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Due to this preference, animals tended to choose mathematically beautiful mates and hence species evolved to be beautiful (''aesthetic sexual selection'') and beauty became an important factor of sexual attraction. | Due to this preference, animals tended to choose mathematically beautiful mates and hence species evolved to be beautiful (''aesthetic sexual selection'') and beauty became an important factor of sexual attraction. | ||
Some deep sea fish may be particularly ugly due to being blind. | Some deep sea fish may be particularly ugly due to being blind. | ||
Simple and elegant body shapes | Simple and elegant body shapes can also result from optimizing resource efficiency or resilience. | ||
This explains why even blind or | This explains why even blind or primitive species and plants are often beautiful. | ||
Though some flowers may have evolved beauty to be particularly salient to insects who spread their pollen and beauty has similar function of conspicuously advertising oneself for the opposite sex. | Though, some flowers may have evolved beauty to be particularly salient to insects who spread their pollen and beauty has similar function of ''conspicuously advertising'' oneself for the opposite sex. | ||
Attraction to secondary sexual characteristics also increases fitness because seeking out the opposite sex is conductive for reproduction. | Attraction to secondary sexual characteristics also increases fitness because seeking out the opposite sex is conductive for reproduction. | ||
Complex ornament and "few millimeters of bone", however, cannot entirely be explained by simplicity because they are unnecessary specific and complex. The simplest nose shape would be simply two nostrils as found in some apes. | Complex ornament and "few millimeters of bone", however, cannot entirely be explained by simplicity because they are unnecessary specific and complex. | ||
The simplest nose shape would be simply two nostrils as found in some apes. | |||
Even more obviously, the peacock tail is unnecessarily complex. | Further, if it was only about simplicity, humans would be equally attracted to other races. | ||
Several explanations can be provided for these shapes: Either there are functional constraints<ref>Price T, Langen T. 1992. ''Evolution of correlated characters.'' [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21236041 Abstract]]</ref> preventing a simpler shape, | Even more obviously, the peacock tail is unnecessarily complex and specific. | ||
Several explanations can be provided for these shapes: | |||
Either there are functional constraints<ref>Price T, Langen T. 1992. ''Evolution of correlated characters.'' [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21236041 Abstract]]</ref> preventing a simpler shape, | |||
or these precise shapes are an honest signal of e.g. health, mutational load and intelligence, can thus signal ''good genes'' overall, | or these precise shapes are an honest signal of e.g. health, mutational load and intelligence, can thus signal ''good genes'' overall, | ||
or feedback loops in sexual selection such as [[Fisherian runaway]] and ''sensory bias''<ref>Fuller, R. C., Houle, D., & Travis, J. 2005. ''Sensory Bias as an Explanation for the Evolution of Mate Preferences.'' [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/444443 Abstract]]</ref> | or feedback loops in sexual selection such as [[Fisherian runaway]] and ''sensory bias''<ref>Fuller, R. C., Houle, D., & Travis, J. 2005. ''Sensory Bias as an Explanation for the Evolution of Mate Preferences.'' [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/444443 Abstract]]</ref> | ||
resulted in arbitrary shapes becoming increasingly sexually attractive, which in turn, overcomplicated or exaggerated them. | resulted in arbitrary shapes becoming increasingly sexually attractive, which in turn, overcomplicated or exaggerated them. | ||
Such feedback loops can explain the ''immense sexual attraction'' to superficial traits that humans exhibit, which have barely any relevance for survival except "social survival". | Such feedback loops can also explain the ''immense sexual attraction'' to superficial traits that humans exhibit, which have barely any relevance for survival except "social survival". | ||
The two opposing views the ''Good Geners'' vs ''Fisherians'' lead to significant academic rivalry since the 1990s, but the good genes hypotheses has largely been refuted since. | The two opposing views the ''Good Geners'' vs ''Fisherians'' lead to significant academic rivalry since the 1990s, but the good genes hypotheses has largely been refuted since. | ||
The relation between beauty to health and ability is only relevant for extreme cases like disfigurement, certain syndromes and skin rashes and the like. | The relation between beauty to health and ability is only relevant for extreme cases like disfigurement, certain syndromes and skin rashes and the like. | ||
Sexually dimorphic beauty and health are only weakly related when disregarding these extremes,<ref> | Sexually dimorphic beauty and health are only weakly related when disregarding these extremes,<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#Attractive_people_are_perceived_much_more_positively_than_they_really_are]]</ref><ref>https://www.the-scientist.com/features/a-fluctuating-reality-46903<br />https://www.amazon.com/Evolution-Beauty-Darwins-Forgotten-Theory/dp/0385537212<br />https://psyarxiv.com/2avu3/<br />http://doi.org/10.1177/1474704918800063<br />https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071721/<br />http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/4/1/160603</ref><ref>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.06.004<br />http://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.06.003<br />http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.029<br />https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_human_intelligence#Sexual_selection<br />https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415372/<br />https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4757567/</ref> but slight fitness advantages could have also initiated feedback loops in sexual selection. | ||
Sexual dimorphism exists in all races, but it is highest in Europeans and Inuits and lowest in Africans. Low dimorphism in Africans has been proposed to be explained by a live fast/die young ecology (fast LH) favoring men who impregnate many women, hence the women are more likely left alone and hence need to exhibit male characteristics like physical dominance and dependability.{{citation needed}} | Sexual dimorphism exists in all races, but it is highest in Europeans and Inuits and lowest in Africans. Low dimorphism in Africans has been proposed to be explained by a live fast/die young ecology (fast LH) favoring men who impregnate many women, hence the women are more likely left alone and hence need to exhibit male characteristics like physical dominance and dependability.{{citation needed}} | ||