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'''Gait''' is a | '''Gait''' is a person’s manner of walking. How attractive a person’s gait depends on many important factors such as the straightness of the limbs, technique, shoulder width, forearm length, torso length, height, upright posture, physical strength, emotional state, intentions, and rhythm. | ||
Like with other external expressive body movements, gait also likely functions to signal other socially relevant things such as [[dominance hierarchy|dominance status]] and personality traits.<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224545.1939.9713373?journalCode=vsoc20</ref> | |||
An unusual, clumsy, awkward, or overly rigid gait may lead to socially unfavorable outcomes as it is associated with neurological deficits such as autism and other health issues.<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-006-0530-y</ref> | |||
Women more than men discriminate between strong and weak walkers when assessing the attractiveness of male gait, though he degree to which they prefer a sexually dimorphic male gait varies substantially by culture.<ref>https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0803</ref><ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01427/full</ref> | |||
A | A mincing, feminine gait with a pronounced sway in the hips is also seen as attractive among women. The wearing of high heels exaggerates these particular qualities of the gait. Thus women may wear these kinds of shoes to enhance their attractiveness and [[signalling theory|signal sexual availability]] to (certain) men.<ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01875/full</ref><ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513812001225?casa_token=1QwnBn9wtAIAAAAA:bZWNE-5wRWRvFGp-QEssPP6jozt4S7sdZ6W6K0KELb8jmGb5QNMKj_x15ii6PxRV-Bj2SerJrg</ref><ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886919304908</ref> | ||
Men may be attracted to a gait that includes an anteriorly tilted lumbar curvature for several reasons. This type of lumbar curvature may have allowed ancestral female hominids to attenuate the lower back issues often caused by the hyper-lordotic posture associated with the later stages of pregnancy.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513815000185</ref> | |||
Secondly, this arched spine pose may tap into ancestral adaptions that bring to mind sexual activity, as it mimics the lordotic copulatory posture found in many mammals.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6763560/</ref> The same posing of the arched spine also makes [[twerk|twerking]] a particularly sexually provocative dance. | |||
==Gait as a social signal== | == Gait as a social signal== | ||
People intuit | People intuit other’s gait consciously and subconsciously to attempt to determine interpersonal characteristics (personality, social status, health, etc.) to varying degrees of accuracy. <ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010027712001102</ref> [[Dark triad|Psychopaths]] are more accurate at perceiving potential victim’s vulnerability based on gait cues. <ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886918304896</ref> [[Asperger’s Syndrome|Autists]] also generally have a more awkward gait compared to [[NT|neurotypicals]]. <ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966636219303601</ref> The awkwardness (lack of rhythm) is especially noticeable using motion tracking software.<ref>https://www.spectrumnews.org/features/deep-dive/autism-in-motion/</ref> | ||
A study on body motion cues was performed to understand better how intentions and traits are perceived from body movement. The researchers conducted two experiments to investigate whether the perceived traits of actors could be determined from their body motion and whether these traits were associated with their perceived intentions. The researchers recorded body motions from 26 professional actors, who were instructed to move in a | A study on body motion cues was performed to understand better how intentions and traits are perceived from body movement. The researchers conducted two experiments to investigate whether the perceived traits of actors could be determined from their body motion and whether these traits were associated with their perceived intentions. The researchers recorded body motions from 26 professional actors, who were instructed to move in a “hero”-like or a “villain”-like manner. In the first experiment, 190 participants viewed individual video recordings of these actors. They were required to provide ratings to the body motion stimuli and a series of different cognitive dimensions (intentions, attractiveness, dominance, trustworthiness, and distinctiveness). The intersubject ratings across observers were highly consistent, suggesting that social traits are readily determined from body motion. | ||
Moreover, correlational analyses between these ratings revealed consistent associations across traits | Moreover, correlational analyses between these ratings revealed consistent associations across traits; for example, perceived “good” intentions were associated with higher ratings of attractiveness and dominance. The second experiment results revealed distinct body motions that were readily associated with the perception of either “good” or “bad” intentions. Moreover, regression analyses revealed that these ratings accurately predicted the perception of the portrayed character type. These findings indicate that intentions and social traits are communicated effectively via specific sets of body motion features.<ref>https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2791293</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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<!--==Dancing== | <!--==Dancing== | ||
Studies on physical strength and dance attractiveness show a positive relationship between | Studies on physical strength and dance attractiveness show a positive relationship between men’s handgrip strength and dance attractiveness. Stronger men that display larger, more variable and faster arm movements are rated as better dancers. Also handgrip strength is positively correlated with [[reproductive success]].<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajhb.22703</ref><ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00439/full?utm_source=F-NTF&utm_medium=EMLX&utm_campaign=PRD_FEOPS_20170000_ARTICLE</ref> | ||
*A study found strong, strong positive associations between symmetry and dancing ability, and these associations were stronger in men than in women. In addition, women rate dances by symmetrical men relatively more positively than do men, and more-symmetrical men value symmetry in women dancers more than do less-symmetrical men.<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04344</ref> | *A study found strong, strong positive associations between symmetry and dancing ability, and these associations were stronger in men than in women. In addition, women rate dances by symmetrical men relatively more positively than do men, and more-symmetrical men value symmetry in women dancers more than do less-symmetrical men.<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04344</ref> | ||
*Women are most attracted to male dancers who have a thrill and adventure seeking, disinhibited, boredom susceptible personality.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886911002224</ref> | *Women are most attracted to male dancers who have a thrill and adventure-seeking, disinhibited, boredom susceptible personality.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886911002224</ref> | ||
*High-masculine dancers were judged as more attractive by women around ovulation than on other cycle days, whilst no such perceptual difference was found for low-masculine dancers.<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/147470491301100503</ref> | *High-masculine dancers were judged as more attractive by women around ovulation than on other cycle days, whilst no such perceptual difference was found for low-masculine dancers.<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/147470491301100503</ref> | ||
A study was also performed in order to determine what freestyle (non-choreographed) male dance moves are actually attractive to women. By using cutting-edge motion-capture technology, the researchers found that the more varied and vigorous a | A study was also performed in order to determine what freestyle (non-choreographed) male dance moves are actually attractive to women. By using cutting-edge motion-capture technology, the researchers found that the more varied and vigorous a man’s movements in the central body regions (head, neck, and torso), as well as the higher speed of right knee movements, the more attractive the women rated the man’s dancing, with 80% of the variance in attractiveness related to only these factors. In layman’s terms, headbanging and head thrusting and stretching the neck back and forth in a rhymic fashion is attractive to women. Puffing out the chest and then back in and then back out is attractive to women (basically twerking but with the chest); flexing the abdominal muscles rhythmically in a wave-like motion is attractive to women. Moving the shoulders back and forth (to move the upper torso) is attractive to women, and thrusting with the pelvis is attractive to women (to move the lower torso). Rhythmically bending the right knee in accordance with the beat is attractive to women. Also, a faster, more energetic song, will lead to a more attractive male dancer due to the movement being more vigorous.<ref>https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0619</ref>--> | ||
<!--==Fighting== | <!--==Fighting== | ||
Winning fights increases [[reproductive success]] even when fights are staged, a study done in 2009 investigated the reproductive success of men competing in a traditional ritual fight, Sereer wrestling, the first study of its kind. Involvement in wrestling had a significant positive effect on men’s number of offspring and a marginally significant effect on polygyny, controlling for age, body condition and | Winning fights increases [[reproductive success]] even when fights are staged, a study done in 2009 investigated the reproductive success of men competing in a traditional ritual fight, Sereer wrestling, the first study of its kind. Involvement in wrestling had a significant positive effect on men’s number of offspring and a marginally significant effect on polygyny, controlling for age, body condition and socioeconomic status. These positive effects suggest that being involved in wrestling competition provides prestige, facilitating access to mates and thereby increasing fecundity. However, when women were interviewed on their preference concerning qualities of potential mates, the quality ‘being involved in wrestling competition’ was poorly ranked. This discrepancy may arise either from deceptive reports or from discordance between parents and daughters in the choice of a husband. Another possible explanation of this discrepancy between female preferences and mating success maybe that selection is not acting through female choices but rather through male-male competition: the prestige acquired by wrestlers may dissuade other men from competing for the same female. <ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01793.x</ref>--> | ||
<!--==Smell== | <!--==Smell== | ||
A study done in 20011 showed that armpit odor pleasantness was the single attribute that consistently predicted attractiveness of nonverbal behavior.<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-011-9803-8</ref> | A study done in 20011 showed that armpit odor pleasantness was the single attribute that consistently predicted the attractiveness of nonverbal behavior.<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-011-9803-8</ref>--> | ||