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Larger [[breasts]] are also generally preferred by men,<ref>https://journals.lww.com/annalsplasticsurgery/Abstract/2016/03000/Which_is_the_Ideal_Breast_Size___Some_Social_Clues.20.aspx</ref> though firmness is more important in terms of driving attractiveness judgments.<ref>Kościński K. 2019. ''Breast firmness is of greater importance for women's attractiveness than breast size.'' American Journal of Human Biology, 31(5), e23287. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajhb.23287 Abstract]]</ref> | Larger [[breasts]] are also generally preferred by men,<ref>https://journals.lww.com/annalsplasticsurgery/Abstract/2016/03000/Which_is_the_Ideal_Breast_Size___Some_Social_Clues.20.aspx</ref> though firmness is more important in terms of driving attractiveness judgments.<ref>Kościński K. 2019. ''Breast firmness is of greater importance for women's attractiveness than breast size.'' American Journal of Human Biology, 31(5), e23287. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajhb.23287 Abstract]]</ref> | ||
Male preferences for the size of female buttocks seem to vary significantly by race and culture.<ref>https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wk/prs/2017/00000140/00000001/art00007</ref> | Male preferences for the size of female buttocks seem to vary significantly by race and culture.<ref>https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wk/prs/2017/00000140/00000001/art00007</ref> | ||
The firmness, shape,<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00266-004-3114-6</ref>and the degree of lumbar curvature<ref>https://labs.la.utexas.edu/buss/files/2013/02/Lumbar-EHB-2015.pdf</ref> possibly play more of role in determining men's attractiveness judgments of female buttocks compared to size, as noted above in regards to breasts. | The firmness, shape,<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00266-004-3114-6</ref> and the degree of lumbar curvature<ref>https://labs.la.utexas.edu/buss/files/2013/02/Lumbar-EHB-2015.pdf</ref> possibly play more of role in determining men's attractiveness judgments of female buttocks compared to size, as noted above in regards to breasts. | ||
== | ==Determinants of female bodily attractiveness== | ||
Among women, the main factors that contribute to observer judgements of their bodily attractiveness are factors associated with perceived or actual health, youth, and general fecundity, such as a lower waist-to-hip ratio (WHR, the waist circumference divided by the hip circumference, associated with the classical 'hourglass' body shape), a low BMI (with the general ideal BMI in regards to female attractiveness being very low, well within the 'underweight' range),<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#The_most_attractive_BMI_range_for_men_is_.7E24.5-27_and_for_women_.7E17-19_as_it_is_most_youthful</ref> and large breasts and buttocks that are still proportionate with overall body size.<ref>https://journals.lww.com/annalsplasticsurgery/Abstract/2016/03000/Which_is_the_Ideal_Breast_Size___Some_Social_Clues.20.aspx</ref><ref>https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=579557</ref> The firmness of the breasts and buttocks (generally negatively associated with age) is also highly valued by men,<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00266-004-3114-6</ref> with breast firmness (being strongly associated with nubility) being found to play more of a role in men's evaluations of the attractiveness of female breasts than raw size.<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajhb.23287</ref> | Among women, the main factors that contribute to observer judgements of their bodily attractiveness are factors associated with perceived or actual health, youth, and general fecundity, such as a lower waist-to-hip ratio (WHR, the waist circumference divided by the hip circumference, associated with the classical 'hourglass' body shape), a low BMI (with the general ideal BMI in regards to female attractiveness being very low, well within the 'underweight' range),<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#The_most_attractive_BMI_range_for_men_is_.7E24.5-27_and_for_women_.7E17-19_as_it_is_most_youthful</ref> and large breasts and buttocks that are still proportionate with overall body size.<ref>https://journals.lww.com/annalsplasticsurgery/Abstract/2016/03000/Which_is_the_Ideal_Breast_Size___Some_Social_Clues.20.aspx</ref><ref>https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=579557</ref> The firmness of the breasts and buttocks (generally negatively associated with age) is also highly valued by men,<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00266-004-3114-6</ref> with breast firmness (being strongly associated with nubility) being found to play more of a role in men's evaluations of the attractiveness of female breasts than raw size.<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajhb.23287</ref> | ||
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This likely means that the interaction between facial and bodily attractiveness is highly complex, with there likely being minimal thresholds of both that need to be exceeded for a man to be considered 'attractive' by women; though it is clear that both, individually, contribute substantially to the variance to women's perceptions of male physical attractiveness. | This likely means that the interaction between facial and bodily attractiveness is highly complex, with there likely being minimal thresholds of both that need to be exceeded for a man to be considered 'attractive' by women; though it is clear that both, individually, contribute substantially to the variance to women's perceptions of male physical attractiveness. | ||
Further, on this point, many lookism theorists claim that working out in order to increase one's attractiveness to women (which is often dubbed 'gymcelling') is useless if one has a particularly unattractive face. In contrast to this claim, the | Further, on this point, many lookism theorists claim that working out in order to increase one's attractiveness to women (which is often dubbed 'gymcelling') is useless if one has a particularly unattractive face. In contrast to this claim, the study's authors found more substantial evidence for an opposite effect, i.e., in some male subjects, their gestalt physical attractiveness was dragged down in a dramatic way when their bodies were relatively unattractive compared to their faces. | ||
Conversely, body attractiveness mattered relatively much more to men when evaluating women exclusively for short-term relationships. The mating context-related primes had less influence on women's evaluations of the relative importance of bodily and facial attractiveness, which were stable across both conditions. | Conversely, body attractiveness mattered relatively much more to men when evaluating women exclusively for short-term relationships. The mating context-related primes had less influence on women's evaluations of the relative importance of bodily and facial attractiveness, which were stable across both conditions. | ||
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===Ovulatory shift=== | ===Ovulatory shift=== | ||
Differing female preferences in regards to male muscularity are often explained by the controversial ovulatory shift hypothesis. This hypothesis claims that women are driven to seek agreeable providers for long-term relationships and thereafter cuckold them with masculine men when they get the opportunity to do so, as masculine traits are claimed to be markers of '[[good genes hypothesis|good genes]],' due to the immunosuppressive properties of male sex hormones. Thus the women benefit from the 'good genes' of the masculine man and the resources and paternal care of the cuckolded 'beta provider.'<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677252/</ref> | |||
Masculine traits are supposed to be markers of "good genes" as they are claimed to be an [[signaling theory|honest signal]] of a robust immune system on behalf of the man who can bear them. | Masculine traits are supposed to be markers of "good genes" as they are claimed to be an [[signaling theory|honest signal]] of a robust immune system on behalf of the man who can bear them. | ||
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Suppose women are indeed deliberately seeking [[Schluby Hubby|less attractive]] or less masculine men out as good long-term relationship prospects. In that case, it is unclear how effective this strategy would actually be. | Suppose women are indeed deliberately seeking [[Schluby Hubby|less attractive]] or less masculine men out as good long-term relationship prospects. In that case, it is unclear how effective this strategy would actually be. | ||
Certain markers of phenotypic | Certain markers of phenotypic femininity seem to be linked to promiscuity in males (as measured by both attitudes toward casual sex or actual engagement in sexual promiscuity),<ref>https://web.natur.cuni.cz/filosof/unce/images/download/Varella%20et%20al%202014_Behav%20Processes.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886919305070</ref> and the general body of research into the effects of a lower [[sex ratio]] (more women, fewer men) on mating behaviors suggests that men with a surfeit of romantic options tend to engage in a low-investment sexual strategy centered around [[pump and dump| maximizing sexual variety]].<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Sex_ratio</ref> | ||
Thus, there seems to be a balancing act at play here among the women pursuing such a strategy, as men selected explicitly for their supposed propensity to invest may be subject to greater attention from rival women seeking the same traits (due to pre-selection by women and their possessing desired traits), thus tempting them to stray. Men perceived as more trustworthy, either due to their behavior, demeanor, or [[physiognomy|appearance]], may also be subject to less scrutiny from their female partners in terms of the women's mate-guarding efforts. | Thus, there seems to be a balancing act at play here among the women pursuing such a strategy, as men selected explicitly for their supposed propensity to invest may be subject to greater attention from rival women seeking the same traits (due to pre-selection by women and their possessing desired traits), thus tempting them to stray. Men perceived as more trustworthy, either due to their behavior, demeanor, or [[physiognomy|appearance]], may also be subject to less scrutiny from their female partners in terms of the women's mate-guarding efforts. | ||
==Relation of stature to body attractiveness== | ==Relation of stature to body attractiveness== | ||
In both sexes, a greater stature (per the male-taller 'norm,' an individual rater's height will be expected to moderate any positive effect of stature on mating outcomes, i.e., people will have a strong bias to prefer pairs where the man is taller than the women. <ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886913000020</ref> | In both sexes, a greater stature (per the male-taller 'norm,' an individual rater's height will be expected to moderate any positive effect of stature on mating outcomes, i.e., people will have a strong bias to prefer pairs where the man is taller than the women.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886913000020</ref> | ||
However, despite the | However, despite the male taller norm, there is research that indicates that taller stature is seen as a desirable trait in both sexes to some degree when revealed and not self-reported preferences are considered.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340497679_Preferences_for_Sexually_Dimorphic_Body_Characteristics_Revealed_in_a_Large_Sample_of_Speed_Daters</ref> | ||
This interesting finding could be due to an above-average leg length in proportion to the trunk being a desired trait in both sexes, but particularly in females.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513807000906</ref><ref>https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.171790</ref><ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1068/p5506</ref> Longer legs are generally associated with greater height. Anecdotal observations of the bodily proportions of female fashion models and the recruitment standards of several modeling agencies<ref>https://www.ukmodels.co.uk/blog/model-requirements-do-you-have-what-it-takes/</ref> do suggest that female models, largely chosen for their physical attractiveness, tend to be both tall and slender with a brachyskelic or hyperbrachyskelic body structure (the legs being proportionately much longer than the trunk). | This interesting finding could be due to an above-average leg length in proportion to the trunk being a desired trait in both sexes, but particularly in females.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513807000906</ref><ref>https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.171790</ref><ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1068/p5506</ref> Longer legs are generally associated with greater height. Anecdotal observations of the bodily proportions of female fashion models and the recruitment standards of several modeling agencies<ref>https://www.ukmodels.co.uk/blog/model-requirements-do-you-have-what-it-takes/</ref> do suggest that female models, largely chosen for their physical attractiveness, tend to be both tall and slender with a brachyskelic or hyperbrachyskelic body structure (the legs being proportionately much longer than the trunk). | ||