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[[File:Alphabeta5.png|thumb|An alpha-beta-omega chart with intermediaries.  The alpha is also usually confident because of his good looks or wealth.]]
A '''dominance hierarchy''' is an arrangement in a group of animals in which each member has a rank that everyone mostly agrees on.
A '''dominance hierarchy''' is an arrangement in a group of animals in which each member has a rank that everyone mostly agrees on.


[[File:Alphabeta5.png|thumb|An alpha-beta-omega chart with intermediaries.  The alpha is also usually confident because of his good looks or wealth.]]
'''[[Alpha]]''', '''[[beta]]''', and '''[[omega]]''' are names for animals of different rank in a hierarchy. [[Alpha|Alphas]] are the most dominant and [[Omega|omegas]] the least dominant animals.
'''[[Alpha]]''', '''[[beta]]''', and '''[[omega]]''' are names for animals of different rank in a [[dominance hierarchy|social hierarchy]]. [[Alpha|Alphas]] are the most dominant and [[Omega|omegas]] the least dominant animals.
Other letters of the Greek alphabet are also used this way, e.g. [[gamma males|gamma]] as the subordinate rank to beta animals.
Other letters of the Greek alphabet are also used this way, e.g. [[gamma males|gamma]] as the subordinate rank to beta animals.
For simplicity, one often refers to all non-alpha animals as betas.
For simplicity, one often refers to all non-alpha animals as betas.
[[redpill|Redpillers]] and [[PUA|PUAs]] use this terminology for dominance in [[PUA#game|game]] and [[confidence]].
[[Blackpill|Blackpillers]] and incels rather use it for dominance in [[LMS|looks and financial capital]], things that are largely predetermined and cannot be fixed with ''one weird trick''.
[[Redpill|Redpillers]] and [[bluepill|bluepillers]] tend to recommend "be more confident" and "stand upright" to get dating success, but [[Blackpill|blackpillers]] regard faking confidence as a fleeting solution at best.
Such strategies are regarded as unnatural especially for introverted, autistic, ugly and other omega males who lack real status or significance on which they could base their confidence on, also fearing bullying for appearing overconfident and awkward.


== Overview ==
== Overview ==
Social animals naturally compete for access to resources and mating opportunities which are limited in quantity and quality.
Social animals naturally compete for access to resources and mating opportunities which are limited in quantity and quality.
Rather than fighting each time interests are in conflict, the animal of higher status gets to decide in a dominance hierarchy.
Rather than fighting each time interests are in conflict, the animal of higher status gets to decide in a dominance hierarchy.
This enables cooperation by reducing chances of aggression which may explain why such behaviors have evolved in many animals.
This enables cooperation by reducing chances of aggression which may explain why such behaviors have evolved in many animals.


The highest ranking animal is called ''alpha'', the next highest ''beta'' and so on (see [[Alpha, Beta, Omega|alpha, beta, omega]]). In many species, the alpha animals have some interest in maintaining alliances with lower ranking ones to avoid a [[Beta uprising|beta/omega uprising]].
Dominance hierarchies are regulated by various inherited behaviors and abilities, for example the ability to remember and recognize one's own and other's ranks quickly and reliably, but they also include emotions and signals like envy, admiration, status drive, as well as signals of dominance (confidence) and signals of acceptance of lower rank (withdrawal, submission, bowing, blushing, smiling, depression and anxiety). The event of someone's status being challenged typically arouses high interest and excitement from everyone in the dominance hierarchy. This is why watching sports is exciting.
 
In many species, the alpha animals have some interest in maintaining alliances with lower ranking ones to avoid a [[Beta uprising|beta/omega uprising]].
<!--
Dominance hierarchies are common in our closely related great apes where males compete for the females.
The literature on dominance hierarchies for mating distinguishes two kinds of sexual strategies to become the alpha male and obtain the desired women: A ''dominance strategy'' that consists in physically intimidating rivals, and a ''prestige strategy'' in which men achieve high social status through social alliances, social aptitude and competence.<ref>Kruger DJ, Fitzgerald CJ. Reproductive strategies and relationship preferences associated with prestigious and dominant men. Personality and Individual Differences. 2011 Feb 1;50(3):365-9. [[https://www.academia.edu/14471033/Reproductive_strategies_and_relationship_preferences_associated_with_prestigious_and_dominant_men Abstract]]</ref>
In humans, one can observe a mix of both.-->


Dominance hierarchies are regulated by various inherited behaviors and abilities, for example the ability to remember and recognize one's own and other's ranks quickly and reliably, but they also include emotions and signals like envy, admiration, status drive, as well as signals of dominance (confidence) and signals of acceptance of lower rank (withdrawal, submission, bowing, blushing, smiling, depression and anxiety). The event of someone's status being challenged typically arouses high interest and excitement from everyone in the dominance hierarchy. This is why watching sports is exciting.
[[redpill|Redpillers]] and [[PUA|PUAs]] use the greek letter terminology for dominance in [[PUA#game|game]] and [[confidence]].
[[Blackpill|Blackpillers]] and incels rather use it for dominance in [[LMS|looks and financial capital]], things that are largely predetermined and cannot be fixed with ''one weird trick''.
[[Redpill|Redpillers]] and [[bluepill|bluepillers]] tend to recommend "be more confident" and "stand upright" to get dating success, but [[Blackpill|blackpillers]] regard faking confidence as a fleeting solution at best.
Such strategies are regarded as unnatural especially for introverted, autistic, ugly and other omega males who lack real status or significance on which they could base their confidence on, also fearing bullying for appearing overconfident and awkward.


== Dominance hierarchies in humans ==
== Dominance hierarchies in humans ==
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=== Smiling ===
=== Smiling ===
Smiling signals positive emotion, benevolence, submission/compliance/appeasement and absence of threat.
Smiling signals positive emotion, benevolence, submission/compliance/appeasement and absence of threat.
For example, people often smile in cases of excuses and embarrassment.<ref>Ekman, P.& Keltner, D (1997). The social function of "smile" and "laughter": Variations across primatespecies and societies. In U. C. Segerstraleand P. Molnar (Eds),Nonverbal communication: Where naturemeets culture, (pp. 27-46). Hillsdale, New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum.</ref>
For example, people often smile in cases of excuses and embarrassment.<ref>Ekman, P.& Keltner, D (1997). The social function of "smile" and "laughter": Variations across primatespecies and societies. In U. C. Segerstraleand P. Molnar (Eds),Nonverbal communication: Where naturemeets culture, (pp. 27-46). Hillsdale, New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum.</ref>
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Taller and stronger people are perceived as more dominant and authoritative.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4342156/</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3344832/</ref>
Taller and stronger people are perceived as more dominant and authoritative.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4342156/</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3344832/</ref>


== Alpha males ==
== Dominance ranks in human males ==
 
=== Alpha males ===
[[File:Adam.jpg|thumb|Do not take advice from this [[wagecuck]] about how humans work]]
[[File:Adam.jpg|thumb|Do not take advice from this [[wagecuck]] about how humans work]]
Hyper-liberal media and academia have challenged the notion of a human alpha male recently, saying animalistic concepts are applied to humans is pseudo-science.<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0165025407084054</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Ti86veZBjU</ref>
However, there is nothing pseudo-scientific or conspiratorial about the fact that men differ in their social, romantic and material success. With differential ability and success, it is inevitable that someone will be the best one and there is a host of evidence that women choose the best man of the ones that convincingly show interest ([[hypergamy]]). What is special about humans is that they compete in a wide variety of ways and culture determines to which degree physical aggression as in animals is involved.
Dominance hierarchies are common in our closely related great apes where males compete for the females.
The literature on dominance hierarchies for mating distinguishes two kinds of sexual strategies to become the alpha male and obtain the desired women: A ''dominance strategy'' that consists in physically intimidating rivals, and a ''prestige strategy'' in which men achieve high social status through social alliances, social aptitude and competence.<ref>Kruger DJ, Fitzgerald CJ. Reproductive strategies and relationship preferences associated with prestigious and dominant men. Personality and Individual Differences. 2011 Feb 1;50(3):365-9. [[https://www.academia.edu/14471033/Reproductive_strategies_and_relationship_preferences_associated_with_prestigious_and_dominant_men Abstract]]</ref>
In humans, one can observe a mix of both.
Contrary to U.S. comedian and TV host [[Adam Conover]] (see image), the term "alpha" is indeed used sporadically in academia to genuinely describe humans, not just non-human animals.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/14471033/Reproductive_strategies_and_relationship_preferences_associated_with_prestigious_and_dominant_men</ref><ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0003347277900148</ref><ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychiatric-bulletin/article/disorders-of-mental-handicap-institutions/C3CF1EA30CCCB729332110B44218F1EB</ref><ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10818-012-9140-6</ref><ref>https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-04852-038</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=pMwk3haZhioC&oi=fnd&pg=PA375&dq=%22alpha+male%22+human&ots=SrKjMFBExF&sig=6tZfzkttgDXS6ccZa_7_bRnrAKM#v=onepage&q=%22alpha%20male%22%20&f=false</ref><ref>http://www.successfulexecutive.com.au/files/r0405c-pdf-eng.pdf</ref><ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1097184X07313357</ref><ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886907000955</ref>
Contrary to U.S. comedian and TV host [[Adam Conover]] (see image), the term "alpha" is indeed used sporadically in academia to genuinely describe humans, not just non-human animals.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/14471033/Reproductive_strategies_and_relationship_preferences_associated_with_prestigious_and_dominant_men</ref><ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0003347277900148</ref><ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychiatric-bulletin/article/disorders-of-mental-handicap-institutions/C3CF1EA30CCCB729332110B44218F1EB</ref><ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10818-012-9140-6</ref><ref>https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-04852-038</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=pMwk3haZhioC&oi=fnd&pg=PA375&dq=%22alpha+male%22+human&ots=SrKjMFBExF&sig=6tZfzkttgDXS6ccZa_7_bRnrAKM#v=onepage&q=%22alpha%20male%22%20&f=false</ref><ref>http://www.successfulexecutive.com.au/files/r0405c-pdf-eng.pdf</ref><ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1097184X07313357</ref><ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886907000955</ref>
Sometimes academics will only use alpha in humans to describe formally ascribed ranks such as "kings".<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Denise_Cummins/publication/228380735_Dominance_status_and_social_hierarchies/links/0c9605272d5c4810c5000000/Dominance-status-and-social-hierarchies.pdf</ref>
Sometimes academics will only use alpha in humans to describe formally ascribed ranks such as "kings".<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Denise_Cummins/publication/228380735_Dominance_status_and_social_hierarchies/links/0c9605272d5c4810c5000000/Dominance-status-and-social-hierarchies.pdf</ref>
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It is possible under certain circumstances that alpha males (as defined by social status) are not [[Chads]], for example, [[Adolf Hitler]] was undeniably an alpha male, given all the sex he had after power.
It is possible under certain circumstances that alpha males (as defined by social status) are not [[Chads]], for example, [[Adolf Hitler]] was undeniably an alpha male, given all the sex he had after power.


=== Traits colloquially associated with alpha males ===
These traits colloquially describe qualities that alpha males possess. A man can still be an alpha male without having all of these traits. Some alpha males have mostly positive traits, while others have mostly negative traits.
These traits colloquially describe qualities that alpha males possess. A man can still be an alpha male without having all of these traits. Some alpha males have mostly positive traits, while others have mostly negative traits.


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* Poor guy with good looks who effectively has [[women]] be his provider
* Poor guy with good looks who effectively has [[women]] be his provider


== Beta males ==
=== Beta males ===
{{main_article|[[Beta male]]}}
{{main_article|[[Beta male]]}}
'''[[Beta]] males''' are moderately sexually successful and typically followers; they are usually subservient to alphas.  Traditionally, they usually exchange loyalty to alphas in exchange for alphas not hoarding all the [[female]]s. However, modern day betas tend to not (vocally) care much about getting laid nor who is ruling them.  [[Beta]] is a near synonym for "normie" or, "average male".  They generally have to work to bribe women with resource/job security, unlike alphas.
'''[[Beta]] males''' are moderately sexually successful and typically followers; they are usually subservient to alphas.  Traditionally, they usually exchange loyalty to alphas in exchange for alphas not hoarding all the [[female]]s. However, modern day betas tend to not (vocally) care much about getting laid nor who is ruling them.  [[Beta]] is a near synonym for "normie" or, "average male".  They generally have to work to bribe women with resource/job security, unlike alphas.


== Omega males ==
=== Omega males ===
{{main_article|[[Omega male]]}}
{{main_article|[[Omega male]]}}
Males who are totally unsuccessful with women are Omega males. They often have little to no social circle, and never get laid. Omega males are often labeled with [[Asperger's Syndrome]].
Males who are totally unsuccessful with women are Omega males. They often have little to no social circle, and never get laid. Omega males are often labeled with [[Asperger's Syndrome]].


== Criticism ==
== Criticism ==
Hyper-liberal media and academia have challenged the notion of a human alpha male recently, saying animalistic concepts are applied to humans is pseudo-science.<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0165025407084054</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Ti86veZBjU</ref>
However, there is nothing pseudo-scientific or conspiratorial about the fact that men differ in their social, romantic and material success. With differential ability and success, it is inevitable that someone will be the best one and there is a host of evidence that women choose the best man of the ones that convincingly show interest ([[hypergamy]]). What is special about humans is that they compete in a wide variety of ways and culture determines to which degree physical aggression as in animals is involved.
Some have argued that the Alpha/Beta/Omega hierarchy is illegitimate, in that it bases sexual success too much upon behavior and status instead of looks. [[Lookism|Looks]] theorists suggest using the Slayer/Incel hierarchy instead. Still the terminology could as well be used for social hierarchies that are primarily based on looks.
Some have argued that the Alpha/Beta/Omega hierarchy is illegitimate, in that it bases sexual success too much upon behavior and status instead of looks. [[Lookism|Looks]] theorists suggest using the Slayer/Incel hierarchy instead. Still the terminology could as well be used for social hierarchies that are primarily based on looks.


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