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[[File:Salome_Jean_Benner_c1899.jpg|thumb|right|Jean Benner, ''Salome'' (ca. 1899)]] | [[File:Salome_Jean_Benner_c1899.jpg|thumb|right|Jean Benner, ''Salome'' (ca. 1899)]] | ||
[[File:Franz-Von-Stuck-adam-and-Eve.jpg|thumb|right|Franz Von Stuck, ''Adam and Eve'' (ca. 1920)]] | [[File:Franz-Von-Stuck-adam-and-Eve.jpg|thumb|right|Franz Von Stuck, ''Adam and Eve'' (ca. 1920)]] | ||
'''Sexual conflict''' refers to diverging interests in | '''Sexual conflict''' refers to diverging interests in males and females to optimize their [[fitness]] or the [[Beauty|sexiness]] of the offspring over many generations, increasing the average fitness of one's own sex at the cost of the average fitness of the other sex. The sexes of many species literally engage in a war over the course of evolution.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMCtE2-YsLc</ref> | ||
== Examples of sexual conflict in humans == | == Examples of sexual conflict in humans == | ||
* From the point of view of women, fitness is optimized if the mate cares for the young thus freeing resources (e.g., time and energy) that can be invested in additional offspring, but caring for a single woman, the man needs to forego other mating opportunities. | * From the point of view of [[women]], fitness is optimized if the mate cares for the young thus freeing resources (e.g., time and energy) that can be invested in additional offspring, but caring for a single woman, the man needs to forego other mating opportunities. | ||
* Men seek extra-pair copulations (affairs) because they can scatter their seeds, but this is at odds with women fitness as they depend on men's resources, hence women seek men who invest in them by attracting them with a reputation of faithfulness and looks, and by conservatively rewarding romance and other signals of investment by some controlled amount of affection. Only in case of very good looking men, women's desire for investment is offset by the promise for the genes for good looking offspring ([[sexy sons hypothesis]]). | * [[Men]] seek extra-pair copulations (affairs) because they can scatter their seeds, but this is at odds with women fitness as they depend on men's resources, hence women seek men who invest in them by attracting them with a reputation of faithfulness and looks, and by conservatively rewarding romance and other signals of investment by some controlled amount of affection. Only in case of very good looking men, women's desire for investment is offset by the promise for the genes for good looking offspring ([[sexy sons hypothesis]]). | ||
* In a polygamous setting, male reproductive success is optimized by having mated with multiple females, but female's reproductive success is reduced as the man distributes his [[sex drive]] among multiple women.<ref name="polygamy">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajhb.10045</ref><ref>https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/19/2/456/214088</ref> This may be offset by higher quality offspring though, or simply better looking ones as discussed in the previous point. Various studies demonstrate that females are able to detect “attractive” males by secondary sexual characteristics such as ornamentation (i.e. good looks).<ref name="polygamy"></ref> | * In a polygamous setting, male reproductive success is optimized by having mated with multiple females, but female's reproductive success is reduced as the man distributes his [[sex drive]] among multiple women.<ref name="polygamy">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajhb.10045</ref><ref>https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/19/2/456/214088</ref> This may be offset by higher quality offspring though, or simply better looking ones as discussed in the previous point. Various studies demonstrate that females are able to detect “attractive” males by secondary sexual characteristics such as ornamentation (i.e. good looks).<ref name="polygamy"></ref> | ||
* Women can also conspicuously display their secondary sexual characteristics which have possibly evolved from [[Fisherian runaway|positive feedback]] in [[sexual selection]]. Thereby women can hope to acquire a higher quality man. This is why most women crave sexual attention. Men however, dislike when their partner [[slut|whores for attention]] because it increases the risk of being cuckolded. Avoiding being cuckolded is essentially [[mate guarding]] and this kind of intuition may also drive hate for sluts overall, simply to discourage behavior they do not want to see in their own mate. But not just men dislike it. Historically, marriages were predominantly arranged and marriage was a question of passing on family wealth, hence the entire family had an interest for women to be faithful to avoid spending their resources on some other man's offspring. This is likely one reason why women have been heavily controlled and sequestered away in many cultures, not only by the men, but also the man's parents.<ref>https://quillette.com/2018/11/25/on-the-nature-of-patriarchy/</ref><ref>http://www.femininebeauty.info/suppression.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S109051381730363X</ref> So there is a sexual conflict between entire families and women conspicuously advertising themselves. This intuition, possibly of evolutionary origin, may also be the driver of literary tropes like Eve spoiling everything in paradise as this puts pressure on females to behave and to be [[female subordination|controllable]]. | * Women can also conspicuously display their secondary sexual characteristics which have possibly evolved from [[Fisherian runaway|positive feedback]] in [[sexual selection]]. Thereby women can hope to acquire a higher quality man. This is why most women crave sexual attention. Men however, dislike when their partner [[slut|whores for attention]] because it increases the risk of being cuckolded. Avoiding being cuckolded is essentially [[mate guarding]] and this kind of intuition may also drive hate for sluts overall, simply to discourage behavior they do not want to see in their own mate. But not just men dislike it. Historically, marriages were predominantly arranged and marriage was a question of passing on family wealth, hence the entire family had an interest for women to be faithful to avoid spending their resources on some other man's offspring. This is likely one reason why women have been heavily controlled and sequestered away in many cultures, not only by the men, but also the man's parents.<ref>https://quillette.com/2018/11/25/on-the-nature-of-patriarchy/</ref><ref>http://www.femininebeauty.info/suppression.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S109051381730363X</ref> So there is a sexual conflict between entire families and women conspicuously advertising themselves. This intuition, possibly of evolutionary origin, may also be the driver of literary tropes like Eve spoiling everything in paradise as this puts pressure on females to behave and to be [[female subordination|controllable]]. | ||