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Some studies have also found no significant association between fWHR and anti-social behavior (among business executives), <ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333685699_A_Case_of_Evolutionary_Mismatch_Why_Facial_Width-to-Height_Ratio_May_Not_Predict_Behavioral_Tendencies</ref> or socio-sexuality (promiscuous sexual behavior and unrestrained attitudes towards casual sex) in women.<ref>https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200308</ref> | Some studies have also found no significant association between fWHR and anti-social behavior (among business executives), <ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333685699_A_Case_of_Evolutionary_Mismatch_Why_Facial_Width-to-Height_Ratio_May_Not_Predict_Behavioral_Tendencies</ref> or socio-sexuality (promiscuous sexual behavior and unrestrained attitudes towards casual sex) in women.<ref>https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200308</ref> | ||
The purported link between greater fWHR and aggressive behavior may be hard to discern accurately in large, varied samples, as there is preliminary evidence that a man's social status may play a role in moderating the apparent positive relationship between fWHR and | The purported link between greater fWHR and aggressive behavior may be hard to discern accurately in large, varied samples, as there is preliminary evidence that a man's social status may play a role in moderating the apparent positive relationship between fWHR and anti-social behavior and traits. One group of researchers in 2018 only found evidence for a positive association between fWHR and [[dark triad]] traits and physical aggression among lower-income men.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30412629</ref> | ||
FWHR does not seem to be sexually dimorphic,<ref>Lefevre, C. E., Lewis, G. J., Bates, T. C., Dzhelyova, M., Coetzee, V., Deary, I. J., & Perrett, D. I. (2012). No evidence for [[sexual dimorphism]] of facial width-to-height ratio in four large adult samples. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33(6), 623-627</ref> although the negative association between fWHR and risk of dying from contact-violence is<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233757330_Male_facial_width_is_associated_with_death_by_contact_violence_Narrow-faced_males_are_more_likely_to_die_from_contact_violence</ref> and perceptions of the social dominance of individuals with a greater fWHR are also,<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886914003031</ref> suggesting that fWHR does play a role in intrasexual competition among men (in contemporary contexts), and thus a higher fWHR may be associated with traits that have been under sexual or natural selective pressures in human evolutionary history.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barnaby_Dixson/publication/313797888_Facial_Width_to_Height_Ratio_and_Dominance/links/5a395640aca272eb167466a9/Facial-Width-to-Height-Ratio-and-Dominance.pdf</ref> | FWHR does not seem to be sexually dimorphic,<ref>Lefevre, C. E., Lewis, G. J., Bates, T. C., Dzhelyova, M., Coetzee, V., Deary, I. J., & Perrett, D. I. (2012). No evidence for [[sexual dimorphism]] of facial width-to-height ratio in four large adult samples. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33(6), 623-627</ref> although the negative association between fWHR and risk of dying from contact-violence is<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233757330_Male_facial_width_is_associated_with_death_by_contact_violence_Narrow-faced_males_are_more_likely_to_die_from_contact_violence</ref> and perceptions of the social dominance of individuals with a greater fWHR are also,<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886914003031</ref> suggesting that fWHR does play a role in intrasexual competition among men (in contemporary contexts), and thus a higher fWHR may be associated with traits that have been under sexual or natural selective pressures in human evolutionary history.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barnaby_Dixson/publication/313797888_Facial_Width_to_Height_Ratio_and_Dominance/links/5a395640aca272eb167466a9/Facial-Width-to-Height-Ratio-and-Dominance.pdf</ref> |
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