Many One Night Stands the Average Woman Has Actually Had.'' Men's Health. [[https://www.menshealth.com.au/how-many-one-night-stands-women-really-had Article]]
* MH Staff. 2017. ''Here's How Many One Night Stands the Average Woman Has Actually Had.'' Men's Health. [[https://www.menshealth.com.au/how-many-one-night-stands-women-really-had Article]]
* Piemonte JL, Conley TD, Gusakova S. 2019. ''Orgasm, gender, and responses to heterosexual casual sex.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 151: 109487. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886919304106 Abstract]]
* Piemonte JL, Conley TD, Gusakova S. 2019. ''Orgasm, gender, and responses to heterosexual casual sex.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 151: 109487. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886919304106 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Casual_sex_is_associated_with_less_depression_for_men_and_more_depression_for_women">Casual sex is associated with less depression for men and more depression for women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Casual_sex_is_associated_with_less_depression_for_men_and_more_depression_for_women">Casual sex is associated with less depression for men and more depression for women</span>===
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To evaluate the differential effects of casual sex on men and women, a sample of 404 undergraduate student at a large public university in the southeastern United States were surveyed.  
To evaluate the differential effects of casual sex on men and women, a sample of 404 undergraduate student at a large public university in the southeastern United States were surveyed.  


Men who engaged in casual sex reported the lowest rates of depression, while women who engaged in casual sex reported the highest rates of depression. Furthermore, depression rates increased for women based on their partner count. Women who had only 1 partner in the past year had a depression rate of 15.1%, while women who had a partner count of 16-28 in the past year had a depression rate of 45%.
Men who engaged in casual sex reported the lowest rates of depression, while women who engaged in casual sex reported the highest rates of depression. Furthermore, depression rates increased for women based on their partner count. Women who had only 1 partner in the past year had a depression rate of 15.1%, while women who had a partner count of 16-28 in the past year had a depression rate of 45%.
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* ''Those who engaged in casual sex and regretted having the encounter had more symptoms of depression.''
* ''Those who engaged in casual sex and regretted having the encounter had more symptoms of depression.''
* ''For females, emotional investment is far more important, and sexual intercourse is often rewarding in contexts that command intimacy and emotional commitment.''  
* ''For females, emotional investment is far more important, and sexual intercourse is often rewarding in contexts that command intimacy and emotional commitment.''  
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Welsh DP, Grello CM, Harper MS. 2006. ''No strings attached: the nature of casual sex in college students.'' J Sex Res. 43(3):255-67. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17599248 Abstract]]
* Welsh DP, Grello CM, Harper MS. 2006. ''No strings attached: the nature of casual sex in college students.'' J Sex Res. 43(3):255-67. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17599248 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_feel_more_.22entitlement.22_to_men.27s_bodies_for_sexual_pleasure_than_vice_versa">Women feel more "entitlement" to men's bodies for sexual pleasure than vice versa</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_feel_more_.22entitlement.22_to_men.27s_bodies_for_sexual_pleasure_than_vice_versa">Women feel more "entitlement" to men's bodies for sexual pleasure than vice versa</span>===
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Researchers in Australia surveyed differences between young men and women (aged 17 to 25 years) on a university campus to assess their sense of entitlement to sexual partner pleasure over 1-year with two waves of data collection.
Researchers in Australia surveyed differences between young men and women (aged 17 to 25 years) on a university campus to assess their sense of entitlement to sexual partner pleasure over 1-year with two waves of data collection.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Young women reported more sense of entitlement to sexual partner pleasure than young men, and the average level of entitlement increased from T1 to T2.''
* ''Young women reported more sense of entitlement to sexual partner pleasure than young men, and the average level of entitlement increased from T1 to T2.''
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* ''This finding compliments the broader research on gender difference in sexual development and behavior, which indicates young women place more emphasis than young men on the role of a sexual partner to meet their sexual desires and pleasure.''
* ''This finding compliments the broader research on gender difference in sexual development and behavior, which indicates young women place more emphasis than young men on the role of a sexual partner to meet their sexual desires and pleasure.''
* ''Young women reported more sense of entitlement than young men, and older participants reported more entitlement relative to younger participants.''
* ''Young women reported more sense of entitlement than young men, and older participants reported more entitlement relative to younger participants.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Hewitt-Stubbs G, Zimmer-Gembeck MJ, Mastro S, Boislard M. 2016. ''A Longitudinal Study of Sexual Entitlement and Self-Efficacy among Young Women and Men: Gender Differences and Associations with Age and Sexual Experience.'' Behav Sci (Basel). 6(1): 4. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4810038/ FullText]]
* Hewitt-Stubbs G, Zimmer-Gembeck MJ, Mastro S, Boislard M. 2016. ''A Longitudinal Study of Sexual Entitlement and Self-Efficacy among Young Women and Men: Gender Differences and Associations with Age and Sexual Experience.'' Behav Sci (Basel). 6(1): 4. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4810038/ FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women.27s_reported_sex_partner_count_dramatically_increases_when_hooked_up_to_a_polygraph">Women's reported sex partner count dramatically increases when hooked up to a polygraph</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women.27s_reported_sex_partner_count_dramatically_increases_when_hooked_up_to_a_polygraph">Women's reported sex partner count dramatically increases when hooked up to a polygraph</span>===
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Alexander and Fisher (2003) conducted a study to examine the effects of social norms on women's self-reports of their number of sexual partners.
Alexander and Fisher (2003) conducted a study to examine the effects of social norms on women's self-reports of their number of sexual partners.
The researchers utilized a 'bogus pipeline' methodology; wherein participants were wired to a replica polygraph, with the participants being under the impression that the replica was functional and could detect the honesty of their responses to the researchers questions.
The researchers utilized a 'bogus pipeline' methodology; wherein participants were wired to a replica polygraph, with the participants being under the impression that the replica was functional and could detect the honesty of their responses to the researchers questions.
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Males number of self-reported sexual partners remained reasonably stable under all conditions, with the mean number of partners reported by the men being 4.0 under the bogus pipeline condition. It was also found that women had a slightly lower earlier mean age of first intercourse (16.3 years versus men's 16.5) under the bogus pipeline condition, with women reporting a later age under the exposure threat condition.  
Males number of self-reported sexual partners remained reasonably stable under all conditions, with the mean number of partners reported by the men being 4.0 under the bogus pipeline condition. It was also found that women had a slightly lower earlier mean age of first intercourse (16.3 years versus men's 16.5) under the bogus pipeline condition, with women reporting a later age under the exposure threat condition.  
 
Ergo, it was also found by the researchers that the women had a higher mean partner count then the men under the bogus pipeline condition, contradicting the general trend of women self-reporting significantly less sexual partners then roughly equivalent aged men.
Ergo, it was also found by the researchers that the women had a higher mean partner count then the men under the bogus pipeline condition, contradicting the general trend of women self-reporting significantly less sexual partners then roughly equivalent aged men.


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* ''Surprisingly, women reported an earlier age than men in the anonymous condition.''
* ''Surprisingly, women reported an earlier age than men in the anonymous condition.''
* ''Because men do not face the same negative consequences for expressing their sexuality as do women, they may not experience the need to inhibit these responses to the same degree.''
* ''Because men do not face the same negative consequences for expressing their sexuality as do women, they may not experience the need to inhibit these responses to the same degree.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Alexander MG, Fisher TD. 2003. ''Truth and Consequences: Using the Bogus Pipeline to Examine Sex Differences in Self-Reported Sexuality.'' The Journal of Sex Research. 40(1): 27-35. [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3813768?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Abstract]] [[https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3936-fake-lie-detector-reveals-womens-sex-lies/ News]]
* Alexander MG, Fisher TD. 2003. ''Truth and Consequences: Using the Bogus Pipeline to Examine Sex Differences in Self-Reported Sexuality.'' The Journal of Sex Research. 40(1): 27-35. [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3813768?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Abstract]] [[https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3936-fake-lie-detector-reveals-womens-sex-lies/ News]]
* Clark JP, Tifft LL. 1966. ''Polygraph and interview validation of self-reported deviant behavior.'' American Sociological Review. 516-23. [[https://doi.org/10.2307/2090775 Abstract]]
* Clark JP, Tifft LL. 1966. ''Polygraph and interview validation of self-reported deviant behavior.'' American Sociological Review. 516-23. [[https://doi.org/10.2307/2090775 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_get_2-3_times_as_many_casual_sexual_relationships_from_Tinder_than_men">Women get 2-3 times as many casual sexual relationships from Tinder than men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_get_2-3_times_as_many_casual_sexual_relationships_from_Tinder_than_men">Women get 2-3 times as many casual sexual relationships from Tinder than men</span>===
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A study about Tinder usage in Belgium by Timmermans and Courtois (2018) found that 21.87% (95% CI: 18.66, 25.07) of female users, but only 9.33% (6.48, 12.18) of male users used Tinder to engage in casual sexual relationships, i.e. ''2.34 times'' (1.67, 3.29) as likely as men ([https://www.reddit.com/r/BlackPillScience/comments/bnj3jj/doing_some_math_on_that_belgian_tinder_study_to/ source of these figures], also replicated below). These sex differences are likely in truth even more extreme because women are known to [[Scientific Blackpill#Women.27s_reported_sex_partner_count_dramatically_increases_when_hooked_up_to_a_polygraph|lie and downplay their partner counts]], especially when it comes to short-term dating and sluttiness. As expected, women engage less frequently in one-night stands because that's particularly damning to their reputation, but also contradicts their choosy nature as predicted by [[Bateman's principle]].
A study about Tinder usage in Belgium by Timmermans and Courtois (2018) found that 21.87% (95% CI: 18.66, 25.07) of female users, but only 9.33% (6.48, 12.18) of male users used Tinder to engage in casual sexual relationships, i.e. ''2.34 times'' (1.67, 3.29) as likely as men ([https://www.reddit.com/r/BlackPillScience/comments/bnj3jj/doing_some_math_on_that_belgian_tinder_study_to/ source of these figures], also replicated below). These sex differences are likely in truth even more extreme because women are known to [[Scientific Blackpill#Women.27s_reported_sex_partner_count_dramatically_increases_when_hooked_up_to_a_polygraph|lie and downplay their partner counts]], especially when it comes to short-term dating and sluttiness. As expected, women engage less frequently in one-night stands because that's particularly damning to their reputation, but also contradicts their choosy nature as predicted by [[Bateman's principle]].


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Exhibited behaviors based on N = 1038 Belgian Tinder users
|+ Exhibited behaviors based on N = 1038 Belgian Tinder users
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| 1.47 (2.25e-01)
| 1.47 (2.25e-01)
|}
|}
The female risk ratio is here the most interesting number. It states how much more likely women engaged in the respective behavior.
The female risk ratio is here the most interesting number. It states how much more likely women engaged in the respective behavior.


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*''Interestingly, women were more likely to report a higher number of casual sexual relationships with other Tinder users than men''.
*''Interestingly, women were more likely to report a higher number of casual sexual relationships with other Tinder users than men''.
*''As women are more likely to have a higher number of matches, this supply of potential (sexual) partners possibly empowers them to select and potentially create the (casual sexual) relationships of their own preference – women are becoming power users of technology and starting to use MDAs to perform new cultural meanings (Ganito, 2010).''
*''As women are more likely to have a higher number of matches, this supply of potential (sexual) partners possibly empowers them to select and potentially create the (casual sexual) relationships of their own preference – women are becoming power users of technology and starting to use MDAs to perform new cultural meanings (Ganito, 2010).''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Timmermans E, Courtois C. 2018. ''From swiping to casual sex and/or committed relationships: Exploring the experiences of Tinder users.'' [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01972243.2017.1414093 Abstract]]
* Timmermans E, Courtois C. 2018. ''From swiping to casual sex and/or committed relationships: Exploring the experiences of Tinder users.'' [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01972243.2017.1414093 Abstract]]
* Rosenfeld, M. 2018. ''Are Tinder and Dating Apps Changing Dating and Mating in the USA?'' In Families and Technology (pp. 103-117). Springer, Cham. [[https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95540-7_6 Abstract]]
* Rosenfeld, M. 2018. ''Are Tinder and Dating Apps Changing Dating and Mating in the USA?'' In Families and Technology (pp. 103-117). Springer, Cham. [[https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95540-7_6 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="69.25_of_young_women_have_turned_down_sex_due_to_concerns_about_their_vaginal_odor">69% of young women have turned down sex due to concerns about their vaginal odor</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="69.25_of_young_women_have_turned_down_sex_due_to_concerns_about_their_vaginal_odor">69% of young women have turned down sex due to concerns about their vaginal odor</span>===
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A survey of 1,000 nationally representative U.S. women ages 18-65 in July 2019 was conducted by Wakefield Research regarding women's perceptions and feelings about their vaginal odor. It was found that 69% of millennial woman have turned down sex due to concerns over their vaginal odor. Furthermore, 71% of women reported experiencing a phenomenon described as "swamp crotch," with 35% experiencing it weekly or more. (Wakefield 2019)
A survey of 1,000 nationally representative U.S. women ages 18-65 in July 2019 was conducted by Wakefield Research regarding women's perceptions and feelings about their vaginal odor. It was found that 69% of millennial woman have turned down sex due to concerns over their vaginal odor. Furthermore, 71% of women reported experiencing a phenomenon described as "swamp crotch," with 35% experiencing it weekly or more. (Wakefield 2019)


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* ''The sweltering summer months definitely take a toll. More than 7 in 10 (71 percent) have experienced "swamp crotch" during summer, including more than a third (35 percent) who experience it weekly or more.''
* ''The sweltering summer months definitely take a toll. More than 7 in 10 (71 percent) have experienced "swamp crotch" during summer, including more than a third (35 percent) who experience it weekly or more.''
* ''More than 3 in 5 (63 percent) have worried about swamp crotch, especially at the gym (38 percent). Other times women feel a little muggy include while traveling (26 percent) and at work (23 percent).'' (Wakefield 2019)
* ''More than 3 in 5 (63 percent) have worried about swamp crotch, especially at the gym (38 percent). Other times women feel a little muggy include while traveling (26 percent) and at work (23 percent).'' (Wakefield 2019)
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Wakefield Research. 2019. ''Survey: More than Two-Thirds of Millennial Women Have Turned Down Sex Because of Concerns About Vaginal Scent.'' PR Newswire. [[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/survey-more-than-two-thirds-of-millennial-women-have-turned-down-sex-because-of-concerns-about-vaginal-scent-300904624.html FullText]]
* Wakefield Research. 2019. ''Survey: More than Two-Thirds of Millennial Women Have Turned Down Sex Because of Concerns About Vaginal Scent.'' PR Newswire. [[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/survey-more-than-two-thirds-of-millennial-women-have-turned-down-sex-because-of-concerns-about-vaginal-scent-300904624.html FullText]]
* Agency. 2015. ''Four out of five women don't shower every day.'' The Telegraph. [[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/11427875/Four-out-of-five-women-dont-shower-every-day.html News]]
* Agency. 2015. ''Four out of five women don't shower every day.'' The Telegraph. [[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/11427875/Four-out-of-five-women-dont-shower-every-day.html News]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_who_have_tattoos_or_piercings_or_wear_chokers_are_more_promiscuous">Women who have tattoos or piercings or wear chokers are more promiscuous</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_who_have_tattoos_or_piercings_or_wear_chokers_are_more_promiscuous">Women who have tattoos or piercings or wear chokers are more promiscuous</span>===
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A study by Skegg et. al (2007), conducted on members of a birth-cohort (N = 966) that took part in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, were queried in regards to whether or not they had body piercings and their sexual behaviors. Sexual behavior questions were administered privately via computer.
A study by Skegg et. al (2007), conducted on members of a birth-cohort (N = 966) that took part in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, were queried in regards to whether or not they had body piercings and their sexual behaviors. Sexual behavior questions were administered privately via computer.


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Nowosielski et al. (2012), conducted a study on (N = 120) young adults, aged 20-35. The group was divided into three subgroups: controls, adults with tattoos and adults with piercings.
Nowosielski et al. (2012), conducted a study on (N = 120) young adults, aged 20-35. The group was divided into three subgroups: controls, adults with tattoos and adults with piercings.


It was found that adults with piercings had their first intercourse earlier and were more sexually active. The number of sexual partners was the highest in the group of subjects with tattoos, however it is also important to note that adults with tattoos rated themselves as more attractive, on average, then controls without them and those with piercings. This was not broken down by gender of the participants by the authors.
It was found that adults with piercings had their first intercourse earlier and were more sexually active. The number of sexual partners was the highest in the group of subjects with tattoos, however it is also important to note that adults with tattoos rated themselves as more attractive, on average, then controls without them and those with piercings. This was not broken down by gender of the participants by the authors.


Koch et. al (2005), discovered that among a sample of college students (N = 450), women who had tattoos were more likely to be sexually active then women without them (94.6% of tattooed women were sexually active vs 64.1% of non-tattooed women). The women with tattoos mean age of sexual debut was found to be lower by 5 months, then women without tattoos. Although, the authors reported that this difference wasn't considered statistically significant.
Koch et. al (2005), discovered that among a sample of college students (N = 450), women who had tattoos were more likely to be sexually active then women without them (94.6% of tattooed women were sexually active vs 64.1% of non-tattooed women). The women with tattoos mean age of sexual debut was found to be lower by 5 months, then women without tattoos. Although, the authors reported that this difference wasn't considered statistically significant.


Further, Al-Shawaf and Williquette (2019), conducted three studies regarding women's intentions relating to their use of 'choker' necklaces.
Further, Al-Shawaf and Williquette (2019), conducted three studies regarding women's intentions relating to their use of 'choker' necklaces.
The first study (N = 102) demonstrated that women's interest in wearing chokers, and how frequently they used chokers, was predicted by the women's sociosexuality, i.e. their general tendency to pursue a short-term mating strategy.  
The first study (N = 102) demonstrated that women's interest in wearing chokers, and how frequently they used chokers, was predicted by the women's sociosexuality, i.e. their general tendency to pursue a short-term mating strategy.
Study 2 (N = 104), and Study 3 (N = 100), demonstrated that both female and male observers utilized women's choker usage as a reliable cue to their short-term mating orientation.
Study 2 (N = 104), and Study 3 (N = 100), demonstrated that both female and male observers utilized women's choker usage as a reliable cue to their short-term mating orientation.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Women with piercings were also more likely to report having had, during the previous year, five or more heterosexual partners (odds ratio, 5.8) or any same-sex partner involving genital contact (odds ratio, 10.3). The associations with sexual behavior in men were weaker and not statistically significant.'' (Skegg et al., 2006)
* ''Women with piercings were also more likely to report having had, during the previous year, five or more heterosexual partners (odds ratio, 5.8) or any same-sex partner involving genital contact (odds ratio, 10.3). The associations with sexual behavior in men were weaker and not statistically significant.'' (Skegg et al., 2006)
* ''The number of sexual partners was the highest in the group of subjects with tattoos.'' (Nowosielski et al., 2012)
* ''The number of sexual partners was the highest in the group of subjects with tattoos.'' (Nowosielski et al., 2012)
*  ''94.6% of tattooed women had been sexually active compared to 68.1% of the nontattooed women.'' (Koch et al., 2005)
*  ''94.6% of tattooed women had been sexually active compared to 68.1% of the nontattooed women.'' (Koch et al., 2005)
* ''These studies find clear support for the hypothesis that wearing chokers is a function of short-term mating orientation and no evidence for the other six hypotheses. These findings suggest two key conclusions: a) choker necklaces appear be valid cues of sociosexual orientation and b) both male and female observers use them as such.'' (Al-Shawaf and Williquette, 2019)
* ''These studies find clear support for the hypothesis that wearing chokers is a function of short-term mating orientation and no evidence for the other six hypotheses. These findings suggest two key conclusions: a) choker necklaces appear be valid cues of sociosexual orientation and b) both male and female observers use them as such.'' (Al-Shawaf and Williquette, 2019)
* ''Subjects with piercings or tattoos showed a high frequency of deviant behaviors such as drug use, alcohol abuse, reckless driving, preventing wounds from healing, health deterioration, unusual sexual practices and desire to self harm. The study indicated that people with tattoos are characterized by the use of substances, alcohol abuse, reckless driving, unusual sex while people with piercings seem to be more engaged in preventing wounds from healing, worse health conditions, drugs abuse and self-harm.'' (D'Ambrosio et al., 2013).  
* ''Subjects with piercings or tattoos showed a high frequency of deviant behaviors such as drug use, alcohol abuse, reckless driving, preventing wounds from healing, health deterioration, unusual sexual practices and desire to self harm. The study indicated that people with tattoos are characterized by the use of substances, alcohol abuse, reckless driving, unusual sex while people with piercings seem to be more engaged in preventing wounds from healing, worse health conditions, drugs abuse and self-harm.'' (D'Ambrosio et al., 2013).  
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Skegg K, Nada-Raja S, Paul C, Skegg D. ''Body Piercing, Personality, and Sexual Behavior.'' 2007. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 36(1): 47-54. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-006-9087-6 Abstract]]
* Skegg K, Nada-Raja S, Paul C, Skegg D. ''Body Piercing, Personality, and Sexual Behavior.'' 2007. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 36(1): 47-54. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-006-9087-6 Abstract]]
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* D'Ambrosio A, Casillo N, Martini V. 2013. ''Piercings and tattoos: psychopathological aspects''. Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva, 55(4):143-148 [[http://rediviva.sav.sk/55i4/143.pdf FullText]]
* D'Ambrosio A, Casillo N, Martini V. 2013. ''Piercings and tattoos: psychopathological aspects''. Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva, 55(4):143-148 [[http://rediviva.sav.sk/55i4/143.pdf FullText]]
* Swami V, Furnham A. 2007. ''Unattractive, promiscuous and heavy drinkers: Perceptions of women with tattoos.'' Body Image, 4(4), 343-352. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1740144507000678 Abstract]]
* Swami V, Furnham A. 2007. ''Unattractive, promiscuous and heavy drinkers: Perceptions of women with tattoos.'' Body Image, 4(4), 343-352. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1740144507000678 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_with_5.2B_lifetime_sexual_partners_have_a_.3E21.8.25_chance_of_carrying_genital_herpes">Women with 5+ lifetime sexual partners have a >21.8% chance of carrying genital herpes</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_with_5.2B_lifetime_sexual_partners_have_a_.3E21.8.25_chance_of_carrying_genital_herpes">Women with 5+ lifetime sexual partners have a >21.8% chance of carrying genital herpes</span>===
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Rates of genital herpes rise in women in direct proportion to the number of their lifetime sexual partners.  
Rates of genital herpes rise in women in direct proportion to the number of their lifetime sexual partners.  


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| 37.1%
| 37.1%
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Wikipedia. 2019. ''Epidemiology of herpes simplex.'' [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_herpes_simplex Article]]
* Wikipedia. 2019. ''Epidemiology of herpes simplex.'' [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_herpes_simplex Article]]
* Tzeng NS, Chung CH, Lin FH, Chiang CP, Yeh CB, Huang SY, Lu RB, Chang HA, Kao YC, Yeh HW, Chiang WS, Chou YC, Tsao CH, Wu YF, Chien WC. 2018. ''Anti-herpetic Medications and Reduced Risk of Dementia in Patients with Herpes Simplex Virus Infections—a Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan.'' Neurotherapeutics. 15(2): 417–429. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5935641/ FullText]]
* Tzeng NS, Chung CH, Lin FH, Chiang CP, Yeh CB, Huang SY, Lu RB, Chang HA, Kao YC, Yeh HW, Chiang WS, Chou YC, Tsao CH, Wu YF, Chien WC. 2018. ''Anti-herpetic Medications and Reduced Risk of Dementia in Patients with Herpes Simplex Virus Infections—a Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan.'' Neurotherapeutics. 15(2): 417–429. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5935641/ FullText]]
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''MeToo''</span>==
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''MeToo''</span>==
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="28.25_of_young_women_now_consider_men_even_winking_at_them_to_be_sexual_harassment">28% of young women now consider men even winking at them to be sexual harassment</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="28.25_of_young_women_now_consider_men_even_winking_at_them_to_be_sexual_harassment">28% of young women now consider men even winking at them to be sexual harassment</span>===
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YouGov performed a study survey on 2775 British adults to assess perspectives on what constitutes sexual harassment in the fallout from the [[MeToo]] movement. They found that young women have a far more draconian perspective on what constitutes sexual harassment compared to the previous generations of women. Young women were far more likely to view behavior that was only considered flirtatious in prior generations as now clearly sexual harassment.
YouGov performed a study survey on 2775 British adults to assess perspectives on what constitutes sexual harassment in the fallout from the [[MeToo]] movement. They found that young women have a far more draconian perspective on what constitutes sexual harassment compared to the previous generations of women. Young women were far more likely to view behavior that was only considered flirtatious in prior generations as now clearly sexual harassment.


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| 11%
| 11%
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Smith M. 2017. ''Sexual harassment: how the genders and generations see the issue differently.'' YouGov. [[https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2017/11/01/sexual-harassment-how-genders-and-generations-see- Article]]
* Smith M. 2017. ''Sexual harassment: how the genders and generations see the issue differently.'' YouGov. [[https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2017/11/01/sexual-harassment-how-genders-and-generations-see- Article]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women.27s_definition_of_.27harassment.27_in_online_dating_depends_on_the_attractiveness_of_the_man">Women's definition of 'harassment' in online dating depends on the attractiveness of the man</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women.27s_definition_of_.27harassment.27_in_online_dating_depends_on_the_attractiveness_of_the_man">Women's definition of 'harassment' in online dating depends on the attractiveness of the man</span>===
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A simulation of online dating was performed with fictional male profiles of varying attractiveness and social status. 128 female college students from a small northeastern public university participated to interact with these fictional male profiles. The male profiles then sent the female participants messages of increasing harassment. Researchers assessed how much harassment the women were willing to tolerate.
A simulation of online dating was performed with fictional male profiles of varying attractiveness and social status. 128 female college students from a small northeastern public university participated to interact with these fictional male profiles. The male profiles then sent the female participants messages of increasing harassment. Researchers assessed how much harassment the women were willing to tolerate.


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* ''As a profile’s likelihood to date rating increased, so did the number of sexually harassing responses that participants were willing to tolerate.''
* ''As a profile’s likelihood to date rating increased, so did the number of sexually harassing responses that participants were willing to tolerate.''
* ''We found that participants exposed to a physically attractive bogus candidate were willing to receive more sexually harassing responses from the bogus candidate, as were participants exposed to a high status bogus candidate.''
* ''We found that participants exposed to a physically attractive bogus candidate were willing to receive more sexually harassing responses from the bogus candidate, as were participants exposed to a high status bogus candidate.''
* ''Physically attractive individuals are perceived as less sexually harassing than unattractive individuals (Hendrix, Rueb, & Steel,1998).''
* ''Physically attractive individuals are perceived as less sexually harassing than unattractive individuals (Hendrix, Rueb, & Steel,1998).''
* ''Women also reported being least upset when they imagined being harassed by a man of high occupational status (e.g., premedical student, graduate student, successful rock star) and most upset when being harassed by a man of low occupational status (e.g., construction worker, garbage collector, cleaning men, gas station attendant) (Buss, 1994).''
* ''Women also reported being least upset when they imagined being harassed by a man of high occupational status (e.g., premedical student, graduate student, successful rock star) and most upset when being harassed by a man of low occupational status (e.g., construction worker, garbage collector, cleaning men, gas station attendant) (Buss, 1994).''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Angelone DJ, Mitchell D, Carola K. 2009. ''Tolerance of sexual harassment: a laboratory paradigm.'' Arch Sex Behav. 38(6): 949-58. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19030980 Abstract]] [[https://rdw.rowan.edu/titleix/1/ FullText]]
* Angelone DJ, Mitchell D, Carola K. 2009. ''Tolerance of sexual harassment: a laboratory paradigm.'' Arch Sex Behav. 38(6): 949-58. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19030980 Abstract]] [[https://rdw.rowan.edu/titleix/1/ FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="The_attractiveness_of_a_male_.27harasser.27_determines_if_the_experience_is_enjoyable_or_traumatic">The attractiveness of a male 'harasser' determines if the experience is enjoyable or traumatic</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="The_attractiveness_of_a_male_.27harasser.27_determines_if_the_experience_is_enjoyable_or_traumatic">The attractiveness of a male 'harasser' determines if the experience is enjoyable or traumatic</span>===
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Fairchild (2010) conducted an online survey on perceptions of sexual harassment incidents of (N = 1,277) relatively young (mean age 28.11) women.
Fairchild (2010) conducted an online survey on perceptions of sexual harassment incidents of (N = 1,277) relatively young (mean age 28.11) women.
The women were given a series of questions from a modified version of the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ) (e.g.,"Have you ever experienced unwanted sexual attention or interaction from a stranger?"; "Have you ever experienced catcalls, whistles, or stares from a stranger?") to measure if and/or how often they had been the recipient of such harassing behaviors.  
The women were given a series of questions from a modified version of the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ) (e.g.,"Have you ever experienced unwanted sexual attention or interaction from a stranger?"; "Have you ever experienced catcalls, whistles, or stares from a stranger?") to measure if and/or how often they had been the recipient of such harassing behaviors.  


The participants were then presented with a list of 17 contextual factors including (attractiveness, time of day, race, and location) and asked to select which of the features would make a experience of harassment by a stranger more frightening, which would make the experience more enjoyable, and which would make them more likely to react verbally. It was found that the primary factors that determined how enjoyable or traumatic women found the experience to be were:
The participants were then presented with a list of 17 contextual factors including (attractiveness, time of day, race, and location) and asked to select which of the features would make a experience of harassment by a stranger more frightening, which would make the experience more enjoyable, and which would make them more likely to react verbally. It was found that the primary factors that determined how enjoyable or traumatic women found the experience to be were:
 
* Physical Attractiveness: More attractive men most significantly increased women's enjoyment of the 'harassment'.
* Physical Attractiveness: More attractive men most significantly increased women's enjoyment of the 'harassment'.
* Age: Similar or younger age in relation to the participant increased women's enjoyment of the 'harassment'.
* Age: Similar or younger age in relation to the participant increased women's enjoyment of the 'harassment'.
* Race: Different race of man made women more likely to rate it as traumatic.
* Race: Different race of man made women more likely to rate it as traumatic.
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>


'''Frequency (in percent) of contextual factors reported to increase fear, enjoyment, and verbal reactions to stranger harassment.'''
'''Frequency (in percent) of contextual factors reported to increase fear, enjoyment, and verbal reactions to stranger harassment.'''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Factor
! colspan="2" | Factor
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|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
*  ''Similar behaviors from an attractive and unattractive man are viewed differently with the attractive man receiving more leeway in the potentially harassing behavior.''
*  ''Similar behaviors from an attractive and unattractive man are viewed differently with the attractive man receiving more leeway in the potentially harassing behavior.''
*  ''Likewise, there is a contrast between younger harasser (18% responded more enjoyable) and older harasser (33% responded more frightening); this suggests that age may be an important contextual factor, particularly for determining if a situation is threatening enough to induce fear.''  
*  ''Likewise, there is a contrast between younger harasser (18% responded more enjoyable) and older harasser (33% responded more frightening); this suggests that age may be an important contextual factor, particularly for determining if a situation is threatening enough to induce fear.''
*  ''It can only be assumed that the women (46% of participants) feel that stranger harassment is an unpleasant experience that cannot be improved. However, it is equally likely that these women (or some of them) find the experience highly enjoyable and such enjoyment cannot be increased.''
*  ''It can only be assumed that the women (46% of participants) feel that stranger harassment is an unpleasant experience that cannot be improved. However, it is equally likely that these women (or some of them) find the experience highly enjoyable and such enjoyment cannot be increased.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Fairchild K. 2010. ''Context Effects on Women's Perceptions of Sexual Harassment.'' Sexuality & Culture. 14:19. [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kimberly_Fairchild/publication/225564287_Context_Effects_on_Women%27s_Perceptions_of_Stranger_Harassment/links/53e4eaa00cf2fb748710fd8b/Context-Effects-on-Womens-Perceptions-of-Stranger-Harassment.pdf FullText]]
* Fairchild K. 2010. ''Context Effects on Women's Perceptions of Sexual Harassment.'' Sexuality & Culture. 14:19. [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kimberly_Fairchild/publication/225564287_Context_Effects_on_Women%27s_Perceptions_of_Stranger_Harassment/links/53e4eaa00cf2fb748710fd8b/Context-Effects-on-Womens-Perceptions-of-Stranger-Harassment.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Attractiveness_determines_perceptions_of_guilt_or_innocence_in_cases_of_sexual_harassment">Attractiveness determines perceptions of guilt or innocence in cases of sexual harassment</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Attractiveness_determines_perceptions_of_guilt_or_innocence_in_cases_of_sexual_harassment">Attractiveness determines perceptions of guilt or innocence in cases of sexual harassment</span>===
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A simulated civil case was performed using college students (N = 324) as mock jurors. The case involved a plaintiff accusing a defendant of workplace sexual harassment. The physical attractiveness of the litigants was manipulated, and mock jurors were asked to decide whether the defendant was guilty.  
A simulated civil case was performed using college students (N = 324) as mock jurors. The case involved a plaintiff accusing a defendant of workplace sexual harassment. The physical attractiveness of the litigants was manipulated, and mock jurors were asked to decide whether the defendant was guilty.  


They found that both the attractiveness of the plaintiff and defendant significantly affected outcomes of guilt or innocence. In particular:
They found that both the attractiveness of the plaintiff and defendant significantly affected outcomes of guilt or innocence. In particular:
* Jurors were nearly twice as likely find in favor of the plaintiff when the plaintiff was attractive, and they were also more certain of the guilt of the defendant.
* Jurors were nearly twice as likely find in favor of the plaintiff when the plaintiff was attractive, and they were also more certain of the guilt of the defendant.
* Female jurors were especially more likely to render a guilty verdict when the plaintiff was attractive and the defendant was unattractive.
* Female jurors were especially more likely to render a guilty verdict when the plaintiff was attractive and the defendant was unattractive.
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Guilty verdicts were significantly more frequent when the plaintiff was attractive.''
* ''Guilty verdicts were significantly more frequent when the plaintiff was attractive.''
* ''When the defendant was unattractive, female jurors were significantly more likely to render a guilty verdict when the plaintiff was attractive.''
* ''When the defendant was unattractive, female jurors were significantly more likely to render a guilty verdict when the plaintiff was attractive.''
* ''The present results suggest that the physical appearance of litigants can influence the judgment of jurors.''
* ''The present results suggest that the physical appearance of litigants can influence the judgment of jurors.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Wuensch KL, Moore CH. 2004. ''Effects of physical attractiveness on evaluations of a male employee's allegation of sexual harassment by his female employer.'' J Soc Psychol. 144(2): 207-17. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15074507 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8626354_Effects_of_Physical_Attractiveness_on_Evaluations_of_a_Male_Employee's_Allegation_of_Sexual_Harassment_by_His_Female_Employer FullText]]
* Wuensch KL, Moore CH. 2004. ''Effects of physical attractiveness on evaluations of a male employee's allegation of sexual harassment by his female employer.'' J Soc Psychol. 144(2): 207-17. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15074507 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8626354_Effects_of_Physical_Attractiveness_on_Evaluations_of_a_Male_Employee's_Allegation_of_Sexual_Harassment_by_His_Female_Employer FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_.26_especially_ugly_men_are_considered_inherently_.27creepier.27_than_women">Men & especially ugly men are considered inherently 'creepier' than women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_.26_especially_ugly_men_are_considered_inherently_.27creepier.27_than_women">Men & especially ugly men are considered inherently 'creepier' than women</span>===
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McAndrew & Koehnke (2016) conducted an empirical study into the concept of 'creepiness'. Participants conducted a survey regarding their conceptualization of creepiness, and whether they thought 'creepy' people were more likely to be male or female.  
McAndrew & Koehnke (2016) conducted an empirical study into the concept of 'creepiness'. Participants conducted a survey regarding their conceptualization of creepiness, and whether they thought 'creepy' people were more likely to be male or female.  


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* 95.3% of the respondents thought that creepy people were much more likely to be males than females.  
* 95.3% of the respondents thought that creepy people were much more likely to be males than females.  
* Using [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%27s_t-test t-tests] comparing the responses of the participants of either sex, it was found that women were far more likely to perceive a sexual threat from a 'creepy' individual then men.  
* Using [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%27s_t-test t-tests] comparing the responses of the participants of either sex, it was found that women were far more likely to perceive a sexual threat from a 'creepy' individual then men.  
* Respondents noted that appearance was a significant factor of whether someone was 'creepy' or not. Reported appearance based factors included: The person was dressed oddly (.601), had unkempt hair (.609), had bags under his or her eyes (.599), had bulging eyes (.563), had a peculiar smile (.546), had very pale skin (.566), with parentheses indicating how 'loaded on' or correlated these variables are with the composite general appearance based factor created by the researchers.
* Respondents noted that appearance was a significant factor of whether someone was 'creepy' or not. Reported appearance based factors included: The person was dressed oddly (.601), had unkempt hair (.609), had bags under his or her eyes (.599), had bulging eyes (.563), had a peculiar smile (.546), had very pale skin (.566), with parentheses indicating how 'loaded on' or correlated these variables are with the composite general appearance based factor created by the researchers.
 
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>


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* ''The prediction was supported by both of these items. Females were more likely than males to think that steering a conversation toward sex was characteristic of a creepy person, Means 4.23 (.930) vs. 3.90 (1.03), and they were also more likely to think that the creepy person had a sexual interest in them, mean (SD in parentheses) 3.51 (1.02) vs. 2.99 (1.15).''
* ''The prediction was supported by both of these items. Females were more likely than males to think that steering a conversation toward sex was characteristic of a creepy person, Means 4.23 (.930) vs. 3.90 (1.03), and they were also more likely to think that the creepy person had a sexual interest in them, mean (SD in parentheses) 3.51 (1.02) vs. 2.99 (1.15).''
* ''Most of our subjects believed that creepy people cannot change, and only a small minority of our subjects (8.6%) believed that creepy people are aware that they are creepy.''
* ''Most of our subjects believed that creepy people cannot change, and only a small minority of our subjects (8.6%) believed that creepy people are aware that they are creepy.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* McAndrew FT, Koehnke SS. 2016. ''On the nature of creepiness.'' New Ideas in Psychology. 43: 10-15. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0732118X16300320 Abstract]] [[https://scottbarrykaufman.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/McAndrew-Koehnke-2016.pdf FullText]]
* McAndrew FT, Koehnke SS. 2016. ''On the nature of creepiness.'' New Ideas in Psychology. 43: 10-15. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0732118X16300320 Abstract]] [[https://scottbarrykaufman.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/McAndrew-Koehnke-2016.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_permit_.27creepy.27_behavior_from_attractive_but_not_unattractive_men">Women permit 'creepy' behavior from attractive but not unattractive men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_permit_.27creepy.27_behavior_from_attractive_but_not_unattractive_men">Women permit 'creepy' behavior from attractive but not unattractive men</span>===
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Gibson & Gore (2015) conducted a study regarding women's perception of men's "norm violating" behavior being influenced by their level of physical attractiveness, based on the well-proven concept of the halo effect regarding physical attractiveness.
Gibson & Gore (2015) conducted a study regarding women's perception of men's "norm violating" behavior being influenced by their level of physical attractiveness, based on the well-proven concept of the halo effect regarding physical attractiveness.
The participants (N = 170) female college students, were given a sheet describing two different scenarios: The first scenario was a common innocuous behavior (a boy asking to borrow her pen in class) and the second "norm violating" scenario involved a strange man approaching her on campus and asking to take "modeling" photographs of her.
The participants (N = 170) female college students, were given a sheet describing two different scenarios: The first scenario was a common innocuous behavior (a boy asking to borrow her pen in class) and the second "norm violating" scenario involved a strange man approaching her on campus and asking to take "modeling" photographs of her.
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* ''Online dating, in particular, is susceptible to both the halo and devil attractiveness biases. These biases based on attractiveness often influence the perception of a user’s profile and that of the individual as a whole.''
* ''Online dating, in particular, is susceptible to both the halo and devil attractiveness biases. These biases based on attractiveness often influence the perception of a user’s profile and that of the individual as a whole.''
* ''Risk factors for a devil effect occurring is not exclusive to social dating. The judicial system has been shown to be susceptible to attractiveness halo and devil effects when determining sentences, with the unattractive defendant receiving a more severe penalty than the attractive defendant for committing the same crime.''
* ''Risk factors for a devil effect occurring is not exclusive to social dating. The judicial system has been shown to be susceptible to attractiveness halo and devil effects when determining sentences, with the unattractive defendant receiving a more severe penalty than the attractive defendant for committing the same crime.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Gibson JL, Gore JS. 2015. ''You’re OK Until You Misbehave: How Norm Violations Magnify the Attractiveness Devil Effect.'' Gender Issues. 32(4): 266–278. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12147-015-9142-5 Abstract]]
* Gibson JL, Gore JS. 2015. ''You’re OK Until You Misbehave: How Norm Violations Magnify the Attractiveness Devil Effect.'' Gender Issues. 32(4): 266–278. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12147-015-9142-5 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="27.25_of_men_report_avoiding_one-on-one_meetings_with_female_work_colleagues">27% of men report avoiding one-on-one meetings with female work colleagues</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="27.25_of_men_report_avoiding_one-on-one_meetings_with_female_work_colleagues">27% of men report avoiding one-on-one meetings with female work colleagues</span>===
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An upcoming study, previewed in the Harvard Business Review surveyed individuals of both sexes regarding their perceptions of workplace sexual harassment. The researchers found that the attitudes of the men surveyed had become more exclusionary regarding their level of engagement with female colleagues at the workplace, as compared to the previous time the researchers had conducted a similar survey (2018).
An upcoming study, previewed in the Harvard Business Review surveyed individuals of both sexes regarding their perceptions of workplace sexual harassment. The researchers found that the attitudes of the men surveyed had become more exclusionary regarding their level of engagement with female colleagues at the workplace, as compared to the previous time the researchers had conducted a similar survey (2018).
Specifically they found:
Specifically they found:
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*19% of men said they were reluctant to hire attractive women.
*19% of men said they were reluctant to hire attractive women.
*21% of men said they were reluctant to hire women for jobs involving close interpersonal interactions with men.
*21% of men said they were reluctant to hire women for jobs involving close interpersonal interactions with men.
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>


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* ''Because the data was collected soon after the #MeToo movement gained momentum, and because much of it focused on expectations, the researchers conducted a follow-up survey (with different people) in early 2019. This revealed a bigger backlash than respondents had anticipated.''
* ''Because the data was collected soon after the #MeToo movement gained momentum, and because much of it focused on expectations, the researchers conducted a follow-up survey (with different people) in early 2019. This revealed a bigger backlash than respondents had anticipated.''
* ''The researchers say that some of the behaviors are manifestations of what is sometimes called the Mike Pence rule—a reference to the U.S. vice president’s refusal to dine with female colleagues unless his wife is present.''
* ''The researchers say that some of the behaviors are manifestations of what is sometimes called the Mike Pence rule—a reference to the U.S. vice president’s refusal to dine with female colleagues unless his wife is present.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Bower, T. 2019. ''The #MeToo Backlash.'' Harvard Business Review. [[https://hbr.org/2019/09/the-metoo-backlash Article]]
* Bower, T. 2019. ''The #MeToo Backlash.'' Harvard Business Review. [[https://hbr.org/2019/09/the-metoo-backlash Article]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_are_equally_likely_as_women_to_be_victims_of_violent_crime">Men are equally likely as women to be victims of violent crime</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_are_equally_likely_as_women_to_be_victims_of_violent_crime">Men are equally likely as women to be victims of violent crime</span>===
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Statistics show the rates of violent victimization by criminals to be:
Statistics show the rates of violent victimization by criminals to be:
* USA: 19.6% of men and 19.7% of women are victims of violent crimes each year.
* USA: 19.6% of men and 19.7% of women are victims of violent crimes each year.
* Canada: 11.5% of men and 11.6% of women are victims of violent crimes each year.  
* Canada: 11.5% of men and 11.6% of women are victims of violent crimes each year.  
* Australia: The overall victims of violent crimes are 53% women, 47% men.
* Australia: The overall victims of violent crimes are 53% women, 47% men.
Countries may define violent crime differently which will lead to large differences in the total percent between countries, but gender comparisons are still valid within each country.
Countries may define violent crime differently which will lead to large differences in the total percent between countries, but gender comparisons are still valid within each country.


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* Statistics Canada. 2010. ''Gender Differences in Police-reported Violent Crime in Canada, 2008.'' Government of Canada. 85F0033M, no. 24. [[https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85f0033m/2010024/part-partie1-eng.htm#h2_2 FullText]]
* Statistics Canada. 2010. ''Gender Differences in Police-reported Violent Crime in Canada, 2008.'' Government of Canada. 85F0033M, no. 24. [[https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85f0033m/2010024/part-partie1-eng.htm#h2_2 FullText]]
* Victoria Police. 2015. ''Crime Statistics Official Release 2013/14.'' State of Victoria, Australia. [[https://www.chiefexaminer.vic.gov.au/content.asp?a=internetBridgingPage&Media_ID=72176 FullText]]
* Victoria Police. 2015. ''Crime Statistics Official Release 2013/14.'' State of Victoria, Australia. [[https://www.chiefexaminer.vic.gov.au/content.asp?a=internetBridgingPage&Media_ID=72176 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Any_sex_a_woman_has_while_intoxicated_can_be_defined_as_rape_by_a_man_under_US_law">Any sex a woman has while intoxicated can be defined as rape by a man under US law</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Any_sex_a_woman_has_while_intoxicated_can_be_defined_as_rape_by_a_man_under_US_law">Any sex a woman has while intoxicated can be defined as rape by a man under US law</span>===
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The US Justice department defines rape as:
The US Justice department defines rape as:


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* Men Against Abuse Now. 2010. ''Alcohol and Consent.'' Stanford University. [[https://web.stanford.edu/group/maan/cgi-bin/?page_id=305 FullText]]
* Men Against Abuse Now. 2010. ''Alcohol and Consent.'' Stanford University. [[https://web.stanford.edu/group/maan/cgi-bin/?page_id=305 FullText]]
* RAIN. 2019. ''State Law Database.'' Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network. [[https://apps.rainn.org/policy/ Web]]
* RAIN. 2019. ''State Law Database.'' Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network. [[https://apps.rainn.org/policy/ Web]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="As_many_US_men_report_being_.27forced_to_penetrate.27_each_year_as_women_report_being_raped">As many US men report being 'forced to penetrate' each year as women report being raped</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="As_many_US_men_report_being_.27forced_to_penetrate.27_each_year_as_women_report_being_raped">As many US men report being 'forced to penetrate' each year as women report being raped</span>===
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The CDC's National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey defines "rape" similarly to the Justice Department—as forced penetration of a person's body:
The CDC's National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey defines "rape" similarly to the Justice Department—as forced penetration of a person's body:
* ''Rape is defined as any completed or attempted unwanted vaginal (for women), oral, or anal penetration through the use of physical force (such as being pinned or held down, or by the use of violence) or threats to physically harm and includes times when the victim was drunk, high, drugged, or passed out and unable to consent. Rape is separated into three types, completed forced penetration, attempted forced penetration, and completed alcohol or drug facilitated penetration.''
* ''Rape is defined as any completed or attempted unwanted vaginal (for women), oral, or anal penetration through the use of physical force (such as being pinned or held down, or by the use of violence) or threats to physically harm and includes times when the victim was drunk, high, drugged, or passed out and unable to consent. Rape is separated into three types, completed forced penetration, attempted forced penetration, and completed alcohol or drug facilitated penetration.''
To complement this definition of "rape", they define "being made to penetrate someone else" as:
To complement this definition of "rape", they define "being made to penetrate someone else" as:
* ''Being made to penetrate someone else includes times when the victim was made to, or there was an attempt to make them, sexually penetrate someone without the victim’s consent because the victim was physically forced (such as being pinned or held down, or by the use of violence) or threatened with physical harm, or when the victim was drunk, high, drugged, or passed out and unable to consent.''
* ''Being made to penetrate someone else includes times when the victim was made to, or there was an attempt to make them, sexually penetrate someone without the victim’s consent because the victim was physically forced (such as being pinned or held down, or by the use of violence) or threatened with physical harm, or when the victim was drunk, high, drugged, or passed out and unable to consent.''
Thus we can see these definitions are roughly equivalent for how a man or woman can generally each be forced into sexual activity against their will. Generally, according to these definitions and standard norms of heterosexual activity, women may be raped, while men may be forced to penetrate.
Thus we can see these definitions are roughly equivalent for how a man or woman can generally each be forced into sexual activity against their will. Generally, according to these definitions and standard norms of heterosexual activity, women may be raped, while men may be forced to penetrate.


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* 1.6% of women were raped by a perpetrator. (An insignificant number of men were raped.)
* 1.6% of women were raped by a perpetrator. (An insignificant number of men were raped.)
* 1.7% of men were made to penetrate a perpetrator. (An insignificant number of women were forced to penetrate.)
* 1.7% of men were made to penetrate a perpetrator. (An insignificant number of women were forced to penetrate.)
In 2010, for the 12 months preceding the survey:
In 2010, for the 12 months preceding the survey:
* 1.1% of women were raped by a perpetrator. (An insignificant number of men were raped.)
* 1.1% of women were raped by a perpetrator. (An insignificant number of men were raped.)
* 1.1% of men were made to penetrate a perpetrator. (An insignificant number of women were forced to penetrate.)
* 1.1% of men were made to penetrate a perpetrator. (An insignificant number of women were forced to penetrate.)
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>


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* Black MC, Basile KC, Breiding MJ, Smith SG, Walters ML, Merrick MT, Chen J, Stevens MR. 2011. ''The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 Summary Report.'' National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [[https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf FullText]]
* Black MC, Basile KC, Breiding MJ, Smith SG, Walters ML, Merrick MT, Chen J, Stevens MR. 2011. ''The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 Summary Report.'' National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [[https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf FullText]]
* Young C. 2014. ''The CDC's Rape Numbers Are Misleading.'' Time Magazine. [[https://time.com/3393442/cdc-rape-numbers/# News]]
* Young C. 2014. ''The CDC's Rape Numbers Are Misleading.'' Time Magazine. [[https://time.com/3393442/cdc-rape-numbers/# News]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="More_teenage_boys_are_victims_of_.27partner_directed_violence.27_than_teenage_girls">More teenage boys are victims of 'partner directed violence' than teenage girls</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="More_teenage_boys_are_victims_of_.27partner_directed_violence.27_than_teenage_girls">More teenage boys are victims of 'partner directed violence' than teenage girls</span>===
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Shaffer et al. (2018) conducted a study on partner directed violence using data from the British Columbia Adolescent Health Survey drawn from the period of 2003-2013 (n boys = 18,441 and n girls = 17,459).
Shaffer et al. (2018) conducted a study on partner directed violence using data from the British Columbia Adolescent Health Survey drawn from the period of 2003-2013 (n boys = 18,441 and n girls = 17,459).


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
*  ''Controlling for age, boys were 58% more likely than girls to have experienced PDV victimization in 2003 likely in 2008 and 45% more likely in 2013.''
*  ''Controlling for age, boys were 58% more likely than girls to have experienced PDV victimization in 2003 likely in 2008 and 45% more likely in 2013.''
* ''Results could also reflect differences between boys and girls in their willingness to report PDV victimization. Some studies have indicated that men are more likely than women to under report PDV victimization and minimize the severity of violence within their relationships.''   
* ''Results could also reflect differences between boys and girls in their willingness to report PDV victimization. Some studies have indicated that men are more likely than women to under report PDV victimization and minimize the severity of violence within their relationships.''   
* ''In addition, despite recent declines in PDV victimization rates, sex disparities in PDV victimization are not improving. These findings underscore the need for an increased focus on both boys and girls as victims.''
* ''In addition, despite recent declines in PDV victimization rates, sex disparities in PDV victimization are not improving. These findings underscore the need for an increased focus on both boys and girls as victims.''
 
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Shaffer CS, Jones A, Vijoen J, Douglas KS, Saewyc E. 2018. ''Ten-Year Trends in Physical Dating Violence Victimization Among Adolescent Boys and Girls in British Columbia, Canada.'' Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 1. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260518788367 Abstract]] [[https://www.academia.edu/38510058/Ten-year_trends_in_physical_dating_victimization_among_adolescent_boys_and_girls_in_British_Columbia_Canada FullText]]
* Shaffer CS, Jones A, Vijoen J, Douglas KS, Saewyc E. 2018. ''Ten-Year Trends in Physical Dating Violence Victimization Among Adolescent Boys and Girls in British Columbia, Canada.'' Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 1. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260518788367 Abstract]] [[https://www.academia.edu/38510058/Ten-year_trends_in_physical_dating_victimization_among_adolescent_boys_and_girls_in_British_Columbia_Canada FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="More_adult_men_are_victims_of_intimate_partner_physical_violence_than_women">Many adult men are victims of intimate partner physical violence</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="More_adult_men_are_victims_of_intimate_partner_physical_violence_than_women">Many adult men are victims of intimate partner physical violence</span>===
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The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) is a survey instrument run periodically by the CDC in the U.S. to assess trends in intimate partner violence (IPV).
The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) is a survey instrument run periodically by the CDC in the U.S. to assess trends in intimate partner violence (IPV).
The first national-level study using the NISVS was in 2010 followed by repetitions in 2011, 2012, and 2015.
The first national-level study using the NISVS was in 2010 followed by repetitions in 2011, 2012, and 2015.


For the years 2010-2012, a total of 22,590 women and 18,584 men completed the survey.<!--It was found that roughly 4.7% of men had been victims of intimate partner physical violence in the previous 12 months, compared with 3.9% women.-->
For the years 2010-2012, a total of 22,590 women and 18,584 men completed the survey.
It was found that 32.4% of women and 28.3% of men experienced physical violence by an intimate partner in their lifetimes.
It was found that 32.4% of women and 28.3% of men experienced physical violence by an intimate partner in their lifetimes.
In 2015, a total of 5,758 women and 4,323 men completed the survey.<!-- For this year, 2.9% of women and 3.8% of men experienced physical violence committed by an intimate partner in the previous 12 months. -->
In 2015, a total of 5,758 women and 4,323 men completed the survey.
30.6% of women and 31.0% of men experienced physical violence by an intimate partner in their lifetimes.
30.6% of women and 31.0% of men experienced physical violence by an intimate partner in their lifetimes.
If one also includes rape and stalking (which includes threats of violence), then the lifetime figures for women and men were respectively 37.3% and 30.9% in 2010-2012, and 36.4% and 33.6% in 2015.<!--, with smaller differences for the previous 12 months: 6.6% and 6.4% in 2010-2012, and 5.5% and 5.2% in 2015.-->
If one also includes rape and stalking (which includes threats of violence), then the lifetime figures for women and men were respectively 37.3% and 30.9% in 2010-2012, and 36.4% and 33.6% in 2015.
<!--Taken the data on the previous 12 months together from 2010-2015, and only considering physical violence, indeed slightly more men experienced violence (4.4% vs 3.6%), which is significant at p < 0.001.-->


However, since men are substantially physically stronger, women do outnumber men in IPV-related hospital admissions. Between 2010 and 2014, among IPV-related emergency visits, women constituted 90% of hospitalizations, 87% of very severe cases, and 69% of deaths (Quezada et al. 2020), though with either case being relatively rare with only 6.3% of all emergency visits (men and women) leading to hospitalization. Men only had slightly more severe outcomes in these hospitalizations, suggesting few women overplay their injuries.
However, since men are substantially physically stronger, women do outnumber men in IPV-related hospital admissions. Between 2010 and 2014, among IPV-related emergency visits, women constituted 90% of hospitalizations, 87% of very severe cases, and 69% of deaths (Quezada et al. 2020), though with either case being relatively rare with only 6.3% of all emergency visits (men and women) leading to hospitalization. Men only had slightly more severe outcomes in these hospitalizations, suggesting few women overplay their injuries.
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Magdol et al. (1997) reported that women perpetrated violence 37.2% of the time toward their partners and men 21.8%.
Magdol et al. (1997) reported that women perpetrated violence 37.2% of the time toward their partners and men 21.8%.
18.6% of women, but only 5.7% of men perpetrated severe physical violence.
18.6% of women, but only 5.7% of men perpetrated severe physical violence.
Capaldi & Owen (2001) found in a sample of antisocial aggressive teenagers and young adults, women acknowledged higher rates of perpetration of violence (43%) than did men (34%). Douglas and Straus (2006) found that, among dating couples in 17 countries, females assaulted their partners more often than did males (30.0% vs. 24.2%).
Capaldi & Owen (2001) found in a sample of antisocial aggressive teenagers and young adults, women acknowledged higher rates of perpetration of violence (43%) than did men (34%). Douglas and Straus (2006) found that, among dating couples in 17 countries, females assaulted their partners more often than did males (30.0% vs. 24.2%).
Whitaker et al. (2001) found in a study of N = 11,370 young US adults aged 18 to 28 years that in nonreciprocally violent relationships (i.e. in which violence is only committed by one partner), women were the perpetrators in more than 70% of the cases. Overall, women said they initiated more often violence (24.8%) than did their partners (19.2%).
Whitaker et al. (2001) found in a study of N = 11,370 young US adults aged 18 to 28 years that in nonreciprocally violent relationships (i.e. in which violence is only committed by one partner), women were the perpetrators in more than 70% of the cases. Overall, women said they initiated more often violence (24.8%) than did their partners (19.2%).


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An astonishing case in relation to this phenomenon is English family care and activist and novelist Erin Pizzey (born 1939) who uncovered a higher violence rate against men in a domestic violence shelter that she had founded, only to be met with death threats which urged her to flee her country and move to China.
An astonishing case in relation to this phenomenon is English family care and activist and novelist Erin Pizzey (born 1939) who uncovered a higher violence rate against men in a domestic violence shelter that she had founded, only to be met with death threats which urged her to flee her country and move to China.


It is important to note that there is likely a bias in the data of the sort that women likely overreport violence, being generally more [[female sneakiness|sneaky]] and emotionally unstable, while men might underreport being overall more [[stoicism|stoic]] and they risk losing face being not strong enough to contain their partner, however hospitalization do rates prove that women experience dramatically greater physical harm, though grave levels of harm is perpetuated only by a [[apex fallacy|tiny fraction of men]], and in case of IPV-related deaths men are not exactly a rarity making up around a third of cases.
It is important to note that there is likely a bias in the data of the sort that women likely overreport violence, being generally more [[female sneakiness|sneaky]] and emotionally unstable, while men might underreport being overall more [[stoicism|stoic]] and they risk losing face being not strong enough to contain their partner, however hospitalization do rates prove that women experience dramatically greater physical harm, though grave levels of harm is perpetuated only by a [[apex fallacy|tiny fraction of men]], and in case of IPV-related deaths men are not exactly a rarity making up around a third of cases.


<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
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* ''"Reports are also showing a decline of the number of women and an increase in the number of men reporting" abuse, says counselor and psychologist Karla Ivankovich, PhD, an adjunct professor of psychology at the University of Illinois, Springfield.''
* ''"Reports are also showing a decline of the number of women and an increase in the number of men reporting" abuse, says counselor and psychologist Karla Ivankovich, PhD, an adjunct professor of psychology at the University of Illinois, Springfield.''
* ''Ivankovich says there isn’t much buzz about these numbers or their implications, because we don’t know how to handle intimate partner violence against men.'' (Birch 2015)
* ''Ivankovich says there isn’t much buzz about these numbers or their implications, because we don’t know how to handle intimate partner violence against men.'' (Birch 2015)
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Sharon G. Smith, Xinjian Zhang, Kathleen C. Basile, Melissa T. Merrick, Jing Wang, Marcie-jo Kresnow, Jieru Chen. 2018. ''The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2015 Data Brief – Updated Release.'' [[https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/2015data-brief508.pdf FullText]]
* Sharon G. Smith, Xinjian Zhang, Kathleen C. Basile, Melissa T. Merrick, Jing Wang, Marcie-jo Kresnow, Jieru Chen. 2018. ''The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2015 Data Brief – Updated Release.'' [[https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/2015data-brief508.pdf FullText]]
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* Whitaker DJ, Haileyesus T, Swahn M, & Saltzman LS. (2007). Differences in frequency of violence and reported injury between relationships with reciprocal and nonreciprocal intimate partner violence. American journal of public health, 97(5), 941-947. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1854883/ Abstract]]
* Whitaker DJ, Haileyesus T, Swahn M, & Saltzman LS. (2007). Differences in frequency of violence and reported injury between relationships with reciprocal and nonreciprocal intimate partner violence. American journal of public health, 97(5), 941-947. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1854883/ Abstract]]
* Alfaro Quezada, J., Mustafa, Z., Zhang, X., Zakhary, B., Firek, M., Coimbra, R., & Brenner, M. (2020). A nationwide study of intimate partner violence. The American Surgeon, 86(10), 1230-1237. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0003134820964191 Abstract]]
* Alfaro Quezada, J., Mustafa, Z., Zhang, X., Zakhary, B., Firek, M., Coimbra, R., & Brenner, M. (2020). A nationwide study of intimate partner violence. The American Surgeon, 86(10), 1230-1237. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0003134820964191 Abstract]]
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Health''</span>==
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Health''</span>==
{{main_article|[[Adverse effects of inceldom]]}}
{{main_article|[[Adverse effects of inceldom]]}}
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Many_people_prefer_life_without_social_media_over_life_without_sex">Many people prefer life without social media over life without sex</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Many_people_prefer_life_without_social_media_over_life_without_sex">Many people prefer life without social media over life without sex</span>===
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In surveys, many respondents said they would rather live life without social media than live life without sex. Many also preferred life without social media over life without date nights. In SKYN's 2019 intimacy survey, 71% of men said they would give up social media over sex, compared to 59% of women. 67% of millennials said they would give up social media over sex, compared to 55% of respondents from Generation Z.
In surveys, many respondents said they would rather live life without social media than live life without sex. Many also preferred life without social media over life without date nights. In SKYN's 2019 intimacy survey, 71% of men said they would give up social media over sex, compared to 59% of women. 67% of millennials said they would give up social media over sex, compared to 55% of respondents from Generation Z.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*"[https://www.yourstoragefinder.com/social-media-anxiety 'Social' Anxiety: What Would You Give to Stay Connected to Social Media?]". Your Storage Finder.
*"[https://www.yourstoragefinder.com/social-media-anxiety 'Social' Anxiety: What Would You Give to Stay Connected to Social Media?]". Your Storage Finder.
*"[http://web.archive.org/web/20190704092332/https://skyn.com/en-us/2019-intimacy-survey/ 2019 Intimacy Survey]". SKYN.
*"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190704092332/https://skyn.com/en-us/2019-intimacy-survey/ 2019 Intimacy Survey]". SKYN.
 
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Sex_is_the_most_pleasurable.2C_joyous.2C_and_meaningful_human_experience">Sex is the most pleasurable, joyous, and meaningful human experience</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Sex_is_the_most_pleasurable.2C_joyous.2C_and_meaningful_human_experience">Sex is the most pleasurable, joyous, and meaningful human experience</span>===
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A study by Grimma et al. (2015) was conducted to investigate and further elucidate on the concept of happiness and investigate what activities provide meaning and pleasure to people's lives depending on the individuals orientation to happiness (OTH). The concept of happiness was divided by the authors into the two theories of happiness held by the Ancient Greeks—hedonic happiness (minimizing pain and maximizing pleasure) and/or eudaimonia (a sense of 'meaning' and fulfillment).
A study by Grimma et al. (2015) was conducted to investigate and further elucidate on the concept of happiness and investigate what activities provide meaning and pleasure to people's lives depending on the individuals orientation to happiness (OTH). The concept of happiness was divided by the authors into the two theories of happiness held by the Ancient Greeks—hedonic happiness (minimizing pain and maximizing pleasure) and/or eudaimonia (a sense of 'meaning' and fulfillment).


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Also some of the other highly rated activities are associated with sex in the sense of potentially leading up to it (partying, socializing) and the high meaningfulness and joy of sex may "rub off" on these activities as pleasant anticipation. This is certainly predicted from a Darwinian perspective as everything conductive to [[reproductive success]]/fitness should evolve to be pleasurable. Childcare is of course also conductive to fitness (parental investment).  
Also some of the other highly rated activities are associated with sex in the sense of potentially leading up to it (partying, socializing) and the high meaningfulness and joy of sex may "rub off" on these activities as pleasant anticipation. This is certainly predicted from a Darwinian perspective as everything conductive to [[reproductive success]]/fitness should evolve to be pleasurable. Childcare is of course also conductive to fitness (parental investment).  


Related to this, in a French survey, 68.8% of men (N = 8,948) and 59.5% of women (N = 11,098) said that "sexual intercourse is essential to feeling good about oneself" (Bajos, 2010). Hence, men significantly care more about their active sexual status (X² = 177.1, p < 0.0001, d ≈ 0.25).
Related to this, in a French survey, 68.8% of men (N = 8,948) and 59.5% of women (N = 11,098) said that "sexual intercourse is essential to feeling good about oneself" (Bajos, 2010). Hence, men significantly care more about their active sexual status (X² = 177.1, p < 0.0001, d ≈ 0.25).
Percentages around 60-70% in modern, liberal countries stating sex being beneficial for “general health and well being” was also found in a global survey of 26,032 participants across 26 countries funded by Durex© (Wylie, 2009).
Percentages around 60-70% in modern, liberal countries stating sex being beneficial for “general health and well being” was also found in a global survey of 26,032 participants across 26 countries funded by Durex© (Wylie, 2009).


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Sex is the most valued human experience.png|600px|none|thumb|Ratings of how pleasurable and meaningful activities are, with sex being rated most highly in all categories (Grimma, Kemp & Jose, 2015)]]
[[File:Sex is the most valued human experience.png|600px|none|thumb|Ratings of how pleasurable and meaningful activities are, with sex being rated most highly in all categories (Grimma, Kemp & Jose, 2015)]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Sex/making love was the highest rated behavior on all dimensions in this dataset, consistent with several other daily activity studies (Kahneman et al., 2004; Killingsworth & Gilbert, 2010; Robinson & Godbey, 1997).''
* ''Sex/making love was the highest rated behavior on all dimensions in this dataset, consistent with several other daily activity studies (Kahneman et al., 2004; Killingsworth & Gilbert, 2010; Robinson & Godbey, 1997).''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Grimm C, Kemp S, Jose PE. 2014. ''Orientations to happiness and the experience of everyday activities.'' The Journal of Positive Psychology. 10(3): 207-218. [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17439760.2014.941382 Abstract]] [[https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10092/8040/thesis_fulltext.pdf;sequence=1 FullText]]
* Grimm C, Kemp S, Jose PE. 2014. ''Orientations to happiness and the experience of everyday activities.'' The Journal of Positive Psychology. 10(3): 207-218. [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17439760.2014.941382 Abstract]] [[https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10092/8040/thesis_fulltext.pdf;sequence=1 FullText]]
* Bajos N, et al. 2010. ''Changes in sexual behaviours: from secular trends topublic health policies.'' [[https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00002030-201005150-00013 Abstract]] [[https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/36959405/A.65-AIDS-CSF.2010.pdf FullText]]
* Bajos N, et al. 2010. ''Changes in sexual behaviours: from secular trends topublic health policies.'' [[https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00002030-201005150-00013 Abstract]] [[https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/36959405/A.65-AIDS-CSF.2010.pdf FullText]]
* Wylie K. 2009. ''A Global Survey of Sexual Behaviours.'' [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228641949_A_Global_Survey_of_Sexual_Behaviours FullText]]
* Wylie K. 2009. ''A Global Survey of Sexual Behaviours.'' [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228641949_A_Global_Survey_of_Sexual_Behaviours FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Mating_performance_is_significantly_related_to_happiness_and_life_satisfaction">Mating performance is significantly related to happiness and life satisfaction</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Mating_performance_is_significantly_related_to_happiness_and_life_satisfaction">Mating performance is significantly related to happiness and life satisfaction</span>===
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Apostolou et al. (2019) conducted an online survey of (N = 735;431 women and 304 men) Greek speaking individuals relating to the effects of interpersonal sexual relationships on happiness and life satisfaction.  
Apostolou et al. (2019) conducted an online survey of (N = 735;431 women and 304 men) Greek speaking individuals relating to the effects of interpersonal sexual relationships on happiness and life satisfaction.  


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Emotions of men based on romantic success.PNG|thumb|none|600px|Emotions frequently felt by men based on their levels of romantic success]]
[[File:Emotions of men based on romantic success.PNG|thumb|none|600px|Emotions frequently felt by men based on their levels of romantic success]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ % of subjects experiencing each emotion frequently (‘4’ or ‘5’)
|+ % of subjects experiencing each emotion frequently (‘4’ or ‘5’)
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| 10.1
| 10.1
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
*''The results indicated a significant effect of mating performance...with a positive coefficient (0.898) suggesting that a one point increase in the mating performance would result in 0.898 increase in the 0 to 10 scale. Note that the age and the sex were not significant.''
*''The results indicated a significant effect of mating performance...with a positive coefficient (0.898) suggesting that a one point increase in the mating performance would result in 0.898 increase in the 0 to 10 scale. Note that the age and the sex were not significant.''
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* ''To put it differently, a substantial part of poor emotional state observed in the population may be due to poor mating performance. This being the case, research in this area can potentially have important implications for improving well-being—poor mental state could be improved by devising ways to improve mating performance. In turn, this has implications that go beyond the realm of psychology''.  
* ''To put it differently, a substantial part of poor emotional state observed in the population may be due to poor mating performance. This being the case, research in this area can potentially have important implications for improving well-being—poor mental state could be improved by devising ways to improve mating performance. In turn, this has implications that go beyond the realm of psychology''.  
* ''Alleviating poor mating performance, in most instances, requires external to the individual assistance.''
* ''Alleviating poor mating performance, in most instances, requires external to the individual assistance.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Apostolou M, Shialos M, Georgiadou P. 2019. ''The emotional cost of poor mating performance.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 138: 188-192. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886918305348?via%3Dihub Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328095576_The_emotional_cost_of_poor_mating_performance FullText]]
* Apostolou M, Shialos M, Georgiadou P. 2019. ''The emotional cost of poor mating performance.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 138: 188-192. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886918305348?via%3Dihub Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328095576_The_emotional_cost_of_poor_mating_performance FullText]]
* DiMaria CH, Peroni C, Sarracino F. 2017. ''Happiness matters: Productivity gains from subjective well-being.'' [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10902-019-00074-1 Abstract]] [[https://www.economist.com/business/2019/08/01/employee-happiness-and-business-success-are-linked News]]
* DiMaria CH, Peroni C, Sarracino F. 2017. ''Happiness matters: Productivity gains from subjective well-being.'' [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10902-019-00074-1 Abstract]] [[https://www.economist.com/business/2019/08/01/employee-happiness-and-business-success-are-linked News]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Penile.E2.80.93vaginal_intercourse_is_associated_with_health.2C_but_masturbation_is_not">Penile–vaginal intercourse is associated with health, but masturbation and anal sex are not</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Penile.E2.80.93vaginal_intercourse_is_associated_with_health.2C_but_masturbation_is_not">Penile–vaginal intercourse is associated with health, but masturbation and anal sex are not</span>===
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Brody (2010) conducted a survey study analyzing the potential physical and mental health benefits of different sexual activities.
Brody (2010) conducted a survey study analyzing the potential physical and mental health benefits of different sexual activities.
Various indices of psychological and physical function were positively correlated with penile-vaginal intercourse, sometimes even showing a causal relationship.
Various indices of psychological and physical function were positively correlated with penile-vaginal intercourse, sometimes even showing a causal relationship.
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
*''Research findings are remarkably consistent in demonstrating that one sexual activity is associated with, and in some cases, causes processes associated with better psychological and physical functioning.''
*''Research findings are remarkably consistent in demonstrating that one sexual activity is associated with, and in some cases, causes processes associated with better psychological and physical functioning.''
* ''Other sexual behaviors are unassociated, or in some cases (such as masturbation and anal intercourse) inversely associated with better psychological and physical functioning.''
* ''Other sexual behaviors are unassociated, or in some cases (such as masturbation and anal intercourse) inversely associated with better psychological and physical functioning.''
 
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Brody S. 2010. ''The relative health benefits of different sexual activities.'' [[https://www.jsm.jsexmed.org/article/S1743-6095(15)32977-5/fulltext Abstract]]
* Brody S. 2010. ''The relative health benefits of different sexual activities.'' [[https://www.jsm.jsexmed.org/article/S1743-6095(15)32977-5/fulltext Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Loneliness_increases_premature_death_rates_by_26.25_and_is_as_deadly_as_obesity">Loneliness increases premature death rates by 26% and is as deadly as obesity</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Loneliness_increases_premature_death_rates_by_26.25_and_is_as_deadly_as_obesity">Loneliness increases premature death rates by 26% and is as deadly as obesity</span>===
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A meta-analysis from 2015 involving 70 studies representing more than 3.4 million individuals primarily from North America but also from Europe, Asia and Australia was performed to assess the health effect of loneliness, social isolation, and living alone. They found that:
A meta-analysis from 2015 involving 70 studies representing more than 3.4 million individuals primarily from North America but also from Europe, Asia and Australia was performed to assess the health effect of loneliness, social isolation, and living alone. They found that:
* Loneliness increased the risk of premature death by 26%.
* Loneliness increased the risk of premature death by 26%.
* Social isolation increased the risk of premature death by 29%.  
* Social isolation increased the risk of premature death by 29%.  
* Living alone increased the risk of premature death by 32%.  
* Living alone increased the risk of premature death by 32%.  
These effects were equal to or exceeded the effect of other well-accepted risk factors such as obesity. (Holt-Lunstad 2015)
These effects were equal to or exceeded the effect of other well-accepted risk factors such as obesity. (Holt-Lunstad 2015)


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* ''Results also differ across participant age, with social deficits being more predictive of death in samples with an average age younger than 65 years. ''
* ''Results also differ across participant age, with social deficits being more predictive of death in samples with an average age younger than 65 years. ''
* ''Overall, the influence of both objective and subjective social isolation on risk for mortality is comparable with well-established risk factors for mortality.''
* ''Overall, the influence of both objective and subjective social isolation on risk for mortality is comparable with well-established risk factors for mortality.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Baker M, Harris T, Stephenson D. 2015. ''Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review.'' Perspectives on Psychological Science. 10(2): 227-237. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1745691614568352 Abstract]]
* Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Baker M, Harris T, Stephenson D. 2015. ''Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review.'' Perspectives on Psychological Science. 10(2): 227-237. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1745691614568352 Abstract]]
* Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. 2010. ''Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review.'' PLOS Medicine. 7(7): e1000316. [[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 FullText]]
* Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. 2010. ''Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review.'' PLOS Medicine. 7(7): e1000316. [[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 FullText]]
* Sliwa J. 2017. ''So Lonely I Could Die.'' American Psychological Association. [[https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2017/08/lonely-die Article]]
* Sliwa J. 2017. ''So Lonely I Could Die.'' American Psychological Association. [[https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2017/08/lonely-die Article]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_are_unhappier_being_single_than_women">Men are unhappier being single than women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_are_unhappier_being_single_than_women">Men are unhappier being single than women</span>===
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A survey by data analysts Mintel found that a higher amount of women reported being happier with being single as compared to men (61% of women happy with being single, vs 49 percent of men), which was reported in the British online newspaper The Independent (2017). This finding is also corroborated by other studies which find women also report lower satisfaction about being in any type of relationship than men, such as the government funded longitudinal study The Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey (HILDA), which found lower mean satisfaction among women than men in committed relationships (mean of 0.3 lower on a scale of 1-10 for both de facto and formally married partnerships).
A survey by data analysts Mintel found that a higher amount of women reported being happier with being single as compared to men (61% of women happy with being single, vs 49 percent of men), which was reported in the British online newspaper The Independent (2017). This finding is also corroborated by other studies which find women also report lower satisfaction about being in any type of relationship than men, such as the government funded longitudinal study The Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey (HILDA), which found lower mean satisfaction among women than men in committed relationships (mean of 0.3 lower on a scale of 1-10 for both de facto and formally married partnerships).


Later waves of the same study of the HILDA survey, breaking down self reported relationship satisfaction of parents by number of children and whether they were in a single vs dual parent household, largely replicated the earlier waves findings, except for the finding that single mothers with one or two children were slightly more or equally satisfied in their current romantic relationship as compared to single fathers with the same amount of children, with single parent families generally reporting being much less satisfied in their relationships with their partners vs dual parent households.  
Later waves of the same study of the HILDA survey, breaking down self reported relationship satisfaction of parents by number of children and whether they were in a single vs dual parent household, largely replicated the earlier waves findings, except for the finding that single mothers with one or two children were slightly more or equally satisfied in their current romantic relationship as compared to single fathers with the same amount of children, with single parent families generally reporting being much less satisfied in their relationships with their partners vs dual parent households.  
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* Battersby L. 2015. ''The survey says ... women are less happy with their relationships than men are.'' The Sydney Morning Herald. [[https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-survey-says--women-are-less-happy-with-their-relationships-than-men-are-20150714-gibxpj.html Article]]
* Battersby L. 2015. ''The survey says ... women are less happy with their relationships than men are.'' The Sydney Morning Herald. [[https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-survey-says--women-are-less-happy-with-their-relationships-than-men-are-20150714-gibxpj.html Article]]
* Melbourne Institute. 2018. ''The Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey: Selected Findings from Waves 1 to 16.'' pp 23:table 2.10 [[https://melbourneinstitute.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/2874177/HILDA-report_Low-Res_10.10.18.pdf FullText]]
* Melbourne Institute. 2018. ''The Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey: Selected Findings from Waves 1 to 16.'' pp 23:table 2.10 [[https://melbourneinstitute.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/2874177/HILDA-report_Low-Res_10.10.18.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Males_gained_peer_status_through_having_had_sex_and_females_lost_peer_status"> Males gained peer status through having had sex and females lost peer status </span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Males_gained_peer_status_through_having_had_sex_and_females_lost_peer_status"> Males gained peer status through having had sex and females lost peer status </span>===
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Abstract from the paper: A sexual double standard in adolescence has important implications for sexual development and gender inequality. The present study uses longitudinal social network data (N = 914; 11–16 years of age) to test if gender moderates associations between adolescents’ sexual behaviors and peer acceptance. Consistent with a traditional sexual double standard, female adolescents who reported having sex had significant decreases in peer acceptance over time, whereas male adolescents reporting the same behavior had significant increases in peer acceptance. This pattern was observed net of respondents’ own perceived friendships, further suggesting that the social responses to sex vary by gender of the sexual actor. However, findings for “making out” showed a reverse double standard, such that female adolescents reporting this behavior had increases in peer acceptance and male adolescents reporting the same behavior had decreases in peer acceptance over time. Results thus suggest that peers enforce traditional sexual scripts for both “heavy” and “light” sexual behaviors during adolescence. These findings have important implications for sexual health education, encouraging educators to develop curricula that emphasize the gendered social construction of sexuality and to combat inequitable and stigmatizing peer responses to real or perceived deviations from traditional sexual scripts.
Abstract from the paper: A sexual double standard in adolescence has important implications for sexual development and gender inequality. The present study uses longitudinal social network data (N = 914; 11–16 years of age) to test if gender moderates associations between adolescents’ sexual behaviors and peer acceptance. Consistent with a traditional sexual double standard, female adolescents who reported having sex had significant decreases in peer acceptance over time, whereas male adolescents reporting the same behavior had significant increases in peer acceptance. This pattern was observed net of respondents’ own perceived friendships, further suggesting that the social responses to sex vary by gender of the sexual actor. However, findings for “making out” showed a reverse double standard, such that female adolescents reporting this behavior had increases in peer acceptance and male adolescents reporting the same behavior had decreases in peer acceptance over time. Results thus suggest that peers enforce traditional sexual scripts for both “heavy” and “light” sexual behaviors during adolescence. These findings have important implications for sexual health education, encouraging educators to develop curricula that emphasize the gendered social construction of sexuality and to combat inequitable and stigmatizing peer responses to real or perceived deviations from traditional sexual scripts.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Reference:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Reference:'''</span>
* Kreager DA, Staff J, Gauthier R, Lefkowitz ES, Feinberg ME. 2016. ''The double standard at sexual debut: Gender, sexual behavior and adolescent peer acceptance.'' Sex roles. 75(7-8):377-92. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-016-0618-x Abstract]]
* Kreager DA, Staff J, Gauthier R, Lefkowitz ES, Feinberg ME. 2016. ''The double standard at sexual debut: Gender, sexual behavior and adolescent peer acceptance.'' Sex roles. 75(7-8):377-92. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-016-0618-x Abstract]]
* Roth R. 2001. ''Homicide in early modern England 1549-1800: the need for a quantitative synthesis.'' Crime, Histoire & Sociétés/Crime, History & Societies. 5(2):33-67. [[https://journals.openedition.org/chs/737#bodyftn16 FullText]]
* Roth R. 2001. ''Homicide in early modern England 1549-1800: the need for a quantitative synthesis.'' Crime, Histoire & Sociétés/Crime, History & Societies. 5(2):33-67. [[https://journals.openedition.org/chs/737#bodyftn16 FullText]]
* Reynolds T, Baumeister RF, Maner JK. 2018. ''Competitive reputation manipulation: Women strategically transmit social information about romantic rivals.'' Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 78:195-209. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022103117304195 Abstract]]
* Reynolds T, Baumeister RF, Maner JK. 2018. ''Competitive reputation manipulation: Women strategically transmit social information about romantic rivals.'' Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 78:195-209. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022103117304195 Abstract]]
* Tejada AM. 2020. ''Like a Virgin: Comparing Cross-Cultural Virginity.'' [[https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=senior_comm Abstract]]
* Tejada AM. 2020. ''Like a Virgin: Comparing Cross-Cultural Virginity.'' [[https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=senior_comm Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Being_single_is_a_greater_risk_factor_for_developing_depression_in_men_than_in_women">Being single is a greater risk factor for developing depression in men than in women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Being_single_is_a_greater_risk_factor_for_developing_depression_in_men_than_in_women">Being single is a greater risk factor for developing depression in men than in women</span>===
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De Velde et al. (2010) conducted several data analyses of the third round of the European social survey which covered 25 European countries in 2006-2007. Their aim was to examine the variance between the countries and the sexes regarding the risk factors of depression.
De Velde et al. (2010) conducted several data analyses of the third round of the European social survey which covered 25 European countries in 2006-2007. Their aim was to examine the variance between the countries and the sexes regarding the risk factors of depression.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''Moreover, men seem to suffer more from the loss of a partner, especially since their wife is often also their closest confidant, while [[women]] often have confidants that are outside the family. This is partly reflected in our results, with widowhood as well as single-hood being a more significant risk factor for depression in men.''
* ''Moreover, men seem to suffer more from the loss of a partner, especially since their wife is often also their closest confidant, while [[women]] often have confidants that are outside the family. This is partly reflected in our results, with widowhood as well as single-hood being a more significant risk factor for depression in men.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Van de Velde S, Bracke P, Levecque K. 2010. ''Gender differences in depression in 23 European countries. Cross-national variation in the gender gap in depression.'' Social Science & Medicine. 71(2): 305-313. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953610002844?via%3Dihub Abstract]]
*Van de Velde S, Bracke P, Levecque K. 2010. ''Gender differences in depression in 23 European countries. Cross-national variation in the gender gap in depression.'' Social Science & Medicine. 71(2): 305-313. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953610002844?via%3Dihub Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="People_that_are_married_are_2.4x_more_likely_to_recover_early_from_clinical_depression">People that are married are 2.4x more likely to recover early from clinical depression</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="People_that_are_married_are_2.4x_more_likely_to_recover_early_from_clinical_depression">People that are married are 2.4x more likely to recover early from clinical depression</span>===
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An observational study conducted by Meyers et al. (2002) of clinically depressed patients (N = 165) found that being currently married was a significant protective factor against depression. Specifically, they found that being married was significantly and independently associated with a 2.4 times greater chance of achieving early remission from depression (Odds-Ratio = 2.4). Being married was the only significant variable associated with an early recovery, apart from effective clinical treatment.  
An observational study conducted by Meyers et al. (2002) of clinically depressed patients (N = 165) found that being currently married was a significant protective factor against depression. Specifically, they found that being married was significantly and independently associated with a 2.4 times greater chance of achieving early remission from depression (Odds-Ratio = 2.4). Being married was the only significant variable associated with an early recovery, apart from effective clinical treatment.  


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*  ''Being married (OR = 2.4;95% CI = 1.1-5.3; P = .03) was the only other baseline characteristic or treatment variable that remained significant in the logistic regression.''  
*  ''Being married (OR = 2.4;95% CI = 1.1-5.3; P = .03) was the only other baseline characteristic or treatment variable that remained significant in the logistic regression.''  
* ''Less severe depression, having received adequate antidepressant treatment, female sex, and being married independently predicted early recovery.''
* ''Less severe depression, having received adequate antidepressant treatment, female sex, and being married independently predicted early recovery.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Meyers BS, Sirey JA, Bruce M. 2002. ''Predictors of Early Recovery From Major Depression Among Persons Admitted to Community-Based Clinics: An Observational Study.'' Arch Gen Psychiatry. 59(8): 729-735. [[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/206644 FullText]]
*Meyers BS, Sirey JA, Bruce M. 2002. ''Predictors of Early Recovery From Major Depression Among Persons Admitted to Community-Based Clinics: An Observational Study.'' Arch Gen Psychiatry. 59(8): 729-735. [[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/206644 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="The_brain_reacts_to_rejection_in_the_same_manner_as_physical_pain">The brain reacts to rejection in the same manner as physical pain</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="The_brain_reacts_to_rejection_in_the_same_manner_as_physical_pain">The brain reacts to rejection in the same manner as physical pain</span>===
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Kross et al. (2011) recruited 40 individuals who felt 'intensely rejected' after a the recent dissolution of a romantic relationship. Participants were made to perform two tasks under fMRI scanning: a 'social rejection task' and a 'physical pain task'. The rejection task involved looking at a photograph of their previous romantic partner while performing a visualization task that involved recreating the rejection experience.  
Kross et al. (2011) recruited 40 individuals who felt 'intensely rejected' after a the recent dissolution of a romantic relationship. Participants were made to perform two tasks under fMRI scanning: a 'social rejection task' and a 'physical pain task'. The rejection task involved looking at a photograph of their previous romantic partner while performing a visualization task that involved recreating the rejection experience.  


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* ''These results give new meaning to the idea that rejection “hurts.” ''
* ''These results give new meaning to the idea that rejection “hurts.” ''
* ''They demonstrate that rejection and physical pain are similar not only in that they are both distressing—they share a common somatosensory representation as well.''
* ''They demonstrate that rejection and physical pain are similar not only in that they are both distressing—they share a common somatosensory representation as well.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Kross E, Berman MG, Mischel W, Smith EE, Wager TD. 2011. ''Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain.'' PNAS. 108(15): 6270-6275. [[https://www.pnas.org/content/108/15/6270 FullText]]
* Kross E, Berman MG, Mischel W, Smith EE, Wager TD. 2011. ''Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain.'' PNAS. 108(15): 6270-6275. [[https://www.pnas.org/content/108/15/6270 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Being_shown_a_picture_of_a_romantic_partner_results_in_higher_pain_tolerance">Being shown a picture of a romantic partner results in higher pain tolerance</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Being_shown_a_picture_of_a_romantic_partner_results_in_higher_pain_tolerance">Being shown a picture of a romantic partner results in higher pain tolerance</span>===
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Younger et al. (2010) conducted a study on N = 15 college students (8 women and 7 men, age range 19–21 years, M = 20 years) in their first 9 months of a romantic relationship, who described themselves as 'intensely in love'.
Younger et al. (2010) conducted a study on N = 15 college students (8 women and 7 men, age range 19–21 years, M = 20 years) in their first 9 months of a romantic relationship, who described themselves as 'intensely in love'.  
Each participant was required to provide photos of his/her romantic partner and a 'long term acquaintance' of the same attractiveness level as their romantic partner.  
Each participant was required to provide photos of his/her romantic partner and a 'long term acquaintance' of the same attractiveness level as their romantic partner.  


The participants were requested to put their hands on a heat block of steadily escalating temperature, which was incrementally increased until to participants reached the limit of the subjective pain (rated on a 1-10 scale) they could endure.
The participants were requested to put their hands on a heat block of steadily escalating temperature, which was incrementally increased until to participants reached the limit of the subjective pain (rated on a 1-10 scale) they could endure.
The participants were put under three conditions: viewing a picture of their acquaintance, viewing a picture of their romantic partner, or completing a word association task as a control.
The participants were put under three conditions: viewing a picture of their acquaintance, viewing a picture of their romantic partner, or completing a word association task as a control.


It was found that participants could endure significantly more pain when told to focus on the picture of their romantic partner, and during the word association task. The heat was also rated as subjectively less intense when focusing on their romantic partner.
It was found that participants could endure significantly more pain when told to focus on the picture of their romantic partner, and during the word association task. The heat was also rated as subjectively less intense when focusing on their romantic partner.
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* ''As suggested by previous behavioral research, viewing pictures of a romantic partner effectively reduced self-reported pain.''
* ''As suggested by previous behavioral research, viewing pictures of a romantic partner effectively reduced self-reported pain.''
* ''We show here that the activation of reward systems by viewing pictures of one's romantic partner is associated with reduced pain. A better understanding of these analgesic pathways may allow us to identify new targets and methods for producing effective pain relief.''
* ''We show here that the activation of reward systems by viewing pictures of one's romantic partner is associated with reduced pain. A better understanding of these analgesic pathways may allow us to identify new targets and methods for producing effective pain relief.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Younger J, Aron A, Parke S, Chatterjee N, Mackey S. 2010. ''Viewing Pictures of a Romantic Partner Reduces Experimental Pain: Involvement of Neural Reward Systems.'' PLoS ONE. 5(10): e13309. [[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0013309 FullText]]
* Younger J, Aron A, Parke S, Chatterjee N, Mackey S. 2010. ''Viewing Pictures of a Romantic Partner Reduces Experimental Pain: Involvement of Neural Reward Systems.'' PLoS ONE. 5(10): e13309. [[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0013309 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Warm_partner_contact_lowers_stress_levels">Warm partner contact lowers stress levels</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Warm_partner_contact_lowers_stress_levels">Warm partner contact lowers stress levels</span>===
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In this study, Grewen and collegues (2003) tested whether brief warm physical contact among cohabitating couples would reduce anxiety levels in a sample of healthy adults (66 African American, 117 Caucasian; 74 women, 109 men). The warm contact group held hands for 10 minutes while viewing a romantic video, followed by a 20-second hug with their partner. The no contact group sat quietly for 10 minutes and 20 seconds.
In this study, Grewen and collegues (2003) tested whether brief warm physical contact among cohabitating couples would reduce anxiety levels in a sample of healthy adults (66 African American, 117 Caucasian; 74 women, 109 men). The warm contact group held hands for 10 minutes while viewing a romantic video, followed by a 20-second hug with their partner. The no contact group sat quietly for 10 minutes and 20 seconds.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
 
* Grewen, K.M., Anderson, B.J., Girdler, S.S. and Light, K.C. 2003. ''Warm partner contact is related to lower cardiovascular reactivity.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1080/08964280309596065 Abstract]]
* Grewen, K.M., Anderson, B.J., Girdler, S.S. and Light, K.C. 2003. ''Warm partner contact is related to lower cardiovascular reactivity.'' [[http://doi.org/10.1080/08964280309596065 Abstract]]
 
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_prefer_stoic_men_who_downplay_their_health_problems_in_a_long-term_relationship">Women prefer stoic men who downplay their health problems in a long-term relationship</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Women_prefer_stoic_men_who_downplay_their_health_problems_in_a_long-term_relationship">Women prefer stoic men who downplay their health problems in a long-term relationship</span>===
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Brown et al. (2018) conducted a study of the mate preferences of (N = 86) female college students. The participants were shown a set of slideshows, corresponding to the ethnicity they self-identified as (Caucasian, Asian and Pacific Islander). Each slideshow consisted of nine slides displaying a facially symmetrical versus asymmetrical man, a mesomorphic (waist to shoulder ratio at the 'ideal' of 0.6 versus a less mesomorphic man and a man in a t-shirt versus a man in a suit.
Brown et al. (2018) conducted a study of the mate preferences of (N = 86) female college students. The participants were shown a set of slideshows, corresponding to the ethnicity they self-identified as (Caucasian, Asian and Pacific Islander). Each slideshow consisted of nine slides displaying a facially symmetrical versus asymmetrical man, a mesomorphic (waist to shoulder ratio at the 'ideal' of 0.6 versus a less mesomorphic man and a man in a t-shirt versus a man in a suit.


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* ''As predicted by health selection theory, the participants preferred stoic men as LT mates.''
* ''As predicted by health selection theory, the participants preferred stoic men as LT mates.''
* ''The theory hypothesizes that men ignore or are unaware of their minor health symptoms because women historically chose mates who ignored minor health problems rather than succumbed to them.''
* ''The theory hypothesizes that men ignore or are unaware of their minor health symptoms because women historically chose mates who ignored minor health problems rather than succumbed to them.''
* ''If men have been selected to ignore or are not conscious of their health problems, then their health services should emphasize how to increase men’s perceptions of their potential health problems so that they are more like to engage in preventive health care.''
* ''If men have been selected to ignore or are not conscious of their health problems, then their health services should emphasize how to increase men’s perceptions of their potential health problems so that they are more like to engage in preventive health care.''
* ''We found that women switched their preferences away from status to physically attractive men, in terms of facial symmetry and increased mesomorphism when making ST mate choices, replicating previous findings.''
* ''We found that women switched their preferences away from status to physically attractive men, in terms of facial symmetry and increased mesomorphism when making ST mate choices, replicating previous findings.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Brown SG, Shirachi S, Zandbergen D. 2018. ''Female Choice and Male Stoicism.'' Journal of Evolutionary Medicine. 6: 236037. [[https://www.ashdin.com/articles/female-choice-and-male-stoicism.pdf FullText]]
* Brown SG, Shirachi S, Zandbergen D. 2018. ''Female Choice and Male Stoicism.'' Journal of Evolutionary Medicine. 6: 236037. [[https://www.ashdin.com/articles/female-choice-and-male-stoicism.pdf FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Social_life_in_college_and_at_age_30_predicts_well-being_during_midlife">Social life in college and at age 30 predicts well-being during midlife</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Social_life_in_college_and_at_age_30_predicts_well-being_during_midlife">Social life in college and at age 30 predicts well-being during midlife</span>===
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Researchers took a sample of adults who went to college in the 1970s and investigated their social life at age 20 and at age 30 and their well-being at 50. They found that the quantity (but not quality) of social interactions at 20 and the quality (but not quantity) of social interactions at 30 predicted positive well-being at 30. Socially isolated people had less well-being and an increased risk of dying earlier. People who had a large quantity of social interactions at 20 did not always have a good quality of social interactions at 30, but if they did have a good quality of social interactions at 30, they had extremely positive well-being at age 50.
Researchers took a sample of adults who went to college in the 1970s and investigated their social life at age 20 and at age 30 and their well-being at 50. They found that the quantity (but not quality) of social interactions at 20 and the quality (but not quantity) of social interactions at 30 predicted positive well-being at 30. Socially isolated people had less well-being and an increased risk of dying earlier. People who had a large quantity of social interactions at 20 did not always have a good quality of social interactions at 30, but if they did have a good quality of social interactions at 30, they had extremely positive well-being at age 50.


<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Carmichael, C. L., Reis, H. T., & Duberstein, P. R. (2015). In your 20s it’s quantity, in your 30s it’s quality: The prognostic value of social activity across 30 years of adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 30(1), 95–105. [[https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000014 Abstract]]
* Carmichael, C. L., Reis, H. T., & Duberstein, P. R. (2015). In your 20s it’s quantity, in your 30s it’s quality: The prognostic value of social activity across 30 years of adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 30(1), 95–105. [[https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000014 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Tinder_usage_is_associated_with_lower_self-esteem_for_men_but_not_women">Tinder usage is associated with lower self-esteem for men but not women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Tinder_usage_is_associated_with_lower_self-esteem_for_men_but_not_women">Tinder usage is associated with lower self-esteem for men but not women</span>===
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Although online [[dating]] has become the most prevalent way for people to now meet, evidence does not show it is healthy, especially for men. As noted in another entry, male online daters are prone to eating disorders and steroid abuse.  
Although online [[dating]] has become the most prevalent way for people to now meet, evidence does not show it is healthy, especially for men. As noted in another entry, male online daters are prone to eating disorders and steroid abuse.  


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* ''Both male and female users reported less satisfaction with their bodies and looks, compared to non-users, said Strübel, but only male Tinder users reported lower levels of self-esteem.''
* ''Both male and female users reported less satisfaction with their bodies and looks, compared to non-users, said Strübel, but only male Tinder users reported lower levels of self-esteem.''
* ''The abundance of potential dating partners available on Tinder, especially for women, may allow users to be particular and even encourage a non committal approach.''
* ''The abundance of potential dating partners available on Tinder, especially for women, may allow users to be particular and even encourage a non committal approach.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Strübel J, Petrie T. 2016. ''Tinder: Swiping Self Esteem?'' American Psychological Association. [[http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2016/08/tinder-self-esteem.aspx Article]]
* Strübel J, Petrie T. 2016. ''Tinder: Swiping Self Esteem?'' American Psychological Association. [[https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2016/08/tinder-self-esteem.aspx Article]]
 
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''ItsOver''</span>==
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''ItsOver''</span>==
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Sexlessness_among_young_U.S._men_is_at_a_record_high">Sexlessness among young U.S. men is at a record high affecting especially Asian men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Sexlessness_among_young_U.S._men_is_at_a_record_high">Sexlessness among young U.S. men is at a record high affecting especially Asian men</span>===
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{{main_article|[[Demographics]]}}
{{main_article|[[Demographics]]}}
Currently the largest dataset on sexual activity is the [http://gss.norc.org/get-the-data NORC GSS] (the General Social Survey of the National Organization for Research at the University of Chicago). This is a long running social survey in the U.S. which every two years asks a representative group of thousands of Americans questions about their lives. GSS data has shown that the rate of young U.S. men who did not have sex in the past year has skyrocketed, now being at 28%, substantially higher than it was a decade ago (around 10%). There are some indications that Asian men are more affected by inceldom and have experienced a greater increase in inceldom, especially East Asians and South Asians.
Currently the largest dataset on sexual activity is the [http://gss.norc.org/get-the-data NORC GSS] (the General Social Survey of the National Organization for Research at the University of Chicago). This is a long running social survey in the U.S. which every two years asks a representative group of thousands of Americans questions about their lives. GSS data has shown that the rate of young U.S. men who did not have sex in the past year has skyrocketed, now being at 28%, substantially higher than it was a decade ago (around 10%). There are some indications that Asian men are more affected by inceldom and have experienced a greater increase in inceldom, especially East Asians and South Asians.
There are also some indications that women are slightly less affected by the rise of inceldom. For further discussion see [[demographics]] article. See also [[causes of inceldom]].
There are also some indications that women are slightly less affected by the rise of inceldom. For further discussion see [[demographics]] article. See also [[causes of inceldom]].
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Us adults reporting no sex in past year.PNG|500px|thumb|none|Adult celibacy rates in America from the NORC General Social Survey (Washington Post, 2019)]]
[[File:Us adults reporting no sex in past year.PNG|500px|thumb|none|Adult celibacy rates in America from the NORC General Social Survey (Washington Post, 2019)]]
[[File:Rise_of_sexless_young_men.png|thumb|none|500px|Sexlessness increased for men aged 22-35 as well. [https://ifstudies.org/blog/male-sexlessness-is-rising-but-not-for-the-reasons-incels-claim Source]]]
[[File:Rise_of_sexless_young_men.png|thumb|none|500px|Sexlessness increased for men aged 22-35 as well. [https://ifstudies.org/blog/male-sexlessness-is-rising-but-not-for-the-reasons-incels-claim Source]]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Ingraham C. 2019. ''The share of Americans not having sex has reached a record high.'' The Washington Post. [[https://archive.is/FtTaR News]]
* Ingraham C. 2019. ''The share of Americans not having sex has reached a record high.'' The Washington Post. [[https://archive.is/FtTaR News]]
* Davis N. 2016. ''Less sex please, we're millennials – study.'' The Guardian. [[https://archive.is/1I7ZS News]]
* Davis N. 2016. ''Less sex please, we're millennials – study.'' The Guardian. [[https://archive.is/1I7ZS News]]
* Twenge JM, Sherman RA, Wells BE. 2016. ''Changes in American adults’ reported same-sex sexual experiences and attitudes, 1973–2014.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(7), 1713-1730. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-016-0769-4 Abstract]]
* Twenge JM, Sherman RA, Wells BE. 2016. ''Changes in American adults’ reported same-sex sexual experiences and attitudes, 1973–2014.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(7), 1713-1730. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-016-0769-4 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="College_women_nowadays_are_more_likely_to_be_sexually_active_than_college_men">College women nowadays are more likely to be sexually active than college men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="College_women_nowadays_are_more_likely_to_be_sexually_active_than_college_men">College women nowadays are more likely to be sexually active than college men</span>===
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In a sample of 784 college students in a survey conducted in 2015 by ''The Cut'', they asked respondents about their sex life. 40% of college students reported being virgins. When asked if they are sexually active, 49% of freshmen and sophomores said yes and 51% said no. 57% of juniors and seniors said yes and 43% said no. When asked if they are sexually active, 59% of women said yes and 41% of women said no. 51% of men said yes and 49% of men said no. This means that college women are more sexually active nowadays than college men, with 59% of college women being sexually active compared to only 51% of men. 52% of virgins said they have never been in a relationship, compared to only 4% of non-virgins. 17% of college women reported using dating apps compared to 27% of men. Only 14% reported finding sex partners online.
In a sample of 784 college students in a survey conducted in 2015 by ''The Cut'', they asked respondents about their sex life. 40% of college students reported being virgins. When asked if they are sexually active, 49% of freshmen and sophomores said yes and 51% said no. 57% of juniors and seniors said yes and 43% said no. When asked if they are sexually active, 59% of women said yes and 41% of women said no. 51% of men said yes and 49% of men said no. This means that college women are more sexually active nowadays than college men, with 59% of college women being sexually active compared to only 51% of men. 52% of virgins said they have never been in a relationship, compared to only 4% of non-virgins. 17% of college women reported using dating apps compared to 27% of men. Only 14% reported finding sex partners online.


<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* "[https://www.thecut.com/2015/10/sex-habits-784-college-students.html The Sex Habits of 784 College Students]". ''The Cut''. October 20, 2015.
* "[https://www.thecut.com/2015/10/sex-habits-784-college-students.html The Sex Habits of 784 College Students]". ''The Cut''. October 20, 2015.
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Incel_forums_are_disproportionately_populated_by_suicidal.2C_disabled.2C_autistic.2C_and_ethnic_men">Incel forums are disproportionately populated by suicidal, disabled, autistic, and ethnic men</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Incel_forums_are_disproportionately_populated_by_suicidal.2C_disabled.2C_autistic.2C_and_ethnic_men">Incel forums are disproportionately populated by suicidal, disabled, autistic, and ethnic men</span>===
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{{main_article|[[Demographics#Race|Demographics § Race]]}}
{{main_article|[[Demographics#Race|Demographics § Race]]}}
A small informal poll on Reddit's [[/r/braincels]] suggested 28% of incel users are Caucasians (N = 75) though the result was distrusted due to a suspiciously high amount of Asians/Indians. A larger poll on Braincels from 2018 (N = 1267) suggested 54.8% are Caucasians. A poll from 2019 by the incel forum [[incels.co]] indicated 57.4% (N = 400), and in a second one in 2019 it was 56.1% (N = 550). Taken together, one gets 55.6% (N = 2217), so very close to Braincels.
A small informal poll on Reddit's [[/r/braincels]] suggested 28% of incel users are Caucasians (N = 75) though the result was distrusted due to a suspiciously high amount of Asians/Indians. A larger poll on Braincels from 2018 (N = 1267) suggested 54.8% are Caucasians. A poll from 2019 by the incel forum [[incels.co]] indicated 57.4% (N = 400), and in a second one in 2019 it was 56.1% (N = 550). Taken together, one gets 55.6% (N = 2217), so very close to Braincels.
<div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: left; min-width: 725px">
<div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: left; min-width: 725px">
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! rowspan=2 | U.S.<br />adults
! rowspan=2 | U.S.<br />adults
! rowspan=1 colspan=3 | Reddit, U.S, Pew Research
! rowspan=1 colspan=3 | Reddit, U.S, Pew Research
! rowspan=1 colspan=4 | Reddit, [http://archive.is/e9pTT /r/Braincels&nbsp;2019]
! rowspan=1 colspan=4 | Reddit, [https://archive.fo/e9pTT /r/Braincels&nbsp;2019]
<!--! rowspan=2 | Incels.co, [https://incels.is/threads/survey-results-for-october-2019.147774/ Oct.&nbsp;2019], N&nbsp;=&nbsp;550
 
! rowspan=2 | Incels.co, [https://incels.is/threads/survey-results-for-may-2019.123987/ May&nbsp;2019], N&nbsp;=&nbsp;400-->
|-
|-
! [https://www.journalism.org/2016/02/25/reddit-news-users-more-likely-to-be-male-young-and-digital-in-their-news-preferences/ 2016],<br />[https://www.pewinternet.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/media/Files/Reports/2013/PIP_reddit_usage_2013.pdf N&nbsp;=&nbsp;288]
! [https://www.journalism.org/2016/02/25/reddit-news-users-more-likely-to-be-male-young-and-digital-in-their-news-preferences/ 2016],<br />[https://www.pewinternet.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/media/Files/Reports/2013/PIP_reddit_usage_2013.pdf N&nbsp;=&nbsp;288]
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Other characteristics of [[incels.co]] users from site surveys include:
Other characteristics of [[incels.co]] users from site surveys include:
* 78% report constantly suffering from depression, anxiety, and stress.
* 78% report constantly suffering from depression, anxiety, and stress.
* 82% have considered suicide.
* 82% have considered suicide.
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* 77% report being healthy weight or underweight (only 23% report being overweight, which is far less than the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_body_mass_index general western population average]).
* 77% report being healthy weight or underweight (only 23% report being overweight, which is far less than the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_body_mass_index general western population average]).
* 57% report suffering from a medical condition like autism or a physical disability that impairs their normal daily functions.
* 57% report suffering from a medical condition like autism or a physical disability that impairs their normal daily functions.
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* SergeantIncel. 2019. ''Survey Results for October 2019.'' Incels.co. [[https://incels.is/threads/survey-results-for-october-2019.147774/ Web]]
* SergeantIncel. 2019. ''Survey Results for October 2019.'' Incels.co. [[https://incels.is/threads/survey-results-for-october-2019.147774/ Web]]
* SergeantIncel. 2019. ''Survey Results for May 2019.'' Incels.co. [[https://incels.is/threads/survey-results-for-may-2019.123987/#lg=_xfUid-1-1561817076&slide=0 Web]]
* SergeantIncel. 2019. ''Survey Results for May 2019.'' Incels.co. [[https://incels.is/threads/survey-results-for-may-2019.123987/#lg=_xfUid-1-1561817076&slide=0 Web]]
* CanadianAsshole1. 2018. ''Results of the /r/Braincels race poll.'' Reddit: Braincels. [[http://archive.is/C55zX Web]] [[https://i.imgur.com/DpHl9wp.jpg Image]]
* CanadianAsshole1. 2018. ''Results of the /r/Braincels race poll.'' Reddit: Braincels. [[https://archive.fo/C55zX Web]] [[https://i.imgur.com/DpHl9wp.jpg Image]]
* KosmicMalware. 2019. ''Braincels Race/Age Poll results.'' Reddit: Braincels. [[http://archive.is/e9pTT Web]] [[http://archive.is/wip/xgsve Data]]
* KosmicMalware. 2019. ''Braincels Race/Age Poll results.'' Reddit: Braincels. [[https://archive.fo/e9pTT Web]] [[https://archive.fo/wip/xgsve Data]]
 
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="42.25_of_men_and_44.25_of_women_18-34_years_old_and_unmarried_in_Japan_are_now_virgins">42% of men and 44% of women 18-34 years old and unmarried in Japan are now virgins</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="42.25_of_men_and_44.25_of_women_18-34_years_old_and_unmarried_in_Japan_are_now_virgins">42% of men and 44% of women 18-34 years old and unmarried in Japan are now virgins</span>===
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A 2016 survey of 5,276 Japanese people aged 18 to 34 found that almost 70% of unmarried men and 60% of unmarried women are not in a relationship. Moreover, around 42% of the men and 44.2% of the women admitted they were virgins. This is despite the fact that nearly 90% of the respondents to the survey stated they would like to get married "sometime in the future." 30% of the men sampled and 26% of the women sampled stated they were "not currently looking for a relationship."
A 2016 survey of 5,276 Japanese people aged 18 to 34 found that almost 70% of unmarried men and 60% of unmarried women are not in a relationship. Moreover, around 42% of the men and 44.2% of the women admitted they were virgins. This is despite the fact that nearly 90% of the respondents to the survey stated they would like to get married "sometime in the future." 30% of the men sampled and 26% of the women sampled stated they were "not currently looking for a relationship."


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* The National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. 2017. ''The 15th Japanese National Fertility Survey.'' [[https://web.archive.org/web/20170626171007/http://www.ipss.go.jp/ps-doukou/e/doukou15/Nfs15_gaiyoEng.html FullText]]
* The National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. 2017. ''The 15th Japanese National Fertility Survey.'' [[https://web.archive.org/web/20170626171007/http://www.ipss.go.jp/ps-doukou/e/doukou15/Nfs15_gaiyoEng.html FullText]]
* Pesek W. 2019. ''Japan's 'Virginity Crisis' Threatens Credit Rating.'' Forbes. [[https://web.archive.org/web/20191231222452/https://www.forbes.com/sites/williampesek/2019/06/14/japans-virginity-crisis-threatens-credit-rating/ News]]
* Pesek W. 2019. ''Japan's 'Virginity Crisis' Threatens Credit Rating.'' Forbes. [[https://web.archive.org/web/20191231222452/https://www.forbes.com/sites/williampesek/2019/06/14/japans-virginity-crisis-threatens-credit-rating/ News]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="There_are_now_70_million_excess_men_in_China_and_India_who_will_live_and_die_without_partners">There are now 70 million excess men in China and India who will live and die without partners</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="There_are_now_70_million_excess_men_in_China_and_India_who_will_live_and_die_without_partners">There are now 70 million excess men in China and India who will live and die without partners</span>===
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A growing epidemic of involuntary celibacy is sweeping India and China as these countries grapple with an excess of 70 million men who will be unable to find a female partner, caused mainly by the widespread sex-selective abortion of female offspring. For perspective, 70 million is 2.9x the population of Australia, 1.9x the population of Canada, and 1.1x the population of Britain. These excess men broadly report suffering tremendously from loneliness and lack of purpose. It is feared they may come to represent a destabilizing force in society, as they feel they have nothing to gain or lose.
A growing epidemic of involuntary celibacy is sweeping India and China as these countries grapple with an excess of 70 million men who will be unable to find a female partner, caused mainly by the widespread sex-selective abortion of female offspring. For perspective, 70 million is 2.9x the population of Australia, 1.9x the population of Canada, and 1.1x the population of Britain. These excess men broadly report suffering tremendously from loneliness and lack of purpose. It is feared they may come to represent a destabilizing force in society, as they feel they have nothing to gain or lose.


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* ''The consequences of having too many men, now coming of age, are far-reaching: Beyond an epidemic of loneliness, the imbalance distorts labor markets, drives up savings rates in China and drives down consumption, artificially inflates certain property values, and parallels increases in violent crime, trafficking or prostitution in a growing number of locations.''
* ''The consequences of having too many men, now coming of age, are far-reaching: Beyond an epidemic of loneliness, the imbalance distorts labor markets, drives up savings rates in China and drives down consumption, artificially inflates certain property values, and parallels increases in violent crime, trafficking or prostitution in a growing number of locations.''
* ''Those consequences are not confined to China and India, but reach deep into their Asian neighbors and distort the economies of Europe and the Americas, as well.''
* ''Those consequences are not confined to China and India, but reach deep into their Asian neighbors and distort the economies of Europe and the Americas, as well.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Denyer S, Gowen A. 2018. ''Too many men: China and India battle with the consequences of gender imbalance.'' Washington Post. [[https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/2142658/too-many-men-china-and-india-battle-consequences News]]
* Denyer S, Gowen A. 2018. ''Too many men: China and India battle with the consequences of gender imbalance.'' Washington Post. [[https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/2142658/too-many-men-china-and-india-battle-consequences News]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="The_percent_of_high_school_students_who_date_is_plummeting">The percent of high school students who date is plummeting</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="The_percent_of_high_school_students_who_date_is_plummeting">The percent of high school students who date is plummeting</span>===
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Twenge & Park (2017) analyzed seven large, nationally representative surveys of U.S. adolescents 1976–2016 (N = 8.44 million, ages 13–19) finding that dating behavior among adolescents is on the decline. In fact, numerous "adult" like behaviors were found to be on the decline: dating, having sex, having a driver's license, trying alcohol, going out without parents, and working for pay all declined very significantly over the decades studied.
Twenge & Park (2017) analyzed seven large, nationally representative surveys of U.S. adolescents 1976–2016 (N = 8.44 million, ages 13–19) finding that dating behavior among adolescents is on the decline. In fact, numerous "adult" like behaviors were found to be on the decline: dating, having sex, having a driver's license, trying alcohol, going out without parents, and working for pay all declined very significantly over the decades studied.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span>
[[File:Percent of us 12th graders who have ever dated.png|500px|thumb|none|Percent of US high school students who have ever dated, declining considerably over time]]
[[File:Percent of us 12th graders who have ever dated.png|500px|thumb|none|Percent of US high school students who have ever dated, declining considerably over time]]
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
* ''The decline in adult activities appears across all groups regardless of gender, race, SES, region, or urban/rural location, suggesting a broad-based shift over time [and] does not appear to be due to time spent on student work such as homework, volunteering, and extracurriculars.''
* ''The decline in adult activities appears across all groups regardless of gender, race, SES, region, or urban/rural location, suggesting a broad-based shift over time [and] does not appear to be due to time spent on student work such as homework, volunteering, and extracurriculars.''
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* ''Fewer adolescents engaged in adult activities when the childhood environment included lower family size, higher median household income, higher life expectancy, and low pathogen prevalence, and when the adolescent environment featured low teen birthrates, a higher mean age at first birth, and higher college enrollment. ''
* ''Fewer adolescents engaged in adult activities when the childhood environment included lower family size, higher median household income, higher life expectancy, and low pathogen prevalence, and when the adolescent environment featured low teen birthrates, a higher mean age at first birth, and higher college enrollment. ''
* ''An economically rich social context with higher parental investment in fewer children, greater life expectancy, fewer dangers from pathogens, and the expectation of tertiary education and later reproduction has produced a generation of young people who are taking on the responsibilities and pleasures of adulthood later than their predecessors.''
* ''An economically rich social context with higher parental investment in fewer children, greater life expectancy, fewer dangers from pathogens, and the expectation of tertiary education and later reproduction has produced a generation of young people who are taking on the responsibilities and pleasures of adulthood later than their predecessors.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Twenge JM, Park H. 2017. ''The Decline in Adult Activities Among U.S. Adolescents, 1976–2016.'' Child Development. 90: 638-654. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cdev.12930 Abstract]]
* Twenge JM, Park H. 2017. ''The Decline in Adult Activities Among U.S. Adolescents, 1976–2016.'' Child Development. 90: 638-654. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cdev.12930 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Meeting_online_is_now_the_primary_way_relationships_are_formed">Meeting online is now the primary way relationships are formed</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Meeting_online_is_now_the_primary_way_relationships_are_formed">Meeting online is now the primary way relationships are formed</span>===
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According to data from the How Couples Meet and Stay Together survey (2017), a comprehensive national survey on romantic [[Relationship|relationships]] in the US, 39% of couples met and started relationships online in 2017. The category "met online" includes online dating, but also social media and online games. At the same time, the categories "meeting through friends" or "at school" have declined, thus, meeting online has now become the leading way relationship to form. Online dating in particular is probably on a par with "Bars & Restaurants". The share of couples meeting online has almost doubled since 2009, and is currently exponentially increasing. Between 1995 to 2017, meeting through friends saw the largest decline, with 40% fewer people meeting this way. 23% of all couples met on online dating services, but the category is experiencing an exponential (logistical) increase.
According to data from the How Couples Meet and Stay Together survey (2017), a comprehensive national survey on romantic [[Relationship|relationships]] in the US, 39% of couples met and started relationships online in 2017. The category "met online" includes online dating, but also social media and online games. At the same time, the categories "meeting through friends" or "at school" have declined, thus, meeting online has now become the leading way relationship to form. Online dating in particular is probably on a par with "Bars & Restaurants". The share of couples meeting online has almost doubled since 2009, and is currently exponentially increasing. Between 1995 to 2017, meeting through friends saw the largest decline, with 40% fewer people meeting this way. 23% of all couples met on online dating services, but the category is experiencing an exponential (logistical) increase.


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* ''Between 1995 to 2017, meeting through friends saw the largest decline, from 33% of couples at the start of the period to just 20% at the end.''
* ''Between 1995 to 2017, meeting through friends saw the largest decline, from 33% of couples at the start of the period to just 20% at the end.''
* ''We find that Internet meeting is displacing the roles that family and friends once played in bringing couples together.''
* ''We find that Internet meeting is displacing the roles that family and friends once played in bringing couples together.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Rosenfeld M, Thomas RJ, Hausen S. 2019. ''Research Note: Disintermediating your friends.'' Pending for peer-review publication. [[https://web.stanford.edu/~mrosenfe/Rosenfeld_et_al_Disintermediating_Friends.pdf FullText]] [[https://qz.com/1546677/around-40-of-us-couples-now-first-meet-online/ News]]
* Rosenfeld M, Thomas RJ, Hausen S. 2019. ''Research Note: Disintermediating your friends.'' Pending for peer-review publication. [[https://web.stanford.edu/~mrosenfe/Rosenfeld_et_al_Disintermediating_Friends.pdf FullText]] [[https://qz.com/1546677/around-40-of-us-couples-now-first-meet-online/ News]]
 
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Most_online_dating_sites_are_dominated_by_men.2C_only_21.25-34.25_of_users_are_female">Most online dating sites are dominated by men, only 21%-34% of users are female</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Most_online_dating_sites_are_dominated_by_men.2C_only_21.25-34.25_of_users_are_female">Most online dating sites are dominated by men, only 21%-34% of users are female</span>===
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Many commentators on the rising male celibacy rates have suggested these rates reflect men no longer making an effort to meet women, arguing the men are instead focusing on solitary pursuits like playing video games. Statistics of gender participation in online dating contradict this perspective. They show men are the overwhelming users of online dating apps while women make up a minority.
Many commentators on the rising male celibacy rates have suggested these rates reflect men no longer making an effort to meet women, arguing the men are instead focusing on solitary pursuits like playing video games. Statistics of gender participation in online dating contradict this perspective. They show men are the overwhelming users of online dating apps while women make up a minority.


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Some have suggested the over-representation of males in online dating fully explains the excessive attention women receive in online dating. If we look however, at dating platforms with more balanced gender ratios (e.g. OkCupid with 48.3% men vs 51.7% women) we still find women receiving an excess of attention (see e.g. "Dataclysm" by Christian Rudder, p. 118). <div style="display: none">TODO</div>
Some have suggested the over-representation of males in online dating fully explains the excessive attention women receive in online dating. If we look however, at dating platforms with more balanced gender ratios (e.g. OkCupid with 48.3% men vs 51.7% women) we still find women receiving an excess of attention (see e.g. "Dataclysm" by Christian Rudder, p. 118). <div style="display: none">TODO</div>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span>
<div style="display: none">
<div style="display: none">
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https://www.statista.com/statistics/719595/dating-app-users-gender-distribution/
https://www.statista.com/statistics/719595/dating-app-users-gender-distribution/
</div>
</div>
Gender breakdowns of dating app users in 2019 as per Statista are as follows:
Gender breakdowns of dating app users in 2019 as per Statista are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |  
! rowspan="2" |  
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| 34.1
| 34.1
|}
|}
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Clement J. 2019. ''Distribution of Tinder users in the United States as of June 2019, by gender.'' Statista. [[https://www.statista.com/statistics/975925/us-tinder-user-ratio-gender/ Article]]
* Clement J. 2019. ''Distribution of Tinder users in the United States as of June 2019, by gender.'' Statista. [[https://www.statista.com/statistics/975925/us-tinder-user-ratio-gender/ Article]]
* Clement J. 2019. ''Distribution of Bumble users in the United States as of June 2019, by gender.'' Statista. [[https://www.statista.com/statistics/975984/us-bumble-user-ratio-gender/ Article]]
* Clement J. 2019. ''Distribution of Bumble users in the United States as of June 2019, by gender.'' Statista. [[https://www.statista.com/statistics/975984/us-bumble-user-ratio-gender/ Article]]
* Clement J. 2019. ''Distribution of Match dating app users in the United States as of June 2019, by gender.'' Statista. [[https://www.statista.com/statistics/975961/us-match-user-ratio-gender/ Article]]
* Clement J. 2019. ''Distribution of Match dating app users in the United States as of June 2019, by gender.'' Statista. [[https://www.statista.com/statistics/975961/us-match-user-ratio-gender/ Article]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="30.25_of_millennials_are_often_or_always_lonely_and_22.25_have_no_friends">30% of millennials are often or always lonely and 22% have no friends</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="30.25_of_millennials_are_often_or_always_lonely_and_22.25_have_no_friends">30% of millennials are often or always lonely and 22% have no friends</span>===
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Members of the millennial generation were defined as those from ages 23 to 38 in a 2019 poll by YouGov, a polling firm and market research company. The poll included 1,254 adults 18 and up and did not report results for the up-and-coming Gen Z (who report high levels of loneliness on other surveys). Participants were surveyed to assess their levels of social engagement.


Members of the millennial generation were defined as those from ages 23 to 38 in a 2019 poll by YouGov, a polling firm and market research company. The poll included 1,254 adults 18 and up and did not report results for the up-and-coming Gen Z (who report high levels of loneliness on other surveys). Participants were surveyed to assess their levels of social engagement.
30% of millennials said they often or always feel lonely. This was the highest percentage of all the generations surveyed.  
30% of millennials said they often or always feel lonely. This was the highest percentage of all the generations surveyed.  


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'''Percent of each generation that often or always feels lonely'''
'''Percent of each generation that often or always feels lonely'''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!  
!  
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* Ballard J. 2019. ''Millennials are the loneliest generation.'' YouGov. [[https://today.yougov.com/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2019/07/30/loneliness-friendship-new-friends-poll-survey News]]
* Ballard J. 2019. ''Millennials are the loneliest generation.'' YouGov. [[https://today.yougov.com/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2019/07/30/loneliness-friendship-new-friends-poll-survey News]]
* Day C. 2019. ''Americans Have Shifted Dramatically on What Values Matter Most.'' Wall Street Journal. [[https://www.wsj.com/articles/americans-have-shifted-dramatically-on-what-values-matter-most-11566738001 News]]
* Day C. 2019. ''Americans Have Shifted Dramatically on What Values Matter Most.'' Wall Street Journal. [[https://www.wsj.com/articles/americans-have-shifted-dramatically-on-what-values-matter-most-11566738001 News]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="41.1.25_percent_of_U.S_college_students_report_being_depressed.3B_6.6.25_have_planned_their_suicide">41.1% percent of U.S college students report being depressed; 6.6% have planned their suicide</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="41.1.25_percent_of_U.S_college_students_report_being_depressed.3B_6.6.25_have_planned_their_suicide">41.1% percent of U.S college students report being depressed; 6.6% have planned their suicide</span>===
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Duffy et al., (2018) examined two large national datasets in the United States (combined N = 788,239), which included self reports of past-year mood, anxiety levels, nonsuicidal self-injury, and the suicidal thoughts and behaviors of American college students, which utilized data from surveys that were administered from 2007-2018.
Duffy et al., (2018) examined two large national datasets in the United States (combined N = 788,239), which included self reports of past-year mood, anxiety levels, nonsuicidal self-injury, and the suicidal thoughts and behaviors of American college students, which utilized data from surveys that were administered from 2007-2018.


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* '' Most indicators were relatively stable until 2013 and then rose sharply.''
* '' Most indicators were relatively stable until 2013 and then rose sharply.''
* ''Our findings are robust and troublesome, demonstrating a broad worsening of mental health among U.S. college students over the past decade that is expected to have numerous downstream negative consequences if not addressed.''
* ''Our findings are robust and troublesome, demonstrating a broad worsening of mental health among U.S. college students over the past decade that is expected to have numerous downstream negative consequences if not addressed.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Duffy ME, Twenge JM, Joiner TE. 2018. ''Trends in Mood and Anxiety Symptoms and Suicide-Related Outcomes Among U.S. Undergraduates, 2007-2018: Evidence From Two National Surveys.'' Journal of Adolescent Health (2019): 1-9. [[https://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(19)30254-X/fulltext Abstract]]
* Duffy ME, Twenge JM, Joiner TE. 2018. ''Trends in Mood and Anxiety Symptoms and Suicide-Related Outcomes Among U.S. Undergraduates, 2007-2018: Evidence From Two National Surveys.'' Journal of Adolescent Health (2019): 1-9. [[https://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(19)30254-X/fulltext Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_are_more_likely_than_women_to_commit_suicide">Men are more likely than women to commit suicide</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Men_are_more_likely_than_women_to_commit_suicide">Men are more likely than women to commit suicide</span>===
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Globally 1.8 men kill themselves for every 1 woman. By geographical regions, in Europe the ratio is 4:1 and the Americas it is 3.6:1. The ratio is also particularly skewed in certain former Eastern Bloc (Warsaw Pact) nations and in many of the former Soviet Republics; with Ukraine (7.6:1), Lithuania (7.08:1), Poland (7:1), Georgia (6.4:1) and The Russian Federation (6.4:1) having particularly high ratios, in favor of the men of these countries committing suicide far more often than the women of those countries, as of the latest statistics collected by the World Health Organization of the United Nations in 2016.
Globally 1.8 men kill themselves for every 1 woman. By geographical regions, in Europe the ratio is 4:1 and the Americas it is 3.6:1. The ratio is also particularly skewed in certain former Eastern Bloc (Warsaw Pact) nations and in many of the former Soviet Republics; with Ukraine (7.6:1), Lithuania (7.08:1), Poland (7:1), Georgia (6.4:1) and The Russian Federation (6.4:1) having particularly high ratios, in favor of the men of these countries committing suicide far more often than the women of those countries, as of the latest statistics collected by the World Health Organization of the United Nations in 2016.


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| 1.1 : 1
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Värnik P. 2012. ''Suicide in the World.'' Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 9(3): 760-771. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9030760 FullText]]
* Värnik P. 2012. ''Suicide in the World.'' Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 9(3): 760-771. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9030760 FullText]]
* World Health Organization. 2016. ''Age-standardized suicide rates (per 100,000 population)''. [[http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/mental_health/suicide_rates/atlas.html Web]]
* World Health Organization. 2016. ''Age-standardized suicide rates (per 100,000 population)''. [[http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/mental_health/suicide_rates/atlas.html Web]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Winners_in_a_rigged_game_will_consider_the_game_fair_as_long_as_they_keep_winning">Winners in a rigged game will consider the game fair as long as they keep winning</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Winners_in_a_rigged_game_will_consider_the_game_fair_as_long_as_they_keep_winning">Winners in a rigged game will consider the game fair as long as they keep winning</span>===
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Many people are prone to believing in the just-world fallacy—the notion that our victories and failures are just and the appropriate reward or punishment to our actions. People like to continue believing the world is fair even when they intellectually know that it is not.  
Many people are prone to believing in the just-world fallacy—the notion that our victories and failures are just and the appropriate reward or punishment to our actions. People like to continue believing the world is fair even when they intellectually know that it is not.  


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* ''Winners were generally more likely to believe that the game was fair, even when the playing field was most heavily tilted in their favor.''
* ''Winners were generally more likely to believe that the game was fair, even when the playing field was most heavily tilted in their favor.''
* ''In short, it’s not just how the game is played, it’s also whether you win or lose.''
* ''In short, it’s not just how the game is played, it’s also whether you win or lose.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Molina M, Bucca M, Macy MW. 2019. ''It’s not just how the game is played, it’s whether you win or lose.'' Science Advances. 5(7): eaau1156. [[https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/7/eaau1156 FullText]]
* Molina M, Bucca M, Macy MW. 2019. ''It’s not just how the game is played, it’s whether you win or lose.'' Science Advances. 5(7): eaau1156. [[https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/7/eaau1156 FullText]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Involuntary_celibacy_is_defined_academically_as_6_months_of_celibacy_despite_effort_for_sex">Involuntary celibacy is defined academically as 6 months of celibacy despite effort for sex</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Involuntary_celibacy_is_defined_academically_as_6_months_of_celibacy_despite_effort_for_sex">Involuntary celibacy is defined academically as 6 months of celibacy despite effort for sex</span>===
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Involuntary celibacy was [https://incels.wiki/w/Donnelly_Study academically defined] in Donnelly et al. (2001) in an peer-reviewed article titled "Involuntary celibacy: A life course analysis" published in The Journal of Sex Research.
Involuntary celibacy was [https://incels.wiki/w/Donnelly_Study academically defined] in Donnelly et al. (2001) in an peer-reviewed article titled "Involuntary celibacy: A life course analysis" published in The Journal of Sex Research.


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Overall, 35% of respondents felt dissatisfied, frustrated, or angry about their lack of sexual relationships regardless of their current partnership status. Most involuntary celibates appeared to feel despair, depression, frustration and a loss of confidence.  
Overall, 35% of respondents felt dissatisfied, frustrated, or angry about their lack of sexual relationships regardless of their current partnership status. Most involuntary celibates appeared to feel despair, depression, frustration and a loss of confidence.  


The study also found grounding for a common incel concern—that as sexual and relationship milestones are missed, it becomes harder and harder to achieve normality going forward. Many felt that their sexual development had somehow stalled in an earlier stage of life, leading them to feel different from their peers and like they will never catch up.  
The study also found grounding for a common incel concern—that as sexual and relationship milestones are missed, it becomes harder and harder to achieve normality going forward. Many felt that their sexual development had somehow stalled in an earlier stage of life, leading them to feel different from their peers and like they will never catch up.  


<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
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* ''Involuntary celibates may be married or partnered persons whose partners no longer desire to have sex with them, unpartnered singles who have never had sex, or unpartnered singles who have had sexual relationships in the past, but are unable to currently find partners. Involuntary celibates include heterosexuals, bisexuals, homosexuals, and transsexuals.''
* ''Involuntary celibates may be married or partnered persons whose partners no longer desire to have sex with them, unpartnered singles who have never had sex, or unpartnered singles who have had sexual relationships in the past, but are unable to currently find partners. Involuntary celibates include heterosexuals, bisexuals, homosexuals, and transsexuals.''
* ''Pervasive in our respondents' accounts was the theme of becoming and remaining off time in making normative sexual transitions, which in turn perpetuated a celibate life course or trajectory.''
* ''Pervasive in our respondents' accounts was the theme of becoming and remaining off time in making normative sexual transitions, which in turn perpetuated a celibate life course or trajectory.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Donnelly D, Burgess E, Anderson S, Davis R, Dillard J. 2001. ''Involuntary celibacy: A life course analysis.'' The Journal of Sex Research. 38(2): 159-169. [[https://web.archive.org/web/20151017214700/https://www.popline.org/node/252982 Abstract]] [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224490109552083 Abstract]]
* Donnelly D, Burgess E, Anderson S, Davis R, Dillard J. 2001. ''Involuntary celibacy: A life course analysis.'' The Journal of Sex Research. 38(2): 159-169. [[https://web.archive.org/web/20151017214700/https://www.popline.org/node/252982 Abstract]] [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224490109552083 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Being_widowed_in_one.27s_20s_increases_suicide_risk_by_~17x_for_men.2C_but_only_~4x_for_women">Being widowed in one's 20s increases suicide risk by ~17x for men, but only ~4x for women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Being_widowed_in_one.27s_20s_increases_suicide_risk_by_~17x_for_men.2C_but_only_~4x_for_women">Being widowed in one's 20s increases suicide risk by ~17x for men, but only ~4x for women</span>===
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A study based on US national suicide mortality data between 1991 and 1996 has shown that the highest suicide rates were observed for White male widowers aged 20-24 (381 per 100,000, i.e. ~33 times higher than the national average in 1996 and ~17 times higher than married men in that category).
A study based on US national suicide mortality data between 1991 and 1996 has shown that the highest suicide rates were observed for White male widowers aged 20-24 (381 per 100,000, i.e. ~33 times higher than the national average in 1996 and ~17 times higher than married men in that category).


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* Morris CE, Reiber C. 2011. ''Frequency, intensity and expression of post-relationship grief.'' [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Craig_Morris3/publication/267243656_Frequency_Intensity_and_Expression_of_Post-_Relationship_Grief/links/554fbc8408ae739bdb90877a.pdf FullText]]
* Morris CE, Reiber C. 2011. ''Frequency, intensity and expression of post-relationship grief.'' [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Craig_Morris3/publication/267243656_Frequency_Intensity_and_Expression_of_Post-_Relationship_Grief/links/554fbc8408ae739bdb90877a.pdf FullText]]
* Gove WR. 1972. ''Sex, marital status and suicide.'' Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 204-213. [[https://doi.org/10.2307/2136902 Abstract]]
* Gove WR. 1972. ''Sex, marital status and suicide.'' Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 204-213. [[https://doi.org/10.2307/2136902 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Monogamy_may_have_been_selected_by_cultural_evolution_because_of_its_benefits_for_society">Monogamy may have been selected by cultural evolution because of its benefits for society</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Monogamy_may_have_been_selected_by_cultural_evolution_because_of_its_benefits_for_society">Monogamy may have been selected by cultural evolution because of its benefits for society</span>===
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{{main_article|[[Adverse effects of inceldom]]}}
{{main_article|[[Adverse effects of inceldom]]}}
Henrich et al. (2012) suggested cultural evolution may have selected monogamy because of its beneficial effects.
Henrich et al. (2012) suggested cultural evolution may have selected monogamy because of its beneficial effects.
* Monogamy suppresses intrasexual competition and reduces the number of unmarried men, thereby reduces crime rates, including rape, murder, assault, robbery and fraud.
* Monogamy suppresses intrasexual competition and reduces the number of unmarried men, thereby reduces crime rates, including rape, murder, assault, robbery and fraud.
* By shifting male efforts from seeking wives to paternal investment, normative monogamy increases savings, child investment and economic productivity.
* By shifting male efforts from seeking wives to paternal investment, normative monogamy increases savings, child investment and economic productivity.
* By increasing the relatedness within households, monogamy reduces intra-household conflict, leading to lower rates of child neglect, abuse, accidental death and homicide.
* By increasing the relatedness within households, monogamy reduces intra-household conflict, leading to lower rates of child neglect, abuse, accidental death and homicide.
Koos et al. (2019) found concrete evidence in African polygynous groups where unmarried men felt being treated more unequally and were readier to use violence in comparison to men belonging to monogamous groups. Strong pair-bonding between males and females is thought to be accompanied by a dramatic reduction in the male-to-male conflict over mating and an increased investment in offspring (Gavrilets, 2012).
Koos et al. (2019) found concrete evidence in African polygynous groups where unmarried men felt being treated more unequally and were readier to use violence in comparison to men belonging to monogamous groups. Strong pair-bonding between males and females is thought to be accompanied by a dramatic reduction in the male-to-male conflict over mating and an increased investment in offspring (Gavrilets, 2012).
In a cross-cultural study of correlates of crimes in 44 nonliterate societies (a people or culture without a written language), monogamous societies had substantially lower rates of theft (r = -.58) and personal crime (r = -.44) than polygynous ones.
In a cross-cultural study of correlates of crimes in 44 nonliterate societies (a people or culture without a written language), monogamous societies had substantially lower rates of theft (r = -.58) and personal crime (r = -.44) than polygynous ones.
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*'' Living in the same household with genetically unrelated adults is the single biggest risk factor for abuse, neglect and homicide of children. Stepmothers are 2.4 times more likely to kill their stepchildren than birth mothers, and children living with an unrelated parent are between 15 and 77 times more likely to die ‘accidentally’ .''
*'' Living in the same household with genetically unrelated adults is the single biggest risk factor for abuse, neglect and homicide of children. Stepmothers are 2.4 times more likely to kill their stepchildren than birth mothers, and children living with an unrelated parent are between 15 and 77 times more likely to die ‘accidentally’ .''
*''In Ancient Greece, we do not know which came first, but we do know that Athens, for example, had both elements of monogamous marriage and of democracy. In the modern world, analyses of cross-national data reveal positive statistical relationships between the strength of normative monogamy with both democratic rights and civil liberties. In this sense, the peculiar institutions of monogamous marriage may help explain why democratic ideals and notions of equality and human rights first emerged in the West.''
*''In Ancient Greece, we do not know which came first, but we do know that Athens, for example, had both elements of monogamous marriage and of democracy. In the modern world, analyses of cross-national data reveal positive statistical relationships between the strength of normative monogamy with both democratic rights and civil liberties. In this sense, the peculiar institutions of monogamous marriage may help explain why democratic ideals and notions of equality and human rights first emerged in the West.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
 
* Henrich J, Boyd R and Richerson PJ. 2012. ''The puzzle of monogamous marriage.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0290 FullText]]
* Henrich J, Boyd R and Richerson PJ. 2012. ''The puzzle of monogamous marriage.'' [[http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0290 FullText]]
* Koos C, Neupert-Wentz C. 2019. ''Polygynous Neighbors, Excess Men, and Intergroup Conflict in Rural Africa.'' Journal of Conflict Resolution, 0022002719859636. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022002719859636 Abstract]]
* Koos C, Neupert-Wentz C. 2019. ''Polygynous Neighbors, Excess Men, and Intergroup Conflict in Rural Africa.'' Journal of Conflict Resolution, 0022002719859636. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022002719859636 Abstract]]
* Kanazawa S. 2009. ''IQ and the values of nations.'' Journal of Biosocial Science, 41(4), 537-556. [[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/iq-and-the-values-of-nations/B28886FC682668151084DF2E9DC5C0AF Abstract]]
* Kanazawa S. 2009. ''IQ and the values of nations.'' Journal of Biosocial Science, 41(4), 537-556. [[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/iq-and-the-values-of-nations/B28886FC682668151084DF2E9DC5C0AF Abstract]]
* Gavrilets S. 2012. ''Human origins and the transition from promiscuity to pair-bonding.'' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(25), 9923-9928. [[https://www.pnas.org/content/109/25/9923 Abstract]]
* Gavrilets S. 2012. ''Human origins and the transition from promiscuity to pair-bonding.'' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(25), 9923-9928. [[https://www.pnas.org/content/109/25/9923 Abstract]]
* Sosis R, Kress HC, Boster JS. (2007). ''Scars for war: Evaluating alternative signaling explanations for cross-cultural variance in ritual costs.'' Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(4), 234-247. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513807000244 Abstract]]
* Sosis R, Kress HC, Boster JS. (2007). ''Scars for war: Evaluating alternative signaling explanations for cross-cultural variance in ritual costs.'' Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(4), 234-247. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513807000244 Abstract]]
* Seffrin PM. (2017). ''The Competition–Violence Hypothesis: Sex, Marriage, and Male Aggression.'' Justice Quarterly, 34(4), 652-673. [[http://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2016.1216153 Abstract]]
* Seffrin PM. (2017). ''The Competition–Violence Hypothesis: Sex, Marriage, and Male Aggression.'' Justice Quarterly, 34(4), 652-673. [[https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2016.1216153 Abstract]]
* Bacon MK, Child IL, Barry IIIH. (1963). ''A cross-cultural study of correlates of crime.'' The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66(4), 291. [[http://doi.org/10.1037/h0042395 Abstract]]
* Bacon MK, Child IL, Barry IIIH. (1963). ''A cross-cultural study of correlates of crime.'' The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66(4), 291. [[https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042395 Abstract]]
 
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Arranged_marriage_may_be_natural_for_humans"> Arranged marriage may be natural for humans </span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Arranged_marriage_may_be_natural_for_humans"> Arranged marriage may be natural for humans </span>===
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Social scientist [[Menelaos Apostolou]] suggested that the contemporary rise in [[inceldom]] and [[relationship]] instability may be caused by an [[evolutionary mismatch]]. An evolutionary mismatch means that the current conditions mismatch those in which humans evolved in, impairing natural human behavior, including mating behavior. In particular, Apostolou looked at historical and cross-cultural data on mating practices and found that the majority of societies studied had [[arranged marriage]] as their dominant mating practice. Free mate choice did exist (especially in the second marriage), but it was less common. These statistics even hold true for primitive societies in [[life history|fast life history]] ecologies.
Social scientist [[Menelaos Apostolou]] suggested that the contemporary rise in [[inceldom]] and [[relationship]] instability may be caused by an [[evolutionary mismatch]]. An evolutionary mismatch means that the current conditions mismatch those in which humans evolved in, impairing natural human behavior, including mating behavior. In particular, Apostolou looked at historical and cross-cultural data on mating practices and found that the majority of societies studied had [[arranged marriage]] as their dominant mating practice. Free mate choice did exist (especially in the second marriage), but it was less common. These statistics even hold true for primitive societies in [[life history|fast life history]] ecologies.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Apostolou M. 2012. ''Sexual Selection under Parental Choice: Evidence from Sixteen Historical Societies.'' Evolutionary Psychology. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/147470491201000308 Abstract]]
* Apostolou M. 2012. ''Sexual Selection under Parental Choice: Evidence from Sixteen Historical Societies.'' Evolutionary Psychology. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/147470491201000308 Abstract]]
* Apostolou M. 2021. ''Involuntary singlehood and its causes: The effects of flirting capacity, mating effort, choosiness and capacity to perceive signals of interest'' [[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110782 Abstract]]
* Apostolou M. 2021. ''Involuntary singlehood and its causes: The effects of flirting capacity, mating effort, choosiness and capacity to perceive signals of interest'' [[https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110782 Abstract]]
 
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Popularity_continues_to_exist_in_college_and_bullying_exists_both_in_college_and_after_college">Popularity continues to exist in college and bullying exists both in college and after college</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Popularity_continues_to_exist_in_college_and_bullying_exists_both_in_college_and_after_college">Popularity continues to exist in college and bullying exists both in college and after college</span>===
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In a study, researchers examined the prevalence of popularity in college. The sample consists of 408 (297 women, 104 men) undergraduate students at a small liberal arts college. Participants took a short online Qualtrics survey and rated 61 potential descriptors of a popular person on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (a lot). These potential descriptors tapped into three dimensions 1) behavioral attributes ("is well liked", "is a leader", "is disliked") 2) risk taking behaviors ("drinks alcohol", "has multiple sexual partners", "does drugs") and 3) social media presence ("uses snapchat", "has lots of followers"). Participants were also asked to indicate the degree which they believed popularity exists in college on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (a lot). Most of the participants (86.3%) rated that popularity is a relevant part of the peer landscape in college. Three separate univariate factor analysis were conducted. Then, composite scores were made and used in the following analyses. Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant gender and race effects (p < .05). Perceptions of the attributes associated with popularity varied as a function of gender and race. Women more than men believed that affluence, admiration, and social media presence were connected with popularity. Caucasians more than non-Caucasians believed that admiration, and sexual-, and drug-risk behaviors were connected with popularity. The results give a better understanding of the peer social landscape among young adults in college and how popularity appears different from previous stages in development.
In a study, researchers examined the prevalence of popularity in college. The sample consists of 408 (297 women, 104 men) undergraduate students at a small liberal arts college. Participants took a short online Qualtrics survey and rated 61 potential descriptors of a popular person on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (a lot). These potential descriptors tapped into three dimensions 1) behavioral attributes ("is well liked", "is a leader", "is disliked") 2) risk taking behaviors ("drinks alcohol", "has multiple sexual partners", "does drugs") and 3) social media presence ("uses snapchat", "has lots of followers"). Participants were also asked to indicate the degree which they believed popularity exists in college on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (a lot). Most of the participants (86.3%) rated that popularity is a relevant part of the peer landscape in college. Three separate univariate factor analysis were conducted. Then, composite scores were made and used in the following analyses. Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant gender and race effects (p < .05). Perceptions of the attributes associated with popularity varied as a function of gender and race. Women more than men believed that affluence, admiration, and social media presence were connected with popularity. Caucasians more than non-Caucasians believed that admiration, and sexual-, and drug-risk behaviors were connected with popularity. The results give a better understanding of the peer social landscape among young adults in college and how popularity appears different from previous stages in development.


In a research paper about popularity in college, it revealed:  
In a research paper about popularity in college, it revealed:  
{{quote|
{{quote|
"Drug risk. Social and counterculture crowd affiliations positively predicted drug-related risk-taking behaviors, whereas scholastic and athletic crowd affiliations negatively predicted drug-related risk-taking behaviors.
"Drug risk. Social and counterculture crowd affiliations positively predicted drug-related risk-taking behaviors, whereas scholastic and athletic crowd affiliations negatively predicted drug-related risk-taking behaviors.
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Social–emotional adjustment. Counterculture crowd affiliation positively predicted loneliness, whereas social, athletic, and scholastic crowd affiliations negatively predicted loneliness. Social and scholastic crowd affiliations positively predicted college belongingness, whereas counterculture affiliation negatively predicted college belongingness."
Social–emotional adjustment. Counterculture crowd affiliation positively predicted loneliness, whereas social, athletic, and scholastic crowd affiliations negatively predicted loneliness. Social and scholastic crowd affiliations positively predicted college belongingness, whereas counterculture affiliation negatively predicted college belongingness."
}}
}}
In a research paper by authors Tessa A M Lansu and Antonius H N Cillessen, they wrote:
In a research paper by authors Tessa A M Lansu and Antonius H N Cillessen, they wrote:
{{quote|
{{quote|
"There is no good reason to assume that social interaction and social hierarchy lose their valence in emerging adulthood. It is believed that throughout adult life, social relationships remain influential, affecting self-esteem, health, and leading to 'social pain,' that shares common physiological mechanisms with physical pain, when one is socially excluded. Evidence that social status is particularly salient in emerging adult- hood comes from findings of LaFontana and Cillessen (2010), who find both late adolescents (Grades 9-12) and emerging adults (Grades 13-16) to prioritize enhancing popularity over other social goals including romantic relation- ships. The fact that emerging adults are more likely to prioritize status enhancement over romantic relationships and rule adherence than adoles- cents indicates that peer status plays a large role in the social decision making of emerging adults."
"There is no good reason to assume that social interaction and social hierarchy lose their valence in emerging adulthood. It is believed that throughout adult life, social relationships remain influential, affecting self-esteem, health, and leading to 'social pain,' that shares common physiological mechanisms with physical pain, when one is socially excluded. Evidence that social status is particularly salient in emerging adult- hood comes from findings of LaFontana and Cillessen (2010), who find both late adolescents (Grades 9-12) and emerging adults (Grades 13-16) to prioritize enhancing popularity over other social goals including romantic relation- ships. The fact that emerging adults are more likely to prioritize status enhancement over romantic relationships and rule adherence than adoles- cents indicates that peer status plays a large role in the social decision making of emerging adults."
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"Together, these findings suggest that peer status in a school setting in emerging adulthood is quite similar to peer status in adolescence. Research with younger age groups has shown consistently that preference is associated with prosocial traits and behaviors only, whereas popularity is associated with a mixture of prosocial and antisocial traits and behaviors. Exactly the same happened in the current emerging adult sample: Preference was related to being prosocial and included but not aggressive. Popularity was related to being prosocial and included and aggressive. The consistency of these results in an 18- to 25-year-old sample with results found across the 10- to 18-year age range is remarkable and points to a universality of the structure of the peer group across a wide age range. These findings also lead to the conclusion that power is still a salient part of group dynamics in emerging adulthood."
"Together, these findings suggest that peer status in a school setting in emerging adulthood is quite similar to peer status in adolescence. Research with younger age groups has shown consistently that preference is associated with prosocial traits and behaviors only, whereas popularity is associated with a mixture of prosocial and antisocial traits and behaviors. Exactly the same happened in the current emerging adult sample: Preference was related to being prosocial and included but not aggressive. Popularity was related to being prosocial and included and aggressive. The consistency of these results in an 18- to 25-year-old sample with results found across the 10- to 18-year age range is remarkable and points to a universality of the structure of the peer group across a wide age range. These findings also lead to the conclusion that power is still a salient part of group dynamics in emerging adulthood."
}}
}}
Studies have shown that 27% of college students go to college just to party. Research also has shown that bullying is common during college. It also shows that it's common after college, particularly in the workplace.  
Studies have shown that 27% of college students go to college just to party. Research also has shown that bullying is common during college. It also shows that it's common after college, particularly in the workplace.  
*18.5% of college undergrads have reported being bullied once or twice, while 22% report being victims of cyber bullying. (ANOTHER study says 1%-11% of college students are cyber bullying victims and another study shows that 19% of college students report being a victim of cyber bullying in college.)
*18.5% of college undergrads have reported being bullied once or twice, while 22% report being victims of cyber bullying. (ANOTHER study says 1%-11% of college students are cyber bullying victims and another study shows that 19% of college students report being a victim of cyber bullying in college.)


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*Many college students who are bullied never tell anyone what they're going through
*Many college students who are bullied never tell anyone what they're going through
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Discussion:'''</span>


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Chernoff M. 2018. ''Peer Popularity Among Emerging Adults in College.'' Southern California Conferences for Undergraduate Research. [[https://www.sccur.org/sccur/FALL_2018_CONFERENCE/SOC_SCI_POSTERS/37/ Abstract]]
* Chernoff M. 2018. ''Peer Popularity Among Emerging Adults in College.'' Southern California Conferences for Undergraduate Research. [[https://www.sccur.org/sccur/FALL_2018_CONFERENCE/SOC_SCI_POSTERS/37/ Abstract]]
* Hopmeyer A, Medovoy T. 2017. ''Emerging Adults' Self-Identified Peer Crowd Affiliations, Risk Behavior, and Social–Emotional Adjustment in College.'' 5 (2). Society for the Study of Emerging Adulthood and SAGE Publishing: 143–148. [[https://www.oxy.edu/sites/default/files/assets/Psychology/Emerging_Adults_Art.pdf FullText]]
* Hopmeyer A, Medovoy T. 2017. ''Emerging Adults' Self-Identified Peer Crowd Affiliations, Risk Behavior, and Social–Emotional Adjustment in College.'' 5 (2). Society for the Study of Emerging Adulthood and SAGE Publishing: 143–148. [[https://www.oxy.edu/sites/default/files/assets/Psychology/Emerging_Adults_Art.pdf FullText]]
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* Morin H. ''Myth Busting: Bullying on College Campuses.'' myUSF. [[https://myusf.usfca.edu/caps/bullying_on_college_campuses Articles]]
* Morin H. ''Myth Busting: Bullying on College Campuses.'' myUSF. [[https://myusf.usfca.edu/caps/bullying_on_college_campuses Articles]]
* King M. 2012. ''The Truth About Bullying in College.'' Her Campus. [[https://www.hercampus.com/wellness/mental-health/truth-about-bullying-college Article]]
* King M. 2012. ''The Truth About Bullying in College.'' Her Campus. [[https://www.hercampus.com/wellness/mental-health/truth-about-bullying-college Article]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Missing_out_on_teenage_love_damages_sexual_success_later_on">Missing out on teenage love damages sexual success later on</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Missing_out_on_teenage_love_damages_sexual_success_later_on">Missing out on teenage love damages sexual success later on</span>===
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{{main_article|[[Teen love pill]]}}
{{main_article|[[Teen love pill]]}}
In a pivotal study about involuntary celibacy from 2001 called ''Involuntary Celibacy: A Life Course Analysis,'' researchers talked to three involuntarily celibate groups of people: Involuntary virgins (those who never had sex and still are sexually inexperienced), singles (those who had sexual experience in the past but no longer are able to, and a good amount of these people resorted to hookers or even sexual surrogates), and partnered celibates (those who are married or in a relationship but their partner won't have sex). 91% of the virgins said they never dated as teenagers, compared to 52% of singles. Here is an important quote:
In a pivotal study about involuntary celibacy from 2001 called ''Involuntary Celibacy: A Life Course Analysis,'' researchers talked to three involuntarily celibate groups of people: Involuntary virgins (those who never had sex and still are sexually inexperienced), singles (those who had sexual experience in the past but no longer are able to, and a good amount of these people resorted to hookers or even sexual surrogates), and partnered celibates (those who are married or in a relationship but their partner won't have sex). 91% of the virgins said they never dated as teenagers, compared to 52% of singles. Here is an important quote:
{{quote|"In summary, while most of our sample had discussed sex with friends and experimented with masturbation as teens, most of the virgins and singles did not date. Singles were similar to partnered persons in terms of first sexual experiences, while the majority of virgins reported first sexual experiences that did not include another person. As the data illustrates, virgins and singles may have missed important transitions, and as they got older, their trajectories began to differ from those of their age peers. As Thorton (1990) noted, patterns of sexuality in young adulthood are significantly related to dating, steady dating, and sexual experience in adolescence. It is rare for a teenager to initiate sexual activity outside of a dating relationship. Thus, persons reaching young adulthood without dating may have missed an important opportunity for sexual experience. While virginity and lack of experience are fairly common in teenagers and young adults, by the time many of our respondents reached their mid-twenties they reported feeling left behind by age peers. We suspect that this is especially true for gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth. In fact, all eight of the nonheterosexual respondents in our sample were either virgins or singles. As previous researchers have shown, a major reason for becoming off time in making sexual transitions is the process of coming out to oneself and others (Gonsiorek & Rudolph, 1991). Even for the heterosexuals in our study, however, it appears that lack of dating and sexual experimentation in the teen years may be precursors to problems in adult sexual relationships."}}
{{quote|"In summary, while most of our sample had discussed sex with friends and experimented with masturbation as teens, most of the virgins and singles did not date. Singles were similar to partnered persons in terms of first sexual experiences, while the majority of virgins reported first sexual experiences that did not include another person. As the data illustrates, virgins and singles may have missed important transitions, and as they got older, their trajectories began to differ from those of their age peers. As Thorton (1990) noted, patterns of sexuality in young adulthood are significantly related to dating, steady dating, and sexual experience in adolescence. It is rare for a teenager to initiate sexual activity outside of a dating relationship. Thus, persons reaching young adulthood without dating may have missed an important opportunity for sexual experience. While virginity and lack of experience are fairly common in teenagers and young adults, by the time many of our respondents reached their mid-twenties they reported feeling left behind by age peers. We suspect that this is especially true for gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth. In fact, all eight of the nonheterosexual respondents in our sample were either virgins or singles. As previous researchers have shown, a major reason for becoming off time in making sexual transitions is the process of coming out to oneself and others (Gonsiorek & Rudolph, 1991). Even for the heterosexuals in our study, however, it appears that lack of dating and sexual experimentation in the teen years may be precursors to problems in adult sexual relationships."}}
In the study ''Sexuality and Autistic-Like Symptoms in Juvenile Sex Offenders: A Follow-Up After 8 Years,'' a study primarily about juvenile sex offenders and autism, the researchers wrote briefly about teenage romance, writing:
In the study ''Sexuality and Autistic-Like Symptoms in Juvenile Sex Offenders: A Follow-Up After 8 Years,'' a study primarily about juvenile sex offenders and autism, the researchers wrote briefly about teenage romance, writing:
{{quote|"The foundation for a healthy sexuality in adulthood lies in childhood and adolescence, with the discovery of one's own sexuality oftentimes going in phases. A large population study in the Netherlands amongst 7841 boys and girls aged 12–25 has shown that half of all 15-year-old adolescents have been intimate with a partner (e.g., touching each other’s genitalia). At age 16, half of all youths have experience with mutual masturbation and at age 17, half of all youths have experienced sexual intercourse and/or oral sex. Eventually, relationships and sexual intimacy become more serious; relationships last longer and are more exclusive, eventually leading to the ‘adult’ model of a committed relationship."}}
{{quote|"The foundation for a healthy sexuality in adulthood lies in childhood and adolescence, with the discovery of one's own sexuality oftentimes going in phases. A large population study in the Netherlands amongst 7841 boys and girls aged 12–25 has shown that half of all 15-year-old adolescents have been intimate with a partner (e.g., touching each other’s genitalia). At age 16, half of all youths have experience with mutual masturbation and at age 17, half of all youths have experienced sexual intercourse and/or oral sex. Eventually, relationships and sexual intimacy become more serious; relationships last longer and are more exclusive, eventually leading to the ‘adult’ model of a committed relationship."}}
Other studies also confirm the importance of experiencing dating and relationships in the teenage years. For example, in the study ''Sexuality (and Lack Thereof) in Adolescence and Early Adulthood: A Review of the Literature,'' the authors wrote:
Other studies also confirm the importance of experiencing dating and relationships in the teenage years. For example, in the study ''Sexuality (and Lack Thereof) in Adolescence and Early Adulthood: A Review of the Literature,'' the authors wrote:
{{quote|“One study showed that adult virgins have higher odds of being overweight and of being perceived as physically unattractive. Four additional studies reported that adult virgins have greater probabilities of never having been in a romantic relationship. Moreover, in a qualitative study conducted among 82 involuntary celibate adults aged 18 to 64 years, Donnelly and colleagues found that nearly all adult virgins never dated anyone, including in adolescence. Thus, findings converge to support the importance of romantic and sexual experiences during adolescence for ongoing romantic and sexual development in adulthood. Additionally, this study revealed that these adult virgins perceived themselves as being very shy and unable to establish social contacts, and reported body image issues, such as being overweight and perceiving their physical appearance to be an obstacle to their sexuality.”}}
{{quote|“One study showed that adult virgins have higher odds of being overweight and of being perceived as physically unattractive. Four additional studies reported that adult virgins have greater probabilities of never having been in a romantic relationship. Moreover, in a qualitative study conducted among 82 involuntary celibate adults aged 18 to 64 years, Donnelly and colleagues found that nearly all adult virgins never dated anyone, including in adolescence. Thus, findings converge to support the importance of romantic and sexual experiences during adolescence for ongoing romantic and sexual development in adulthood. Additionally, this study revealed that these adult virgins perceived themselves as being very shy and unable to establish social contacts, and reported body image issues, such as being overweight and perceiving their physical appearance to be an obstacle to their sexuality.”}}
The authors of ''Has Virginity Lost Its Virtue?: Relationship Stigma Associated With Being A Sexually Inexperienced Adult.'' also confirmed that experiencing sexual activity and relationships late in life is harmful, writing: "Because intimate relationships are essential to well-being, especially across the adult life course, it seems that being a late bloomer with sexual debut could be associated with negative social and interpersonal consequences."
The authors of ''Has Virginity Lost Its Virtue?: Relationship Stigma Associated With Being A Sexually Inexperienced Adult.'' also confirmed that experiencing sexual activity and relationships late in life is harmful, writing: "Because intimate relationships are essential to well-being, especially across the adult life course, it seems that being a late bloomer with sexual debut could be associated with negative social and interpersonal consequences."


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Baarsma ME, Boonmann C, 't Hart-Kerkhoffs LA, de Graaf H, Doreleijers T, Vermeiren R, & Jansen L. 2016. ''Sexuality and Autistic-Like Symptoms in Juvenile Sex Offenders: A Follow-Up After 8 Years.'' Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(8), 2679–2691. doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2805-6. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4938848/pdf/10803_2016_Article_2805.pdf FullText]]
* Baarsma ME, Boonmann C, 't Hart-Kerkhoffs LA, de Graaf H, Doreleijers T, Vermeiren R, & Jansen L. 2016. ''Sexuality and Autistic-Like Symptoms in Juvenile Sex Offenders: A Follow-Up After 8 Years.'' Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(8), 2679–2691. doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2805-6. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4938848/pdf/10803_2016_Article_2805.pdf FullText]]
* Boislard M-A, van de Bongardt D, Blais M. 2016. ''Sexuality (and Lack Thereof) in Adolescence and Early Adulthood: A Review of the Literature.'' Behavioral Sciences, 6(1), 8.doi:10.3390/bs6010008. [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/171f/648087db3b57d575a35dcb503f1dab217cec.pdf?_ga=2.180193636.1964169681.1595134877-998069284.1595134877 FullText]]
* Boislard M-A, van de Bongardt D, Blais M. 2016. ''Sexuality (and Lack Thereof) in Adolescence and Early Adulthood: A Review of the Literature.'' Behavioral Sciences, 6(1), 8.doi:10.3390/bs6010008. [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/171f/648087db3b57d575a35dcb503f1dab217cec.pdf?_ga=2.180193636.1964169681.1595134877-998069284.1595134877 FullText]]
* Donnelly D, Burgess E, Anderson S, Davis R, Dillard J. 2001. ''Involuntary celibacy: A life course analysis.'' Journal of Sex Research, 38(2), 159–169.doi:10.1080/00224490109552083. [[https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490109552083 Abstract]]
* Donnelly D, Burgess E, Anderson S, Davis R, Dillard J. 2001. ''Involuntary celibacy: A life course analysis.'' Journal of Sex Research, 38(2), 159–169.doi:10.1080/00224490109552083. [[https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490109552083 Abstract]]
* Gesselman AN, Webster GD, Garcia JR. 2016. ''Has Virginity Lost Its Virtue? Relationship Stigma Associated With Being a Sexually Inexperienced Adult.'' The Journal of Sex Research, 54(2), 202–213. doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1144042. [[https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1144042 Abstract]]
* Gesselman AN, Webster GD, Garcia JR. 2016. ''Has Virginity Lost Its Virtue? Relationship Stigma Associated With Being a Sexually Inexperienced Adult.'' The Journal of Sex Research, 54(2), 202–213. doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1144042. [[https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1144042 Abstract]]
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="A_stigma_against_virginity_exists_and_many_women_refuse_to_date_a_virgin">A stigma against virginity exists and many women refuse to date a virgin</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="A_stigma_against_virginity_exists_and_many_women_refuse_to_date_a_virgin">A stigma against virginity exists and many women refuse to date a virgin</span>===
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According to a study in ''The Journal of Sex Research'', people are judgmental towards virgins in real life, not just in movies or television shows. In the first part of the study, researchers asked 560 heterosexual adults ages 18 to 71, about a quarter of whom were virgins, to rate their agreement with statements like "I feel that I am odd or abnormal because of my level of sexual experience" and "People treat me differently because of my level of sexual experience." Researchers discovered that virgins—but not those who were very sexually experienced—perceived a lot of stigma and exclusion around their sex lives.
According to a study in ''The Journal of Sex Research'', people are judgmental towards virgins in real life, not just in movies or television shows. In the first part of the study, researchers asked 560 heterosexual adults ages 18 to 71, about a quarter of whom were virgins, to rate their agreement with statements like "I feel that I am odd or abnormal because of my level of sexual experience" and "People treat me differently because of my level of sexual experience." Researchers discovered that virgins—but not those who were very sexually experienced—perceived a lot of stigma and exclusion around their sex lives.


In the second study, the researchers asked a group of 4,934 single, heterosexual adults (2,600 women, 2,334 men) ages 21 to 76+ (M=47.0, SD=15.5): "How likely are you to consider getting into a committed relationship with someone who is a virgin?". Participants were given a 4-point likelihood scale of entering a romantic relationship with a virgin with a midpoint of 2.5. The mean likelihood they gave on the likelihood scale was 2.41 (SD=1.02).
In the second study, the researchers asked a group of 4,934 single, heterosexual adults (2,600 women, 2,334 men) ages 21 to 76+ (M=47.0, SD=15.5): "How likely are you to consider getting into a committed relationship with someone who is a virgin?". Participants were given a 4-point likelihood scale of entering a romantic relationship with a virgin with a midpoint of 2.5. The mean likelihood they gave on the likelihood scale was 2.41 (SD=1.02).
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Type of person
! rowspan="2" | Type of person
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| colspan="3" | ''SD = Standard deviation''
| colspan="3" | ''SD = Standard deviation''
|}
|}
Although men were less willing to date a virgin than women, this was only true when it came to men and women of all age groups. The study found that younger adults were significantly less likely to date a virgin than older adults (older adults had a somewhat high likelihood of dating a virgin) and that this difference between younger adults and older adults' likelihood was more pronounced among women than men. This means younger women had an extremely low likelihood of dating a virgin. Overall, men were less likely to consider dating virgins than were women, but this difference was stronger among nonvirgins (b = −0.41, t4926 = −13.94, p < .001, rp = −.20 [−.17, −.22]) than among virgins (b = −0.25, t4926 = −3.62, p < .001, rp = −.05 [−.02, −.08]). Moreover, virgin participants were less likely to consider dating a virgin than were non-virgin participants. This difference was bigger for women (b = −0.50, t4926 = −10.00, p < .001, rp = −.14 [−.11, −.17]) than for men (b = −0.34, t4926 = −6.10, p < .001, rp = −.09 [−.06, −.11]). Non-virgin men and virgin women had a low likelihood of dating a virgin (especially virgin women because they had a very low likelihood of dating a virgin). Younger women had a very low likelihood of dating a virgin. It is possible the younger virgin women had the lowest likelihood of dating a virgin.
Although men were less willing to date a virgin than women, this was only true when it came to men and women of all age groups. The study found that younger adults were significantly less likely to date a virgin than older adults (older adults had a somewhat high likelihood of dating a virgin) and that this difference between younger adults and older adults' likelihood was more pronounced among women than men. This means younger women had an extremely low likelihood of dating a virgin. Overall, men were less likely to consider dating virgins than were women, but this difference was stronger among nonvirgins (b = −0.41, t4926 = −13.94, p < .001, rp = −.20 [−.17, −.22]) than among virgins (b = −0.25, t4926 = −3.62, p < .001, rp = −.05 [−.02, −.08]). Moreover, virgin participants were less likely to consider dating a virgin than were non-virgin participants. This difference was bigger for women (b = −0.50, t4926 = −10.00, p < .001, rp = −.14 [−.11, −.17]) than for men (b = −0.34, t4926 = −6.10, p < .001, rp = −.09 [−.06, −.11]). Non-virgin men and virgin women had a low likelihood of dating a virgin (especially virgin women because they had a very low likelihood of dating a virgin). Younger women had a very low likelihood of dating a virgin. It is possible the younger virgin women had the lowest likelihood of dating a virgin.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span>
*''Across three studies, we examined an underrepresented demographic—sexually inexperienced adults—to observe the social stigma and discrimination associated with being off-time in sexual debut. Our results suggested that sexually inexperienced adults may perceive themselves as stigma- tized and that they may not be desired as romantic partners, even by those who themselves are sexually inexperienced. These findings support a new social sexual script that has largely abandoned virginity as a virtue and instead indicates that people should have some sexual experience to be pre- ferred partners. While previous research has suggested it is possible for one to have too much sexual experience, we have shown that having no sexual experience may also be associated with negative evaluations. Because intimate rela- tionships are essential to well-being, especially across the adult life course, it seems that being a late bloomer with sexual debut could be associated with negative social and interpersonal consequences.''
*''Across three studies, we examined an underrepresented demographic—sexually inexperienced adults—to observe the social stigma and discrimination associated with being off-time in sexual debut. Our results suggested that sexually inexperienced adults may perceive themselves as stigma- tized and that they may not be desired as romantic partners, even by those who themselves are sexually inexperienced. These findings support a new social sexual script that has largely abandoned virginity as a virtue and instead indicates that people should have some sexual experience to be pre- ferred partners. While previous research has suggested it is possible for one to have too much sexual experience, we have shown that having no sexual experience may also be associated with negative evaluations. Because intimate rela- tionships are essential to well-being, especially across the adult life course, it seems that being a late bloomer with sexual debut could be associated with negative social and interpersonal consequences.''
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* February 5, 2013. ''Singles in America: Match.com Releases Third Annual Comprehensive Study on the Single Population.'' Match.com. [[https://match.mediaroom.com/2013-02-05-Singles-in-America-Match-com-Releases-Third-Annual-Comprehensive-Study-on-the-Single-Population Article]]
* February 5, 2013. ''Singles in America: Match.com Releases Third Annual Comprehensive Study on the Single Population.'' Match.com. [[https://match.mediaroom.com/2013-02-05-Singles-in-America-Match-com-Releases-Third-Annual-Comprehensive-Study-on-the-Single-Population Article]]
* Weiss S. 2016. ''The Stigma Against Virgins Is Real, Study Says.'' Glamour. [[https://www.glamour.com/story/stigma-against-virgins Article]]
* Weiss S. 2016. ''The Stigma Against Virgins Is Real, Study Says.'' Glamour. [[https://www.glamour.com/story/stigma-against-virgins Article]]
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tEuCa01iKZg Do girls like virgin men?]. KamaTV.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tEuCa01iKZg Do girls like virgin men?]. KamaTV.
* Gesselman, A. N., Webster, G. D., & Garcia, J. R. (2016). Has Virginity Lost Its Virtue? Relationship Stigma Associated With Being a Sexually Inexperienced Adult. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(2), 202–213. doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1144042
* Gesselman, A. N., Webster, G. D., & Garcia, J. R. (2016). Has Virginity Lost Its Virtue? Relationship Stigma Associated With Being a Sexually Inexperienced Adult. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(2), 202–213. doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1144042
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Involuntarily_celibates_often_were_ostracized.2C_bullied.2C_and_socially_withdrawn_during_childhood">Involuntarily celibates often were ostracized, bullied, and socially withdrawn during childhood</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Involuntarily_celibates_often_were_ostracized.2C_bullied.2C_and_socially_withdrawn_during_childhood">Involuntarily celibates often were ostracized, bullied, and socially withdrawn during childhood</span>===
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A 2011 study by Marie-Aude Boislard, François Poulin, and Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck found that there is no singular route to adulthood virginity. While media attention has covered young people voluntarily choosing sexual abstinence, others seem to continue being a virgin due to a lack of choice. The study found that, during late childhood, individuals who matured into involuntary virgins were: more victimized and ridiculed by peers as children, socially withdrawn (preferred to play alone), and also less liked and accepted by their peers. The study says: "Our study suggests that a proportion of adult virgins have been on a life-long trajectory of low integration and unpopularity among peers. This seems to extend to a lack of sexual opportunities in emerging adulthood, but more research in the area is needed to draw conclusions."
A 2011 study by Marie-Aude Boislard, François Poulin, and Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck found that there is no singular route to adulthood virginity. While media attention has covered young people voluntarily choosing sexual abstinence, others seem to continue being a virgin due to a lack of choice. The study found that, during late childhood, individuals who matured into involuntary virgins were: more victimized and ridiculed by peers as children, socially withdrawn (preferred to play alone), and also less liked and accepted by their peers. The study says: "Our study suggests that a proportion of adult virgins have been on a life-long trajectory of low integration and unpopularity among peers. This seems to extend to a lack of sexual opportunities in emerging adulthood, but more research in the area is needed to draw conclusions."


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
* Boislard MA, Poulin F, Zimmer-Gembeck MJ. 2011. ''Childhood predictors of adulthood virginity: A 10-year prospective study.'' Poster session presented at the Eastern & Midcontinent Joint Region Conference of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality, Philadelphia, PA.
* Boislard MA, Poulin F, Zimmer-Gembeck MJ. 2011. ''Childhood predictors of adulthood virginity: A 10-year prospective study.'' Poster session presented at the Eastern & Midcontinent Joint Region Conference of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality, Philadelphia, PA.
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Young_men_are_now_more_likely_to_be_single_than_young_women">Young men are now more likely to be single than young women</span>===
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;" id="Young_men_are_now_more_likely_to_be_single_than_young_women">Young men are now more likely to be single than young women</span>===
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In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, men and women didn't differ much in prevalence of being single. This all changed in the 2010s. In 2012, 43% of men said they have no steady partner, compared to only 27% of women. Mysteriously, in 2014, it was 33% of men compared to 32% of women. In 2016, it was 43% of men and 27% of women, and in 2018, it was 42% and 31% of women. Being single skyrocketed for men but stayed the same for women when it comes to prevalence.
In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, men and women didn't differ much in prevalence of being single. This all changed in the 2010s. In 2012, 43% of men said they have no steady partner, compared to only 27% of women. Mysteriously, in 2014, it was 33% of men compared to 32% of women. In 2016, it was 43% of men and 27% of women, and in 2018, it was 42% and 31% of women. Being single skyrocketed for men but stayed the same for women when it comes to prevalence.


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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span>
*Brown, Anna (August 20, 2020). "[https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2020/08/20/nearly-half-of-u-s-adults-say-dating-has-gotten-harder-for-most-people-in-the-last-10-years/ Nearly Half of U.S. Adults Say Dating Has Gotten Harder for Most People in the Last 10 Years]". Pew Research Center.
*Brown, Anna (August 20, 2020). "[https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2020/08/20/nearly-half-of-u-s-adults-say-dating-has-gotten-harder-for-most-people-in-the-last-10-years/ Nearly Half of U.S. Adults Say Dating Has Gotten Harder for Most People in the Last 10 Years]". Pew Research Center.
*"[https://gssdataexplorer.norc.org/trends/Gender%20&%20Marriage?measure=posslq Does respondent have a marital partner?]". NORC at the University of Chicago.
*"[https://gssdataexplorer.norc.org/trends/Gender%20&%20Marriage?measure=posslq Does respondent have a marital partner?]". NORC at the University of Chicago.
==See also==
==See also==
* [[Scientific Blackpill (Supplemental)]]
* [[Scientific Blackpill (Supplemental)]]
* [[Scientific Blackpill (Summary)]]
* [[Scientific Blackpill (Summary)]]
{{A}}
{{A}}
{{Lookism}}
{{Lookism}}
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