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Surprisingly little is known about the health effects of low serum androgen levels or the overexposure of prenatal estrogens in male foetae, which is referred to as hypoandrogenism or androgen deficiency. Although low testosterone levels are indeed linked to various adverse health outcomes, especially in the elderly, the direction of causality is often unclear.<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/ijir200860</ref> | Surprisingly little is known about the health effects of low serum androgen levels or the overexposure of prenatal estrogens in male foetae, which is referred to as hypoandrogenism or androgen deficiency. Although low testosterone levels are indeed linked to various adverse health outcomes, especially in the elderly, the direction of causality is often unclear.<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/ijir200860</ref> | ||
Symptoms of androngen deficiency include low [[sex drive]], impotence,<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00345-003-0365-9</ref> shrinkage of the testicles and [[penis]], diminished masculinization decreased facial and body hair growth, diminished muscle mass, increased anxiety and depression, frequently also fatigue, insomnia, headaches, and osteoporosis, gynecomastia (meaning the development of female [[breasts]]) and other kinds of feminization.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/31/12/1436/466160</ref> | Symptoms of androngen deficiency include low [[sex drive]], impotence,<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00345-003-0365-9</ref> shrinkage of the testicles and [[penis]], diminished masculinization decreased facial and body hair growth, diminished muscle mass, increased anxiety and depression, frequently also fatigue, insomnia, headaches, and osteoporosis, gynecomastia (meaning the development of female [[breasts]]) and other kinds of feminization.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/31/12/1436/466160</ref> | ||
Low androgen | Low androgen levels have also been linked to the [[micropenis]] condition.<ref>https://sites.kowsarpub.com/ijp/articles/108534.html</ref> | ||
In a study from 2018, 409 male students a staggering 35% met the criteria for androgen deficiency based on a survey instrument designed to assess older males,<ref name="charlier2018">https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/6/4/121</ref> and the score on this survey instrument significantly correlated with stress levels and poor sleep quality, which are considered symptoms of androgen deficiency. The authors stressed that there is a need for the investigation of endocrine disruptions (meaning interference of hormones of external origin with internal process) in young men.<ref name="charlier2018"></ref> | In a study from 2018, 409 male students a staggering 35% met the criteria for androgen deficiency based on a survey instrument designed to assess older males,<ref name="charlier2018">https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/6/4/121</ref> and the score on this survey instrument significantly correlated with stress levels and poor sleep quality, which are considered symptoms of androgen deficiency. The authors stressed that there is a need for the investigation of endocrine disruptions (meaning interference of hormones of external origin with internal process) in young men.<ref name="charlier2018"></ref> | ||
Femininized men might feel less confident in their sexuality and hence might adopt extreme positions such as strong anti-[[homosexuality|homosexual]] attitudes in efforts of appearing more manly and compensating for the lack of manhood.<ref>https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/udg-tfo012219.php</ref> | Femininized men might feel less confident in their sexuality and hence might adopt extreme positions such as strong anti-[[homosexuality|homosexual]] attitudes in efforts of appearing more manly and compensating for the lack of manhood.<ref>https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/udg-tfo012219.php</ref> | ||