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The '''variability hypothesis''', aka the '''greater male variability hypothesis''' states that males exhibit greater variability in many traits than females. This includes more [[Bateman's principle|variability in sexual preferences]],<ref>https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/yourlooksandyourinbox.html</ref> social attitudes, behaviours, intelligence, strength, other physical traits, genetic variation (though this is contested, see [[mutation]]), etc., the only exception being fear and emotionality, in which women show greater variability.<ref>Hyde | The '''variability hypothesis''', aka the '''greater male variability hypothesis''' states that males exhibit greater variability in many traits than females. This includes more [[Bateman's principle|variability in sexual preferences]],<ref>https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/yourlooksandyourinbox.html</ref> social attitudes, behaviours, intelligence, strength, other physical traits, genetic variation (though this is contested, see [[mutation]]), etc., the only exception being fear and emotionality, in which women show greater variability.<ref>Hyde JS. "Gender Similarities and Differences." The Annual Review of Psychology. 2014. 65:3.1–3.26 [[https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115057 Abstract]] [[https://www.gwern.net/docs/iq/2014-hyde.pdf FullText]].</ref> | ||
Higher male variability may only concern dimensions in which men outcompete women as everything tends to get more varied and spread out the more potential there is.{{citation needed}} Men are simply more potent than women in many regards (taller, stronger, smarter, more sexually motivated, etc.), so overall men tend to have more variability. Conversely, women sometimes have greater variability in dimensions they have a higher mean (e.g. fear and emotionality). [[Metthew effect]]s may also play a role as men are more expected to succeed and more responsible for their lives, i.e. men may experience more of a downward spiral when they loose and more of an upward spiral when they succeed. | Higher male variability may only concern dimensions in which men outcompete women as everything tends to get more varied and spread out the more potential there is.{{citation needed}} Men are simply more potent than women in many regards (taller, stronger, smarter, more sexually motivated, etc.), so overall men tend to have more variability. Conversely, women sometimes have greater variability in dimensions they have a higher mean (e.g. fear and emotionality). [[Metthew effect]]s may also play a role as men are more expected to succeed and more responsible for their lives, i.e. men may experience more of a downward spiral when they loose and more of an upward spiral when they succeed. | ||
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Modern studies confirm men are more variable than women in intelligence,<ref>Machin S, Pekkarinen T. 2008. ''Global Sex Differences in Test Score Variability.'' Science. Vol. 322, issue 5906. PMID 19039123. Pp. 1331–2 [[https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1162573 Abstract]]</ref><ref>Hedges LV, Nowell A. 1995. ''Sex Differences in Mental Test Scores, Variability, and Numbers of High-Scoring Individuals.'' Science. Volume 269, issue 5220. PMID 7604277. Pp. 41–45 [[https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7604277 Abstract]]</ref> | Modern studies confirm men are more variable than women in intelligence,<ref>Machin S, Pekkarinen T. 2008. ''Global Sex Differences in Test Score Variability.'' Science. Vol. 322, issue 5906. PMID 19039123. Pp. 1331–2 [[https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1162573 Abstract]]</ref><ref>Hedges LV, Nowell A. 1995. ''Sex Differences in Mental Test Scores, Variability, and Numbers of High-Scoring Individuals.'' Science. Volume 269, issue 5220. PMID 7604277. Pp. 41–45 [[https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7604277 Abstract]]</ref> | ||
mathematical ability and visuospacial ability,<ref>Halpern, Diane F. et all. "The Science of Sex Differences in Science and Mathematics." Psychological Science in the Public Interest. Volume: 8 issue: 1, page(s): 1-51, Issue published: August 1, 2007. [[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2007.00032.x. Abstract]]</ref><ref>Lindberg | mathematical ability and visuospacial ability,<ref>Halpern, Diane F. et all. "The Science of Sex Differences in Science and Mathematics." Psychological Science in the Public Interest. Volume: 8 issue: 1, page(s): 1-51, Issue published: August 1, 2007. [[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2007.00032.x. Abstract]]</ref><ref>Lindberg SM,Hyde JS, Petersen JL, Linn MC. "New trends in gender and mathematics performance: A meta-analysis." Psychological Bulletin, Vol 136(6), Nov 2010, 1123-1135. [[http://doi.org/10.1037/a0021276 Abstract]]</ref> | ||
and science and reading ability.<ref>Feingold A. 1994. ''Gender differences in variability in intellectual abilities: A cross-cultural perspective.'' Sex Roles. Vol. 30, issue 1–2. Pp. 81–92 [[http://doi.org/10.1007/BF01420741 Abstract]]</ref> | and science and reading ability.<ref>Feingold A. 1994. ''Gender differences in variability in intellectual abilities: A cross-cultural perspective.'' Sex Roles. Vol. 30, issue 1–2. Pp. 81–92 [[http://doi.org/10.1007/BF01420741 Abstract]]</ref> | ||