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=== Smiling === | === Smiling === | ||
Smaller (less dominant) football players displayed more smiling than larger (more dominant) football players (F(1.41, 38.10) = 111.80, partial η² = .81).<ref>http://doi.org/10.1177/147470491201000301</ref> | |||
Smiling signals positive emotion, benevolence, submission, compliance/appeasement and absence of threat. | |||
For example, people often smile in cases of excuses and embarrassment.<ref>Ekman, P.& Keltner, D (1997). The social function of "smile" and "laughter": Variations across primatespecies and societies. In U. C. Segerstraleand P. Molnar (Eds),Nonverbal communication: Where naturemeets culture, (pp. 27-46). Hillsdale, New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum.</ref> | |||
Dominant individuals smile less, perhaps to maintain the threat of their dominance and acts as a costly signal of their status in that they do not need to fear being judged not needing to signal compliance. | |||
Higher levels of testosterone are associated with dominant behavior and less smiling.<ref>Dabbs, J. M. (1997). Testosterone, smiling, and facial appearance.Journal of NonverbalBehavior,Vol.21,pp.45-55</ref> Smaller (less dominant) football players displayed more smiling than larger (more dominant) football players (F(1.41, 38.10) = 111.80, partial η² = .81).<ref>http://doi.org/10.1177/147470491201000301</ref> | |||
Men smile less than women because they have higher status and women are more agreeable/compliant, presumably related to their more child-like, shorter and weaker statue.<ref>LaFrance, M., Hecht, M. A.,andLevy Paluck, E. (2003). The contingentsmile: A meta-analysis of sexdifferences in smiling.PsychologicalBulletin,Vol.129,pp.305–334</ref> In social encounters women smile 87%, but men only in 67% of the time. | |||
In portrait photographs from high school and university yearbooks, women do not smile 8% of the time, but men do not smile 41% of the time.<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00287672</ref> | |||
=== Voice === | === Voice === | ||