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→Before 'enforced monogamy', 2-to-17x as many women as men successfully reproduced
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A study by Karmin et al. (2015) which conducted an analysis of publicly available genetic data comparing the genetic diversity of the male Y chromosome to the female mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) found: | A study by Karmin et al. (2015) which conducted an analysis of publicly available genetic data comparing the genetic diversity of the male Y chromosome to the female mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) found: | ||
* 8-4 thousand years ago, roughly around the time Agricultural Civilization began to emerge in the Fertile Crescent (modern Iraq), South Asia, East Asia (China), the Nile River Valley and later in Neolithic Europe, 17 times as many women successfully reproduced compared to men. | * 8-4 thousand years ago, roughly around the time Agricultural Civilization began to emerge in the Fertile Crescent (modern Iraq), South Asia, East Asia (China), the Nile River Valley and later in Neolithic Europe, 17 times as many women successfully reproduced compared to men. | ||
* This disparity was stated to be chiefly related to an increasingly polygynous mating structure (harem society) that developed after the invention of agriculture leading to greater competition between men for mates as opposed to harsher natural selection being the main cause(i.e more men dying off young before reproducing) | * This disparity was stated to be chiefly related to an increasingly polygynous mating structure (harem society) that developed after the invention of agriculture, leading to greater competition between men for mates as opposed to harsher natural selection being the main cause (i.e more men dying off young before reproducing). Greater levels of male immigration by conquest due to the easier transportation opportunities afforded by the invention of the wheel and domestication of the horse/camel may possibly also have contributed somewhat to this disparity. | ||
* The development of agriculture and | * The development of agriculture and more centralized political systems led to greater variance in male fitness due to inheritance of resources and social status (hereditary systems of political and religious succession, i.e chiefdoms, hereditary priesthood, early monarchies). | ||
* | * Societies that practice monogamy tend to show roughly equal ratios of male to female reproductive success, while societies that favor serial monogamy or polygyny tend to cause more variation in male reproductive success, while not affecting female success in the same way. | ||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span> | |||
* ''In particular, populations practicing strict monogamy tend to exhibit approximately equal ratios of male to female variance in reproductive success, while men in societies practicing serial monogamy or polygyny tend to have a higher variance in reproductive success than females, particularly in more sedentary populations.'' | |||
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span> | <span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span> | ||