Beauty: Difference between revisions

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'''Beauty''' or '''looks''' in humans and animals refers to aesthetic appearance.
'''Beauty''' or '''looks''' in humans and animals refers to aesthetic appearance.
Beauty is often [[sexual attractiveness|sexually attractive]] to the opposite sex and it is important for [[dominance hierarchy|social status]] in humans.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#A_man.27s_looks_are_significantly_correlated_with_his_popularity_and_peer_status</ref> [[Incels]] tend to be not beautiful.
Beauty is often [[sexual attractiveness|sexually attractive]] to the opposite sex and it is important for [[dominance hierarchy|social status]] in humans.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#A_man.27s_looks_are_significantly_correlated_with_his_popularity_and_peer_status</ref> [[Incels]] tend to be not beautiful.
Contrary to [[social constructionists]], beauty is actually [[Scientific_Blackpill#Beauty_is_objective_and_measurable_in_the_brain|mostly objective]], which is [[Scientific_Blackpill#People_broadly_agree_on_who_is_good_looking_or_not.2C_and_it_affects_every_aspect_of_life|especially true]] in case of [[truecels|very physically unattractive people]].  Physical attractiveness strongly predicts romantic interest and moderately when rated by others, roughly to the same degree in men and women.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Blackpill#cite_note-30</ref>
Contrary to [[social constructionists]], beauty is actually [[Scientific_Blackpill#Beauty_is_objective_and_measurable_in_the_brain|mostly objectively beautiful]], which is [[Scientific_Blackpill#People_broadly_agree_on_who_is_good_looking_or_not.2C_and_it_affects_every_aspect_of_life|especially true]] in case of [[truecels|very unattractive people]].  Physical attractiveness strongly predicts romantic interest and moderately when rated by others, roughly to the same degree in men and women.<ref>https://incels.wiki/w/Blackpill#cite_note-30</ref>


Beauty is misperceived to be associated with various positive traits [[Scientific_Blackpill#Attractive_people_are_perceived_much_more_positively_than_they_really_are|to unreasonable degree]], such as intelligence and health, which is called the ''beauty-is-good stereotype'', a certain kind of [[halo effect]].
Beauty is misperceived to be strongly related to various positive traits [[Scientific_Blackpill#Attractive_people_are_perceived_much_more_positively_than_they_really_are|to unreasonable degree]], such as intelligence and health, which is called the ''beauty-is-good stereotype'', a certain kind of [[halo effect]].


== Objective vs subjective ==
== Objective vs subjective ==
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<p>'''Objective beauty''': Preferences for objective beauty are not acquired by experience, but inherited (''"hardwired"'').
<p>'''Objective beauty''': Preferences for objective beauty are not acquired by experience, but inherited (''"hardwired"'').
This means there are ''fixed neuronal circuits'' in our brains which assign value to our percepts, partly by literally comparing them to ''hardwired patterns'' and partly by analyzing the ''mathematical/geometric beauty'' of the percepts, such as symmetry, smoothness, elegance, or more generally, ''simplicity'', which is common to many higher animals.<ref>https://www.apa.org/monitor/oct06/pretty</ref></p>
This means there are ''fixed neuronal circuits'' in our brains which assign value to our percepts in proportion to beauty. They do this by literally comparing the percepts to ''hardwired patterns'' or by analyzing the ''mathematical or geometric beauty'' of the percepts, such as symmetry, smoothness, elegance, or more generally, ''simplicity'', which appears to be common to many higher animals.<ref>https://www.apa.org/monitor/oct06/pretty</ref></p>
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Related to this, ''sexually dimorphic beauty'' is another kind of objective beauty, which includes seemingly arbitrary, exaggerated and specific body features, such as large female breasts or male penises, highly specific shapes of noses (e.g. upturned nose in females, a robust mandible in men, i.e. [[Millimeters of bone|few millimeters of bone]]), as well as dimples on back or cheeks, muscle tone, cleavage, thigh gab, abs crack, six pack (see also [[:Category:Aesthetics]]), and also complex coloration patterns in many sighted higher animals. These kinds of beauty often cannot fully be explained by simplicity because they are seemingly unnecessary specific or complex. Either there are functional constraints or correlated characters<ref>Price T, Langen T. 1992. ''Evolution of correlated characters.'' [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21236041 Abstract]]</ref> preventing a simpler shape, or [[Fisherian runaway|feedback loops in sexual selection]] resulted in arbitrary shapes becoming increasingly sexually attractive.
Related to this, ''sexually dimorphic beauty'' is another kind of objective beauty, which includes seemingly arbitrary, exaggerated and specific body features, such as large female breasts or male penises, nose shapes (e.g. upturned nose in females), a robust mandible in men ([[Millimeters of bone|few millimeters of bone]]), as well as dimples on back or cheeks, muscle tone, cleavage, thigh gab, abs crack, six pack (see also [[:Category:Aesthetics]]), and also complex coloration patterns and ornament in many sighted higher animals.
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'''Subjective beauty''': This kind of beauty consists of individual preferences resulting from individual emotional experiences, or from variance in development of neuronal circuitry for inherited sexual preferences regarding objective beauty (as described above) at individual level.  
'''Subjective beauty''': This kind of beauty is acquired by individual emotional experience, or results from variance in development of neuronal circuitry for inherited sexual preferences regarding objective beauty (as described above) at individual level.  
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== Evolution of beauty ==
== Evolution of beauty ==


Objective beauty has likely mostly evolved by a preference for simplicity (aesthetic sexual selection) common to many higher animals,<ref>https://www.apa.org/monitor/oct06/pretty</ref> i.e. members of a species tended to choose objectively/mathematically beautiful mates and hence species evolved to be beautiful and beauty became an important factor of attraction. This was possibly reinforced, narrowed and ''overcomplicated'' by feedback loops in sexual selection such as [[Fisherian runaway]] and ''sensory bias''.<ref>Fuller, R. C., Houle, D., & Travis, J. 2005. ''Sensory Bias as an Explanation for the Evolution of Mate Preferences.'' [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/444443 Abstract]]</ref>
Objective beauty has likely mostly evolved by a preference for simplicity (aesthetic sexual selection) common to many higher animals,<ref>https://www.apa.org/monitor/oct06/pretty</ref> i.e. members of a species tended to choose objectively/mathematically beautiful mates and hence species evolved to be beautiful and beauty became an important factor of attraction.
Some simple and elegant body shapes may not necessarily be a result of aesthetic selection, but for example result from optimizing for resources efficiency or resilience, but again feedback loops could have sharpened and strengthened the sexual attraction to such shapes.
Complex ornament and some human shapes cannot entirely be explained by simplicity because they are unnecessary specific and complex.
Attraction to sexually dimorphic beauty also increases fitness because seeking out the opposite sex is conductive for reproduction.
Either there are functional constraints<ref>Price T, Langen T. 1992. ''Evolution of correlated characters.'' [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21236041 Abstract]]</ref> preventing a simpler shape, or feedback loops in sexual selection such as [[Fisherian runaway]] and ''sensory bias''.<ref>Fuller, R. C., Houle, D., & Travis, J. 2005. ''Sensory Bias as an Explanation for the Evolution of Mate Preferences.'' [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/444443 Abstract]]</ref> resulted in arbitrary shapes becoming increasingly sexually attractive, which in turn results in overcomplication or exaggeration.
Some simple and elegant body shapes may however not necessarily be a result of aesthetic selection, but result of optimizing e.g. for resources efficiency or resilience, but this in turn could have initiated feedback loops in sexual selection. Attraction to sexually dimorphic beauty also increases fitness because seeking out the opposite sex is conductive for reproduction.


The relation of beauty to health and ability is mostly only relevant for extreme cases like disfigurement, certain syndromes and skin rashes and the like.
The relation of beauty to health and ability is mostly only relevant for extreme cases like disfigurement, certain syndromes and skin rashes and the like.
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