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====Executive functions====
====Executive functions====
More speculatively, a synthesis of the above data would suggest that the men with the highest risk of being lifelong childless would tend to be low-educated, low-status, low-income, and (generally) low-IQ men. However, there may be strong mating skew among this class of men. In contexts where male IQ predicts lower fertility, the high-IQ cohort of men with lower overall fertility would tend to be maladjusted high-IQ men who have attained a lower educational and occupational status than their IQs would predict. Such maladjustments, despite high IQ, as well as being influenced by personality, motivation and social factors, are generally associated with relative deficits in executive functions (higher-order mental processes such as mental flexibility, self-control and working memory), which, while having overlap with intelligence, are also partially distinct.<ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29694315/</ref><ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16466426/</ref> Executive functions are also one of the most heritable traits, even moreso than IQ, being 0.99 heritable, which means environmental factors have nearly no influence on their development.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762790/</ref> Executive functions also independently predict status criteria such as educational attainment.<ref>https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cdev.13383</ref>
More speculatively, a synthesis of the above data would suggest that the men with the highest risk of being lifelong childless would tend to be low-educated, low-status, low-income, and (generally) low-IQ men. However, there may be strong mating and/or reproductive skew among this class of men. In contexts where male IQ predicts lower fertility, the high-IQ cohort of men with lower overall fertility would tend to be maladjusted high-IQ men who have attained a lower educational and occupational status than their IQs would predict. Such maladjustments, despite high IQ, as well as being influenced by personality, motivation and social factors, are generally associated with relative deficits in executive functions (higher-order mental processes such as mental flexibility, self-control and working memory), which, while having overlap with intelligence, are also partially distinct.<ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29694315/</ref><ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16466426/</ref> Executive functions are also one of the most heritable traits, even moreso than IQ, being 0.99 heritable, which means environmental factors have nearly no influence on their development.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762790/</ref> Executive functions also independently predict status criteria such as educational attainment.<ref>https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cdev.13383</ref>


However, deficits in executive functions are linked to neurological disorders such as ADHD, autism, and bipolar disorder.<ref>https://embrace-autism.com/executive-challenges-in-autism-and-adhd/</ref><ref>https://journalbipolardisorders.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40345-019-0168-6</ref> These conditions are also independently associated with lower fertility, particularly in men<ref>https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/1390257</ref> though this does not seem to hold for ADHD, at least among women, and on the genetic as opposed to the broad phenotypic level.<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-48403-x</ref>
However, deficits in executive functions are linked to neurological disorders such as ADHD, autism, and bipolar disorder.<ref>https://embrace-autism.com/executive-challenges-in-autism-and-adhd/</ref><ref>https://journalbipolardisorders.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40345-019-0168-6</ref> These conditions are also independently associated with lower fertility, particularly in men<ref>https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/1390257</ref> though this does not seem to hold for ADHD, at least among women, and on the genetic as opposed to the broad phenotypic level.<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-48403-x</ref>

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