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→Behavioral androgyny, 'homosexual genes', and sexual success
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===Behavioral androgyny, 'homosexual genes', and sexual success=== | ===Behavioral androgyny, 'homosexual genes', and sexual success=== | ||
Despite mixed results on facial androgyny, research has shown behavioral androgyny to be linearly correlated with more opposite-sex partners. | Despite mixed results on facial androgyny, research has shown behavioral androgyny to be linearly correlated with more opposite-sex partners. | ||
There is considerable evidence that human sexual orientation is genetically influenced, so it is not known how exclusive homosexuality, which tends to lower reproductive success, is maintained in the population at a relatively high frequency. One hypothesis proposes that while genes predisposing to homosexuality reduce homosexuals' reproductive success, they may confer some advantage in heterosexuals who carry them. However, it is not clear what such an advantage may be. | |||
A study done in 2008 on genetic factors predisposing to homosexuality increasing mating success in heterosexuals, shows that psychologically masculine females and psychologically feminine men are (a) more likely to be gay but (b), when straight, have many more opposite-sex partners. The study shows that both these relationships are partly due to pleiotropic genetic influences common to each trait with statistical modeling of the twin data. They also find a trend for heterosexuals with a non-heterosexual twin to have more opposite-sex partners than do heterosexual twin pairs. | |||
Studies done on hand attractiveness show women prefer men to have androgynous looking hands, specifically large palms, and very long, thin, slender fingers,"aristocratic" looking fingers. | These results suggest that genes predisposing to homosexuality confer a mating advantage in heterosexuals, which helps explain the evolution and maintenance of homosexuality in the population.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513808000688</ref> This study doubles as evidence for [[genetic determinism]]. | ||
In a study done by the Department of Psychology, University of Göteborg, Sweden. Photographs of physically attractive men and women were presented as depicting homosexuals and heterosexuals to subjects on the University of California at Berkeley campus who were generally judged to be nonhomophobic opposite-sexed students. The analysis showed that the 62 women rated 3 men as significantly more physically attractive when they believed the men were homosexual than when they believed the men were heterosexual. The 65 men did not rate photographs of 3 women as more physically attractive when they believed the women were lesbian compared to when they believed the women were heterosexual. The results illustrate an effect of the "gay-pretty-boy stereotype," namely, that women judged to be nonhomophobic perceived homosexual men as more physically attractive than comparable heterosexual men.<ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8058859/</ref> | |||
Studies done on hand attractiveness show women prefer men to have androgynous-looking hands, specifically large palms, and very long, thin, slender fingers, and "aristocratic" looking fingers.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264510888_Hand_attractiveness_-_Its_determinants_and_associations_with_facial_attractiveness</ref> Despite this preference for androgynous male hands, women also want these androgynous hands to be extremely strong! Handgrip strength is positively correlated with reproductive and sexual success, as well as women's positive appraisals of male's dance movements.<ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00439/full?utm_source=F-NTF&utm_medium=EMLX&utm_campaign=PRD_FEOPS_20170000_ARTICLE</ref><ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajhb.22703</ref> | |||
Though, it is not known how much of this greater reproductive success can be attributed to a direct female preference for men with strong hands, with much of it likely due to grip strength being correlated with other desirable traits, such as overall health, physical attractiveness, and optimal pubertal or prenatal androgen exposure. Traits that are either attractive to women directly or help men prevail over male rivals in intrasexual competition. | |||
===Emotions=== | ===Emotions=== | ||