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Expanded on 'enforced monogamy' section.
(Expanded on 'enforced monogamy' section.) |
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* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019188691500505X | * https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019188691500505X | ||
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:24px; font-weight: normal;">Before 'enforced monogamy', | ===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:24px; font-weight: normal;">Before 'enforced monogamy', throughout human history, anywhere from 2-to-17x as many women as men successfully reproduced </span>=== | ||
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https://psmag.com/environment/17-to-1-reproductive-success | |||
A study by Karmin et ''al.'', (2015) which conducted an analysis of publicly available data comparing the genetic diversity of the male Y chromosome to the female mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) found: | |||
* 8-4 thousand years ago, roughly around the time Agricultural Civilization began to emerge in the Fertile Crescent,South Asia, East Asia (China), the Nile River Valley and later Neolithic Europe, a peak of 17 females reproduced compared to men. | |||
* This disparity was due chiefly to an increasingly polygynous (i.e one man hoarding many women, most likely caused by the development of agriculture allowing certain men to accrue greater resources and thus political power) mating structure leading to greater competition between men for mates as compared to harsher natural selection (i.e more men dying off young, before reproducing) and possible greater levels of male immigration by conquest due to the invention of the wheel, domestication of the horse, camel etc. | |||
* The development of agriculture and the more centralized political systems this enabled led to greater variance in male fitness due to inheritance of resources and social status (hereditary systems of political succession i.e chiefdoms, early monarchies). | |||
* "In particular, populations practicing strict monogamy tend to exhibit approximately equal ratios of male to female variance in reproductive success, while men in societies practicing serial monogamy or polygyny tend to have a higher variance in reproductive success than females, particularly in more sedentary populations." | |||
<span style="font-size:125%>'''References:'''</span> | |||
* https://genome.cshlp.org/content/25/4/459.full.pdf+html | |||
* https://psmag.com/environment/17-to-1-reproductive-success | |||
* https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/21/11/2047/1147770#20340635 | |||