Feminization: Difference between revisions

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== Causes ==
== Causes ==


Various causes have been suggested for this concerning trend. One line of research investigates the roles of pollutants like xenoestrogens, i.e. estrogen-like molecules in mass consumer products, affecting male development. The most prominent candidates for such molecules are phthalates that can be found in plastic softeners and other constituents of mass consumer products. Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and polychlorinated biphenyl 153 (PCB153) has been identified as degrading dog's samen.<ref name="lea016"></ref>
=== Pollutants ===
 
Various causes have been suggested for this concerning trend. One line of research investigates the roles of pollutants, especially of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that influence development mainly during the gestation period and early childhood. The endocrine system is the main messenger system regulating the release of hormones as part of biological developmental schedules regulating growth of tissues, sexual maturation among other maturation processes.
The main chemicals of interest are xenoestrogens, i.e. estrogen-like molecules that can be found in mass consumer products, affecting male development. The most prominent candidates for such molecules are phthalates that can be found in plasticisers (plastic softeners) and other constituents of mass consumer products. Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and polychlorinated biphenyl 153 (PCB153) has been identified as degrading dog's samen.<ref name="lea016"></ref>
A high blood serum concentration of phthalate metabolites in mother's (in the upper quartile), the odds that her boy had femininized play behavior was five times greater compared to mothers in the lowest quartile.<ref>https://www.webmd.com/children/news/20091116/phthalates-affect-way-young-boys-play</ref>
''Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances'' (PFAS) is a group of particularly stable chemicals which are used in a wide range of consumer and industrial products. Such stable chemicals are also referred to as ''‘forever chemicals’'' when they are highly resistant to heat, oils, water, which means they accumulate in the human body without degrading.
''Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances'' (PFAS) is a group of particularly stable chemicals which are used in a wide range of consumer and industrial products. Such stable chemicals are also referred to as ''‘forever chemicals’'' when they are highly resistant to heat, oils, water, which means they accumulate in the human body without degrading.
In 50 samples of mother milk tested, levels of PFAS were found to be nearly 2,000 times higher than what is considered safe for drinking water.
In 50 samples of mother milk tested, levels of PFAS were found to be nearly 2,000 times higher than what is considered safe for drinking water.
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Further, genital malformations in males have been attributed to prenatal exposure to pesticides.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/26/11/3155/657071</ref>
Further, genital malformations in males have been attributed to prenatal exposure to pesticides.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/26/11/3155/657071</ref>
In a study from 2010, it was found estrogens from pregnant cows can be absorbed through drinking their milk, causing men's T levels to drop.<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1442-200X.2009.02890.x</ref>
In a study from 2010, it was found estrogens from pregnant cows can be absorbed through drinking their milk, causing men's T levels to drop.<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1442-200X.2009.02890.x</ref>
==== Xenoestrogens in popular culture ====
It has been suggested vegetable foods with estrogen-like constituents like nuts and oilseeds, soy products, cereals, breads, and legumes contributes to male feminization, which also gave rise to the [[soyboy]] meme. However, a 2010 meta-study of found that soy foods did not alter measures of bioavailable testosterone concentrations in men.<ref>https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(09)00966-2/abstract</ref>
The role of xenoestrogens is notoriously found in various theories about how a hidden, conspiring elite is trying to control modern Western civilization (by domesticating men) or even to depopulate it. Famously, U.S. entertainer Alex Jones has claimed the government had deployed "gay bombs" for the purpose of depopulation, supposedly also turning "frogs gay".<ref>https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/14/alex-jones-5-most-disturbing-ridiculous-conspiracy-theories.html</ref>
The role of xenoestrogens is notoriously found in various theories about how a hidden, conspiring elite is trying to control modern Western civilization (by domesticating men) or even to depopulate it. Famously, U.S. entertainer Alex Jones has claimed the government had deployed "gay bombs" for the purpose of depopulation, supposedly also turning "frogs gay".<ref>https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/14/alex-jones-5-most-disturbing-ridiculous-conspiracy-theories.html</ref>
=== Life style ===


Other potential causes may be the modern sedentary lifestyle and prolonged sitting likely posing an [[evolutionary mismatch]]. Males in particular have been much more physically active in ancient societies, e.g. going hunting, engaging in combat or housebuilding, boatbuilding, lumbering and metalworking.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill_(Supplemental)#Women_were_historically_predominantly_involved_in_cooking_and_they_never_dominated_men</ref> This could explain the decline in muscularity, e.g. grip strength in particular. A reason for the decline in T might also be increased indoor temperatures, wearing of tight-fitting underwear and decreased smoking.<ref>https://www.healio.com/news/endocrinology/20120325/generational-decline-in-testosterone-levels-observed</ref><ref>Bhasin, S. (2007). Secular Decline in Male Reproductive Function: Is Manliness Threatened? The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 92(1), 44–45. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-2438</ref>
Other potential causes may be the modern sedentary lifestyle and prolonged sitting likely posing an [[evolutionary mismatch]]. Males in particular have been much more physically active in ancient societies, e.g. going hunting, engaging in combat or housebuilding, boatbuilding, lumbering and metalworking.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill_(Supplemental)#Women_were_historically_predominantly_involved_in_cooking_and_they_never_dominated_men</ref> This could explain the decline in muscularity, e.g. grip strength in particular. A reason for the decline in T might also be increased indoor temperatures, wearing of tight-fitting underwear and decreased smoking.<ref>https://www.healio.com/news/endocrinology/20120325/generational-decline-in-testosterone-levels-observed</ref><ref>Bhasin, S. (2007). Secular Decline in Male Reproductive Function: Is Manliness Threatened? The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 92(1), 44–45. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-2438</ref>
=== Mutations ===


A third line of research suggests the increase of [[mutation]]s in Western country's gene pools is responsible for these trends, caused by an overall relaxation of ecological harshness and hence selection pressure, primarily through much lower infant mortality rates (and lower birth rates). This can also explain the higher incidence of overweight and obesity in wildlife due to human environmental impacts also reducing selection pressures on wild animals by decimating predator populations and introducing extra nutrition through waste.
A third line of research suggests the increase of [[mutation]]s in Western country's gene pools is responsible for these trends, caused by an overall relaxation of ecological harshness and hence selection pressure, primarily through much lower infant mortality rates (and lower birth rates). This can also explain the higher incidence of overweight and obesity in wildlife due to human environmental impacts also reducing selection pressures on wild animals by decimating predator populations and introducing extra nutrition through waste.
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On the other hand, declines in T affect all age groups nearly equally, suggesting estrogenic toxins might be acting on all age levels (while mutations would be expected to affect the younger generations more).
On the other hand, declines in T affect all age groups nearly equally, suggesting estrogenic toxins might be acting on all age levels (while mutations would be expected to affect the younger generations more).
Mutations could explain why women simultaneously see a masculinization due to them perhaps also regressing to a less defined intersex phenotype, with men experiencing a stronger trend due to their phenotype being overall less stable lacking the sex chromosome redundancy as also evidenced by the [[variability hypothesis]]. Women's phenotype may be more stable because it is arrested in development and more neotenous, and perturbations may prevent full development.
Mutations could explain why women simultaneously see a masculinization due to them perhaps also regressing to a less defined intersex phenotype, with men experiencing a stronger trend due to their phenotype being overall less stable lacking the sex chromosome redundancy as also evidenced by the [[variability hypothesis]]. Women's phenotype may be more stable because it is arrested in development and more neotenous, and perturbations may prevent full development.
=== Culture ===


A fourth research direction considers psycho-social and cultural causes such as the inhibition of male status and play drive. Various contemporary scholars and pubic intellectuals have voiced concerns about the decline of rough and tumble play, overall overmothering and tighter regulation of men's sexuality from social norms up to laws attempting to regulate male sexuality, such as legislation regarding [[sexual harassment]], to have negatively impacted male psychological functioning; among them [[Jordan Peterson]], [[Edward Dutton]] and many others. However, there is generally very little causal evidence present in this regard. Such disturbances may also partly be rooted in a higher mutational load in the population's gene pool as suggested by the [[social epistasis amplification model]]. The trend toward slower LH and appears to be largely explained by higher female workforce participation.
A fourth research direction considers psycho-social and cultural causes such as the inhibition of male status and play drive. Various contemporary scholars and pubic intellectuals have voiced concerns about the decline of rough and tumble play, overall overmothering and tighter regulation of men's sexuality from social norms up to laws attempting to regulate male sexuality, such as legislation regarding [[sexual harassment]], to have negatively impacted male psychological functioning; among them [[Jordan Peterson]], [[Edward Dutton]] and many others. However, there is generally very little causal evidence present in this regard. Such disturbances may also partly be rooted in a higher mutational load in the population's gene pool as suggested by the [[social epistasis amplification model]]. The trend toward slower LH and appears to be largely explained by higher female workforce participation.
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