Asperger's syndrome: Difference between revisions

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The complementary imprinted brain theory puts psychotic spectrum disorders (such as schizophrenia) on the opposite end of a spectrum from ASD, purportedly resulting from a conflict in the genomic imprinting between paternal and maternal genes, with an extreme genomic imprinting in favor of paternal genes being associated with ASD.<ref>https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/the-imprinted-brain/201506/testing-the-extreme-female-brain-theory-psychosis</ref> This also corresponds with sex differences in empathizing vs systemizing,<ref>https://www.pnas.org/content/115/48/12152?fbclid=IwAR0ngaYIo88A77EKpALefnsr54ZZpPWGbatCYNPBcC84HgcDGmsZ2c6VgB4</ref> which find females are generally higher in empathizing and males highest in systemizing, with autistic individuals of both sexes typically displaying a more masculinized behavioral phenotype. These developmental theories are not necessarily mutually exclusive with the theories of ASD that attribute the etiology of the disorder to greater [[mutation|mutational load]].<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5895441/</ref>
The complementary imprinted brain theory puts psychotic spectrum disorders (such as schizophrenia) on the opposite end of a spectrum from ASD, purportedly resulting from a conflict in the genomic imprinting between paternal and maternal genes, with an extreme genomic imprinting in favor of paternal genes being associated with ASD.<ref>https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/the-imprinted-brain/201506/testing-the-extreme-female-brain-theory-psychosis</ref> This also corresponds with sex differences in empathizing vs systemizing,<ref>https://www.pnas.org/content/115/48/12152?fbclid=IwAR0ngaYIo88A77EKpALefnsr54ZZpPWGbatCYNPBcC84HgcDGmsZ2c6VgB4</ref> which find females are generally higher in empathizing and males highest in systemizing, with autistic individuals of both sexes typically displaying a more masculinized behavioral phenotype. These developmental theories are not necessarily mutually exclusive with the theories of ASD that attribute the etiology of the disorder to greater [[mutation|mutational load]].<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5895441/</ref>
Theories based on evolutionary psychology have proposed <ref>https://www.academia.edu/36525083/ADHD_Autism_and_Psychopathy_as_Life_Strategies_The_Role_of_Risk_Tolerance_on_Evolutionary_Fitness</ref> that ASD represents a 'failed' male evolutionary mating strategy adaption, with the disorders that are somewhat similar in their etiology and pathology to autism such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) and Anti-Social Personality Disorder (ASPD, commonly known as 'psychopathy') likely represent more beneficial adaptions in general.<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/BlackPillScience/comments/bnnr6r/teenage_boys_with_adhd_are_much_more_successful/</ref>
Psychopathic traits include a lower arousal threshold (less or no fear, desire for extreme stimulation, very low inhibition) and it is argued these improve mating success in men, whereas autism clearly is detrimental to mating success.<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40806-019-00213-0</ref>


==Advanced parental age and mutational load==
==Advanced parental age and mutational load==
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Iossifov et al. (2015) found that 30% of cases of autism in simplex families (where only one immediate family member has the condition) arises from ''de novo'' (novel) mutations, often transmitted from the mother.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26401017/</ref><ref>https://www.simonsfoundation.org/2015/07/27/autism-risk-genes-success-with-the-simplex-approach/</ref> Taylor et al. found that simplex cases of autism were typically more problematic as compared to multiplex cases (multiple family members affected).<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1750946714002943</ref> Advanced parental age at birth also heightens the risk of ASD in offspring, with a possible mediating role of greater paternal age increasing the incidence of ''de novo'' mutations leading to ASD in offspring.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0890856719301261</ref>
Iossifov et al. (2015) found that 30% of cases of autism in simplex families (where only one immediate family member has the condition) arises from ''de novo'' (novel) mutations, often transmitted from the mother.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26401017/</ref><ref>https://www.simonsfoundation.org/2015/07/27/autism-risk-genes-success-with-the-simplex-approach/</ref> Taylor et al. found that simplex cases of autism were typically more problematic as compared to multiplex cases (multiple family members affected).<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1750946714002943</ref> Advanced parental age at birth also heightens the risk of ASD in offspring, with a possible mediating role of greater paternal age increasing the incidence of ''de novo'' mutations leading to ASD in offspring.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0890856719301261</ref>
Some researchers have claimed that the lessened prevalence of autism in women, rather than being explicable by the extreme male brain theory, may be due to an increased mutational load being required to contribute to the etiology of the condition in females.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24581740</ref> This also implies that females who have the condition may exhibit stronger symptoms due to carrying more deleterious mutations than males with the condition. However, it is also claimed that the lesser female prevalence of the disorder may be due to higher-functioning female autists being more effective at 'masking' the socially disruptive symptoms of the condition.<ref>https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/females-are-genetically-protected-from-autism/</ref>
Some researchers have claimed that the lessened prevalence of autism in women, rather than being explicable by the extreme male brain theory, may be due to an increased mutational load being required to contribute to the etiology of the condition in females.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24581740</ref> This also implies that females who have the condition may exhibit stronger symptoms due to carrying more deleterious mutations than males with the condition. However, it is also claimed that the lesser female prevalence of the disorder may be due to higher-functioning female autists being more effective at 'masking' the socially disruptive symptoms of the condition.<ref>https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/females-are-genetically-protected-from-autism/</ref>
==Evolutionary theories of autism==
Theories based on evolutionary psychology have proposed <ref>https://www.academia.edu/36525083/ADHD_Autism_and_Psychopathy_as_Life_Strategies_The_Role_of_Risk_Tolerance_on_Evolutionary_Fitness</ref> that ASD represents a 'failed' male evolutionary mating strategy adaption, with the disorders that are somewhat similar in their etiology and pathology to autism such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) and Anti-Social Personality Disorder (ASPD, commonly known as 'psychopathy') likely represent more beneficial adaptions in general.<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/BlackPillScience/comments/bnnr6r/teenage_boys_with_adhd_are_much_more_successful/</ref>
Psychopathic traits include a lower arousal threshold (less or no fear, desire for extreme stimulation, very low inhibition) and it is argued these improve mating success in men, whereas autism clearly is detrimental to mating success.<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40806-019-00213-0</ref>


==Relationship between ASD, physical masculinity, and looks==
==Relationship between ASD, physical masculinity, and looks==
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