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*Low rates of Extra-pair paternity despite the widespread use of contraception. If the dual-mating hypothesis were true and women were adapted to cuckold their husbands with men with superior genes, contraception should make this much easier to achieve; thus we should see an increase in the number of Extra-pair paternity cases (as that's what women should've been adapted for) but we don't. One study measuring Extra-pair paternity over the last 400 years (well before the advent of extremely effective contraception) found, on average, an Extra-paternity rate of 0.46%-1.76%.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318685386_Genetic-genealogy_approach_reveals_low_rate_of_extrapair_paternity_in_historical_Dutch_populations</ref> Simliar conclusions were made elsewhere.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276072433_Three_hundred_years_of_low_non-paternity_in_a_human_population</ref> That Extra-pair paternity has remained relatively stable, despite being easier to accomplish, undermines that dual-mating hypothesis that women seek to procure good genes from their affair partners. | *Low rates of Extra-pair paternity despite the widespread use of contraception. If the dual-mating hypothesis were true and women were adapted to cuckold their husbands with men with superior genes, contraception should make this much easier to achieve; thus we should see an increase in the number of Extra-pair paternity cases (as that's what women should've been adapted for) but we don't. One study measuring Extra-pair paternity over the last 400 years (well before the advent of extremely effective contraception) found, on average, an Extra-paternity rate of 0.46%-1.76%.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318685386_Genetic-genealogy_approach_reveals_low_rate_of_extrapair_paternity_in_historical_Dutch_populations</ref> Simliar conclusions were made elsewhere.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276072433_Three_hundred_years_of_low_non-paternity_in_a_human_population</ref> That Extra-pair paternity has remained relatively stable, despite being easier to accomplish, undermines that dual-mating hypothesis that women seek to procure good genes from their affair partners. | ||
*The rate of extra-pair paternity is low when compared to the rate of infidilety. Roughly 1.5% EPP to 13% of women who engage in adultery.<ref>https://ifstudies.org/blog/number-1-in-2018-who-cheats-more-the-demographics-of-infidelity-in-america<br /></ref> If infidelity has been selected for the purpose of procuring good genes, then it is puzzling why the ratio of rate EPP to rate of adultery is only about 1 : 8.6 as we would expect much higher. | *The rate of extra-pair paternity is low when compared to the rate of infidilety. Roughly 1.5% EPP to 13% of women who engage in adultery.<ref>https://ifstudies.org/blog/number-1-in-2018-who-cheats-more-the-demographics-of-infidelity-in-america<br /></ref> If infidelity has been selected for the purpose of procuring good genes, then it is puzzling why the ratio of rate EPP to rate of adultery is only about 1 : 8.6 as we would expect much higher. | ||
Evidence for it (with counter-arguments): | Evidence for it (with counter-arguments): | ||
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**However, considering that women need to be more invested in parenting, it seems certainly plausible that women get sexually bored quicker than men (if you're getting pregnant too often, then who takes care of the kids). | **However, considering that women need to be more invested in parenting, it seems certainly plausible that women get sexually bored quicker than men (if you're getting pregnant too often, then who takes care of the kids). | ||
*High incidence of mate poaching, mate switching, back-burners and relationship instability and a massive decline in long-term monogamous mating in contemporary "liberated" society. | *High incidence of mate poaching, mate switching, back-burners and relationship instability and a massive decline in long-term monogamous mating in contemporary "liberated" society. | ||
**This point is less about female promiscuity and is more evidence of female hypergamy, now that alpha males are more readily available and casual sex is more acceptable, the hypergamous instinct in females intensifies. Back up partners and mate switching is evidence that, when possible, a woman will trade her current partner out for a better mate. To argue for a promiscuous mating system, we need to show that a woman will still exhibit this behaviour even when paired with | **This point is less about female promiscuity and is more evidence of female hypergamy, now that alpha males are more readily available and casual sex is more acceptable, the hypergamous instinct in females intensifies. Back up partners and mate switching is evidence that, when possible, a woman will trade her current partner out for a better mate. To argue for a promiscuous mating system, we need to show that a woman will still exhibit this behaviour even when paired with alpha males; even chimpanzees will mate with lower status males from time to time in their promiscuous mating system despite the availability of Chads to have sex with females. As it doesn't seem plausible that most females will exhibit mate switching/poaching whilst with Alpha men, this cannot be used as evidence of female promiscuity in Humans. | ||
*In the Himba tribe of Nigeria women who cuckold their husbands by having children with other men are more reproductively successful than those who don't (somewhere between 17%-48% of children are not sired by their fathers as compared to the low rate of extra pair paternity of 3% in western countries).<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51471838_Female_choice_and_extra-pair_paternity_in_a_traditional_human_population</ref> | *In the Himba tribe of Nigeria women who cuckold their husbands by having children with other men are more reproductively successful than those who don't (somewhere between 17%-48% of children are not sired by their fathers as compared to the low rate of extra pair paternity of 3% in western countries).<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51471838_Female_choice_and_extra-pair_paternity_in_a_traditional_human_population</ref> | ||
**Whilst this is certainly interesting to look at, it is unlikely that the conditions that allow women whom cuckold their husbands in the Himba tribe are widespread. For one, men are aware whose children are genetically their and those whom aren't (they are reffered to as 'omaka') and both women and men regularly engage in adultery (seemingly openly). The reason why the women whom cuckold their husbands enjoy greater greater reproductive success is two fold.<br>Firstly favouring genetic children over omaka is genrally frowned upon, this is the exception rather than the rule when it comes to how men deal with children in humans. Almost no other culture in history would condemn a man for favouring his own children over other children; the only modern exception to this would be regressive France that criminilized paternity tests. Secondly the actual fathers of the omaka often give food to the women they've had children with. So the greater reproductive success essentially comes from the fact that women receive resources from both their husbands and lovers and would thus have healthier children and lower mortality rates.<br> Finally when a man dies, his sister inherits his possessions not his children; this essentially lowers the cost of him being cuckolded by other men as he invests less into his children. Interesting to note that most marriages in the Himba are arranged (the women have no say) and that 'love matches' (marriages were the women has married for love) experienced lower rates of extra-pair paternity. Now whilst it might be interesting to study, it would be fallacious to assume that simply because this one tribe that displays a chimpanzee like mating system therefore ancestral females were promiscuous, they were not.<br> The genetic and morphological presented above opposing rampant female promiscuity is reflective of millions of years of evolution and is a ''far'' better indicator of what ancestral females were like. | |||
In summary, due to high female resource dependence and parental investment, and other factors mentioned, female promiscuity appears to be limited to a minority of women with a fast [[life history]] disposition or women who temporarily fall for feminist [[slay queen|dating advice]], and assertions about high female promiscuity may rather stem from an innate male sensitivity about [[paternity assurance]] and from men losing status via getting [[cuck]]ed or [[mogging|mogged]]. It likely also owes to the tendency of women to engage [[whoring|provocative sexual advertisements]] (in order to attract male attention, marry up and/or get resources) in the absence of high standards of behavioral conduct (usually in view of gaining attention from men), as opposed to it reflecting particularly high rates of promiscuity among modern females. | |||
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(Regarding the Himba tribe) some have noted that it seems implausible that a man would invest in his sister's children instead of his own unless the paternity certainty would be lower than 25% (as each child of his sister shares 25% of his genes) and that this seems unrealistically low.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327455603_Kinship_Human_Evolutionary_and_Biosocial_Approaches_to</ref> Amongst the Himba, approximately 48% of children aren't sired by their father and 70% of mothers have children from men other than their husband. At first glance it seems that Himba men should invest into their wive's 'children' instead of their sister's children. If we do a probability tree assuming that their's a 50/50 chance that a Himba man's child is his and that he has two of 'his' children by his wife and that his sister has two children he has a 100% chance in investing to 0,5 times his amount of genes if his sister's children inherit's his property (each child has 0,25 times his genes; combined they would have 0,5 times his genes); if his wife's children inherit then he invests (on average) ((0.5 + 0.5) x 1/2 x 1/2) + ((0.5 + 0) x 1/2 x 1/2) + ((0 + 0.5) x 1/2 x 1/2) + ((0 + 0) x 1/2 x 1/2) = 0,5 times his genes as well. So it seems that it is no more advantageous for a Himba to invest into his sister's children rather than his own. But consider this: let's take 100 Himba couples and assume that they each have two children on average, this would give you a total of 200 children. We know that 48% of children are not sired by their 'father' meaning that, of the 200 children, 96 of them are illegitemate. We also know that at least 30% of Himba women are faithful and do not cuckold their husbands. If we exclude this group of women we'd deduct 60 children from the 200 children and are left with 140 children. This means that, of the men that are cuckolded by their wives, 96 out of the 140 children are illegitemate(or 24/35 to simplify). Ergo, we can calculate how many times his genes a cuckolded Himba man will invest into on average if he has 2 children. That is equal to ((0.5 +0.5) x 9/35 x 9/35) + ((0.5 + 0)) x 9/35 x 24/35) + ((0 + 0.5) x 24/35 x 9/35) + ((0 + 0) x 24/35 x 24/35) = 0,24 times their genes. In other words, for 70% of Himba men, it is twice as condusive to reproductive success to invest in the children of their sister rather than the children of their wives and to have children with the wives of other men. --> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||