Facial width-to-height ratio: Difference between revisions

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Facial width-to-height ratio (edit)

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While some of these findings have been replicated, others have been criticized on methodological grounds, or have flatly failed to replicate, such as the purported link between fWHR and adolescent or adult serum testosterone levels.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310461784_Commentary_Facial_Width-to-Height_Ratio_fWHR_Is_Not_Associated_with_Adolescent_Testosterone_Levels</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329686209_Further_Evidence_that_Facial_Width-to-Height_Ratio_and_Global_Facial_Masculinity_Are_Not_Positively_Associated_with_Testosterone_Levels</ref>
While some of these findings have been replicated, others have been criticized on methodological grounds, or have flatly failed to replicate, such as the purported link between fWHR and adolescent or adult serum testosterone levels.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310461784_Commentary_Facial_Width-to-Height_Ratio_fWHR_Is_Not_Associated_with_Adolescent_Testosterone_Levels</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329686209_Further_Evidence_that_Facial_Width-to-Height_Ratio_and_Global_Facial_Masculinity_Are_Not_Positively_Associated_with_Testosterone_Levels</ref>
Some studies have also found no significant association between fWHR and anti-social behavior (among business executives), <ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333685699_A_Case_of_Evolutionary_Mismatch_Why_Facial_Width-to-Height_Ratio_May_Not_Predict_Behavioral_Tendencies</ref> or socio-sexuality (promiscuous sexual behavior and unrestrained attitudes towards casual sex) in women.<ref>https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200308</ref>
Some studies have also found no significant association between fWHR and anti-social behavior (among business executives),<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333685699_A_Case_of_Evolutionary_Mismatch_Why_Facial_Width-to-Height_Ratio_May_Not_Predict_Behavioral_Tendencies</ref> or socio-sexuality (promiscuous sexual behavior and unrestrained attitudes towards casual sex) in women.<ref>https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200308</ref>


The purported link between greater fWHR and aggressive behavior may be hard to discern accurately in large, varied samples, as there is preliminary evidence that a man's social status may play a role in moderating the apparent positive relationship between fWHR and anti-social behavior and traits. One group of researchers in 2018 only found evidence for a positive association between fWHR and [[dark triad]] traits and physical aggression among lower-income men.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30412629</ref>  
The purported link between greater fWHR and aggressive behavior may be hard to discern accurately in large, varied samples, as there is preliminary evidence that a man's social status may play a role in moderating the apparent positive relationship between fWHR and anti-social behavior and traits. One group of researchers in 2018 only found evidence for a positive association between fWHR and [[dark triad]] traits and physical aggression among lower-income men.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30412629</ref>  
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There are two different ways to measure fWHR.
There are two different ways to measure fWHR.


Some articles (e.g. Stirrat & Perrett 2010; Lefevre et al. 2012; Lefevre et al. 2013; Tsujimura & Banissy 2013) measured fWHR as bizygomatic width divided by the distance from the upper eyelids to the upper lip.
Some articles measured fWHR as bizygomatic width divided by the distance from the upper eyelids to the upper lip.<ref name="stirrat">Stirrat, M., & Perrett, D. I. (2010). Valid facial cues to cooperation and trust male facial width and trustworthiness. Psychological science, 21(3), 349-354.</ref>
<ref name="lefevre">Lefevre, C. E., Lewis, G. J., Perrett, D. I., & Penke, L. (2013). [http://www.larspenke.eu/pdfs/Lefevre_Lewis_Perrett_Penke_in_press_-_fWHR_and_reactive_T.pdf Telling facial metrics: facial width is associated with testosterone levels in men.] Evolution and Human Behavior, 34(4), 273-279. "Measure of fWHR: horizontal lines represent the distance between the upper lip and highest point of the eyelids (upper face height), vertical lines represent the maximum distance between the left and right facial boundary (bizygomatic width). fWHR was calculated as width divided by height."</ref>
<ref name="tsujimura">Tsujimura, H., & Banissy, M. J. (2013). Human face structure correlates with professional baseball performance: insights from professional Japanese baseball players. Biology letters, 9(3), 20130140.</ref>


[[File:FWHR-upper-eyelids-to-upper-lip.jpg]]
[[File:FWHR-upper-eyelids-to-upper-lip.jpg]]


Other articles (e.g. Weston et al. 2007; Carré & McCormick 2008; Loehr & O'Hara 2013; Valentine et al. 2014) measured fWHR as byzygomatic width divided by the distance from the nasion to the prosthion.
Other articles measured fWHR as byzygomatic width divided by the distance from the nasion to the prosthion.<ref name="carre">Carré, J. M., & McCormick, C. M. (2008). In your face: facial metrics predict aggressive behavior in the laboratory and in varsity and professional hockey players. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 275(1651), 2651-2656.</ref>
<ref name="loehr">Loehr, J., & O'Hara, R. B. (2013). Facial morphology predicts male fitness and rank but not.</ref>
<ref name="valentine">Valentine, K. A., Li, N. P., Penke, L., & Perrett, D. I. (2014). [http://www.mysmu.edu/faculty/normanli/ValentineLiPenkePerrett2013.pdf Judging a Man by the Width of His Face: The Role of Facial Ratios and Dominance in Mate Choice at Speed-Dating Events.] Psychological science, 25(3), 806-811. "Following Weston et al.’s (2007) procedures, Psychomorph was used to calculate the ratio of the distance between the top of the lip and lower part of the brow (facial height) and the distance between the most lateral points of the face by the ears (bizygomatic width) for each male face. Bizygomatic width was divided by facial [[height]] to determine fWHR."</ref>
<ref name="weston">Weston, E. M., Friday, A. E., & Liò, P. (2007). [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000710#pone-0000710-g003 Biometric evidence that sexual selection has shaped the hominin face.] PLoS One, 2(8), e710.</ref>


[[File:FWHR-nasion-to-prosthion.jpg]]
[[File:FWHR-nasion-to-prosthion.jpg]]
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==References==
==References==
*Carré, J. M., & McCormick, C. M. (2008). In your face: facial metrics predict aggressive behavior in the laboratory and in varsity and professional hockey players. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 275(1651), 2651-2656.
*Lefevre, C. E., Lewis, G. J., Perrett, D. I., & Penke, L. (2013). [http://www.larspenke.eu/pdfs/Lefevre_Lewis_Perrett_Penke_in_press_-_fWHR_and_reactive_T.pdf Telling facial metrics: facial width is associated with testosterone levels in men.] Evolution and Human Behavior, 34(4), 273-279. "Measure of fWHR: horizontal lines represent the distance between the upper lip and highest point of the eyelids (upper face height), vertical lines represent the maximum distance between the left and right facial boundary (bizygomatic width). fWHR was calculated as width divided by height."
*Loehr, J., & O'Hara, R. B. (2013). Facial morphology predicts male fitness and rank but not.
*Stirrat, M., & Perrett, D. I. (2010). Valid facial cues to cooperation and trust male facial width and trustworthiness. Psychological science, 21(3), 349-354.
*Tsujimura, H., & Banissy, M. J. (2013). Human face structure correlates with professional baseball performance: insights from professional Japanese baseball players. Biology letters, 9(3), 20130140.
*Valentine, K. A., Li, N. P., Penke, L., & Perrett, D. I. (2014). [http://www.mysmu.edu/faculty/normanli/ValentineLiPenkePerrett2013.pdf Judging a Man by the Width of His Face: The Role of Facial Ratios and Dominance in Mate Choice at Speed-Dating Events.] Psychological science, 25(3), 806-811. "Following Weston et al.’s (2007) procedures, Psychomorph was used to calculate the ratio of the distance between the top of the lip and lower part of the brow (facial height) and the distance between the most lateral points of the face by the ears (bizygomatic width) for each male face. Bizygomatic width was divided by facial [[height]] to determine fWHR."
*Weston, E. M., Friday, A. E., & Liò, P. (2007). [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000710#pone-0000710-g003 Biometric evidence that sexual selection has shaped the hominin face.] PLoS One, 2(8), e710.
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