https://incels.wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=RetrudedMaxilla&feedformat=atomIncel Wiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T12:25:25ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.5https://incels.wiki/index.php?title=Braincels&diff=28069Braincels2019-10-08T20:03:48Z<p>RetrudedMaxilla: </p>
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<div>[[File:braincels2.png|thumb|right|An example of a day on r/Braincels.]]<br />
'''/r/braincels''' was a [[blackpilled]] [[involuntary celibate]] community hosted on [[Reddit]]. It was watched over by [[Blackops2cel|Saint Blackops2cel]]. The community was more raucous than [[incelistan.net]], and a bit more calm than [[incels.co]]. During 2018, and before its closure in September 2019, it was the largest incel forum. The current replacement board is [https://old.reddit.com/r/celouts /r/celouts].<br />
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The subreddit got an estimated 2 to 3 posts per minute and had a huge amount of [[lurker|lurkers]]. Braincels generally produced more lighthearted and tongue-in-cheek content compared to other incel communities, it largely consisted of memes in support of the [[blackpill]] and [https://www.reddit.com/r/IncelTears/comments/917t15/do_not_fall_for_bait/ baits] for [[/r/inceltears|/r/IncelTears]].<br />
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/r/Braincels was banned from Reddit on September 30th 2019 for posting of content that harasses or bullies. Near the end of it's life, a large percentage of braincels threads was making fun of feminine men and bullying type posts using the words, "[[soyboy]]", "[[cuck]]", etc.. Something that was not common until the last year of Braincels' life.<br />
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Braincels was given no notice. Users moved to [[incels.co]], [[incelistan.net]], [[incelswithouthate]], reddit.com/r/celouts, saidit.net/s/incels, or simply stopped using incel forums. Smaller forums went into high gear to attract Braincels users, however no mass exodus happened, leaving some wondering how many real users were on Braincels in the first place.<br />
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A backup of the top posts since February 2018 exists here: https://rbraincels.netlify.com/braincels/<br />
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<div style="position: fixed; z-index: 9001; pointer-events: none; bottom: 0; left: 0;">[[File:Blackopstransparent2.png|200x200px]]</div><br />
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==Creation==<br />
Braincels was created by [[AnathematicAnarchist]] before the /r/incels ban. He was later forgotten by the 'community' until he wrote a suicide letter, after which the community embraced him. He has not posted since his suicide letter. Given that a large number of suicides from r/Braincels that have been tied to real Facebook accounts, it is more likely than not that the creator of the sub did commit suicide.<br />
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[[File:387.png|thumb|right|<center></center>]]<br />
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==First Major Moderator==<br />
The subreddit was occupied for the first half of it's life by the female head-moderator [[Board_Gaming]] who repeatedly said she did not believe in the [[Blackpill]], posted in [[Inceltears]], and seemingly disliked Incels. She has been believed to be autistic due to the nature of the vast majority of comments she made being of the form "I am not X" or "I do not X," which have gave rise to several mock accounts on the subreddit that imitated her. In October 2018, she stepped down as head-moderator and was replaced by u/IQ9K who appointed five new moderators to help him out. The forum then became more ban-heavy, [[masculinist]], and content-restrictive. <br />
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{{clear}}<br />
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==Brigading==<br />
Braincels was regularly brigaded by members of [[inceltears|IncelTears]] who have been rumored to post child pornography and other baits to get the forum shut down.<br />
<youtube>c4VKaoXY1xI</youtube><br />
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==Positive Masculinity==<br />
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The community was active throughout most of 2019 despite being [[quarantined]] by Reddit admins on September 27 2018 because of misogyny. The day Braincels was quarantined Reddit gave a link to a feminist male studies organization telling incels to learn "positive masculinity," sparking many memes making fun of the term, "positive masculinity", for it's comically vague thought-police vibe. It was later learned that the founder of the male organization that Reddit linked to, Michael Kimmel, [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/aug/15/us-womens-rights-campaigner-accused-of-sexual-harassment was an alleged sexual assaulter,] leading to much questioning as to whether or not Reddit meant "positive masculinity" to mean [[rape]].<br />
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==Banned from Reddit==<br />
r/Braincels was banned from Reddit on September 30th 2019 for "posting of content that harasses or bullies." [[Master]], who was hired as a mod on the subreddit a month before the ban, received a message notifying him of the closing. The message said that the creation of new subreddits to evade the ban was not allowed and that the content on Braincels was "materially incompatible" with new rules Reddit admins created for the purpose of shutting down subreddits that didn't align with their ideology.<br />
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[[File:Braincels banned.png|thumb|right|The subreddit on September 30th 2019.]]<br />
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Various external forums such as [[incels.co]] and [[incelistan.net]] welcomed [[Braincels]] refugees, but a second mass exodus to external forums is unlikely as r/Braincels users already knew the existence of these external forums, and r/Braincels was never really much of a solid community at any point in time. In the last few months of its existence, the subreddit was increasingly populated by [[alt-right]] types, people who bully feminine looking men, and culture warriors.<br />
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[[File:5ag.png|thumb|right]]<br />
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==See Also==<br />
*[[Incelistan.net]]<br />
*[[/r/inceltears]]<br />
*[[/r/truerateme]]<br />
{{Incel Forums}}<br />
[[Category:Incelosphere]]<br />
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{{A}}</div>RetrudedMaxillahttps://incels.wiki/index.php?title=User:RetrudedMaxilla&diff=27953User:RetrudedMaxilla2019-10-07T17:14:59Z<p>RetrudedMaxilla: Created page with "Blackpill and Incel researcher."</p>
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<div>Blackpill and Incel researcher.</div>RetrudedMaxillahttps://incels.wiki/index.php?title=Scientific_Blackpill&diff=27952Scientific Blackpill2019-10-07T17:12:54Z<p>RetrudedMaxilla: </p>
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<div>__NOTOC__<br />
The [[Blackpill]] is about understanding the fundamental nature of human social and sexual behavior, especially female mate choice, in the context of more or less immutable traits such as physical attractiveness, physical stature, race, IQ, personality, neurotypicality and socio-economic status. Science provides the best methods by which we can gain this understanding. Although the truth can be uncomfortable at times, it is ultimately more valuable than indulging in [[cope|wishful thinking]]. This page summarizes some of the key scientific literature which can help us understand the unvarnished nature of male-female sexual and relationship dynamics.<br />
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The information presented here is not a matter of opinion or belief, but rather based on rigorous science. It is not intended to push any particular agenda, but rather to educate about human nature without bias.<!-- Of course, individual studies with small sample sizes are not necessarily conclusive due to potential [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publication_bias publication bias] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_error methodological errors].<br />
But nearly all of the studies presented here are [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review peer-reviewed], have [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_significance statistical significance], and taken together they provide a compelling body of evidence.<br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_study Meta studies] were included whenever possible. --><br />
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See also the [[Scientific Blackpill (Supplemental)|'''supplemental page''']] and the [[Blackpill#Beliefs_about_dating|'''summary of the blackpill''']].<br />
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<div id="mytoc" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 2px 7px 7px 7px; font-size: 95%; display: table"><center>'''Contents'''</center><p style="max-width: 700px; line-height: 1.8">Categories: [[#tocPersonality|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Personality</span>]] [[#tocMental|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Mental</span>]] [[#tocRace|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Race</span>]] [[#tocLooks_.28Life.29|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Looks (Life)</span>]] [[#tocLooks_.28Love.29|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Looks (Love)</span>]] [[#tocFace|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Face</span>]] [[#tocMoney|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Money</span>]] [[#tocHeight|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Height</span>]] [[#tocBody|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Body</span>]] [[#tocPenis|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Penis</span>]] [[#tocVoice|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Voice</span>]] [[#tocAge|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Age</span>]] [[#tocHypergamy|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Hypergamy</span>]] [[#tocCucks|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Cucks</span>]] [[#tocSluts|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Sluts</span>]] [[#tocMeToo|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">MeToo</span>]] [[#tocHealth|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">Health</span>]] [[#tocItsOver|<span style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #555; padding: 2px 4px; border-radius: 3px;">ItsOver</span>]] </p><ul style="list-style: none; margin-left: 0"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocPersonality">[[#Personality|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Personality</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocOn_average.2C_women_are_attracted_to_the_Dark_Triad.E2.80.94narcissism.2C_manipulativeness.2C_.26_psychopathy">[[#On_average.2C_women_are_attracted_to_the_Dark_Triad.E2.80.94narcissism.2C_manipulativeness.2C_.26_psychopathy|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>On average, women are attracted to the Dark Triad—narcissism, manipulativeness, & psychopathy</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocOn_PornHub.2C_women_consume_most_of_the_porn_where_women_are_violently_raped_and_abused">[[#On_PornHub.2C_women_consume_most_of_the_porn_where_women_are_violently_raped_and_abused|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>On PornHub, women consume most of the porn where women are violently raped and abused</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc62.25_of_women_have_fantasies_about_rape_and_other_forced_sex_acts">[[#62.25_of_women_have_fantasies_about_rape_and_other_forced_sex_acts|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>62% of women have fantasies about rape and other forced sex acts</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc50.25_of_female_porn_viewers_admitted_to_watching_porn_involving_extreme_violence_against_women">[[#50.25_of_female_porn_viewers_admitted_to_watching_porn_involving_extreme_violence_against_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>50% of female porn viewers admitted to watching porn involving extreme violence against women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_drawn_more_than_men_to_nonfiction_stories_of_rape.2C_murder.2C_and_serial_killers">[[#Women_are_drawn_more_than_men_to_nonfiction_stories_of_rape.2C_murder.2C_and_serial_killers|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are drawn more than men to nonfiction stories of rape, murder, and serial killers</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocCriminal_and_anti-social_men_have_more_sexual_partners_and_have_sex_earlier">[[#Criminal_and_anti-social_men_have_more_sexual_partners_and_have_sex_earlier|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Criminal and anti-social men have more sexual partners and have sex earlier</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_who_exhibit_antisocial_and_criminal_behaviors_reproduce_more_successfully">[[#Men_who_exhibit_antisocial_and_criminal_behaviors_reproduce_more_successfully|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men who exhibit antisocial and criminal behaviors reproduce more successfully </span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMale_serial_killers.2C_terrorists.2C_and_rapists_receive_thousands_of_love_letters_from_women_in_prison">[[#Male_serial_killers.2C_terrorists.2C_and_rapists_receive_thousands_of_love_letters_from_women_in_prison|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Male serial killers, terrorists, and rapists receive thousands of love letters from women in prison</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMale_gang_members_have_dramatically_more_female_sexual_partners">[[#Male_gang_members_have_dramatically_more_female_sexual_partners|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Male gang members have dramatically more female sexual partners</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocChildhood_bullies_experience_greater_sexual_success_than_non-bullies">[[#Childhood_bullies_experience_greater_sexual_success_than_non-bullies|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Childhood bullies experience greater sexual success than non-bullies</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMore_than_half_of_prison_staff_sexual_misconduct_involves_female_guards.2Fstaff">[[#More_than_half_of_prison_staff_sexual_misconduct_involves_female_guards.2Fstaff|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>More than half of prison staff sexual misconduct involves female guards/staff</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc39.25_of_hospitalized_male_psychopaths_had_consensual_sex_with_female_mental_health_staff">[[#39.25_of_hospitalized_male_psychopaths_had_consensual_sex_with_female_mental_health_staff|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>39% of hospitalized male psychopaths had consensual sex with female mental health staff</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_desiring_marriage_and_commitment_are_more_attracted_to_narcissistic_men">[[#Women_desiring_marriage_and_commitment_are_more_attracted_to_narcissistic_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women desiring marriage and commitment are more attracted to narcissistic men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFemale_narcissism_reduces_marital_quality_for_men.2C_but_male_narcissism_does_not_for_women">[[#Female_narcissism_reduces_marital_quality_for_men.2C_but_male_narcissism_does_not_for_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Female narcissism reduces marital quality for men, but male narcissism does not for women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_are_attracted_to_.22nice.22_women.2C_but_women_are_not_attracted_to_.22nice.22_men">[[#Men_are_attracted_to_.22nice.22_women.2C_but_women_are_not_attracted_to_.22nice.22_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.15</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men are attracted to "nice" women, but women are not attracted to "nice" men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocVegetarian_men_are_less_attractive.2C_likable.2C_and_masculine_to_women_than_omnivorous_men">[[#Vegetarian_men_are_less_attractive.2C_likable.2C_and_masculine_to_women_than_omnivorous_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">1.16</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Vegetarian men are less attractive, likable, and masculine to women than omnivorous men</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocMental">[[#Mental|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Mental</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc69.25_of_high_functioning_autistic_adolescents_want_relationships.2C_but_almost_none_succeed">[[#69.25_of_high_functioning_autistic_adolescents_want_relationships.2C_but_almost_none_succeed|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>69% of high functioning autistic adolescents want relationships, but almost none succeed</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc44.6.25_of_high_functioning_adult_autistic_men_remain_virgins.2C_despite_high_sex.2Frelationship_drive">[[#44.6.25_of_high_functioning_adult_autistic_men_remain_virgins.2C_despite_high_sex.2Frelationship_drive|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>44.6% of high functioning adult autistic men remain virgins, despite high sex/relationship drive</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAutists_are_judged_as_awkward.2C_less_physically_attractive_and_less_approachable_within_seconds">[[#Autists_are_judged_as_awkward.2C_less_physically_attractive_and_less_approachable_within_seconds|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Autists are judged as awkward, less physically attractive and less approachable within seconds</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAutistic_men_have_10_times_as_many_suicidal_thoughts_as_normal_men">[[#Autistic_men_have_10_times_as_many_suicidal_thoughts_as_normal_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Autistic men have 10 times as many suicidal thoughts as normal men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocHigh_IQ_men_are_more_likely_to_remain_virgins_longer">[[#High_IQ_men_are_more_likely_to_remain_virgins_longer|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>High IQ men are more likely to remain virgins longer</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocTeenage_boys_with_ADHD_have_double_the_amount_of_sexual_partners_vs._.27normal.27_teens">[[#Teenage_boys_with_ADHD_have_double_the_amount_of_sexual_partners_vs._.27normal.27_teens|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Teenage boys with ADHD have double the amount of sexual partners vs. 'normal' teens</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocCluster-B_personality_disorders_lead_to_3.5x_as_many_sexual_partners_and_more_offspring">[[#Cluster-B_personality_disorders_lead_to_3.5x_as_many_sexual_partners_and_more_offspring|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Cluster-B personality disorders lead to 3.5x as many sexual partners and more offspring</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMental_disorders_significantly_reduce_male_fertility.2C_substantially_more_than_they_do_for_women">[[#Mental_disorders_significantly_reduce_male_fertility.2C_substantially_more_than_they_do_for_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Mental disorders significantly reduce male fertility, substantially more than they do for women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPeople_accurately_perceive_a_man.27s_mental_health_from_facial_appearance_alone">[[#People_accurately_perceive_a_man.27s_mental_health_from_facial_appearance_alone|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">2.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>People accurately perceive a man's mental health from facial appearance alone</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocRace">[[#Race|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Race</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_more_racist_in_online_dating.2C_and_92-95.25_with_a_.22preference.22_exclude_any_ethnic_men">[[#Women_are_more_racist_in_online_dating.2C_and_92-95.25_with_a_.22preference.22_exclude_any_ethnic_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are more racist in online dating, and 92-95% with a "preference" exclude any ethnic men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAll_races_agree_that_whites_are_most_attractive.2C_but_women_prefer_whites_far_more_than_men">[[#All_races_agree_that_whites_are_most_attractive.2C_but_women_prefer_whites_far_more_than_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>All races agree that whites are most attractive, but women prefer whites far more than men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_more_racist_than_men_in_speed_dating.2C_and_find_Asian_men_least_physically_attractive">[[#Women_are_more_racist_than_men_in_speed_dating.2C_and_find_Asian_men_least_physically_attractive|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are more racist than men in speed dating, and find Asian men least physically attractive</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWhite_men_get_11-14_times_as_much_interest_from_women_on_Tinder_vs._equivalent_Asian_men">[[#White_men_get_11-14_times_as_much_interest_from_women_on_Tinder_vs._equivalent_Asian_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>White men get 11-14 times as much interest from women on Tinder vs. equivalent Asian men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBeing_an_Asian_male_in_the_USA_is_a_primary_predictor_of_.27never_being_kissed.27">[[#Being_an_Asian_male_in_the_USA_is_a_primary_predictor_of_.27never_being_kissed.27|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Being an Asian male in the USA is a primary predictor of 'never being kissed' </span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAsian_women_marry_interracially_more_than_twice_as_often_as_Asian_men">[[#Asian_women_marry_interracially_more_than_twice_as_often_as_Asian_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Asian women marry interracially more than twice as often as Asian men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAsian_men_have_half_the_relationships_as_white_men_due_to_women.27s_.27racial_hierarchy.27">[[#Asian_men_have_half_the_relationships_as_white_men_due_to_women.27s_.27racial_hierarchy.27|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Asian men have half the relationships as white men due to women's 'racial hierarchy'</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWhite_and_Asian_women_agree_white_men_are_30-50.25_more_attractive_than_Asian_men">[[#White_and_Asian_women_agree_white_men_are_30-50.25_more_attractive_than_Asian_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>White and Asian women agree white men are 30-50% more attractive than Asian men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_reply_most_online_to_white_men_and_least_to_Indian_men">[[#Women_reply_most_online_to_white_men_and_least_to_Indian_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women reply most online to white men and least to Indian men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAcross_America.2C_women_most_desire_white_men.2C_followed_by_black.2C_Hispanic.2C_and_Asian_men">[[#Across_America.2C_women_most_desire_white_men.2C_followed_by_black.2C_Hispanic.2C_and_Asian_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Across America, women most desire white men, followed by black, Hispanic, and Asian men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_enforce_stricter_racial_requirements_than_men.2C_advantaging_primarily_white_men">[[#Women_enforce_stricter_racial_requirements_than_men.2C_advantaging_primarily_white_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women enforce stricter racial requirements than men, advantaging primarily white men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFemale_porn_actresses_.27racially_dodge.27_scenes_with_Black_male_actors_or_demand_a_premium">[[#Female_porn_actresses_.27racially_dodge.27_scenes_with_Black_male_actors_or_demand_a_premium|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Female porn actresses 'racially dodge' scenes with Black male actors or demand a premium</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWhiter.2C_golden.2C_.26_rosier_.28ie._Caucasian.29_skin_is_seen_as_healthier_and_more_attractive">[[#Whiter.2C_golden.2C_.26_rosier_.28ie._Caucasian.29_skin_is_seen_as_healthier_and_more_attractive|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Whiter, golden, & rosier (ie. Caucasian) skin is seen as healthier and more attractive</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAn_Asian_face_is_more_.27similar_to_that_of_an_infant.27_than_other_races">[[#An_Asian_face_is_more_.27similar_to_that_of_an_infant.27_than_other_races|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>An Asian face is more 'similar to that of an infant' than other races</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBlack_men_and_women_appear_.27more_masculine.27_than_whites.3B_Asian_men_appear_.27less_masculine.27">[[#Black_men_and_women_appear_.27more_masculine.27_than_whites.3B_Asian_men_appear_.27less_masculine.27|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.15</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Black men and women appear 'more masculine' than whites; Asian men appear 'less masculine'</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_who_don.27t_express_a_.27racial_preference.27_in_dating_behave_the_same_as_women_who_do">[[#Women_who_don.27t_express_a_.27racial_preference.27_in_dating_behave_the_same_as_women_who_do|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.16</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women who don't express a 'racial preference' in dating behave the same as women who do</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocRacism_in_dating_is_stable_or_worsening.2C_not_improving.2C_over_time">[[#Racism_in_dating_is_stable_or_worsening.2C_not_improving.2C_over_time|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">3.17</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Racism in dating is stable or worsening, not improving, over time</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocLooks_.28Life.29">[[#Looks_.28Life.29|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Looks (Life)</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBeauty_is_objective_and_measurable_in_the_brain">[[#Beauty_is_objective_and_measurable_in_the_brain|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Beauty is objective and measurable in the brain</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPeople_broadly_agree_on_who_is_good_looking_or_not.2C_and_it_affects_every_aspect_of_life">[[#People_broadly_agree_on_who_is_good_looking_or_not.2C_and_it_affects_every_aspect_of_life|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>People broadly agree on who is good looking or not, and it affects every aspect of life</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocIt_takes_less_than_one_second_for_people_to_accurately_judge_beauty">[[#It_takes_less_than_one_second_for_people_to_accurately_judge_beauty|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>It takes less than one second for people to accurately judge beauty</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBabies_can_easily_differentiate_between_attractive_and_unattractive_faces">[[#Babies_can_easily_differentiate_between_attractive_and_unattractive_faces|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Babies can easily differentiate between attractive and unattractive faces</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocParents_treat_attractive_children_better_than_ugly_children">[[#Parents_treat_attractive_children_better_than_ugly_children|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Parents treat attractive children better than ugly children</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPhysical_attractiveness_in_adolescence_predicts_better_socioeconomic_status_in_adulthood">[[#Physical_attractiveness_in_adolescence_predicts_better_socioeconomic_status_in_adulthood|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Physical attractiveness in adolescence predicts better socioeconomic status in adulthood</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPhysically_attractive_individuals_are_more_likely_to_believe_in_a_.27just_world.27">[[#Physically_attractive_individuals_are_more_likely_to_believe_in_a_.27just_world.27|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Physically attractive individuals are more likely to believe in a 'just world'</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAttractive_people_are_perceived_much_more_positively_than_they_really_are">[[#Attractive_people_are_perceived_much_more_positively_than_they_really_are|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Attractive people are perceived much more positively than they really are</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAttractive_men_are_perceived_as_.27funnier.27.2C_even_when_they_are_actually_not">[[#Attractive_men_are_perceived_as_.27funnier.27.2C_even_when_they_are_actually_not|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Attractive men are perceived as 'funnier', even when they are actually not</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man.27s_looks_are_significantly_correlated_with_his_popularity_and_peer_status">[[#A_man.27s_looks_are_significantly_correlated_with_his_popularity_and_peer_status|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">4.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man's looks are significantly correlated with his popularity and peer status</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocLooks_.28Love.29">[[#Looks_.28Love.29|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Looks (Love)</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_feel_sexual_disgust_when_they_imagine_even_talking_to_an_unattractive_man">[[#Women_feel_sexual_disgust_when_they_imagine_even_talking_to_an_unattractive_man|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women feel sexual disgust when they imagine even talking to an unattractive man</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc70.25_of_women_would_openly_avoid_a_man_solely_because_of_his_looks">[[#70.25_of_women_would_openly_avoid_a_man_solely_because_of_his_looks|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>70% of women would openly avoid a man solely because of his looks</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLove_at_first_sight_can_be_predicted_by_physical_attractiveness">[[#Love_at_first_sight_can_be_predicted_by_physical_attractiveness|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Love at first sight can be predicted by physical attractiveness</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLooks_are_most_important_to_women_in_speed_dating">[[#Looks_are_most_important_to_women_in_speed_dating|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Looks are most important to women in speed dating</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLooks_are_most_important_to_women_in_video_dating">[[#Looks_are_most_important_to_women_in_video_dating|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Looks are most important to women in video dating</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLooks_are_most_important_to_women_in_blind_dating">[[#Looks_are_most_important_to_women_in_blind_dating|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Looks are most important to women in blind dating</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocIt_is_Looks_.3E_Personality_.3E_Money_for_both_genders.2C_but_women_lie_more_about_it">[[#It_is_Looks_.3E_Personality_.3E_Money_for_both_genders.2C_but_women_lie_more_about_it|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>It is Looks > Personality > Money for both genders, but women lie more about it</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocYour_looks_define_perception_of_your_personality_in_online_dating">[[#Your_looks_define_perception_of_your_personality_in_online_dating|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Your looks define perception of your personality in online dating</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man.27s_personality_only_matters_to_a_woman_if_he_meets_her_basic_looks_cutoff_first">[[#A_man.27s_personality_only_matters_to_a_woman_if_he_meets_her_basic_looks_cutoff_first|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man's personality only matters to a woman if he meets her basic looks cutoff first</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBeing_unattractive_reduces_men.27s_chances_of_finding_partners.2C_but_not_women.27s">[[#Being_unattractive_reduces_men.27s_chances_of_finding_partners.2C_but_not_women.27s|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Being unattractive reduces men's chances of finding partners, but not women's</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc.27Very_unattractive.27_women_are_more_likely_to_be_married_than_other_women">[[#.27Very_unattractive.27_women_are_more_likely_to_be_married_than_other_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>'Very unattractive' women are more likely to be married than other women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_less_likely_to_use_a_condom_with_a_more_attractive_male_partner">[[#Women_are_less_likely_to_use_a_condom_with_a_more_attractive_male_partner|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are less likely to use a condom with a more attractive male partner</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man.27s_masculinity_and_physical_attractiveness_predicts_a_woman.27s_chance_of_orgasm">[[#A_man.27s_masculinity_and_physical_attractiveness_predicts_a_woman.27s_chance_of_orgasm|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man's masculinity and physical attractiveness predicts a woman's chance of orgasm</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man.27s_physical_attractiveness_to_other_women_predicts_his_partner.27s_chance_of_orgasm">[[#A_man.27s_physical_attractiveness_to_other_women_predicts_his_partner.27s_chance_of_orgasm|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man's physical attractiveness to other women predicts his partner's chance of orgasm</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man.27s_physical_attractiveness_predicts_how_long_he_waits_before_a_woman_will_allow_sex">[[#A_man.27s_physical_attractiveness_predicts_how_long_he_waits_before_a_woman_will_allow_sex|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">5.15</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man's physical attractiveness predicts how long he waits before a woman will allow sex</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocFace">[[#Face|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Face</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen.27s_facial_masculinity_determines_female_interest_for_friendship_vs._short.2Flong-term_dating">[[#Men.27s_facial_masculinity_determines_female_interest_for_friendship_vs._short.2Flong-term_dating|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men's facial masculinity determines female interest for friendship vs. short/long-term dating</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_with_dominant.2C_aggressive_faces_.28high_fWHR.29_are_preferred_for_short_term_relationships">[[#Men_with_dominant.2C_aggressive_faces_.28high_fWHR.29_are_preferred_for_short_term_relationships|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men with dominant, aggressive faces (high fWHR) are preferred for short term relationships</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocHigh_fWHR_men_express_greater_psychopathy.2C_aggression.2C_cheating.2C_and_exploitative_behavior">[[#High_fWHR_men_express_greater_psychopathy.2C_aggression.2C_cheating.2C_and_exploitative_behavior|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>High fWHR men express greater psychopathy, aggression, cheating, and exploitative behavior</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocTeenage_boys_with_.27dominant.27_facial_features_have_sex_earlier">[[#Teenage_boys_with_.27dominant.27_facial_features_have_sex_earlier|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Teenage boys with 'dominant' facial features have sex earlier</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_who_have_experienced_domestic_violence_find_men_with_higher_fWHRs_more_attractive">[[#Women_who_have_experienced_domestic_violence_find_men_with_higher_fWHRs_more_attractive|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women who have experienced domestic violence find men with higher fWHRs more attractive</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocHigh_fWHR_is_associated_with_greater_lifetime_reproductive_success">[[#High_fWHR_is_associated_with_greater_lifetime_reproductive_success|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>High fWHR is associated with greater lifetime reproductive success </span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocEven_chickens_prefer_sexually_dimorphic_human_faces.2C_to_the_same_extent_as_humans">[[#Even_chickens_prefer_sexually_dimorphic_human_faces.2C_to_the_same_extent_as_humans|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Even chickens prefer sexually dimorphic human faces, to the same extent as humans</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocSymmetry_is_universally_beautiful_and_leads_to_more_sexual_partners">[[#Symmetry_is_universally_beautiful_and_leads_to_more_sexual_partners|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Symmetry is universally beautiful and leads to more sexual partners</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFacial_plastic_surgery_significantly_changes_how_a_man.27s_personality_is_perceived">[[#Facial_plastic_surgery_significantly_changes_how_a_man.27s_personality_is_perceived|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Facial plastic surgery significantly changes how a man's personality is perceived</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFacial_shape_predicts_perceived_leadership_ability_and_election_outcomes">[[#Facial_shape_predicts_perceived_leadership_ability_and_election_outcomes|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Facial shape predicts perceived leadership ability and election outcomes</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFacial_attractiveness_contributes_more_to_overall_attractiveness_than_body.2C_particularly_in_men">[[#Facial_attractiveness_contributes_more_to_overall_attractiveness_than_body.2C_particularly_in_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Facial attractiveness contributes more to overall attractiveness than body, particularly in men </span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocFacial_attractiveness_is_more_important_than_body_because_a_face_can.27t_easily_be_changed">[[#Facial_attractiveness_is_more_important_than_body_because_a_face_can.27t_easily_be_changed|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Facial attractiveness is more important than body because a face can't easily be changed</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBalding_men_are_perceived_as_less_attractive.2C_less_dominant.2C_older.2C_and_more_appeasing">[[#Balding_men_are_perceived_as_less_attractive.2C_less_dominant.2C_older.2C_and_more_appeasing|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">6.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Balding men are perceived as less attractive, less dominant, older, and more appeasing</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocMoney">[[#Money|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Money</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man_having_the_.22correct.22_race.2C_height.2C_and_face_is_worth_millions_of_dollars_to_women">[[#A_man_having_the_.22correct.22_race.2C_height.2C_and_face_is_worth_millions_of_dollars_to_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man having the "correct" race, height, and face is worth millions of dollars to women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc23-33.25_of_women_intentionally_mislead_men_they_are_not_interested_in_for_free_meals">[[#23-33.25_of_women_intentionally_mislead_men_they_are_not_interested_in_for_free_meals|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>23-33% of women intentionally mislead men they are not interested in for free meals</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_orgasm_more_when_having_sex_with_rich_men">[[#Women_orgasm_more_when_having_sex_with_rich_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women orgasm more when having sex with rich men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_with_much_lower_incomes_than_their_wives_are_more_than_twice_as_likely_to_not_have_sex">[[#Men_with_much_lower_incomes_than_their_wives_are_more_than_twice_as_likely_to_not_have_sex|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men with much lower incomes than their wives are more than twice as likely to not have sex</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPhotoshopping_a_man_into_a_luxury_apartment_made_women_rate_him_as_30.25_more_attractive">[[#Photoshopping_a_man_into_a_luxury_apartment_made_women_rate_him_as_30.25_more_attractive|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Photoshopping a man into a luxury apartment made women rate him as 30% more attractive</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_1.2C000x_more_sensitive_than_men_to_economic_status_cues_when_rating_attractiveness">[[#Women_are_1.2C000x_more_sensitive_than_men_to_economic_status_cues_when_rating_attractiveness|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are 1,000x more sensitive than men to economic status cues when rating attractiveness</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBy_the_end_of_her_life.2C_the_average_woman_will_have_a_negative_.24122.2C000_net_fiscal_impact">[[#By_the_end_of_her_life.2C_the_average_woman_will_have_a_negative_.24122.2C000_net_fiscal_impact|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">7.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>By the end of her life, the average woman will have a negative $122,000 net fiscal impact</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocHeight">[[#Height|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Height</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man.27s_height_determines_his_dating_pool._Over_94.25_of_women_reject_men_for_being_.22too_short.22">[[#A_man.27s_height_determines_his_dating_pool._Over_94.25_of_women_reject_men_for_being_.22too_short.22|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man's height determines his dating pool. Over 94% of women reject men for being "too short"</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_happiest_with_their_partner.27s_heights_when_they_are_8.24.22_inches_taller_then_them">[[#Women_are_happiest_with_their_partner.27s_heights_when_they_are_8.24.22_inches_taller_then_them|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are happiest with their partner's heights when they are 8.24" inches taller then them</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocShort_men_have_twice_the_suicide_rate_of_tall_men">[[#Short_men_have_twice_the_suicide_rate_of_tall_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Short men have twice the suicide rate of tall men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc24.25_of_men_under_5.279.22_would_undergo_surgery_costing_31.25_of_their_life_savings_to_be_taller">[[#24.25_of_men_under_5.279.22_would_undergo_surgery_costing_31.25_of_their_life_savings_to_be_taller|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>24% of men under 5'9" would undergo surgery costing 31% of their life savings to be taller</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc.27Short_man_syndrome.27_is_a_myth_-_taller_men_are_quicker_to_lose_their_tempers_than_short_men">[[#.27Short_man_syndrome.27_is_a_myth_-_taller_men_are_quicker_to_lose_their_tempers_than_short_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>'Short man syndrome' is a myth - taller men are quicker to lose their tempers than short men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocTaller_men_have_more_partners_and_father_more_children">[[#Taller_men_have_more_partners_and_father_more_children|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Taller men have more partners and father more children</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocSperm_banks_require_that_men_be_at_least_5.278.22_tall">[[#Sperm_banks_require_that_men_be_at_least_5.278.22_tall|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Sperm banks require that men be at least 5'8" tall</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_.231_most_important_thing_to_women_in_a_man.27s_online_dating_bio_is_if_he_says_he_is_6.27_tall">[[#The_.231_most_important_thing_to_women_in_a_man.27s_online_dating_bio_is_if_he_says_he_is_6.27_tall|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The #1 most important thing to women in a man's online dating bio is if he says he is 6' tall</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocTaller_men_report_more_satisfaction_in_their_romantic_relationships_than_shorter_men">[[#Taller_men_report_more_satisfaction_in_their_romantic_relationships_than_shorter_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">8.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Taller men report more satisfaction in their romantic relationships than shorter men</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocBody">[[#Body|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Body</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc36.4.25_of_US_male_online_daters_are_now_resorting_to_anabolic_steroids_.26_bulimia_to_compete">[[#36.4.25_of_US_male_online_daters_are_now_resorting_to_anabolic_steroids_.26_bulimia_to_compete|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>36.4% of US male online daters are now resorting to anabolic steroids & bulimia to compete</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocRated_strength_is_the_main_predictor_of_men.27s_bodily_attractiveness._No_women_prefer_weak_men">[[#Rated_strength_is_the_main_predictor_of_men.27s_bodily_attractiveness._No_women_prefer_weak_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Rated strength is the main predictor of men's bodily attractiveness. No women prefer weak men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_most_attractive_BMI_range_for_men_is_~24.5-27_and_for_women_~17-19_as_it_is_most_youthful">[[#The_most_attractive_BMI_range_for_men_is_~24.5-27_and_for_women_~17-19_as_it_is_most_youthful|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The most attractive BMI range for men is ~24.5-27 and for women ~17-19 as it is most youthful</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_prefer_low_waist-hip_ratios_in_women_as_they_signal_youth">[[#Men_prefer_low_waist-hip_ratios_in_women_as_they_signal_youth|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men prefer low waist-hip ratios in women as they signal youth</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocEven_congenitally_blind_men_prefer_a_low_waist-hip_ratio_in_women">[[#Even_congenitally_blind_men_prefer_a_low_waist-hip_ratio_in_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Even congenitally blind men prefer a low waist-hip ratio in women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_man.27s_muscle_building_capacity_is_primarily_determined_by_genetics">[[#A_man.27s_muscle_building_capacity_is_primarily_determined_by_genetics|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A man's muscle building capacity is primarily determined by genetics</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAntisocial_personality_disorders_are_linked_with_being_overweight.2Fobese_in_women_but_not_men">[[#Antisocial_personality_disorders_are_linked_with_being_overweight.2Fobese_in_women_but_not_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Antisocial personality disorders are linked with being overweight/obese in women but not men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc69.25_of_young_women_have_turned_down_sex_due_to_concerns_about_their_vaginal_odor">[[#69.25_of_young_women_have_turned_down_sex_due_to_concerns_about_their_vaginal_odor|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">9.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>69% of young women have turned down sex due to concerns about their vaginal odor</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocPenis">[[#Penis|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">10</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Penis</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_most_prefer_penises_longer_than_84.8.25_of_all_men.27s">[[#Women_most_prefer_penises_longer_than_84.8.25_of_all_men.27s|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">10.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women most prefer penises longer than 84.8% of all men's</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLarger_penis_size_has_an_equivalent_effect_on_male_attractiveness_to_women_as_greater_height">[[#Larger_penis_size_has_an_equivalent_effect_on_male_attractiveness_to_women_as_greater_height|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">10.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Larger penis size has an equivalent effect on male attractiveness to women as greater height</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_who_prefer_longer_penises_are_more_likely_to_have_vaginal_orgasms">[[#Women_who_prefer_longer_penises_are_more_likely_to_have_vaginal_orgasms|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">10.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women who prefer longer penises are more likely to have vaginal orgasms</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc90.25_of_women_agree_that_penis_girth_is_more_important_than_length_for_their_sexual_satisfaction">[[#90.25_of_women_agree_that_penis_girth_is_more_important_than_length_for_their_sexual_satisfaction|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">10.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>90% of women agree that penis girth is more important than length for their sexual satisfaction</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocVoice">[[#Voice|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">11</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Voice</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_with_deeper_voices_have_more_children_and_sexual_partners">[[#Men_with_deeper_voices_have_more_children_and_sexual_partners|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">11.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men with deeper voices have more children and sexual partners</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAmong_male_CEOs.2C_voice_pitch_is_a_significant_predictor_of_earnings">[[#Among_male_CEOs.2C_voice_pitch_is_a_significant_predictor_of_earnings|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">11.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Among male CEOs, voice pitch is a significant predictor of earnings</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocAge">[[#Age|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Age</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocIt_is_normal_for_healthy_men_to_find_pubescent_.26_prepubescent_females_sexually_arousing">[[#It_is_normal_for_healthy_men_to_find_pubescent_.26_prepubescent_females_sexually_arousing|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>It is normal for healthy men to find pubescent & prepubescent females sexually arousing</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_rate_the_faces_of_adolescent_girls_as_more_attractive_and_feminine_than_adult_women">[[#Men_rate_the_faces_of_adolescent_girls_as_more_attractive_and_feminine_than_adult_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men rate the faces of adolescent girls as more attractive and feminine than adult women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_downplay_their_sexual_attraction_to_adolescent_girls.2C_even_where_they_are_of_legal_age">[[#Men_downplay_their_sexual_attraction_to_adolescent_girls.2C_even_where_they_are_of_legal_age|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men downplay their sexual attraction to adolescent girls, even where they are of legal age</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_sexually_prefer_young_women_throughout_life.2C_while_women_prefer_age-matched_men">[[#Men_sexually_prefer_young_women_throughout_life.2C_while_women_prefer_age-matched_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men sexually prefer young women throughout life, while women prefer age-matched men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen.27s_desirability_to_women_online_peaks_at_50.2C_while_women.27s_peaks_at_18_and_then_falls_rapidly">[[#Men.27s_desirability_to_women_online_peaks_at_50.2C_while_women.27s_peaks_at_18_and_then_falls_rapidly|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men's desirability to women online peaks at 50, while women's peaks at 18 and then falls rapidly</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocYounger_female_prostitutes_are_in_higher_demand_and_charge_more.2C_across_numerous_cultures">[[#Younger_female_prostitutes_are_in_higher_demand_and_charge_more.2C_across_numerous_cultures|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Younger female prostitutes are in higher demand and charge more, across numerous cultures</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_age_facially_at_2-3_times_the_rate_of_men">[[#Women_age_facially_at_2-3_times_the_rate_of_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">12.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women age facially at 2-3 times the rate of men</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocHypergamy">[[#Hypergamy|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Hypergamy</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_rate_80.25_of_men_as_.22below_average.22.2C_while_men_rate_women_on_a_bell_curve">[[#Women_rate_80.25_of_men_as_.22below_average.22.2C_while_men_rate_women_on_a_bell_curve|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women rate 80% of men as "below average", while men rate women on a bell curve</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_prefer_men_with_high_income_and_high_educational_status">[[#Women_prefer_men_with_high_income_and_high_educational_status|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women prefer men with high income and high educational status</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen.27s_social_status_accounts_for_62.25_of_the_variance_of_copulation_opportunities">[[#Men.27s_social_status_accounts_for_62.25_of_the_variance_of_copulation_opportunities|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men's social status accounts for 62% of the variance of copulation opportunities</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_top_10.25_of_men_get_58.25_of_women.27s_likes_in_online_dating">[[#The_top_10.25_of_men_get_58.25_of_women.27s_likes_in_online_dating|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The top 10% of men get 58% of women's likes in online dating</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_like_61.9.25_of_female_profiles.2C_women_like_only_4.5.25_of_male_profiles">[[#Men_like_61.9.25_of_female_profiles.2C_women_like_only_4.5.25_of_male_profiles|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men like 61.9% of female profiles, women like only 4.5% of male profiles</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_top_5-20.25_of_men_.28ie._.22Chads.22.29_are_now_having_more_sex_than_ever_before">[[#The_top_5-20.25_of_men_.28ie._.22Chads.22.29_are_now_having_more_sex_than_ever_before|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The top 5-20% of men (ie. "Chads") are now having more sex than ever before</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAverage_women_receive_15_times_as_many_matches_as_average_men_on_Tinder">[[#Average_women_receive_15_times_as_many_matches_as_average_men_on_Tinder|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Average women receive 15 times as many matches as average men on Tinder</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocTinder_manipulates_male_profile_visibility_to_promote_hypergamy_.26_maximize_revenues_from_men">[[#Tinder_manipulates_male_profile_visibility_to_promote_hypergamy_.26_maximize_revenues_from_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Tinder manipulates male profile visibility to promote hypergamy & maximize revenues from men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_more_attracted_to_men_who_are_already_in_relationships_than_single_men">[[#Women_are_more_attracted_to_men_who_are_already_in_relationships_than_single_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are more attracted to men who are already in relationships than single men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_prone_to_instability_when_they_are_more_attractive_than_their_male_partner">[[#Women_are_prone_to_instability_when_they_are_more_attractive_than_their_male_partner|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are prone to instability when they are more attractive than their male partner</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBefore_.27enforced_monogamy.27.2C_women.27s_effective_population_size_was_up_to_17x_larger_than_men.27s">[[#Before_.27enforced_monogamy.27.2C_women.27s_effective_population_size_was_up_to_17x_larger_than_men.27s|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Before 'enforced monogamy', women's effective population size was up to 17x larger than men's</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_bitterly_reject_unattractive_men_after_facing_rejection_themselves_by_an_attractive_man">[[#Women_bitterly_reject_unattractive_men_after_facing_rejection_themselves_by_an_attractive_man|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women bitterly reject unattractive men after facing rejection themselves by an attractive man</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocA_large_survey_study_found_no_clues_to_stronger_sexual_motivation_among_women">[[#A_large_survey_study_found_no_clues_to_stronger_sexual_motivation_among_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>A large survey study found no clues to stronger sexual motivation among women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAversion_to_having_the_wife_earn_more_explains_29.25_of_the_decline_in_marriages">[[#Aversion_to_having_the_wife_earn_more_explains_29.25_of_the_decline_in_marriages|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">13.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Aversion to having the wife earn more explains 29% of the decline in marriages</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocCucks">[[#Cucks|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Cucks</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_name_the_wrong_man_as_the_.22father.22_for_3.36.25_of_all_childbirths">[[#Women_name_the_wrong_man_as_the_.22father.22_for_3.36.25_of_all_childbirths|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women name the wrong man as the "father" for 3.36% of all childbirths </span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_rapidly_lose_interest_in_sex_once_in_a_stable_relationship_or_living_with_a_man">[[#Women_rapidly_lose_interest_in_sex_once_in_a_stable_relationship_or_living_with_a_man|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women rapidly lose interest in sex once in a stable relationship or living with a man</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_more_women_love_their_husbands.2C_the_less_likely_they_are_to_initiate_sex">[[#The_more_women_love_their_husbands.2C_the_less_likely_they_are_to_initiate_sex|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The more women love their husbands, the less likely they are to initiate sex</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_initiate_69.25_of_divorces">[[#Women_initiate_69.25_of_divorces|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women initiate 69% of divorces</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocHalf_of_women_in_relationships_report_maintaining_a_.27back-up.27_partner_in_their_social_circle">[[#Half_of_women_in_relationships_report_maintaining_a_.27back-up.27_partner_in_their_social_circle|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">14.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Half of women in relationships report maintaining a 'back-up' partner in their social circle</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocSluts">[[#Sluts|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Sluts</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_who_have_premarital_sex_partners_have_higher_divorce_rates">[[#Women_who_have_premarital_sex_partners_have_higher_divorce_rates|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women who have premarital sex partners have higher divorce rates</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPromiscuous_women_are_more_incompetent.2C_cold.2C_and_unstable.2C_according_to_women">[[#Promiscuous_women_are_more_incompetent.2C_cold.2C_and_unstable.2C_according_to_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Promiscuous women are more incompetent, cold, and unstable, according to women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_.27dehumanize.27_and_act_more_aggressively_towards_promiscuous_women">[[#Women_.27dehumanize.27_and_act_more_aggressively_towards_promiscuous_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women 'dehumanize' and act more aggressively towards promiscuous women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_write_45.0-61.3.25_of_all_.27misogynistic.27_tweets_on_Twitter_about_female_promiscuity">[[#Women_write_45.0-61.3.25_of_all_.27misogynistic.27_tweets_on_Twitter_about_female_promiscuity|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women write 45.0-61.3% of all 'misogynistic' tweets on Twitter about female promiscuity</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_sexualize_themselves_online_to_attract_high_status_mates">[[#Women_sexualize_themselves_online_to_attract_high_status_mates|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women sexualize themselves online to attract high status mates</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_are_half_as_likely_as_men_to_be_very_satisfied_by_a_one_night_stand">[[#Women_are_half_as_likely_as_men_to_be_very_satisfied_by_a_one_night_stand|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women are half as likely as men to be very satisfied by a one night stand</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocCasual_sex_is_associated_with_less_depression_for_men_and_more_depression_for_women">[[#Casual_sex_is_associated_with_less_depression_for_men_and_more_depression_for_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Casual sex is associated with less depression for men and more depression for women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_feel_more_.22entitlement.22_to_men.27s_bodies_for_sexual_pleasure_than_vice_versa">[[#Women_feel_more_.22entitlement.22_to_men.27s_bodies_for_sexual_pleasure_than_vice_versa|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women feel more "entitlement" to men's bodies for sexual pleasure than vice versa</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen.27s_reported_sex_partner_count_dramatically_increases_when_hooked_up_to_a_polygraph">[[#Women.27s_reported_sex_partner_count_dramatically_increases_when_hooked_up_to_a_polygraph|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women's reported sex partner count dramatically increases when hooked up to a polygraph</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_get_2-3_times_as_many_casual_sexual_relationships_from_Tinder_than_men">[[#Women_get_2-3_times_as_many_casual_sexual_relationships_from_Tinder_than_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women get 2-3 times as many casual sexual relationships from Tinder than men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_who_have_tattoos_or_piercings_or_wear_chokers_are_more_promiscuous">[[#Women_who_have_tattoos_or_piercings_or_wear_chokers_are_more_promiscuous|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women who have tattoos or piercings or wear chokers are more promiscuous</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_with_5.2B_lifetime_sexual_partners_have_a_.3E21.8.25_chance_of_carrying_genital_herpes">[[#Women_with_5.2B_lifetime_sexual_partners_have_a_.3E21.8.25_chance_of_carrying_genital_herpes|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">15.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women with 5+ lifetime sexual partners have a >21.8% chance of carrying genital herpes</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocMeToo">[[#MeToo|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16</span> <span class="toctext"><i>MeToo</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc28.25_of_young_women_now_consider_men_even_winking_at_them_to_be_sexual_harassment">[[#28.25_of_young_women_now_consider_men_even_winking_at_them_to_be_sexual_harassment|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>28% of young women now consider men even winking at them to be sexual harassment</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen.27s_definition_of_.27harassment.27_in_online_dating_depends_on_the_attractiveness_of_the_man">[[#Women.27s_definition_of_.27harassment.27_in_online_dating_depends_on_the_attractiveness_of_the_man|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women's definition of 'harassment' in online dating depends on the attractiveness of the man</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_attractiveness_of_a_male_.27harasser.27_determines_if_the_experience_is_enjoyable_or_traumatic">[[#The_attractiveness_of_a_male_.27harasser.27_determines_if_the_experience_is_enjoyable_or_traumatic|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The attractiveness of a male 'harasser' determines if the experience is enjoyable or traumatic</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAttractiveness_determines_perceptions_of_guilt_or_innocence_in_cases_of_sexual_harassment">[[#Attractiveness_determines_perceptions_of_guilt_or_innocence_in_cases_of_sexual_harassment|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Attractiveness determines perceptions of guilt or innocence in cases of sexual harassment</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_.26_especially_ugly_men_are_considered_inherently_.27creepier.27_than_women">[[#Men_.26_especially_ugly_men_are_considered_inherently_.27creepier.27_than_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men & especially ugly men are considered inherently 'creepier' than women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_permit_.27creepy.27_behavior_from_attractive_but_not_unattractive_men">[[#Women_permit_.27creepy.27_behavior_from_attractive_but_not_unattractive_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women permit 'creepy' behavior from attractive but not unattractive men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc27.25_of_men_report_avoiding_one-on-one_meetings_with_female_work_colleagues">[[#27.25_of_men_report_avoiding_one-on-one_meetings_with_female_work_colleagues|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>27% of men report avoiding one-on-one meetings with female work colleagues</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_are_equally_likely_as_women_to_be_victims_of_violent_crime">[[#Men_are_equally_likely_as_women_to_be_victims_of_violent_crime|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men are equally likely as women to be victims of violent crime</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAny_sex_a_woman_has_while_intoxicated_can_be_defined_as_rape_by_a_man_under_US_law">[[#Any_sex_a_woman_has_while_intoxicated_can_be_defined_as_rape_by_a_man_under_US_law|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Any sex a woman has while intoxicated can be defined as rape by a man under US law</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAs_many_US_men_report_being_.27forced_to_penetrate.27_each_year_as_women_report_being_raped">[[#As_many_US_men_report_being_.27forced_to_penetrate.27_each_year_as_women_report_being_raped|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>As many US men report being 'forced to penetrate' each year as women report being raped</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMore_teenage_boys_are_victims_of_.27partner_directed_violence.27_than_teenage_girls">[[#More_teenage_boys_are_victims_of_.27partner_directed_violence.27_than_teenage_girls|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>More teenage boys are victims of 'partner directed violence' than teenage girls</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMore_adult_men_are_victims_of_intimate_partner_physical_violence_than_women">[[#More_adult_men_are_victims_of_intimate_partner_physical_violence_than_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">16.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>More adult men are victims of intimate partner physical violence than women</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocHealth">[[#Health|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Health</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocSex_is_the_most_pleasurable.2C_joyous.2C_and_meaningful_human_experience">[[#Sex_is_the_most_pleasurable.2C_joyous.2C_and_meaningful_human_experience|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Sex is the most pleasurable, joyous, and meaningful human experience</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMating_performance_is_significantly_related_to_happiness_and_life_satisfaction">[[#Mating_performance_is_significantly_related_to_happiness_and_life_satisfaction|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Mating performance is significantly related to happiness and life satisfaction</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPenile.E2.80.93vaginal_intercourse_is_associated_with_health.2C_but_masturbation_is_not">[[#Penile.E2.80.93vaginal_intercourse_is_associated_with_health.2C_but_masturbation_is_not|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Penile–vaginal intercourse is associated with health, but masturbation is not</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocLoneliness_increases_premature_death_rates_by_26.25_and_is_as_deadly_as_obesity">[[#Loneliness_increases_premature_death_rates_by_26.25_and_is_as_deadly_as_obesity|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Loneliness increases premature death rates by 26% and is as deadly as obesity</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_are_unhappier_being_single_than_women">[[#Men_are_unhappier_being_single_than_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men are unhappier being single than women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBeing_single_is_a_greater_risk_factor_for_developing_depression_in_men_than_in_women">[[#Being_single_is_a_greater_risk_factor_for_developing_depression_in_men_than_in_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Being single is a greater risk factor for developing depression in men than in women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocPeople_that_are_married_are_2.4x_more_likely_to_recover_early_from_clinical_depression">[[#People_that_are_married_are_2.4x_more_likely_to_recover_early_from_clinical_depression|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>People that are married are 2.4x more likely to recover early from clinical depression</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_brain_reacts_to_rejection_in_the_same_manner_as_physical_pain">[[#The_brain_reacts_to_rejection_in_the_same_manner_as_physical_pain|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The brain reacts to rejection in the same manner as physical pain</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBeing_shown_a_picture_of_a_romantic_partner_results_in_higher_pain_tolerance">[[#Being_shown_a_picture_of_a_romantic_partner_results_in_higher_pain_tolerance|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Being shown a picture of a romantic partner results in higher pain tolerance</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWarm_partner_contact_lowers_stress_levels">[[#Warm_partner_contact_lowers_stress_levels|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Warm partner contact lowers stress levels</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWomen_prefer_stoic_men_who_downplay_their_health_problems_in_a_long-term_relationship">[[#Women_prefer_stoic_men_who_downplay_their_health_problems_in_a_long-term_relationship|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Women prefer stoic men who downplay their health problems in a long-term relationship</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocTinder_usage_is_associated_with_lower_self-esteem_for_men_but_not_women">[[#Tinder_usage_is_associated_with_lower_self-esteem_for_men_but_not_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">17.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Tinder usage is associated with lower self-esteem for men but not women</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocItsOver">[[#ItsOver|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18</span> <span class="toctext"><i>ItsOver</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocCelibacy_in_young_unmarried_US_men_is_now_28.25_and_rising.2C_particularly_affecting_ethnic_men">[[#Celibacy_in_young_unmarried_US_men_is_now_28.25_and_rising.2C_particularly_affecting_ethnic_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Celibacy in young unmarried US men is now 28% and rising, particularly affecting ethnic men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc42.25_of_men_and_44.25_of_women_18-34_years_old_and_unmarried_in_Japan_are_now_virgins">[[#42.25_of_men_and_44.25_of_women_18-34_years_old_and_unmarried_in_Japan_are_now_virgins|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>42% of men and 44% of women 18-34 years old and unmarried in Japan are now virgins</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThere_are_now_70_million_excess_men_in_China_and_India_who_will_live_and_die_without_partners">[[#There_are_now_70_million_excess_men_in_China_and_India_who_will_live_and_die_without_partners|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>There are now 70 million excess men in China and India who will live and die without partners</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocThe_percent_of_high_school_students_who_date_is_plummeting">[[#The_percent_of_high_school_students_who_date_is_plummeting|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>The percent of high school students who date is plummeting</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocAge_of_first_sex_is_rising_in_USA_for_both_genders">[[#Age_of_first_sex_is_rising_in_USA_for_both_genders|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Age of first sex is rising in USA for both genders</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMeeting_online_is_now_the_primary_way_relationships_are_formed">[[#Meeting_online_is_now_the_primary_way_relationships_are_formed|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Meeting online is now the primary way relationships are formed</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMost_online_dating_sites_are_dominated_by_men.2C_only_21.25-34.25_of_users_are_female">[[#Most_online_dating_sites_are_dominated_by_men.2C_only_21.25-34.25_of_users_are_female|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Most online dating sites are dominated by men, only 21%-34% of users are female</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc30.25_of_millennials_are_often_or_always_lonely_and_22.25_have_no_friends">[[#30.25_of_millennials_are_often_or_always_lonely_and_22.25_have_no_friends|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>30% of millennials are often or always lonely and 22% have no friends</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="toc41.1.25_percent_of_U.S_college_students_report_being_depressed.3B_6.6.25_have_planned_their_suicide">[[#41.1.25_percent_of_U.S_college_students_report_being_depressed.3B_6.6.25_have_planned_their_suicide|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>41.1% percent of U.S college students report being depressed; 6.6% have planned their suicide</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMen_are_more_likely_than_women_to_commit_suicide">[[#Men_are_more_likely_than_women_to_commit_suicide|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Men are more likely than women to commit suicide</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocWinners_in_a_rigged_game_will_consider_the_game_fair_as_long_as_they_keep_winning">[[#Winners_in_a_rigged_game_will_consider_the_game_fair_as_long_as_they_keep_winning|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Winners in a rigged game will consider the game fair as long as they keep winning</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocInvoluntary_celibacy_is_defined_academically_as_6_months_of_celibacy_despite_effort_for_sex">[[#Involuntary_celibacy_is_defined_academically_as_6_months_of_celibacy_despite_effort_for_sex|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Involuntary celibacy is defined academically as 6 months of celibacy despite effort for sex</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocIncel_forums_are_disproportionately_populated_by_suicidal.2C_disabled.2C_autistic.2C_and_ethnic_men">[[#Incel_forums_are_disproportionately_populated_by_suicidal.2C_disabled.2C_autistic.2C_and_ethnic_men|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Incel forums are disproportionately populated by suicidal, disabled, autistic, and ethnic men</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocBeing_widowed_in_one.27s_20s_increases_suicide_risk_by_~17x_for_men.2C_but_only_~4x_for_women">[[#Being_widowed_in_one.27s_20s_increases_suicide_risk_by_~17x_for_men.2C_but_only_~4x_for_women|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Being widowed in one's 20s increases suicide risk by ~17x for men, but only ~4x for women</span></span>]]</li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" id="tocMonogamy_may_have_been_selected_by_cultural_evolution_because_of_its_benefits_for_society">[[#Monogamy_may_have_been_selected_by_cultural_evolution_because_of_its_benefits_for_society|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">18.15</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Monogamy may have been selected by cultural evolution because of its benefits for society</span></span>]]</li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" id="tocSee_also">[[#See_also|<span class="tocnumber" style="color: black">19</span> <span class="toctext"><i>See also</i></span>]]<ul style="list-style: none;"></ul></li></ul></div><br />
<br />
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Personality''</span>==<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">On average, women are attracted to the Dark Triad—narcissism, manipulativeness, & psychopathy</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocPersonality|Category: Personality]] | [[#tocOn_average.2C_women_are_attracted_to_the_Dark_Triad.E2.80.94narcissism.2C_manipulativeness.2C_.26_psychopathy|table of contents]]</div><br />
The [[dark triad]] consists of three personality dimensions:<br />
<br />
* '''Narcissism''' (heightened sense of self-importance)<br />
* '''Machiavellianism''' (manipulativeness)<br />
* '''[[asshole|Psychopathy]]''' (low empathy)<br />
<br />
The Dark Triad is often quantified by a quick scoring tool called the ''Dirty Dozen'':<br />
<br />
# I tend to manipulate others to get my way.<br />
# I tend to lack remorse.<br />
# I tend to want others to admire me.<br />
# I tend to be unconcerned with the morality of my actions.<br />
# I have used deceit or lied to get my way.<br />
# I tend to be callous or insensitive.<br />
# I have used flattery to get my way.<br />
# I tend to seek prestige or status.<br />
# I tend to be cynical.<br />
# I tend to exploit others toward my own end.<br />
# I tend to expect special favors from others.<br />
# I want others to pay attention to me.<br />
<br />
[[Women]] were presented with male characters of varying degrees of Dark Triad personality. Physicality was held constant. Men with Dark Triad traits were dramatically more attractive to women compared to control characters who lacked these traits (with >99.9% statistical certainty, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the attractiveness of these Dark Traits was not explained by other characteristics like extroversion.<br />
<br />
Thus it seems apparent that while personality does matter to women, it does not matter in the ways they claim. Contrary to popular claims that women want a "nice, caring guy," in actual fact, they are most sexually attracted and aroused by narcissistic, manipulative, and psychopathic men.<br />
<br />
This likely has a basis in evolutionary biology, as Dark Triad traits may have helped provide a competitive edge to men in difficult times, for example, by allowing a man to kill others for resources. Another possible explanation is that [[violence|violent]], callous or narcissistic behavior is an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_theory Honest Signal] of exceptionally good [[SMV|erotic capital]] (i.e. good looks), [[LMS|social status]], or [[LMS|financial capital]], as a person who possesses these traits can 'get away' with behaving in such a manner. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Condition<br />
! colspan="2" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Attractiveness<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Mean<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | SD<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | High DT<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 4.44<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 1.17<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Low DT<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 3.34<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 1.17<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | [https://rpsychologist.com/d3/cohend/ Cohen's d] = 0.94<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''To explore the attractiveness of the DT personality to the other sex, 128 women rated created (male) characters designed to capture high DT facets of personality or a control personality.''<br />
* ''Physicality was held constant.''<br />
* ''Women rated the high DT character as significantly more attractive.''<br />
* ''Psychopathic traits (lack of morality; interpersonal hostility) are beneficial to a short-term strategy and are correlated with unrestricted pattern of sexual behaviour.''<br />
* ''The results of our study demonstrate that the Dark Triad male personality is attractive to women and this effect is not mediated by these men’s greater perceived Extraversion or Neuroticism.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Cartera GL, Campbell AC, Muncer S. 2014. ''The Dark Triad personality: Attractiveness to women.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 56: 57-61. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886913012245 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273809664_The_Dark_Triad_personality_Attractiveness_to_women FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">On PornHub, women consume most of the porn where women are violently raped and abused</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocPersonality|Category: Personality]] | [[#tocOn_PornHub.2C_women_consume_most_of_the_porn_where_women_are_violently_raped_and_abused|table of contents]]</div><br />
Dr. Seth Stephens-Davidowitz, a former Google data scientist, was given complete access to PornHub's search and views data. He found that women were more than twice as likely as men to search for videos where women are abused or forced to participate in nonconsensual sex. Women preferred videos with tags like "painful anal crying", "public disgrace", "extreme brutal gangbang", "forced", or "[[rape]]".<br />
<br />
25% of all straight porn searches by women were for videos featuring violence against women, and 5% of women's searches were for videos where women are raped. While not necessarily representative of ''all'' porn consumption by women, Pornhub is, according to website analytics firm Simpleweb, the adult website with the most global traffic (and is ranked 8th for total traffic worldwide out of all websites), as of February 2019.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''A quarter of straight [[porn]] searches by women are for videos featuring violence against their own sex.''<br />
* ''Five percent of searches by women are for content portraying nonconsensual sex.''<br />
* ''Search rates for these more extreme types of sexual content are at least twice as common among women than men.''<br />
* ''If there is a genre of porn in which violence is perpetrated against a woman, analysis of the data shows that it almost always appeals disproportionately to women.'' (Rahman, 2017)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Rahman S. 2017. ''Why Are So Many Women Searching for Ultra-Violent Porn?'' Vice. [[https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/bm9w7v/why-are-so-many-women-searching-for-ultra-violent-porn News]]<br />
* Stephens-Davidowitz S. 2017. ''Everybody Lies: Big Data, New Data, and What the Internet Can Tell Us About Who We Really Are.'' Dey Street Books.<br />
* Armstrong, M. 2019. ''The World's Most Popular Websites.'' Statista. [[https://www.statista.com/chart/17613/most-popular-websites/ Web]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">62% of women have fantasies about rape and other forced sex acts</span>===<br />
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A team of researchers from the University of North Texas and University of Notre Dame played 355 young women a rape fantasy over headphones to investigate how aroused they became:<br />
<br />
''The tape's material tells the tale of a male protagonist who is strongly attracted to the female character. He expresses a desire for sex with her, but she's clearly unresponsive. He attempts to convince her, without success, and she continues to refuse his advances. The male character then overpowers and rapes her. She resists throughout, and at no time gives consent. However, as the man is attractive to her and provides erotic stimulation, she does experience gratification from the forced sex. ''<br />
<br />
In questioning following this, researchers found that overall, 62% of participants reported having a rape fantasy of some type. <br />
<br />
Of the women who reported having the most common rape fantasy ("being overpowered or forced by a man to surrender sexually against my will"), 40% had it at least once a month and 20% had it at least once a week.<br />
<br />
Women reported that 45% of their rape fantasies were completely erotic and 46% both erotic and aversive. Only 9% of the fantasies are completely aversive.<br />
<br />
It is plausible that women underreport their fantasies about rape as well as their positive emotion towards it, in order to avoid being [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_desirability_bias socially undesirable] given the taboos surrounding the topic.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Forced/Rape Sex Act<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Women With Fantasy<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Any forced/rape sex act<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 62%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Forced sex by a man<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 52%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Being raped by a man<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 32%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Forced oral sex by a man<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 28%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Being incapacitated<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 24%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Forced anal sex<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 16%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Forced sex by a woman<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 17%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Being raped by a woman<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 9%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Forced oral sex by a woman<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 9%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
[[File:Womens fantasies.PNG|500px|thumb|none|Women's rape fantasies]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Bivona JM, Critelli JW, Clark MJ. 2011. ''Women’s Rape Fantasies: An Empirical Evaluation of the Major Explanations.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(5): 1107-1119. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-012-9934-6 Abstract]]<br />
* Bivona JM, Critelli JW. 2009. ''The nature of women's rape fantasies: an analysis of prevalence, frequency, and contents.'' J Sex Res. 46(1):33-45. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19085605 Abstract]]<br />
* Persaud R. 2012. ''Women's Sexual Fantasies - the Latest Scientific Research.'' Huffington Post. [[https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/dr-raj-persaud/womens-sexual-fantasies_b_1511322.html News]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">50% of female porn viewers admitted to watching porn involving extreme violence against women</span>===<br />
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<br />
Researchers in Italy conducted a study into the pornography usage habits of 12th grade students in high schools and youths 18-25 years old involved in vocational training.<br />
<br />
The participants were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding whether they had watched pornography and if they were currently watching pornography. They were then queried as to the content of the pornography they viewed, from the list, a variable called "violence against women" was constructed, which was defined as pornography that included any of the following violent content: "the woman is tortured, mutilated, raped, gang raped, humiliated (the man/ men urinate or defecate on her), killed, or subjected to other violent sex."<br />
<br />
The participants were when asked as to whether they viewed this content of their own accord or whether they had been goaded or coerced into watching it by a boyfriend/girlfriend or adult.<br />
<br />
Finally, the participants were asked questions regarding their experiences of prior victimization, including whether they had been previously subjected to physical, emotional, or sexual violence.<br />
<br />
Of the 303 participants, 49.2% were girls. 61.1% said they currently watched pornography.<br />
<br />
50.2% of the girls who watched pornography, reported watching violent pornography, including pornography that contained extreme depictions of sexual violence against women. It was also found that girls who had reported experiencing sexual victimization were much more likely to watch pornography, especially violent pornography, (Odds-ratio 3.27 for women subject to sexual violence, who reported currently watching pornography). Only 6.6.% of girls reported being pressured into watching the pornography by another person, with most reporting they watched it for personal enjoyment, and no association was found between participants reporting being a victim of sexual violence and them being coerced into watching the pornography.<br />
<br />
It is also plausible that, due to a generally greater [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_desirability_bias social desirability bias] related to female porn use (especially the extreme content that was included in the survey, i.e. snuff films, rape, pornography involving minors, and bestiality), that these figures substantially underestimate the number of girls who regularly watch such content.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%>'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* '' From this list, we constructed the variable “violence against women,” including watching any of the following: the woman is tortured, mutilated, raped, gang raped, humiliated (the man/men urinate or defecate on her), killed, or subjected to other violent sex.''<br />
* ''Female students exposed to family psychological violence and to sexual violence were significantly more likely to watch pornography, especially violent pornography than those who had not been exposed. No such association was found among male students.''<br />
* ''Female victims of sexual violence were 4.24 times more likely to have ever watched pornography (CI [1.41, 12.72]), and 3.27 times more likely to watch currently (CI [1.22, 8.74]).'' <br />
*''There was no association, neither for boys nor for girls, between being pressured to watch and a previous experience of sexual violence.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Romito P, Beltramini L. 2011. ''Watching pornography: gender differences, violence and victimization. An exploratory study in Italy.'' Violence Against Women, 17(10):1313-26. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21997464 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women are drawn more than men to nonfiction stories of rape, murder, and serial killers</span>===<br />
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Women have a greater preference for stories of true crime than men. To evaluate the degree of this preference, researchers analyzed gender proportions of reviews on Amazon for different genres including true crime and war. They found 70% of true crime reviewers were female, while 82% of war reviewers were male, despite an overall relatively even distribution of male and female reviewers on the site in general.<br />
<br />
The suggested that the primary reasons women might be interested in these books is for "survival tips" to avoid becoming victims themselves. Associations were found which may suggest this is in part a motivation, but these were very weak. Women's responses on evaluation of how much their reading was for "safety" were not very different from men's, and were greatly inadequate to explain the dramatic gender difference in preference for this material. <br />
<br />
They did not attempt to evaluate to what extent female preference for these types of stories relates to other evidence such as that women are more attracted to sociopathic men, men with criminal histories have more consensual female partners, male serial killers are often inundated with female love letters ([[hybristophilia]]), women have a disproportionate preference for pornography featuring violence against women, and that most women admit to harboring "rape fantasies."<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''More women than men reviewed books in the true crime genre (70% vs. 30%), w2(1, N ¼ 306) ¼ 22.08, p < .001. ''<br />
* ''More men than women reviewed books in the war genre (82% vs. 18%), w2(1, N ¼ 1,263) ¼ 520.76, p < .001.''<br />
* ''95% of the reviews in both the true crime and war categories were positive.''<br />
* ''When considering stories with violent content, women are drawn to true crime stories more so than are men.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Vicary AM, Fraley, RC. 2010. ''Captured by True Crime: Why Are Women Drawn to Tales of Rape, Murder, and Serial Killers?'' Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(1): 81-86. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1948550609355486 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/R_Fraley/publication/240287787_Captured_by_True_Crime_Why_Are_Women_Drawn_to_Tales_of_Rape_Murder_and_Serial_Killers/links/54d3a40f0cf28e0697288c35.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Criminal and anti-social men have more sexual partners and have sex earlier</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocPersonality|Category: Personality]] | [[#tocCriminal_and_anti-social_men_have_more_sexual_partners_and_have_sex_earlier|table of contents]]</div><br />
A meta-analysis of the correlates of criminal behavior by Ellis & Walsh (2000) found a strong association between criminal behavior and a greater number of reported sexual partners in men. 23 studies demonstrated a link between various forms of anti-social and criminal behavior and greater sex partner count, including: delinquency, violent offenses, various offences, recidivism, "victimful offending", antisocial personality and conduct disorders. 20 studies found a link between illicit drug use and a greater number of sexual partners. Only one study examined failed to find a significant link between anti-social behavior and a greater sexual partner count.<br />
<br />
The authors also discovered a strong link between criminal/anti-social behavior/drug use and an earlier sex of sexual debut in both sexes (e.g. losing their virginity earlier.) 17 studies found a relationship between: delinquency, various offences, "victimful offending", conduct disorders and anti-social personality and an earlier age of sexual debut. 13 studies demonstrated a relationship between illicit drug use and an earlier age of sexual debut. Every study examined found relationships between criminal/anti-social behavior and being sexually active at a younger age.<br />
<br />
The author also stated that earlier studies had convincingly demonstrated that self-reporting the number of sexual partners via an administered questionnaire had proven to be a reasonably accurate measure of actual partner count, especially for males. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''As you can see, the evidence has consistently shown criminals and delinquents reporting more sexual activity, and to have begun such activity at an earlier age, on average than for other persons of their age. The same appears to be true for those diagnosed with conduct disorders and/or psychopathy.''<br />
*''Having numerous sex partners can only be scientifically measured by using questionnaire responses ... To assess the accuracy of these self-reports, a few studies have surveyed the same people two or three times, presenting them with the same question. These studies have revealed that there is a general tendency to underreport the number of partners one has had, especially by females ... Nonetheless, the answers given by most subjects appear to be accurate.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Ellis L, Walsh A. 2000. ''Criminology: A Global Perspective, 1st Edition''. pp 227: Table 8.11. [[https://web.archive.org/web/20120513221622/http://abacon.com/ellis/tables/ch8.pdf References]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Men who exhibit antisocial and criminal behaviors reproduce more successfully </span>===<br />
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Research has shown that men with antisocial and criminal tendencies have considerably higher reproductive and sexual success than men who lack this predisposition. In one study, antisocial men only represented 10% of the male cohort, but yet fathered 27% of the babies in that group. (Jaffee et al. 2003)<br />
<br />
Another study investigating the links between criminal behavior and reproductive success found criminal men were more likely to have more children with lower commitment, as they were more likely to have multiple children with multiple women. It was concluded that in a contemporary industrialized country, criminal and antisocial behaviors can be considered successful reproductive strategies for men, leading to more female sexual partners and childbirths. (Yao et al. 2014)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Despite the fact that fathers who engage in high levels of antisocial behavior make up a small proportion of fathers overall, they are responsible for a disproportionate number of births. For example, Moffitt and colleagues (2002) found that although men who engaged in high levels of antisocial behavior constituted only 10% of a birth cohort, they accounted for 27% of the babies fathered by the time the men were age 26.'' (Jaffee et al. 2003)<br />
* ''From an evolutionary viewpoint, criminal behavior may persist despite adverse consequences by providing offenders with fitness benefits as part of a successful alternative mating strategy. Specifically, criminal behavior may have evolved as a reproductive strategy based on low parental investment reflected in low commitment in reproductive relationships. ''<br />
* ''Convicted criminal offenders had more children than individuals never convicted of a criminal offense. Criminal offenders also had more reproductive partners, were less often married, more likely to get remarried if ever married, and had more often contracted a sexually transmitted disease than non-offenders.''<br />
* ''Importantly, the increased reproductive success of criminals was explained by a fertility increase from having children with several different partners. We conclude that criminality appears to be adaptive in a contemporary industrialized country, and that this association can be explained by antisocial behavior being part of an adaptive alternative reproductive strategy.'' (Yao et al. 2014)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Jaffee SR, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Taylor A. 2003. ''Life with (or without) father: the benefits of living with two biological parents depend on the father's antisocial behavior.'' Child Dev. 74(1): 109-26. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12625439 Abstract]]<br />
* Yao S, Långström N, Temrin H, Walum H. 2014. ''Criminal offending as part of an alternative reproductive strategy: investigating evolutionary hypotheses using Swedish total population data.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 35(6): 481-488. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513814000774 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Male serial killers, terrorists, and rapists receive thousands of love letters from women in prison</span>===<br />
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[[Hybristophilia]] is a sexual phenomenon that is defined as 'the erotic obsession with or exclusive sexual attraction with an individual who commits extremely heinous or violent crimes such as rape, murder, serial killings etc.' <br />
<br />
According to the research that has been conducted in regards to the matter, it is a phenomenon almost completely found in women (Gurian, 2013).<br />
<br />
Explanations for the women's attraction to these highly violent men range from a nurturing desire to 'fix' these criminals, that they desire the fame/attention that they could receive by association with the criminals and their notorious deeds, but perhaps it is more likely a byproduct of women being wired by their evolutionary past to seek out relationships with dominant and violent 'dark triad' men.<br />
<br />
Examples of men who have received numerous love letters and even proposals from women while on trial or imprisoned are listed below.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Name<br />
! Description<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1024092/Cellar-monster-Josef-Fritzl-receives-hundreds-love-letters.html Josef Fritzl]<br />
| Imprisoned his own daughter in a cellar for 24 years, raping and torturing her, fathering 7 children through her, and murdering one of these offspring.<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.thelocal.no/20120618/breivik-gets-love-letters-from-16-year-old-girls Anders Breivik]<br />
| Murdered 77 people in terrorist attacks, with the majority of his victims being young teenagers at summer camp.<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-xpm-2013-may-22-la-oe-allen-dzhokhar-tsarnaev-20130522-story.html Dzhokhar Tsarnaev]<br />
| Detonated bombs killing 4 people and injuring 282 more in terrorist attacks.<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.bizarrepedia.com/murderous-love/ Ted Bundy]<br />
| Kidnapped, raped, and murdered at least 30 young women and girls, sometimes raping even their corpses.<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/what-is-hybristophilia Richard Ramirez]<br />
| Raped and tortured 25 people and murdered 13 in a spree of home invasions, one of his victims being a 9-year old girl who he beat, raped and then murdered, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ramirez#Romantic_relationship married one of his many suitors.]<br />
|-<br />
| [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/women-attracted-murderers-prison_n_5c1134dbe4b0ac53717b23aa Chris Watts]<br />
| Strangled his pregnant wife, then smothered his three and four year old daughters before dumping their bodies.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Death Row inmates have no shortage of suitors. In fact, the more notorious the murderer, the less he has to work for female companionship, San Quintin [State Prison] spokesman Eric Messick said.''<br />
* ''Letters of adoration flow in daily to Death Row inmates from all over the world, some of them 20 handwritten pages long.''<br />
* ''Richard Allen Davis, the man who kidnapped 12-year-old Polly Klaas from her Petaluma home in 1993 and killed her, "probably gets more mail than most," Messick said. Richard Ramirez, the "Night Stalker" who killed 13 people and has more than a passing interest in Satanism, has women virtually throwing themselves at him despite the fact he is already married.''<br />
* ''Messick said "99 percent" of correspondence to the condemned is from women. (There doesn't seem to be a similar clamoring among men for women awaiting death. None of the 15 women on the state's female Death Row in Chowchilla has gotten married in prison.)'' (Fimrite and Taylor 2005)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Fimrite P, Taylor M. 2005. ''No shortage of women who dream of snaring a husband on Death Row / Experts ponder why deadliest criminals get so many proposals.'' SF Gate. [[https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/No-shortage-of-women-who-dream-of-snaring-a-2689657.php News]]<br />
* Gurian EA. 2013. ''Explanations of mixed-sex partnered homicide: A review of sociological and psychological theory.'' Aggression and Violent Behavior. 18(5): 520-526. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135917891300061X Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Male gang members have dramatically more female sexual partners</span>===<br />
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A study by Palmer and Tilley (1995) for The Journal of Sex Research examined the possible evolutionary motives (i.e access to willing females sexual partners) that prompt young men to join street gangs. They revealed that gang members had significantly more consensual sexual partners then a comparable group of non-gang members. It was found that the leaders of these gangs by far had the highest number of sexual partners, with no male non-gang member from the sample coming even close to their high sexual partner count. <br />
<br />
These findings came despite previous evidence that physically unattractive individuals are disproportionately drawn to a life of crime, and physically attractive individuals are usually dissuaded from a life of crime (Mocan and Tekin 2006). This would suggest gang members are not likely to be more physically attractive than average men.<br />
<br />
This information is provided solely for evidentiary purposes as regards to the mate selection procedure of female ''H.Sapiens'' - it is certainly not encouraged for any man to "thugmaxx" (i.e commit violent crimes) in an attempt to ameliorate their sexual situation.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Gang members reported a significantly greater average number of sex partners during the last 30 days than the non-gang members reported for the same period (M of 1.67 to 1.22, respectively); one-tailed t-test, t = 2.16, df = 118, p < .025. […]''<br />
* ''Two gang leaders […] reported 11 and 10 partners, respectively, [within the last 90 days] […]''<br />
* ''Many gang members in our study had as many, or more, sex partners in one month than the average male in Laumann et al.'s study had in one year.''<br />
* ''In contrast, no non-gang member in the study reported more than five partners within the last 90 days.''<br />
* ''We also predict that leaders of gangs, like leaders in many human societies, not only have sexual access to greater numbers of females, but also more exclusive sexual access to these females.'' (Palmer and Tilley 1995)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Palmer CT, Tilley CF. 1995. ''Sexual Access to Females as a Motivation For Joining Gangs: An Evolutionary Approach.'' The Journal of Sex Research, 32(3):213-217. [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224499509551792 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233368360_Sexual_access_to_females_as_a_motivation_for_joining_gangs_An_evolutionary_approach FullText]]<br />
* Mocan N, Tekin E. 2006. ''Ugly Criminals.'' National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper No. 12019. [[https://www.nber.org/papers/w12019 FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Childhood bullies experience greater sexual success than non-bullies</span>===<br />
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Volk et al. (2015) tested the hypothesis that a behavioral tendency towards bullying others, far from only representing a maladaptive social behavior, could actually benefit the perpetrators in terms of the sexual opportunities that accrue to them.<br />
<br />
Two separate samples consisting of adolescents (N = 334) and university students (N = 144), were examined by the researchers. Participants filled out questionnaires relating to their perpetuation of bullying behaviors, whether or not they were sexually active or dating, and at what age the commenced dating and how many partners they had dated. The participants popularity with other students, and self perceived attractiveness and likeability, were also reported.<br />
<br />
The researchers found generally positive evidence that bullying was an evolutionarily adaptive behavior, and this was mostly independent of the common variance with attractiveness and age, sex, or popularity.<br />
<br />
A further study by Provenzano et al., used cross-sectional samples consisting of older adolescents (N = 144;111 women Mean Age 18.32) and 396 younger adolescents (N = 396;230 girls, Mean age 14.62). Participants reported their level of engagement in bullying behaviors and their level of bullying victimization, as well as answering a question measuring their number of sexual partners, since the age of 12. <br />
<br />
It was found that a greater likelihood of being the perpetrator of bullying behavior was correlated with a greater sexual partner count. However, due to the nature of the study it was impossible to tell if the mediating factor in this relationship was the bullying itself, or the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEXACO_model_of_personality_structure HEXACO] personality traits that are associated with a greater likelihood of engaging in this behavior, specifically the trait 'Honesty-Humility', that was found to being generally lower among bullies. This personality trait has also generally been found to be related to the 'dark triad' traits.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Taken together, results from the present study offer mixed, but generally positive, support for our hypothesis that bullying is an evolutionarily adaptive behavior''. <br />
* ''The links between bullying and dating/sexual outcomes are (for the most part) not simply a function of common variance with attractiveness and age or sex, although those variables do play a role in dating and sexual behavior''. (Volk et al. 2015)<br />
* ''Bullying research and interventions should be increasingly cognizant of the fact that bullying may indeed be, at least in part, due to evolved mental adaptations that predispose some individuals to harm others to obtain personal goals. These goals may go beyond social dominance and extend specifically toward obtaining sexual partners''. <br />
* ''Taken together, Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness may be associated with having more sexual partners by allowing adolescents more willing and able to use bullying as a strategy to facilitate intrasexual competition and intersexual selection, as opposed to being a mechanism leading directly to engagement with more sexual partners.'' (Provenzano et al. 2017)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Volk AA, Dane AV, Zopito AM, Vaillancourt T. 2015. ''Adolescent Bullying, Dating, and Mating: Testing an Evolutionary Hypothesis.'' Evolutionary Psychology. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1474704915613909 FullText]]<br />
*Provenzano DA, Dane AV, Farrell AH, Marini Z, Volk AA. 2017. ''Do Bullies Have More Sex? The Role of Personality''. Evolutionary Psychological Science. [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321812090_Do_Bullies_Have_More_Sex_The_Role_of_Personality FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">More than half of prison staff sexual misconduct involves female guards/staff</span>===<br />
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According to US prison guidelines, "staff sexual misconduct" includes any seemingly consensual act or behavior of a sexual nature directed toward an inmate by staff, including romantic relationships. Such acts include intentional touching of the genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner thigh, or buttocks with the intent to abuse, arouse, or gratify sexual desire; completed, attempted, threatened, or requested sexual acts; and occurrences of indecent exposure, invasion of privacy, or staff voyeurism for sexual gratification.<br />
<br />
This is differentiated form "nonconsensual sexual acts" and "abusive sexual acts" which are considered in a different manner. <br />
<br />
A 2014 US prison audit found that 54% of all incidents of staff sexual misconduct (i.e consensual sexual relationships with prisoners) were perpetrated by females. Of all substantiated incidents involving female staff, 84% appeared to be fully consensual.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''54% of incidents of staff sexual misconduct were perpetrated by females. ''<br />
* ''In state and federal prisons, 67% of inmate victims of staff sexual misconduct or harassment were male, while 58% of staff perpetrators were female. ''<br />
* ''Among all substantiated incidents between 2009 and 2011, 84% of those perpetrated by female staff, compared to 37% of those perpetrated by male staff, involved a sexual relationship that “appeared to be willing.”''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Beck AJ, Rantala RR, Bexroat J. 2014. ''Sexual Victimization Reported by Adult Correctional Authorities, 2009–11''. U.S Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. [[https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svraca0911.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">39% of hospitalized male psychopaths had consensual sex with female mental health staff</span>===<br />
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Carl B. Gacono, PhD ''et al''. (1995) published a small study for the The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law comparing "select behavior indices between [[psychiatry|hospitalized insanity]] acquittees (N = 18) and hospitalized insanity acquittees who successfully malingered (N = 18)". The study authors called the malingerers 'severe psychopaths', which was also evidenced by the fact that all of these malingerers engaged in physical or verbal violence against the staff of the facility, and that many of them were convicted rapists, murderers etc.<br />
<br />
They found that these severe psychopaths were so likely to have consensual sexual relations with female staff, that in fact 39% had such consensual relations with female mental health staff when this was evaluated. Some (the precise figure is not mentioned) even married the female staff members.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
<br />
'''Behavioural infractions committed by control group and malingerers 'severe psychopaths'.'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Comparison Subjects<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Severe Psychopaths<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Verbally/physically assaultive<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 17%<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 100%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Specialized treatment plan<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 0%<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 35%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Sex/marriage with female staff<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 0%<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 39%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Drug dealing within institution<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 0%<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 44%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Escaped<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 11%<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 17%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''The malingerers were significantly more likely to have a history of murder or rape, carry a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder or sexual sadism, and produce greater PCL-R factor 1, factor 2, and total scores than insanity acquittees who did not malinger. ''<br />
* ''The malingerers were also significantly more likely to be verbally or physically assaultive, require specialized treatment plans to control their aggression, have sexual relations with female staff, 39% had such consensual relations with female mental health staff, deal drugs, and be considered an escape risk within the forensic hospital.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Gacono C, Meloy JR, Sheppard K, Speth E, Roske A. 1995. ''A Clinical Investigation of Malingering and Psychopathy in Hospitalized Insanity Acquittees.'' Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 23(3): 387-397. [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9c55/a8cae3c8a5d238002a261fec643f767d1126.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women desiring marriage and commitment are more attracted to narcissistic men</span>===<br />
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Haslam and Montrose (2015) conducted a survey of 146 British females asking them to rate their agreement with a series of statements intended to measure their attraction to narcissism in a potential male partner. The statements were based on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) a psychological test designed to measure the level of "sub-clinical narcissism" in an individual.<br />
<br />
They found that women wishing to get married were more attracted to the narcissistic male personality (mean rank = 77.82) than those not desiring marriage (mean rank = 59.81). Women with a higher number of sexual partners were also significantly more attracted to the narcissistic male personality.<br />
<br />
These observations were made despite it being previously demonstrated that narcissistic mates are more likely to be unfaithful and narcissism is associated with a lack of relational commitment.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
*''Females that desired marriage were more attracted to the narcissistic personality than their counterparts who did not desire marriage. This finding is problematic from a female perspective as the narcissistic male is primarily short-term mating goal orientated and does not provide a suitable long-term partner.''<br />
*''Regardless of females possessing substantial mating experience and matrimonial desires which could be suggested to render the narcissistic male unsuitable as a partner, the narcissistic male personality is still desired, highlighting the success of this personality construct in facilitating a short-term mating strategy.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Haslam C, Montrose T. 2015. ''Should have known better: The impact of mating experience and the desire for marriage upon attraction to the narcissistic personality.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 82: 188-192. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S019188691500210X?via%3Dihub Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Female narcissism reduces marital quality for men, but male narcissism does not for women</span>===<br />
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Lavner et al (2016) gathered longitudinal data from a community sample of 146 newlywed couples assessed 6 times over the first 4 years of marriage to assess how narcissism in men and women differentially affected marriage quality and outcomes.<br />
<br />
They measured partner characteristics of narcissism to determine the degree to which couples were matched on narcissism and related traits. Then they examined how narcissism predicted the trajectory of marital quality over time, testing narcissism's association with initial levels of relationship functioning and changes in relationship functioning.<br />
<br />
It was found that high degrees of female narcissism predicted a decline in marital quality and satisfaction over time. However, male narcissism did not negatively affect marital quality or satisfaction.<br />
<br />
This would seem to imply men are greatly bothered by narcissistic wives, but women are not so typically bothered by narcissistic husbands. This conclusion is in keeping with evidence reviewed that women find narcissistic men more attractive and actively seek them as husbands.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Hierarchical linear modeling indicated that wives' total narcissism and entitlement/exploitativeness scores predicted the slope of marital quality over time, including steeper declines in marital satisfaction and steeper increases in marital problems. ''<br />
* ''Husbands' narcissism scores generally had few effects on their own marital quality or that of their wives.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Lavner JA, Lamkin J, Miller JD, Campbell WK, Karney BR. 2016. ''Narcissism and newlywed marriage: Partner characteristics and marital trajectories.'' Personal Disord. 7(2): 169-79. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26098378 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Men are attracted to "nice" women, but women are not attracted to "nice" men</span>===<br />
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Researchers sought to evaluate niceness by defining it as: "a characteristic that may signal to potential partners that one understands, values and supports important aspects of their self-concept and is willing to invest resources in the relationship." In other words, niceness is the degree to which a person understands, values, and supports his partner's identity and values and is willing to put commitment and effort into the relationship. This is also known in psychology as "responsiveness."<br />
<br />
The researchers found that men who perceived possible female partners as responsive found them to be "more feminine and more attractive." They also found that when men found women to be responsive, it led to a heightened sexual arousal from the men and greater desire for a relationship.<br />
<br />
On the other hand, '''when women perceived their male partner to be more responsive, they were less attracted to the man.'''<br />
<br />
The Internet is full of women claiming the reason they "don't give [[nice guy]]s a chance" is that those "[[nice guy]]s" are not actually truly "nice". The more scientifically valid explanation for this behavior based on these findings is that a man's niceness does not appear to be sexually valued by women at all or is perhaps even negatively valued. <br />
<br />
An interesting addition is that nice men have substantially lower economic success. In Judge et al. (2012), men who are one standard deviation nicer, had ''an 18.3% lower income''. For women it's 5.47% lower, but they are more agreeable and tend to occupy positions of lower status to begin with.<br />
It pays off being disagreeable, in life as a whole, and doubly so with women because women also prefer men with high income.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Responsiveness may signal to a potential partner that one is concerned with her or his welfare, and may therefore increase sexual interest in this person. ''<br />
* ''Research shows, however, that this proposition holds true for men, but not for women.''<br />
* ''Men, but not women, perceived a responsive stranger as more attractive. ''<br />
* ''Responsiveness increased men’s perception of partner’s femininity.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Birnbaum GE, Ein-Dor T, Reis HT, Segal N. 2014. ''Why Do Men Prefer Nice Women? Gender Typicality Mediates the Effect of Responsiveness on Perceived Attractiveness in Initial Acquaintanceships.'' Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 40(10): 1341-1353. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167214543879 Abstract]]<br />
* Mejia P. 2014. ''Study Finds That Men Like Nice Women, But Not the Other Way Around.'' Newsweek. [[https://www.newsweek.com/study-finds-men-nice-women-not-other-way-around-261269 News]]<br />
* Judge TA, Livingston BA, and Hurst C. 2012. ''Do nice guys—and gals—really finish last? The joint effects of sex and agreeableness on income.'' [[http://doi.org/10.1037/a0026021 ]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Vegetarian men are less attractive, likable, and masculine to women than omnivorous men</span>===<br />
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Timeo and Suitner (2018) conducted a series of studies that concluded that:<br />
<br />
* Women perceived vegetarian men as 8% less attractive, compared to omnivorous men.<br />
* Women viewed vegetarian men as "less likable".<br />
* The greater negative perception of vegetarian men was mediated by women's perception of vegetarian men as "less masculine".<br />
* Gender role norms prescribing that men eat meat are actively maintained by both women and men and do in fact guide men’s food choices.<br />
<br />
One of the common motivators of vegetarian men in adopting such a diet is connected to altruistic concerns (i.e. regarding animal welfare), but in women's average opinion this is sexually unattractive behavior.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Timeo S, Suitner C. 2018. ''Eating meat makes you sexy: Conformity to dietary gender norms and attractiveness.'' Psychology of Men & Masculinity. 19(3): 418-429. [[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2017-26154-001 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Mental''</span>== <br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">69% of high functioning autistic adolescents want relationships, but almost none succeed</span>===<br />
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The parents of 190 adolescents with high and low functioning [[Asperger's Syndrome|autism]] were surveyed to evaluate the adolescents' perspectives around sexuality. <br />
<br />
The adolescents upon whom parents were reporting were predominantly Caucasian (89.3%) males (86.8%) with a median age of 14 years (M = 14.51, SD = 1.96).<br />
<br />
Findings were: <br />
<br />
* 69.2% of adolescents with high functioning autism expressed desire for a dating relationship.<br />
* 73.1% with high functioning autism expressed attraction to someone of the opposite sex, and 10.0% to the same sex.<br />
* However, only 7.7% of this high functioning autistic cohort reported having had a relationship with someone of the opposite sex, and 1.5% with someone of the same sex.<br />
* Only 1.5% of the group had sex.<br />
<br />
Overall this group showed a normal amount of desire for sexual relationships, but a disproportionately low capacity to achieve them.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Holmes LG, Himle MB. 2014. ''Brief Report: Parent-Child Sexuality Communication and Autism Spectrum Disorders.'' Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 44(11): 2964–2970. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-014-2146-2 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262581068_Brief_Report_Parent-Child_Sexuality_Communication_and_Autism_Spectrum_Disorders FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">44.6% of high functioning adult autistic men remain virgins, despite high sex/relationship drive</span>===<br />
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A group of high functioning [[Asperger's Syndrome|autistic]] men and women were evaluated and compared with healthy controls to assess their sexual and relationship desires and success/failure to achieve those desires. <br />
<br />
44.6% of autistic men were found to still virgins among a sample with the average age being 35.7 years. <br />
<br />
Autistic men were found to masturbate more and have a greater desire for a relationship than normal neurotypical (NT) men. However, only 16% of autistic men were in a relationship while 82% of NT men were in a relationship. NT men were 5x more likely to be in a relationship than their [[Asperger's Syndrome|autistic]] counterparts.<br />
<br />
Autism did not so greatly reduce women's ability to find relationships with men, as 46% of women were able to have relationships, while only 16% of men were. <br />
<br />
This is likely due to the fact that [[Asperger's Syndrome|autism]] reduces an individual's capacity for emotional interaction, but normal men crave emotional interaction less than normal women, so this will disproportionately impair an autistic man's attempts to find a relationship vs. an autistic woman's. It could also be that Autistic men are more likely to be shunned then Autistic women, either because the behavioral traits of Autism are less apparent in females compared to males, or that these women are seen as having an inherent social value due to their innate reproductive resources that Autistic men don't have.<br />
<br />
Autistic men were also burdened with a dramatically greater number of paraphilias which are considered "socially taboo". These paraphilias which appear to be part of their disease state can only be imagined to make their difficulties in finding sexual and romantic success more difficult.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Male ASD participants reported more frequent [[masturbation]] than male healthy controls (HCs) (P<0.01). ''<br />
* ''ASD men reported a greater sexual desire for sexual intercourse than their HC counterparts (P<0.05, Table III). ''<br />
* ''Of the individuals with ASD, significantly more women (N = 18; 46.2%) than men (N = 9; 16.1%) were currently in a relationship ''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Schöttle D, Briken P, Tüscher O, Turner D. 2017. ''Sexuality in autism: hypersexual and paraphilic behavior in women and men with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder.'' Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 19(4): 381–393. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5789215/ FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Autists are judged as awkward, less physically attractive and less approachable within seconds</span>===<br />
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Sasson et al. (2017) conducted a series of studies with a similar methodology consisting of groups of ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) and NT (Neurotypical) peers in various modes of social interaction consisting of 'thin slices'. The study discussed here consisted of forty adult (20 ASD; 20 NT;17 males each group) participants. <br />
<br />
The participants were comparable in IQ as measured by the WASI test ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wechsler_Adult_Intelligence_Scale#WASI-II Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence]) and age. The participants were made to record a 60 second mock audition for a fictional reality television program, which were edited into five presentation modalities: (1) audio-only (2) visual-only (3) audio-visual (4) static image and (5) transcript of speech content. <br />
This allowed the researchers to examine which elements of the participants presentation styles contributed to the first impressions of observers.<br />
<br />
The participants were then rated by a group of volunteers (who weren't informed of the clinical diagnoses of the ASD participants) in the form of an online survey. Each stimulus was rated one at a time on ten items using a four-point scale (0–3), on a number of socially desirable traits that are accurately assessed at first acquaintance: attractiveness, awkwardness, intelligence, likeability, trustworthiness, and dominance. <br />
<br />
It was found that ASD participants were perceived more negatively on a number of the socially desirable traits examined, including attractiveness, likability, and dominance.<br />
<br />
A later study (Alkhaldi, Sheppard & Mitchell, 2019) partially replicated the findings of the previous study and helped to further elucidate the possible casual factors behind this negative evaluation of ASD individuals. Using the pre-recorded video responses of autistic and NT participants (N = 40, 20 ASD and 20 NT) to various stimuli of them interacting with researchers (compliment, joke, story, waiting), which were then evaluated by 31 typically developing perceivers (10 males and 21 females), it was found that ASD individuals were perceived less favorably on a number of dimensions. A second study was also performed, replicating the results of the previous study, but the participants were informed which scenario each of the participants in the study were experiencing, in the aims of helping the participants contexualize the behavior they were observing.<br />
<br />
Perceiver ratings were also utilized to calculate a "readability" score (how easy it was to perceive the participants emotional and affective states), and it was found that over the course of two studies, the readability score correlated moderately to strongly (r = 0.58 for the first study and 0.63 for the second) with the negative or positive evaluations of the target's characteristics. Thus the negative perceptions of autistic individuals are possibly mediated by the observers difficulty in reading their emotions or intentions. The researchers stated this could either be because this unreadability was associated with perceptions of lower trustworthiness or simply because this unreadability is associated with behaving in a manner that is perceived as eccentric or "out of the ordinary", which therefore results in the greater negative perceptions of them.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
<br />
* ''Our findings show that negative first impressions of adults with ASD occurred only when audio and/or visual information was present, and not when the transcript of their speech content was evaluated. This discrepancy suggests that social presentation style rather than the substantive content of social speech drove negative impression formation of individuals with ASD.''<br />
* ''Supporting this conclusion, a static image was sufficient for generating negative first impressions of those with ASD and including additional information, such as body movement or voice, did not worsen them further.''<br />
* ''However, negative impressions did not occur for all evaluated traits, with the two groups not differing on ratings of perceived intelligence or trustworthiness''<br />
* ''In turn, this may limit opportunities in ASD for developing social connections and friendships, as well as the intergroup contact necessary for mitigating negative biases when present.''<br />
* ''Based on evidence in the literature and the data presented here, we propose that negative first impressions of ASD are not founded on any one feature of expression, but rather represent an effect of subtle physical, dynamic, and auditory cues of presentation that can also include additional features, such as clothing choices, grooming habits, gaze patterns, or body posture.''<br />
* ''Target readability correlated with ratings of target favorability (r = .58 and r = .63), independent of target diagnosis. Perceivers might rate targets unfavorably because they experience difficulty reading them, though other interpretations of the correlation are also possible.''(Alkhaldi et al. 2019)<br />
* ''If being unreadable is associated with being rated socially unfavorable, as suggested by our findings, it could in turn have very negative consequences for the development of autistic individuals. This follows if being perceived unfavorably is a barrier to inclusion in the social world, where autistic people, who are in the population minority, instead are condemned to isolation.'' (Alkhaldi et al. 2019)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Sasson NJ. Faso DJ, Nugent J, Lovell S, Kennedy DP, Grossman RB. 2019. ''Neurotypical Peers are Less Willing to Interact with Those with Autism based on Thin Slice Judgments.'' Scientific Reports. 7: 40700. [[https://www.nature.com/articles/srep40700#discussion FullText]]<br />
* Alkhaldi RS, Sheppard E, Mitchell PJ. 2019. ''Is There a Link Between Autistic People Being Perceived Unfavorably and Having a Mind That Is Difficult to Read?'' Autism Dev Disord: pp 1-10. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10803-019-04101-1#aboutcontent FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Autistic men have 10 times as many suicidal thoughts as normal men</span>===<br />
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Autism is a mental health condition that disproportionately affects men and often results in the sufferers of the conditions social isolation. Numerous studies show the harms of autism are deep and painful to those who must bear them. Autistic individuals are subjected to at least 4-5x as much bullying as normal children. Autistic children report 28x more suicidal ideation or attempts compared to normal children. Autistic adults report nearly 10 times as many suicidal thoughts. Overall, people with autism are 7.53 times more likely to die by suicide, those with high-functioning autism having a greater risk of committing suicide than the low functioning, being 9.36 times more likely to commit suicide.<br />
<br />
A clinical cohort study of adults recently diagnosed with Asperger's Syndrome (N = 374, 256 men, 116 women) in 2014 found a much greater prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempts/plans for suicide among adults with Asperger's as compared to the general population. Specifically adults with Asperger’s syndrome are much more likely to report lifetime experience of suicidal ideation than were individuals from a general UK population sample (odds ratio 9.6), and 35% of respondents reported having actually planned their suicide.<br />
<br />
Due to the social deficits of those with this condition, bullying and persecution they often suffer, and lack of human connection often concomitant with this illness, it could be reasonably argued that autists are among the most marginalized groups in society, particularly autistic males. Based on above data previously reviewed, a significant percent of male autists will die never having experienced anything close to resembling a loving romantic relationship, or indeed having experienced sexual intercourse at all.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''About 46% of autistic children in middle and high school told their parents they were victimized at school within the previous year, compared with just over 10% of children in the general population.'' (Szalavitz 2012)<br />
* ''Percent of children with autism (1-16 year olds) for whom suicide ideation or attempts was rated as sometimes to very often a problem by mothers (14%) was 28 times greater than that for typical children.'' (Dickerson et al. 2013)<br />
* ''Compared with the general population, adults with Asperger’s syndrome were nearly 10 times more likely to report suicidal thoughts. They were also significantly more likely to have these thoughts than people with one, two, or more medical illnesses, or people with a psychotic illness.'' (Collingwood 2018)<br />
* ''In contrast, the high-functioning ASD group had a significantly more elevated suicide risk than the low-functioning ASD group, whereas, again, both groups had an increased risk compared with controls. The time period between registered ASD diagnosis and suicide was on average 2.86 years (s.d.= 2.41) in the low-functioning ASD group and 2.53 years (s.d.= 2.65) in the high-functioning ASD group.'' (Hirvikowski et al. 2016)<br />
* ''Suicide was the only specific cause of death showing a higher risk in high-functioning ASD compared with low-functioning ASD.'' (Hivikowski et al. 2016)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Dickerson Mayes S, Gorman AA, Hillwig-Garcia J, Syed E. 2013. ''Suicide ideation and attempts in children with autism.'' Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 7(1): 109-119. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1750946712000931 Abstract]]<br />
* Hirvikowski T, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Boman M, Larsson H. 2016. ''Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder.'' The British Journal of Psychiatry. 208(3): 232-238. [[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/premature-mortality-in-autism-spectrum-disorder/4C9260DB64DFC29AF945D32D1C15E8F2 Abstract]]<br />
* Szalavitz M. 2012. ''Why Autistic Kids Make Easy Targets for School Bullies.'' Time Magazine. [[http://healthland.time.com/2012/09/05/why-autistic-kids-make-easy-targets-for-school-bullies/ News]] <br />
* Collingwood J. 2018. ''Suicidal Thoughts 10 Times More Likely in Adults With Asperger’s.'' PsychCentral. [[https://psychcentral.com/news/2014/10/13/suicidal-thoughts-10-times-more-likely-in-adults-with-aspergers/76016.html News]]<br />
* Cassidy S, Bradley P, Robinson J, Allison C, McHugh M, Baron-Cohen S. 2014. ''Suicidal ideation and suicide plans or attempts in adults with Asperger’s syndrome attending a specialist diagnostic clinic: a clinical cohort study.'' Lancet Psychiatry 1:142-147. [[https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanpsy/PIIS2215-0366(14)70248-2.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">High IQ men are more likely to remain virgins longer</span>===<br />
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Studies assessing the relation of IQ to sexual success in America have found that both adolescent men and women have higher rates of [[virgin|virginity]] when they have high IQ. <br />
<br />
For instance, a study conducted by Halpern et. al (2000) that used a total sample of N = 11,696 adolescents from two longitudinal surveys of adolescent health and sexual behavior, measured the IQs of participants using a simple and equivalent measure of IQ—The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Revised (PPVT–R)—which has a correlation of .64 with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, indicating that the test is a good measure of ''g'', i.e <br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_factor_(psychometrics) general intelligence].<br />
<br />
Combining this measure with reports of sexual activity, sexual maturation, and mother's level of education, a statistical analysis of the data revealed that the most sexually successful individuals seem to be those with an IQ of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotient#/media/File:IQ_distribution.svg 70-110.] This IQ range consists of the borderline mentally impaired at the lower end (70, an IQ below this threshold is generally considered to constitute an intellectual disability) to somewhat above average (110) at the higher end. <br />
The peak was at the 75-90 IQ range for males, with these males being found to be the least likely to be virgins as adolescents.<br />
<br />
At the low end of the spectrum, an interesting trend emerges, as we see that low IQs affect male and female sexual activity differently. 46.7% of low IQ men were sexually active, while only 18.4% of low IQ women were. Thus low IQ men were 2.5x as likely as low IQ women to be sexually successful.<br />
<br />
This would suggest that high IQ impairs both men and women from sexual success, but low IQ does not as greatly impair men's sexual success as it would for a woman. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''63.3% of adolescent men and 81.6% of women with IQ scores below average have never had sex and most have had fewer experiences of romantic attraction.''<br />
* ''An adolescent with an IQ score of 100 was 1.5 to 5 times more likely to have had intercourse than an adolescent with an above average score of about 120 to 130.''<br />
* ''Controlling for age, physical maturity, and mother’s education, a significant curvilinear relationship between intelligence and coital status was demonstrated;adolescents at the upper and lower ends of the intelligence distribution were less likely to have sex. Higher intelligence was also associated with postponement of the initiation of the full range of partnered sexual activities.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span> <br />
*Hapern CT, Joyner K, Udry JR, Suchindran C. 2000. ''Smart teens don't have sex (or kiss much either).'' J Adolesc Health. 26(3): 213-25. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10706169?dopt Abstract]] <br />
* Agencies. 2007. ''Studies show IQ link to virginity.'' The Times of India. [[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Studies-show-IQ-link-to-virginity/articleshow/2274865.cms News]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Teenage boys with ADHD have double the amount of sexual partners vs. 'normal' teens</span>===<br />
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Østergaard et al. (2017) conducted a nationwide cohort study using data from Danish government registers. Examining individuals (N = 2,698,052) born in Denmark between 1960-2001, it was found that individuals with ADHD were significantly (2.3 for males and 3.62 for females at the ages of 12-16) more likely to become parents in their teens. These numbers were also similar for older teenagers aged 17-19. <br />
<br />
This is possibly partly because teenagers with ADHD have been found to have a larger number of sexual partners vs typically developing (TD) controls.<br />
Rokeach & Weiner (2014) administering questionnaires on sexual behavior to 58 participants (30 ADHD, 28 TD), found that irrespective of gender, individuals with ADHD reported nearly double the number of lifetime sexual partners as compared to TD participants. Boys with ADHD also reported a 2 year earlier age of sexual debut as compared to TD boys, with the age of sexual debut between ADHD and TD girls not being significantly different.<br />
<br />
A possibly explanation for the ADHD boys being more sexually successful than TD males is due to the overlapping behavioral elements of ADHD and Psychopathy. Bodalski (2017) reviewed research demonstrating a link between ADHD and psychopathic affect and also similar levels of impulsive behavior, while noting that the literature elucidating the possible relationship between the two was scarce.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Compared to individuals without ADHD, those with ADHD were significantly more likely to become parents at age 12-15 (IRR for females: 3.62 [95%CI 2.14-6.13] and for males: 2.30 [95%CI 1.27-4.17]) and at age 16-19 (IRR for females: 1.94 [95%CI 1.62-2.33] and for males: 2.27 [95%CI 1.90-2.70]).'' (Østergaard et al., 2017) <br />
* ''Adolescents with ADHD reported having more romantic partners than their typically developing (TD) peers. Females with ADHD were found to have shorter romantic relationships than TD adolescents while males with ADHD reported their age of first intercourse to be nearly 2 years sooner than TD peers. Irrespective of gender, adolescents with ADHD had nearly double the number of lifetime sexual partners.'' (Rokeach & Weiner, 2014)<br />
* ''Psychopathy and ADHD both have impulsive elements that may explain overlap of the two. A 2010 study indicated that children with ADHD inattentive type and combined type were rated by teachers as having elevated levels of psychopathic and callous-unemotional traits as well as lower educational performance (DeLisi et al., 2010). In 2013, DeLisi found that children with both ADHD and conduct disorder scored higher than their peers on psychopathic personality features and also noted that thrill-seeking and impulsiveness showed to be the strongest classification variables for delinquency and violent delinquency at the 90th percentiles.'' (Bodalski, 2017)<br />
*<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Rokeach A, Weiner J. 2014. ''The Romantic Relationships of Adolescents With ADHD.'' J Atten Disord, 22(1):35-35. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1087054714538660 FullText]]<br />
*Østergaard SD, Dalsgaard S, Faraone SV, Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM. 2017. ''Teenage Parenthood and Birth Rates for Individuals With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Nationwide Cohort Study.'' Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 56(1):573-584.e3 [[https://www.jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(17)30205-8/fulltext Abstract]]<br />
*Bodalski EA. 2017. ''ADHD and the Dark Side of Leadership.'' Honor Theses. 987. [[https://scholarship.richmond.edu/honors-theses/987/ Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Cluster-B personality disorders lead to 3.5x as many sexual partners and more offspring</span>===<br />
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Guitiérrez et al. (2013) conducted a study in order to determine if the various personality disorder clusters - Type A (Schizoid, Odd), Type B (Narcissistic, Anti-social) and Type C (Avoidant, OCD) - were solely detrimental in terms of life outcomes for the individuals with these personality disorders (PDs), or if they instead presented their sufferers with various potentially adaptive benefits, such as greater sexual and social opportunities.<br />
<br />
A sample of psychiatric outpatients (N = 738, 53% female, mean age 34.1 yrs, SD 10.9) were presented with a questionnaire designed to measure the presence and intensity of the ten personality disorders, and a further questionnaire designed to broadly measure various life outcomes such as number of sexual partners, employment, income, and health.<br />
<br />
A multiple linear regression performed by the researchers on the data was used by the authors to estimate the contribution of the PD scores to various life outcomes.<br />
<br />
While finding that in general, PDs were resulting in more negative life outcomes broadly, there were some potentially evolutionary adaptive benefits that seemed to accrue to bearers of these disorders.<br />
<br />
Namely, those individuals high in type-B personality cluster traits (Narcissism, Anti-Social, Borderline, Histrionic) of both sexes has 3.5x as many mates as low B subjects, with five times as many short-term mates and twice as many long term mates. It was also found that those higher in cluster B had 39% more offspring then those lower in cluster B traits.<br />
<br />
Thus it can be surmised that these personality traits, with all their concomitant negative outcomes; both for the bearers of these disorders and their potential victims, are most likely being significantly sexually selected for in various modern societies.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''PDs even brought some fitness advantages: Whereas reduced fertility in other mental disorders had been mainly attributed to lower marriage rates ... our high-PD subjects had 32% more mates.''<br />
* ''The strength of these relationships should not be underestimated: Explained variance lies within the range of 1-5.7% usually found in phenotypic selection studies, in both humans and nonhumans.''<br />
* ''Further supporting a sexual selection scenario, our high-B subjects out-reproduced low-B by 39%.''<br />
* ''Likewise, high status, a strong priority for high-C subjects, has often been related in post-industrial societies to quality- rather then quantity-based mating and reproduction.''<br />
* ''In the literature however, Cluster A disorders are not reported to be completely detrimental. For example, A subjects have been found to spend more time in romantic relationships and to have more frequent or earlier parenthood. Likewise, some components of schizotypy seem to increase mating success ... more data on A traits are clearly needed.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Gutiérrez F, Gárriz M, Peri JM, Ferraz L, Sol D, Navarro JB, Barbadilla A, Valdés M. 2013. ''Fitness costs and benefits of personality disorder traits.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 34(1): 41-48. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513812000906?via%3Dihub Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Mental disorders significantly reduce male fertility, substantially more than they do for women</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocMental|Category: Mental]] | [[#tocMental_disorders_significantly_reduce_male_fertility.2C_substantially_more_than_they_do_for_women|table of contents]]</div><br />
A study in 2013 examining a total of 2.3 million individuals born in Sweden in 1950-1970, using government health care records, found evidence for substantially lower fertility among sufferers of various mental illnesses. The fertility of the mentally ill was computed by measuring the fertility ratio (e.g. a FR of .5 would mean that the diseased group had on average half of the children of the general non-affected population, a FR of 2 would mean double the offspring on average) which reflected the mean number of children that individuals with various mental disorders had, as compared to control individuals of the same age and sex, also accounting for variables such as family size, affected status and parental status. The youngest individuals involved, at the time their data was recorded, were 40 years old, and had thus likely largely completed their reproductive careers. <br />
<br />
The researchers found evidence of substantially strong selection pressure against schizophrenia (male FR .23 vs female FR .47) , autism (male FR .25 vs female FR .48), and anorexia nervosa (male FR .54 vs female FR .81), but not bi-polar disorder. Depression was weakly negatively associated with fertility for men (FR .93) and not at all for women, and substance abuse disorders was also negatively associated with fertility for men, with a weaker relationship with fertility and the condition being discovered for women (male FR .78 vs female FR .92) It was also found that the selection pressure against these disorders was found to be consistently higher much among men who suffered from them, as compared to the women who suffered from these conditions. This is in accordance with [[Bateman's principle]], which suggests that males of most animal species have greater reproductive variance than females.<br />
<br />
The researchers also found evidence that the fertility of siblings of those with mental disorders was generally lower also, with it also being found that the fertility of the male siblings of those with certain mental disorders was also generally lower than their female siblings, similar to the relationship that was discovered regarding the differential effects of mental illness on fertility being moderated by sex. <br />
<br />
However, there was also evidence that siblings of those that suffered from depression had a larger number of children on average, indicating that balancing selection was therefore operating on genes associated with propensity to depression, i.e. the fertility cost to the sufferers of the condition is potentially balanced out by the increased fecundity of their siblings. The researchers also discovered a similar relationship regarding substance abuse disorders also being associated with balancing selection, likely due to the association of this condition with genes likely involved in greater risk tasking propensity, which have also been shown to be generally related to greater sexual success.<br />
<br />
The researchers concluded that schizophrenia and autism were therefore under purifying selection (being "bred out", basically) in modern Western societies, with the continuing high prevalence of these conditions, possibly being maintained through new mutations (possibly due to increased paternal age). The researchers stated that it has been been supported by prior research (MacCabe et al., 2009), that the sufferers of these conditions lower fertility is likely largely due to the those that have these mental conditions being less able to find a partner to marry/have children with, and this dynamic is stronger among males who suffer from mental illness, as compared to female sufferers.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Except for women with depression, affected patients had significantly fewer children (FR range for those with psychiatric disorder, 0.23-0.93; P < 10−10). This reduction was consistently greater among men than women, suggesting that male fitness was particularly sensitive.''<br />
* ''Individuals with autism showed the greatest reduction in fecundity among all examined disorders. This was not unexpected because previous investigations have shown that few individuals with autism ever married or had children [...]''<br />
* ''Our results suggest that strong selection exists against schizophrenia, autism, and anorexia nervosa and that these variants may be maintained by new mutations or an as-yet unknown mechanism.''<br />
* ''Depression and, to a lesser extent, substance abuse, seems to be maintained by genes that are beneficial under some circumstances (ie, in siblings) but detrimental in others (i.e, affected individuals).'' <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Power RA, Kyaga S, Uher R. et al. 2013. ''Fecundity of Patients With Schizophrenia, Autism, Bipolar Disorder, Depression, Anorexia Nervosa, or Substance Abuse vs Their Unaffected Siblings.'' Jama Psychiatry, 70(1):22-30. [[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/1390257 FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">People accurately perceive a man's mental health from facial appearance alone</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocMental|Category: Mental]] | [[#tocPeople_accurately_perceive_a_man.27s_mental_health_from_facial_appearance_alone|table of contents]]</div><br />
Ward & Scott (2018) constructed composite images from young White men with the "most extreme scores" on three separate mental health inventories, relating to depression, schizotypy, and Autistic Spectrum Disorder.<br />
<br />
The purpose of the study was to determine if an individual can accurately gauge another individuals mental health in a first impression scenario.<br />
<br />
The male subjects were instructed to maintain a neutral facial expression while being photographed, and care was taken to ensure that the men in the photos had no unique distinguishing features related to self-adornment (e.g. jewelry, glasses, beards), that might possibly bias results. <br />
These three disorders were partly chosen because of the differences in the symptoms and pathology between them, and because the traits related to these disorders are also present to a greater or lesser extent in sub-clinical (below the diagnostic threshold for the disorder) populations.<br />
<br />
253 observers (Women N = 173, Men N = 73, "not reported" N = 7) rated the composite photos in regards to their perceptions of the target photographs mental health, masculinity, and attractiveness. An additional group of observers were recruited to rate physical health (N = 50).<br />
<br />
The images were presented in a fashion that ensued that each observer rated every composite image only once for a single parameter (i.e mental health, attractiveness etc.) This was to avoid halo effects and other biases that would potentially distort the mean ratings of the images. Observers were also instructed to rate occluded images of the stimuli, such as the inner facial features only and the eyes only.<br />
<br />
It was found that perceived mental health accurately reflected actual mental health. While physical attractiveness, perceived health, and facial masculinity or the combination thereof of these traits influenced observer's judgement of the stimuli, this did not fully explain the relationship that was found between actual mental health and perceived mental health at first impression, which was stated to be robust. This suggests that there are cues of mental health which are largely unrelated to physical attractiveness.<br />
<br />
The researchers suggested that the observers may be picking up a general risk factor or "p factor" in the physical aspect of the composite images, which is suggested to be risk factor for various mental disorders, itself strongly related to the big-five personality trait neuroticism, also said to be an underlying general factor that is associated with various types of mental disorders.<br />
<br />
The ability to perceive mental disorders through facial appearance was hypothesized to be related to signalling theory, specifically the researchers speculated that is in the organism's favor to generally send "honest signals" of various traits, (even socially undesirable ones), because of the threat of a false signal being discovered to be false and this leading to the signaller being punished for their "deceit" in sending a false signal to others. So even though it would likely be maladaptive for the mentally ill to honestly signal their disorders in such a fashion, at the population level this would be potentially out-weighted by the benefits of honest signals in relation to more favored traits.<br />
<br />
The researchers stated that this finding also implies that those who suffer from mental health disorders are at risk of being trapped in a "viscous cycle" where their accurately perceived mental health cause others to shun and exclude them, and otherwise induce negative reactions in observers, and this social isolation and mistreatment results in worsened mental health.<br />
The researchers suggested that possible effects of physical appearance, in regards to the etiology and strengthening of mental disorders represented a largely unexplored element of psychology.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes'''</span><br />
* ''Observers could accurately estimate the mental health status of men in neutral facial composites: perceived mental health reflected actual mental health. Furthermore, this accuracy could not be fully explained by attractiveness, physical health, masculinity, or their combination.''<br />
* ''As we reviewed earlier, trait Neuroticism is associated with numerous mental health disorders, including those we tested, and it is identifiable in similar facial appearance paradigms.''<br />
* ''Unfavorable observer response brings us to our final point. As we have argued elsewhere (Scott et al., 2015), the fact that mental health status can be cued to observers in the absence of behavior, raises the possibility of a vicious cycle in which those at greatest risk of mental health problems may be continuously and involuntarily broadcasting a message which is producing negative reactions in observers (Coyne, 1976).''<br />
* '' At present then, our view is that there is a relatively unappreciated and unexplored potential risk factor of appearance for the development of mental health disorders.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Ward R, Scott NJ. 2018. ''Cues to mental health from men’s facial appearance.'' Journal of Research in Personality, 75:26–36. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0092656618300394 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Race''</span>==<br />
<br />
''See also: [[Racepill]]''<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women are more racist in online dating, and 92-95% with a "preference" exclude any ethnic men</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocRace|Category: Race]] | [[#tocWomen_are_more_racist_in_online_dating.2C_and_92-95.25_with_a_.22preference.22_exclude_any_ethnic_men|table of contents]]</div><br />
Yahoo Personals Dating Preferences Study sought to examine the dating preferences of online daters in four major metropolitan areas: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Atlanta. Internet daters' profiles of self-identified Asian, Black, Latino, and White men and women seeking opposite-sex dates were collected and coded from Yahoo Personals, which was the most popular national online dating web site in 2004 and 2005. <br />
<br />
Women were considerably more likely than men to state they had a "racial preference". 74% of the 2735 women voiced a "racial preference", while 58% of the 2872 men voiced a "racial preference". <br />
<br />
Among those women with a racial preference:<br />
* When considering a man of a different race from their own: 95% excluded Indian men, 94% excluded middle eastern men, 92% excluded Asian men, 87% excluded black men, 69% excluded Latino men, and 42% excluded white men.<br />
* The women who only wanted to date men of their own race were: 65% of white women, 45% of black women, 16.5% of Latino women, and 6% of Asian women.<br />
* The women who excluded their own race were: 4% of white women, 8% of black women, 17% of Latino women, and 40% of Asian women.<br />
<br />
Thus we can see that among this group, women employed a racial hierarchy for men in interracial dating of: '''White > Latino > Black > Asian > Middle Eastern > Indian'''. White women were the least likely to exclude their own race (4%) and most likely to only want their own race (65%). Asian women were most likely to exclude their own race (40%) and least likely to only want their own race (6%).<br />
<br />
Women's interracial rejection rates of men were as follows:<br />
<br />
* East Indian (95%) > Middle Eastern (94%) > Asian (92%) > Black (87%) > Latino (69%) > White (42%)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
! colspan="5" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Women<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''White'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''Blacks'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''Latinos'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''Asians'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''Total'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | States a Racial Preference (%)<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 71.9<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 77.0<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 74.2<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 73.1<br />
| style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 74.2<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''Among Those With A Racial Preference (%)''':<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Excludes East Indians<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 96.1<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 94.0<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 96.4<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 94.7<br />
| style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 95.3<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Excludes Middle Easterners<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 94.9<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 95.2<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 93.5<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 92.1<br />
| style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 94.0<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Excludes Asians<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 92.8<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 92.2<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 92.3<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -<br />
| style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 92.4<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Excludes Blacks<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 91.6<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 76.4<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 94.4<br />
| style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 87.2<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Excludes Latinos<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 77.1<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 63.1<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 72.7<br />
| style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 68.9<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Excludes Whites<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 76.2<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 32.9<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 11.1<br />
| style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 42.2<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Prefers Same Race Only<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 65.4<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 45.0<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 16.5<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 6.0<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 33.8<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Excludes Own Race<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 4.3<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 7.8<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 16.5<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 40.0<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 16.5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
[[File:Racial Preferences of Women.PNG|500px|thumb|none|The acceptability rates of men's races among American women with a "racial preference" in interracial dating]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Feliciano C, Robnett B. 2016. ''Yahoo Personals Dating Preferences Study - Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, Atlanta, 2004-2005.'' Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. [[https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/36347 Abstract]]<br />
*Robnett B, Feliciano C. 2011. ''Patterns of Racial-Ethnic Exclusion by Internet Daters.'' Social Forces, 89(3):807-828. [[https://academic.oup.com/sf/article-abstract/89/3/807/2235576?redirectedFrom=fulltext Abstract]]<br />
* https://imgur.com/A50EPtl<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">All races agree that whites are most attractive, but women prefer whites far more than men</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocRace|Category: Race]] | [[#tocAll_races_agree_that_whites_are_most_attractive.2C_but_women_prefer_whites_far_more_than_men|table of contents]]</div><br />
OKCupid's data is favorable for analysis because OKCupid asks its users to fill out many quizzes and personality tests which provide greater data about those users than other sites. One question asked of users is: "Not to be racist but which ethnicity do you find to be most attractive?"<br />
<br />
Analysis of responses showed all races of women reported they believed whites to be superior in attractiveness to all other races (Zelvin 2009). Although men expressed a similar trend with their answers, it was less pronounced. The greatest gender gaps were:<br />
<br />
* '''Indians''' - 67% of women vs. 42% of men found whites most attractive.<br />
* '''Asians''' - 72% of women vs. 49% of men found whites most attractive.<br />
* '''Middle Easterners''' - 79% of women vs. 54% of men found whites most attractive. <br />
* '''Pacific Islanders''' - 71% of women vs. 39% of men found whites most attractive.<br />
<br />
Thus although many women claim to oppose "white male privilege" or "white supremacy," it seems one of the greatest privileges white men are afforded is the overwhelming view from all races of women that they are the most attractive of all men.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
[[File:Percent of each race that rates whites as most attractive on OKCupid.PNG|500px|thumb|none|Percent of each race that reports whites of the opposite gender are most attractive, showing women of all races have a greater preference for white men.]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Kirkegaard EOW, Bjerrekær JD. 2016. ''The OKCupid dataset: A very large public dataset of dating site users.'' Open Differential Psychology. [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309668116_The_OKCupid_dataset_A_very_large_public_dataset_of_dating_site_users FullText]]<br />
* Jelveh Z. 2009. ''Online Dating Mysteries Revealed.'' Sphere. [[http://web.archive.org/web/20100118050917/http://www.sphere.com/article/revealing-the-mysteries-of-online-dating-even-the-politically-i/19261774 Article]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women are more racist than men in speed dating, and find Asian men least physically attractive</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocRace|Category: Race]] | [[#tocWomen_are_more_racist_than_men_in_speed_dating.2C_and_find_Asian_men_least_physically_attractive|table of contents]]</div><br />
More than 400 graduate and professional students participated in speed dating sessions at Columbia University. The researchers found that while men did not show any strong race preferences, women of all races demonstrated significant racial biases.<br />
<br />
They found the greatest female racial bias was against Asian men, and this was also associated with a general consensus from all women that Asian men were the least physically attractive overall. Even Asian women found white, black, and Hispanic men to be more attractive than Asian men. As with most studies, white men were the most attractive to women overall.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
<br />
'''Fraction of women who said 'yes' to a further date, broken down by race of subject and partner:''' <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Female Subject Race<br />
! colspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | Acceptance (%) of Male Partner Races<br />
|-<br />
| '''White'''<br />
| '''Black'''<br />
| '''Hispanic'''<br />
| '''Asian'''<br />
| '''All Races'''<br />
|-<br />
| White<br />
| 0.38<br />
| 0.27<br />
| 0.27<br />
| 0.16<br />
| 0.33<br />
|-<br />
| Black<br />
| 0.47<br />
| 0.89<br />
| 0.63<br />
| 0.31<br />
| 0.48<br />
|-<br />
| Hispanic<br />
| 0.38<br />
| 0.42<br />
| 0.50<br />
| 0.23<br />
| 0.37<br />
|-<br />
| Asian<br />
| 0.45<br />
| 0.40<br />
| 0.42<br />
| 0.44<br />
| 0.44<br />
|-<br />
| All Races<br />
| 0.40<br />
| 0.36<br />
| 0.36<br />
| 0.25<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 0.37<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Even in a population of relatively progressive individuals who have self-selected into participation in a multi-cultural Speed Dating event, we observe strong racial preferences.''<br />
* ''Women of all races exhibit strong same race preferences, while men of no race exhibit a statistically significant same race preference.''<br />
* ''The observed difference seems to reflect a genuine disparity in men’s and women’s willingness to be with a partner of a different race.''<br />
* ''For male partners, Asians generally receive lower ratings than men of other races. In fact, when we run the regressions separately for each race, we find that even Asian women find white, black, and Hispanic men to be more attractive than Asian men. ''<br />
* ''Given that Asian men were the group that other races expressed strongest preference against, and that Asian women expressed the least preference against other races, the results suggest that attractiveness may play an important role in the determination of racial preferences.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Iyengar S, Kamenica E, Simonson I. 2008. ''Racial Preferences in Dating: Evidence from a Speed Dating Experiment.'' Review of Economic Studies 75(1):117-132.[[https://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/researcharchive/articles/1367 Abstract]]<br />
* Tierney J. 2007. ''Single Female Seeking Same-Race Male.'' New York Times. [[https://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/04/13/single-female-seeking-same-race-male/ News]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">White men get 11-14 times as much interest from women on Tinder vs. equivalent Asian men</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocRace|Category: Race]] | [[#tocWhite_men_get_11-14_times_as_much_interest_from_women_on_Tinder_vs._equivalent_Asian_men|table of contents]]</div><br />
An experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of race on male success on Tinder by pitting top Asian male model Godfrey Gao against top white male model Matthew Noszka, and two normal friends of Asian and white descent against one another as well for a more "typical" case comparison.<br />
<br />
Fake Tinder profiles for each individual were created in an American city, and 5000 women were automatically swiped for acceptance in each case. <br />
<br />
Results were as follows:<br />
<br />
* The white male model received 4.4x as many matches and 11.5x as many messages as the Asian male model.<br />
* The white friend received 3.6x as many matches and 14x as many messages as the Asian friend.<br />
<br />
Most remarkably, the white friend who was chosen to represent a "normal" young white man received 1.8 times as many matches and 4.7 times as many messages as the Asian male model, indicating a normal white man is dramatically more desirable to women on Tinder than a top Asian male model. <br />
<br />
i.e. Even a top Asian male model cannot compete with a regular white man in the Tinder sexual marketplace. (General, 2017)<br />
<br />
Similar outcomes were found when this experiment was replicated in China using different pictures. In that experiment, a white man received 9.5 times as many messages as a Chinese man, indicating race-based outcomes in dating apps do not likely differ much based on location, and women's racial preferences are consistent across continents. (Büchenbacher 2018)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
<br />
'''Part 1 of Tinder race experiment comparing white and Asian top male models:'''<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | <br />
! [[File:Tinder-Asian-Experiment-Model-White.jpg|80px]]<br />
! [[File:Tinder-Asian-Experiment-Model-Asian.jpg|80px]]<br />
! <br />
|-<br />
| '''White'''<br />
| '''Asian'''<br />
| '''White/Asian Multiplier'''<br />
|-<br />
| Swipes<br />
| 5000<br />
| 5000<br />
| -<br />
|-<br />
| Matches<br />
| 342<br />
| 77<br />
| '''4.44'''<br />
|-<br />
| Match Rate<br />
| 6.84%<br />
| 1.54%<br />
| '''4.44'''<br />
|-<br />
| Messages<br />
| 46<br />
| 4<br />
| '''11.5'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Part 2 of Tinder race experiment comparing white and Asian friends:'''<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | <br />
! [[File:Tinder-Asian-Experiment-Friend-White.jpg|80px]]<br />
! [[File:Tinder-Asian-Experiment-Friend-Asian.jpg|80px]]<br />
! <br />
|-<br />
| '''White'''<br />
| '''Asian'''<br />
| '''White/Asian Multiplier'''<br />
|-<br />
| Swipes<br />
| 5000<br />
| 5000<br />
| -<br />
|-<br />
| Matches<br />
| 141<br />
| 39<br />
| '''3.62'''<br />
|-<br />
| Match Rate<br />
| 2.82%<br />
| 0.78%<br />
| '''3.62'''<br />
|-<br />
| Messages<br />
| 14<br />
| 1<br />
| '''14'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* General R. 2017. ''‘Is Tinder Racist?’ Experiment Reveals the Challenges of Dating as an Asian Man.'' Nextshark.com [[https://nextshark.com/tinder-racist-experiment-reveals-challenges-dating-asian-man/ Article]]<br />
* Büchenbacher K. 2018. ''Do some races have better chances at online dating in China?'' Global Times. [[http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1083306.shtml Article]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Being an Asian male in the USA is a primary predictor of 'never being kissed' </span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocRace|Category: Race]] | [[#tocBeing_an_Asian_male_in_the_USA_is_a_primary_predictor_of_.27never_being_kissed.27|table of contents]]</div><br />
A study by Lefkowitz, Weschechelom and Leavitt (2018) consisting of a self report survey of sexual behaviour among 'first year university students' found that '''compared to their peers who had kissed partners, young adults who had never kissed were more likely to be Asian-American''', less likely to be in a romantic relationship, were less extraverted, were more likely to be in the Honors College, and drank alcohol less frequently.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Lefkowitz ES, Wesche R, Leavitt CE. 2018. ''Never Been Kissed: Correlates of Lifetime Kissing Status in U.S. University Students.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior. 47(4): 1283-1293. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-018-1166-y Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Asian women marry interracially more than twice as often as Asian men</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocRace|Category: Race]] | [[#tocAsian_women_marry_interracially_more_than_twice_as_often_as_Asian_men|table of contents]]</div><br />
The 2010 Pew Research Center Report (U.S. Census Bureau’s 2010 American Community Survey) investigated trends that year in interracial marriage. Their primary findings confirmed trends seen in other research which indicate Asian men are the least desirable to women, and black women are the least desirable to men. Overall, whites were also shown to be the least likely to interracially marry of any race. There were no gender differences in white/Hispanic interracial marriage rates overall.<br />
<br />
The primary date showed:<br />
<br />
* 9.4% of whites, 17.1% of blacks, 25.7% of Hispanics and 27.7% of Asians married someone whose race was different from their own.<br />
* 24% of black males married outside their race, compared with just 9% of black females. <br />
* 36% of Asian females married outside their race, compared with just 17% of Asian males. <br />
* There were no gender differences in intermarriage rates among whites and Hispanics.<br />
<br />
Of note, in the Yahoo Personals study reviewed above, 40% of Asian women who stated that they had a racial preference in dating excluded Asian men. Given that marriage data shows 36% of Asian women marry outside their race, it seems a large portion of Asian women don't just promise not to date Asian men, they follow through on it right to marriage.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Taylor P, Wang W, Parker K, Passel JS, Patten E, Motel S. 2012. ''The Rise of Intermarriage: Rates, Characteristics Vary by Race and Gender.'' Pew Social & Demographic Trends. [[https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2012/02/SDT-Intermarriage-II.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Asian men have half the relationships as white men due to women's 'racial hierarchy'</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocRace|Category: Race]] | [[#tocAsian_men_have_half_the_relationships_as_white_men_due_to_women.27s_.27racial_hierarchy.27|table of contents]]</div><br />
Data from the data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) was evaluated to examine romantic and sexual involvement among young adults, most of who were between the ages of 25 to 32 (N = 11,555). <br />
<br />
Overall, white men had the highest odds of being in a relationship, followed in order by Hispanic, black and Asian men. In fact, it was found that Asian men were half as likely as white men to be currently involved with a romantic partner, even after controlling for a wide array of characteristics. Asian women by contrast did not suffer any reduced odds of being in a relationship compared to white women. <br />
<br />
Researchers concluded that the dramatically lower odds of an Asian man finding a relationship are due to the racial hierarchies women employ in judging men.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Man's Race<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" width="220px" | Odds Ratio of Being in a Romantic/Sexual Relationship<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | White<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 1.0<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Hispanic<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 0.895-0.967<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Black<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 0.738-0.769<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Asian<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 0.474-0.586<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Asian women were half as likely as Asian men to be unpartnered (i.e., 18% versus 35%).''<br />
* ''Asian men, but not black or Hispanic men, exhibit significantly lower odds of involvement than white men. Specifically, they have roughly half the odds of current involvement as white men. ''<br />
* ''We found no evidence that socioeconomic resources or physical characteristics were driving the lower levels of involvement among Asian men. Instead, our findings are consistent with the notion that Asian American men are at the bottom of the racial hierarchy when it comes to the different-sex dating market.''<br />
* ''If “Asian cultural values” account for differences in romantic partnership formation, we would have found similar patterns for Asian women as Asian men. In fact, the opposite was true.''<br />
* ''Our results suggest that the racial hierarchy framework best explains lower likelihood of involvement among Asian American men.''<br />
* ''A racial hierarchy explanation suggests that Asian American men will be less likely than Asian American women to be partnered, as Asian American men face gendered cultural stereotypes barring them from entry into romantic partnerships.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Balistreri K, Joyner K, Kao G. 2015. ''Relationship Involvement Among Young Adults: Are Asian American Men an Exceptional Case?'' Popul Res Policy Rev. 34(5): 709-732. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4631383/ FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">White and Asian women agree white men are 30-50% more attractive than Asian men</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocRace|Category: Race]] | [[#tocWhite_and_Asian_women_agree_white_men_are_30-50.25_more_attractive_than_Asian_men|table of contents]]</div><br />
Burke et al. conducted a study to examine racial homophily in preferences for opposite sex faces. 120 university students took part in the study (N = 58 males, N = 62 females). Participants were further comprised of three different ethnic-cultural groups: Australian-Europeans, Australian East-Asians or Hong-Kong East-Asian. Participants rated 144 colorized photographs of subjects from three racial/ethnic groups: White South Africans, Black South Africans and 'primarily Korean Asian faces'.<br />
<br />
From these faces, several compound morphs of both single race and mixed race faces were created. It was found that the European faces were rated as the most attractive on average by participants from all the ancestries included in the study. It was found that contrary to previous studies, the mixed race faces were not rated as more attractive then single race compound faces, with the faces instead rated close to the mean level of the attractiveness of the two faces they were mixture of.<br />
<br />
It did not matter whether women were Australian East-Asian or Hong-Kong East-Asian, indicating that Asian female preference for white men is not regionally influenced, but rather consistent across entire continents.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Overall, these data do not show an obvious own-race preference, since the European faces were rated as most attractive by all participants. ''<br />
* ''For female participants there was a universal European face preference, and the Australian East Asian participants did not even rate own-race faces as second most attractive, instead rating African faces as equally attractive (for individual faces) or slightly more attractive (for compound faces) than East Asian faces.'' <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Burke D, Nolan C, Hayward WG, Russell R, Sulikowski D. 2013. ''Is There an Own-Race Preference in Attractiveness?'' Evolutionary Psychology. 11(4): 855-872. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/147470491301100410 FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women reply most online to white men and least to Indian men</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocRace|Category: Race]] | [[#tocWomen_reply_most_online_to_white_men_and_least_to_Indian_men|table of contents]]</div><br />
Data published by OkCupid shows women overall have the highest probability of replying to white men and the lowest probability of replying to Indian men. Similarly to the plight of Southeast Asian men, Indian women were actually least likely to reply to an Indian men of any race of women, showing all races of women are eager to discriminate against Indian men in dating, including especially women of the same race.<br />
<br />
The poor performance of Indian American men occurs despite the fact that (contrary to popular modern negative cultural stereotypes of Indian Americans) Indian Americans are the highest educated class in America and 40.6% of Indian Americans over 25 have graduate or professional degrees. Indian Americans are also the highest earning class in America, earning 1.78x the average income. Indian Americans are also among the most likely to have liberal views in America, with 65% liberal and 18% conservative (Pew 2014). If these were things that truly mattered most to women, one might expect better performance for Indian men in online dating.<br />
<br />
The performance of middle eastern men was higher in this data set than others, and the performance of Hispanic men somewhat lower. However, a clear consensus from all online dating data emerges that women consistently prefer white men most of all and are generally most likely to reject Asian and Indian men based solely on their races.<br />
<br />
The converse gender data showed men were least likely to reply to black women, but otherwise equally likely to reply to any other race of women. Despite this disadvantage for black women, black women had a reply rate that was 1.65x Indian men's, 1.58x black men's, 1.54x Asian men's, and 1.17x white men's. Thus this data demonstrates that even the most disadvantaged race of women experiences considerably greater success online than even the most preferred race of men.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
[[File:Reply odds by male race.PNG|500px|none|thumb|Women's reply rates on OkCupid based on male race]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Indian Americans are among the most highly educated racial or ethnic groups in the U.S. 70% of Indian Americans aged 25 and older had college degrees in 2010, by far the highest rate among the six Asian-American groups studied and 2.5 times the rate among the overall U.S. population. More recent (2013) data from the American Community Survey provides more detail: 40.6% of Indian Americans 25 and older have graduate or professional degrees, and 32.3% have bachelor’s degrees; an additional 10.4% have some college education. Median annual household income for Indian Americans in 2010 was $88,000, much higher than for all Asian Americans ($66,000) and all U.S. households ($49,800). 65% of Indian Americans were Democrats or leaned toward the Democrats, making them the Asian-American subgroup most likely to identify with the Democratic Party.'' (Pew 2014)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Rudder, C. 2009. ''How Your Race Affects The Messages You Get.'' OkTrends[[https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/howyourraceaffectsthemessagesyouget.html FullText]] <br />
*DeSilver, D. 2014. ''5 facts about Indian Americans.'' Pew Research Center. [[https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/09/30/5-facts-about-indian-americans/ Article]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Across America, women most desire white men, followed by black, Hispanic, and Asian men</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocRace|Category: Race]] | [[#tocAcross_America.2C_women_most_desire_white_men.2C_followed_by_black.2C_Hispanic.2C_and_Asian_men|table of contents]]</div><br />
Bruch & Newman (2018) analyzed data from a free popular online dating site in four large American cities (New York, Boston, Chicago, and Seattle) to assess which factors people base their decisions on in online dating. They found women ranked men in a racial hierarchy of desirability as follows:<br />
* '''White > black > Hispanic > Asian'''<br />
<br />
This data was similar to the data reviewed previously in the Yahoo Personals study, only with a reversed position in the hierarchy for Hispanic and black men.<br />
<br />
Counteracting the common notion that whites are most desired in dating due to "Westernized" standards of [[beauty]], men found Asian women most attractive in this same study, more so even than white women. Although both Asian men and women would be equally subject to "Western" beauty standards, Asians were still viewed at opposite ends of attractiveness by gender, with Asian men the least desired by women and Asian women the most desired by men.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
[[File:Desirability of men to women by male race.PNG|none|thumb|500px|Desirability of men online to women by male race]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''In keeping with previous work, there is also a clear and consistent dependence on ethnicity, with Asian women and white men being the most desirable potential mates by our measures across all four cities. ''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Bruch E, Newman MEJ. 2018. ''Aspirational pursuit of mates in online dating markets.'' Science Advances 4(8):eaap9815. [[https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaap9815/tab-figures-data FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women enforce stricter racial requirements than men, advantaging primarily white men</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocRace|Category: Race]] | [[#tocWomen_enforce_stricter_racial_requirements_than_men.2C_advantaging_primarily_white_men|table of contents]]</div><br />
Lin and Lundquist (2013) found evidence of a strong racial hierarchy in women's dating preferences, and evidence for stronger racial homophily (preferring the same race as themselves) in dating, among women. The study utilized data from American dating and social networking websites, with a large final sample of N = 528,000 men and N = 405,021 women who resided in the 20 largest metropolitan areas in the United States. This sample was also more racially diverse than many of the samples found in other online dating studies, with 53.07% of the women sampled being white and 52.05% of the men sampled being white. <br />
It was found that black women generally displayed the strongest racial homophily, Hispanic women showed a weaker level of racial homophily than black women, showing a preference for their own race and whites, white women displayed strong racial homophily and a small preference for Hispanics, and Asian women showed a preference for both their own race and white men. Thus white men were the most likely to be contacted by women in general.<br />
<br />
Measuring response rates, it became clear Asian women displayed a strong preference for white men, and secondly Asian men. Black women also displayed a preference for white men, but were fairly equal in their responses. Hispanic women's response behavior was comparable to Asian women. White women displayed strong racial homophily in their responses, with their response behaviors differing little from their messaging behaviors.<br />
<br />
Analyzing the effect of education on response and messaging rates, it was demonstrated that the effect of race was far stronger then that of education in predicting response and messaging rates, e.g. it was found white women were more likely to response to a white man without a college degree then any of the other races of men with a college degree.<br />
The researchers outlined a racial hierarchy in dating for men as: White men at the top, Hispanic and Asian men in the middle, and Black men at the bottom. <br />
<br />
Therefore, in contradiction to surveys in which women state they have more open and tolerant attitudes towards interracial relationships then men, their actual actions show that they are much less willing to date out of their race than men, except for a tendency for many minority women to be open towards dating or actually preferring to date white men.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
*''Stated from the men’s perspective, white men have the best odds of being contacted by women even if all racial groups are equally represented on the dating website, largely because they are among the top choice groups for Asian, Hispanic, and white women. Asian and black men, on the other hand, receive messages only from their co ethnics.''<br />
*''Looking first at the responses of Asian women, it becomes clear that, when given a choice, Asian women are most likely to respond to white men, followed by Asian men. They are less likely to respond to Hispanic men or black men. Black women, by contrast, respond to daters who con-tact them fairly equally, with a preference for white men. The responding behavior of Hispanic women is comparable to that of Asian women. They are most responsive to white men, followed by their co-ethnics, and least responsive to black men. White women’s reciprocal behaviors look little different from their sending behaviors. They respond predominantly to white men. In brief, black men are least likely to receive responses from anyone except black women, Hispanic and Asian men are somewhere in the middle, and white men enjoy the highest likelihood of response.''<br />
* ''This tendency to privilege a man’s whiteness over his achieved status is even more pronounced among non-college-educated women, who are even more likely to respond to white men’s messages regardless of their level of education.''<br />
* ''In this sense, racial boundaries function similarly to one-way turnstile gates. While non black daters, particularly white men, are well received when they contact daters of other groups, black daters, particularly black women, are largely confined to a segregated dating market.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Lin K, Lundquist J. 2013. Mate Selection in Cyberspace: The Intersection of Race, Gender, and Education. American Journal of Sociology. 119(1):183-215. [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/673129?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Female porn actresses 'racially dodge' scenes with Black male actors or demand a premium</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocRace|Category: Race]] | [[#tocFemale_porn_actresses_.27racially_dodge.27_scenes_with_Black_male_actors_or_demand_a_premium|table of contents]]</div><br />
There exists a long-lasting [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans#Mandingo stereotype] that Black males are more sexually desired and potent then men of other races - often due to an implied view of them as being inherently more bestial in nature- particularly Whites, which is an apparent dynamic frequently exploited by those with cuckold fetish.<br />
In the modern era, this stereotype is heavily promulgated and influenced by the widespread availability of interracial pornographic films, namely those featuring Caucasian female actresses engaging in sex acts with Black actors.<br />
<br />
However, in the porn industry it is commonly held that participating in interracial pornography with Black men is the 'final frontier' for a Caucasian female actress, such is the aversion of some female actresses to engaging in acts of this nature. This is despite the reputation of participating in pornographic films is itself still generally highly socially undesirable.<br />
<br />
The porn star James Deen reported that female porn actresses or their agents frequently refused to perform scenes with Black men, and those actresses that did agree to perform such scenes frequently demanded large premiums for doing so.<br />
Apparently, the standard premium that female actresses receive for performing such scenes is 43% greater then the premium commonly requested for scenes involving concurrent penetrations.<br />
<br />
Landes & Nielsen (2018) submitted the issue to an academic analysis. They found that of a study of 10,000 porn actresses, showed that while 87% do facial and 62% do anal, only 53% do interracial. They found while 'racial-dodging' as they called it was no longer frequently openly practiced as in the past, it was still rampant in the porn industry. <br />
<br />
The authors stated the issue was one of actresses performing scenes with male actors of Sub-Saharan ancestry, with other racial minorities like Hispanics and Asians not generally being effected by these exclusionist policies. It was also exclusively a problem faced by Black actors - while Black actresses generally had lower pay then whites for the same type of scenes - there was no major trend of non-black actors avoiding Black actresses.<br />
<br />
The authors argued that the frequently reported explanations for avoiding such scenes could be broken into four main categories:<br />
* Individual preference (lack of physical attraction)<br />
* Collective prejudice (fear of social ostracism or shaming for engaging in sex acts with Black males)<br />
* 'Moral concern' (claiming not to perform interracial scenes because of a concern that they often portrayed in an overly stereotypical, almost minstrel-esque fashion, and thus fuel detrimental racial stereotypes)<br />
* Professional reasons (to fear offending their fan base, and the fact that the actresses who star in such scenes are frequently considered 'spoiled goods', and that reputation results in a lower market price for their sexual services. This motive is questioned in its validity by some Black porn actors - such as Lexington Steel, who claims that the economic detriment of having starred in interracial scenes is frequently exaggerated.<br />
<br />
Thus it seems apparent than even the most erotically successful black men on earth cannot escape women's racial selection biases, paying a toll in less opportunity and increased costs when they are allowed to participate.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''This hierarchy usually proceeds according to which sex acts are considered most taboo and, sometimes, most physically demanding for the female performer. But "interracial" porn, which is frequently seen as the ultimate feat for an actress, is held out as more extreme not because of which body part goes where but because the adult industry reflects the old attitude society still holds on to — that the color of a sexual partner's skin can by itself make the act forbidden.''<br />
* ''Deen recently had an actress request an extra $500 to perform with a black man. In the case of contracts with big companies, female stars can get $2,000-plus for their first "IR" scene, according to one black performer who asked to remain anonymous so as to not associate that rate with the agency that employs him.''<br />
* ''The extent of racial dodging is not yet clearly established. The proportion of ‘dodgers’ claimed varies depending on the talent agency, ranging from almost 80% (LA Direct Models) down to 20% (Spiegler Girls.) A study of metadata on 10,000 porn actresses showed that while 87% do facial and 62% do anal, only 53% do interracial.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Landes X, Nielsen, MEJ. 2018. ''Racial dodging in the porn industry: a case with no silver bullet.'' Porn Studies. 5(2): 115-130. [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23268743.2018.1435302?src=recsys FullText]]<br />
* Clark-Flory T. 2015. ''Pornography has a big race problem.'' Business Insider. [[https://www.businessinsider.com/pornography-has-a-big-race-problem-2015-9?IR=T News]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Whiter, golden, & rosier (ie. Caucasian) skin is seen as healthier and more attractive</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocRace|Category: Race]] | [[#tocWhiter.2C_golden.2C_.26_rosier_.28ie._Caucasian.29_skin_is_seen_as_healthier_and_more_attractive|table of contents]]</div><br />
Scientific research demonstrates the global preference for whiter skin and "white standard" of [[beauty]] by which all races are judged is likely biological.<br />
<br />
To remove racial bias from the equation, researchers asked Caucasian participants to change the skin color of Caucasian male and female faces on a computer screen to make them look as healthy as possible. The participants overwhelmingly increased the rosiness, yellowness and brightness of the subjects' skin. Past research from the same team showed this same preference in other races as well, where South Africans also tended to judge rosier faces as healthier. <br />
<br />
A combination of bright, rosy, and golden skin is suggested to represent an objective biological indicator of health. This is likely ingrained in the human species from an evolutionary perspective, as the same preference has been observed in nonhuman animals. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Stephen and his colleagues asked 54 Caucasian participants to change the skin color of about 50 male and female faces on a computer screen to make them look as healthy as possible. Hands down, the participants tended to increase the rosiness, yellowness and brightness of the skin.''<br />
* ''Participants increased skin redness, providing additional support for previous findings that skin blood color enhances the healthy appearance of faces. Participants also increased skin yellowness and lightness, suggesting a role for high carotenoid and low melanin coloration in the healthy appearance of faces. The color preferences described here resemble the red and yellow color cues to health displayed by many species of nonhuman animals.''<br />
* ''The results would likely hold for other ethnicities as well. For instance, past research has shown black South Africans tend to judge rosier faces as healthier. And forthcoming research suggests the same may hold for yellowness and lightness of facial skin.''<br />
* ''Effectively health and attractiveness are pretty much the same thing.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Stephen ID, Law Smith MJ, Stirrat MR, Perrett DI. 2009. ''Facial Skin Coloration Affects Perceived Health of Human Faces.'' Int J Primatol. 30(6): 845-857. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10764-009-9380-z FullText]]<br />
* Bryner J. 2009. ''Attractiveness Based Partly on Skin Color.'' LiveScience. [[https://www.livescience.com/5860-attractiveness-based-partly-skin-color.html News]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">An Asian face is more 'similar to that of an infant' than other races</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocRace|Category: Race]] | [[#tocAn_Asian_face_is_more_.27similar_to_that_of_an_infant.27_than_other_races|table of contents]]</div><br />
Researchers analyzing racial facial differences have observed that adult Asian facial structures are more similar to those of infants than other races. A person's degree of resemblance to an infant is termed "neoteny." Neoteny is a female sexually dimorphic trait, meaning that increased neoteny can make a face look more feminine. <br />
<br />
This observation of greater neoteny among Asian facial structures in general may help to explain a large degree of women's disregard for Asian men. Having a more neotenous or infantile face may benefit Asian women while hindering Asian men.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''The facial structure of Asians is similar to that of an infant, including a wider and rounder face, higher eyebrow, fuller upper lid, lower nasal bridge with horizontally placed flared ala, flatter malar prominence and midface, fuller and more protuberant lips, and more receded chin.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Vashi NA, de Castro Maymone MB, Kundu RV. 2016. ''Aging Differences in Ethnic Skin.'' J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 9(1): 31–38. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756870/ FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Black men and women appear 'more masculine' than whites; Asian men appear 'less masculine'</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocRace|Category: Race]] | [[#tocBlack_men_and_women_appear_.27more_masculine.27_than_whites.3B_Asian_men_appear_.27less_masculine.27|table of contents]]</div><br />
Lewis (2011) sought to evaluate how race and skin color were perceived in terms of sexual dimorphism. He performed a small study involving 10 female and 8 male Caucasian students in the UK rating their perception of black, white, and mixed race photographs. Male participants viewed only the female faces and female participants viewed only the male faces. He found that participants rated both black men and women as dramatically more "masculine," "strong," and "dominant" than white or mixed faces. While the female participants seemed to find this attractive about the black men, the male participants did not find it attractive in the black women, and rated them lowest in attractiveness.<br />
<br />
Burke et al. (2013) built on these findings by asking Japanese and Caucasian participants to rate the masculinity and femininity of Caucasian, Asian, and African men and women. African female faces were judged to be significantly less feminine than Caucasian or Asian females faces. Asian men were also rated as significantly lower in masculinity than Caucasian men.<br />
<br />
These findings contribute towards a biological explanation for the poor performance of Asian men and black women in online dating, as masculinity for men and femininity for women are known to form a major part of attractiveness for each gender. These findings have been replicated across several cultures and countries, but further study will help to clarify the degree to which this perception is global or likely evolutionary rather than cultural.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''The Asian male faces were rated as significantly lower than the Caucasian males on masculinity (F1, 141= 7.32, p = .008). ''<br />
* ''The African female faces were rated significantly lower on femininity than the African males were on masculinity (F1, 141= 67.36, p < .001)''<br />
* ''Female African faces were judged to be significantly less feminine than the female Caucasian and Asian faces. ''<br />
* ''Lower perceived femininity is known to correlate with lower attractiveness ratings (e.g., Burke and Sulikowski, 2010).'' (Burke et al. 2013)<br />
* ''The results reported above clearly demonstrate that race, or at least the perception of race, affects a variety of perceived characteristics of faces.''<br />
* ''Black female faces were perceived as more mature, more masculine and stronger than the White faces.''<br />
* ''A pattern was found for female faces with Whiteness being associated with attractiveness. '' (Lewis 2010)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Burke D, Nolan C, Hayward WG, Russell R, Sulikowski D. 2013. ''Is There an Own-Race Preference in Attractiveness?'' Evolutionary Psychology. 11(4): 855-872. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/147470491301100410 FullText]]<br />
* Lewis MB. 2011. ''Who's the fairest of them all? Race, attractiveness and skin color sexual dimorphism.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 50: 159-162. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886910004617 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women who don't express a 'racial preference' in dating behave the same as women who do</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocRace|Category: Race]] | [[#tocWomen_who_don.27t_express_a_.27racial_preference.27_in_dating_behave_the_same_as_women_who_do|table of contents]]</div><br />
Hitsch et al. (2006) analyzed a dataset including the activities of 22,000 users of a major online dating service in Boston and San Diego over a period of three and a half months in 2003. <br />
<br />
One analysis they performed was to specifically investigate whether those who stated a racial preference behaved any different from those who did not. To maintain a strong sample size, they restricted their analysis to Caucasian members' messaging behaviors. <br />
<br />
While men who stated they had no racial preference did behave in a less racially biased fashion, women who stated they had no racial preference acted the same as those who said they did not. This data suggests that the only difference between women who state a racial preference and those who do not is either how honest or self aware they are.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
[[File:Womens first contacts based on male race.PNG|none|500px|thumb|Relative outcome differences in messages received by men from women based on male race showing no significant difference in female messaging patterns between those women who claim to have a racial preference and those who do not.]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Hitsch GJ, Hortaçsu A, Ariely D. 2006. ''What Makes You Click? — Mate Preferences and Matching Outcomes in Online Dating.'' University of Chicago & MIT. [[http://home.uchicago.edu/~hortacsu/onlinedating.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Racism in dating is stable or worsening, not improving, over time</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocRace|Category: Race]] | [[#tocRacism_in_dating_is_stable_or_worsening.2C_not_improving.2C_over_time|table of contents]]</div><br />
OkCupid analyzed racial dating data from 2009 and 2014 to evaluate if racism in dating is changing. They found that although people reported they are more open to dating people of other races over that time frame, racially motivated behaviors actually intensified.<br />
<br />
Thus while it seems apparent people are becoming more interested in portraying themselves as less racially motivated, this is not manifesting in any changes to their actual dating behavior. If anything, their underlying racism has intensified.<br />
<br />
One must wonder whether it is preferable to suffer racism that is openly acknowledged, or to falsely be told racism doesn't exist but still suffer from it anyway.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''OkCupid users are certainly no more open-minded than they used to be. If anything, racial bias has intensified a bit. ''<br />
* ''One interesting thing is to compare [users' racial behaviors] with what those same users have told us about their racial attitudes. ''<br />
* ''Answers to match questions have been getting significantly less biased over time [i.e. "Do you strongly prefer to date someone of your own race?" and "Is interracial marriage a bad idea?"]''<br />
* ''And yet the underlying behavior has stayed the same.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Rudder C. 2014. ''Race and Attraction, 2009 – 2014''. OkTrends. [[https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/raceandattraction20092014.html FullText]]<br />
<br />
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Looks&nbsp;(Life)''</span>==<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Beauty is objective and measurable in the brain</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocLooks_.28Life.29|Category: Looks (Life)]] | [[#tocBeauty_is_objective_and_measurable_in_the_brain|table of contents]]</div><br />
It has long been debated whether there is there an objective, biological basis for the experience of [[beauty]] or if it is subjective and individually or culturally driven. To determine this, researchers showed average people images of masterpieces of Classical and Renaissance sculpture, and modified versions of these arts with less mathematically ideal proportions.<br />
<br />
They then used fMRI to measure activation of the subjects' brains when they were exposed to either the beautiful ideal art or the less beautiful modified art. Researchers observed clear differential patterns of brain activation. It was shown that average people could easily come to consensus on which version was "beautiful" or not, and when beauty was encountered, it activated predictable pathways in the brain to process it. <br />
<br />
Primarily, the insula appeared responsible for judging whether something was beautiful or not, and if something was beautiful, the amygdala would then be activated to provide an emotional response. Researchers state this suggests that both our capacity to detect beauty and enjoy the pleasurable sensations it elicits are strongly hardwired into our brain structure.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''The observation of original sculptures, relative to the modified ones, produced activation of the right insula as well as of some lateral and medial cortical areas (lateral occipital gyrus, precuneus and prefrontal areas). When volunteers were required to give an overt aesthetic judgment, the images judged as beautiful selectively activated the right amygdala, relative to those judged as ugly.''<br />
* ''We conclude that the sense of beauty is mediated by two non-mutually exclusive processes: one based on a joint activation of sets of cortical neurons, triggered by parameters intrinsic to the stimuli, and the insula (objective beauty); the other based on the activation of the amygdala, driven by one's own emotional experiences (subjective beauty).''<br />
* ''The main question we addressed in the present study was whether there is an objective beauty. Our results gave a positive answer to this question. The presence of a specific parameter (the golden ratio) in the stimuli we presented determined brain activations different to those where this parameter was violated.''<br />
* ''Although individual biases are undeniable, it is also rather implausible to maintain that beauty has no biological substrate and is merely a conventional, experientially determined concept.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Di Dio C, Macaluso E, Rizzolatti G. 2007. ''The Golden Beauty: Brain Response to Classical and Renaissance Sculptures.'' PLoS ONE. 2(11): e1201. [[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001201 FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">People broadly agree on who is good looking or not, and it affects every aspect of life</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocLooks_.28Life.29|Category: Looks (Life)]] | [[#tocPeople_broadly_agree_on_who_is_good_looking_or_not.2C_and_it_affects_every_aspect_of_life|table of contents]]</div><br />
In this review article, researchers establish with 11 meta-analyses that contrary to what the [[bluepill]] might claim:<br />
<br />
* Raters agree about who is and is not attractive, both within and across cultures.<br />
* There seem to be universal standards by which facial attractiveness is judged.<br />
* Attractiveness is as important for males as for females in judging people we know.<br />
* Attractiveness is as important, if not more so, for children than for adults.<br />
* Attractive children and adults are judged more positively than unattractive children and adults, even by those who know them.<br />
* Attractive children and adults are treated more positively than unattractive children and adults, even by those who know them.<br />
* Attractive children and adults exhibit more positive behaviors and traits than unattractive children and adults. <br />
* Attractive people may exhibit more positive behaviors because attractive and unattractive people are treated differently, so they learn to behave differently.<br />
<br />
According to this data, the positive or negative impacts of one's attractiveness can be universally appreciated and resonate through an entire lifetime.<br />
<br />
Details for the nerds: The inter-rater agreement between raters of physical attractiveness in terms of [https://www.reddit.com/r/BlackPillScience/comments/8csgjw/looks_ratings_101_nearly_all_studies_show_a/ Cronbach's α] is typically around α = .9, which is considered a high level of agreement. People agree strongly about the extremes (very attractive and unattractive), but they have diverse tastes about the mid range. For a person with average attractiveness, their ratings generally vary with about 2 standard deviations on a 10-point scale (Wood, 2009). Hence, the [[bluepill]] regarding diversity in preferences holds true for people of average attractiveness but not for ugly people, or very attractive people.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
<br />
[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Cohen%27s_d Weighted effect sizes] for positive behaviors and life outcomes, comparing 'unattractive' to 'attractive' children and adults:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Behavioral Differences<br />
! style="font-style:italic; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | n<br />
! style="font-style:italic; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | d+<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''Children''' (33 studies)<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 7,324<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .40<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Adjustment (15 studies)<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 3,876<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .32<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Intelligence & performance (10 studies)<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 3,043<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .39<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Popularity (15 studies)<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 1,002<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .77<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''Adults''' (79 studies)<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 13,920<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .40<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Dating experience (9 studies)<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 1,631<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .55<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Sexual experience (6 studies)<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 1,678<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .31<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Extraversion (9 studies)<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 527<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .26<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Intelligence (18 studies)<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 3,853<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .07<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Occupational success (4 studies)<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 3,188<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .76<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Mental health (19 studies)<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 3,331<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .16<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Physical health(5 studies)<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 705<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .38<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Popularity (15 studies)<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 2,983<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .65<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Self-esteem (16 studies)<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 1,747<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .24<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Social skills (18 studies)<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 1,432<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .20<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Traditional attitudes (4 studies)<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 494<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .27<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Common maxims about beauty suggest that attractiveness is not important in life. ''<br />
* ''In contrast, both fitness-related evolutionary theory and socialization theory suggest that attractiveness influences development and interaction. ''<br />
* ''For cross-ethnic agreement the average reliability was r = .88, cross cultural agreement was even higher, r = .94 ... these results indicate that beauty is not simply in the eye of the beholder.''<br />
* ''In 11 meta-analyses, the authors evaluate these contradictory claims, demonstrating that (a) raters agree about who is and is not attractive, both within and across cultures; (b) attractive children and adults are judged more positively than unattractive children and adults, even by those who know them; (c) attractive children and adults are treated more positively than unattractive children and adults, even by those who know them; and (d) attractive children and adults exhibit more positive behaviors and traits than unattractive children and adults. ''<br />
* ''These findings are powerful evidence that, contrary to popular belief, attractiveness effects extend beyond the mere "opinions" about others and permeate actual actions towards others, even though people may not be aware of it.''<br />
* ''Results are used to evaluate social and fitness-related evolutionary theories and the veracity of maxims about beauty.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Langlois JH, Kalakanis L, Rubenstein AJ, Larson A, Haiam M, Smoot M. 2000. ''Maxims or Myths of Beauty? A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review.'' Psychological Bulletin. 126(3): 390-423. [[https://psycnet.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.390 Abstract]] [[http://jonathanstray.com/papers/Langlois.pdf FullText]]<br />
* Wood D, Brumbaugh C C. 2009. ''Using Revealed Mate Preferences to Evaluate Market Force and Differential Preference Explanations for Mate Selection.'' [[http://doi.org/10.1037/a0015 Abstract]] [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0cb0/ad55235f09832dc9f28d1bbde9e86ea1a402.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">It takes less than one second for people to accurately judge beauty</span>===<br />
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[[Beauty]] can be identified and processed in under 1 second. In a world where beauty is paramount for dating, sex, and relationship sex, thus it likely takes less than 1 second of someone looking at you to determine if you are "good enough". Perhaps this is why Tinder has been so successful. It provides the most efficient way to only allocate 1 second to each decision before moving on. Given that women find 80% of men "below average" in attractiveness as described elsewhere on this page, this unfortunately means most men will only be given 1 second consideration before getting swiped away into oblivion.<br />
<br />
Palomares et al. (2018) found a similar result that only ''33 ms'' were necessary for a high degree of agreement. People also agreed in their judgements of trustworthiness and status based on photos just as quickly, providing evidence that the [[halo effect]] is also based on extremely quick judgements of [[Beauty|ornament]].<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Increasing stimulus duration from 50 to 500 milliseconds increases aesthetic appeal, at least when the stimuli are abstract rather than natural, like faces. ''<br />
* ''Pleasure and beauty are reported to be independent of stimulus duration over the range 1 to 30 seconds.''<br />
* ''Studies consistently find differences between an early processing stage up to 300 milliseconds from stimulus onset and a late stage after 500 milliseconds or more. ''<br />
* ''The early stage is mainly related to experiencing the stimulus and thus reflects the processing of the aesthetic stimulus itself, as discussed in the previous section. ''<br />
* ''The late stage is mainly related to making an aesthetic evaluation of the stimulus, that is, the cognitive decision about how to judge or rate the stimulus.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Brielmann AA, Pelli DG. 2018. ''Aesthetics.'' Current Biology. 28(16): R859. [[https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)30766-8?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982218307668%3Fshowall%3Dtrue Abstract]] [[http://psych.nyu.edu/pelli/pubs/brielmann2018aesthetics.pdf FullText]]<br />
* South Palomares JK and Young AW. 2018. ''Facial first impressions of partner preference traits: trustworthiness, status, and attractiveness.'' [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1948550617732388<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Babies can easily differentiate between attractive and unattractive faces</span>===<br />
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Newborn babies can easily differentiate between attractive and unattractive faces, suggesting that face recognition is hardwired at birth, rather than learned.<br />
<br />
To demonstrate this, researchers took pictures of a variety of faces and asked adult subjects to rate them for attractiveness on a scale from 1 to 5. The researchers then searched for pairs of photographs that were similar in all respects – in brightness and contrast, for example – but at opposite ends of the attractiveness scale.<br />
<br />
They then presented these paired photographs to newborn infants, who ranged in age from one to seven days old. All babies were still in hospital after birth. One researcher held each infant upright about 30 centimetres away from the two photos. Another stood out of view and noted where the babies eyes were directed.<br />
<br />
On average, the babies spent 80% of their time looking at the more attractive face than the less attractive one.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Attractiveness is not in the eye of the beholder, it’s innate to a newborn infant.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Gosline A. 2004. ''Babies prefer to gaze upon beautiful faces.'' NewScientist. [[https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn6355-babies-prefer-to-gaze-upon-beautiful-faces/ Article]]<br />
*Rincon, P. ''Newborns prefer beautiful faces.'' BBC. [[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3631018.stm Article]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Parents treat attractive children better than ugly children</span>===<br />
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Parental treatment of their children was evaluated by monitoring their parenting styles in supermarkets. Particularly, researchers observed whether or not parents used the available seat belts on shopping carts or paid attention to if the child was behaving in a way that could be dangerous. They found that the attractiveness of the child directly determined how often the parent used seatbelts and paid attention to the child's safety.<br />
<br />
This demonstrates that attractiveness determines a great degree of our early life experience, even in terms of how affectionate or protective our parents are, from the earliest years. Thus the psychological differences between adults who are attractive vs. those that are unattractive can be seen as an interaction of nature and nurture. Children who are attractive by nature get nurtured more, and thus develop into more confident, successful, and happy people later in life. Their looks provide a constant positive feedback cycle where people care more about contributing to their well-being over time.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Researchers at the University of Alberta carefully observed how parents treated their children during trips to the supermarket. They found that physical attractiveness made a big difference.''<br />
* ''The researchers noted if the parents belted their youngsters into the grocery cart seat, how often the parents' attention lapsed and the number of times the children were allowed to engage in potentially dangerous activities like standing up in the shopping cart.''<br />
* ''Pretty and ugly children were treated in starkly different ways, with seat belt use increasing in direct proportion to attractiveness.''<br />
* '' When a woman was in charge, 4 percent of the homeliest children were strapped in compared with 13.3 percent of the most attractive children.''<br />
* ''The difference was even more acute when fathers led the shopping expedition -- in those cases, none of the least attractive children were secured with seat belts, while 12.5 percent of the prettiest children were.''<br />
* ''Like lots of animals, we tend to parcel out our resources on the basis of value, he said. Maybe we can't always articulate that, but in fact we do it. There are a lot of things that make a person more valuable, and physical attractiveness may be one of them.''<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Bakalar, N. 2005. ''Ugly Children May Get Parental Short Shrift.'' New York Times. [[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/03/health/ugly-children-may-get-parental-short-shrift.html Article]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Physical attractiveness in adolescence predicts better socioeconomic status in adulthood</span>===<br />
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Benzeval, Green & Macintyre (2013) conducted a study of the effect of physical attractiveness in adolescents of both sexes (mean age 15.7 years old) on adult life outcomes.<br />
<br />
The researchers used data from the youth cohort of the Twenty-07 Study (N = 1,515) of people born in the the early 1970s.<br />
<br />
The physical attractiveness of the studies participants was evaluated by three separate interviewers on a scale of 1 (very unattractive) to 7 (very attractive), with the mean of the various interviewer's ratings being used for the analyses. The participants level of self-esteem was also recorded using Rosenberg's self-esteem inventory.<br />
<br />
Later follow up interviews were conducted at a mean age of 36, and the researchers recorded the participants level of educational attainment, social class (dichotomized into manual and non manual professions,) and employment status. The employment status and the current or most recent occupation of their romantic partners were also recorded. <br />
<br />
The participants IQ score was measured using the Alice Heim 4 test of general intelligence (AH4), which measured verbal and numerical reasoning within a time limit of 10 minutes, however there was no measure of IQ when the participants were 15. The researchers noted that the AH4 measure of IQ would have been influenced by subsequent environmental factors, but it was still considered adequate for the purposes of the study (measuring the effects of physical attractiveness independent of potential confounds such as education, SES, and IQ.)<br />
<br />
It was found that attractive adolescents occupied higher status jobs as adults, and were more likely to be married. However, attractiveness and self-esteem were not found to be correlated. The strongest effect found was on individuals from a more disadvantaged social background, with physical attractiveness having a significant effect on their chances of attaining a 'white-collar' job at age 36, and this effect was strongest among female participants, with attractive women being very unlikely to be working low-status jobs.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''The more attractive a child was rated at age 15, the higher their socioeconomic position at age 36.''<br />
* ''In the world of paid work, employers interviewing candidates for a position or discussing wages may look more favourably on attractive candidates, either because they perceive them to have more positive attributes or because they believe customers may do so.''<br />
* ''However, we did not find an association at age 15 between self esteem and attractiveness, which suggests that these characteristics may not be a key mechanism or that our measure of self esteem in adolescence was inadequate and/or that a self esteem advantage has not developed at age 15.'' <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Benzeval M, Green MJ, Macintyre S. 2013. ''Does perceived physical attractiveness in adolescence predict better socioeconomic position in adulthood? Evidence from 20 years of follow up in a population cohort study.'' PLoS One. 8(5): e63975. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23717520 Abstract]]<br />
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Physically attractive individuals are more likely to believe in a 'just world'</span>===<br />
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The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis Just World Fallacy] is the cognitive bias (or assumption) that a person's actions will bring morally fair and fitting consequences to that person, such that all noble actions will be eventually rewarded and all evil actions eventually punished. A person viewing the dating world through the lens of the Just World Fallacy would thus assume that those who succeed in dating are being deservedly rewarded, and those who fail are equally deserving of their failure.<br />
<br />
Researchers have found that societal privilege is the strongest predictor of belief in the Just World Fallacy, and specifically within that, that physical attractiveness particularly predicts one's beliefs that the world is just. <br />
<br />
The more physically attractive a person is, the more likely they are to believe the world is just. The less physically attractive a person is, the less likely they are to believe the world is just. It is concluded that a person's physical appearance powerfully shapes how they experience and view the world.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Previous work has consistently found that belief in a just world is strongly correlated with societal privilege. ''<br />
* ''Both self-rated attractiveness (experiment one) and attractiveness rated by other persons (experiment two) were found to predict endorsement of belief in a just world. ''<br />
* ''Additionally, both attractiveness measures were found to have a relationship with participant’s level of life satisfaction. ''<br />
* ''These findings suggest that physical attractiveness powerfully affects our subjective experience as a human and that just-world beliefs are driven, at least in part, by personal experience with inequality.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Reference:'''</span><br />
* Westfall RS, Millar MG, Lovitt A. 2018. ''The Influence of Physical Attractiveness on Belief in a Just World.'' Psychological Reports. 122(2): 536-549. [[https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0033294118763172 Abstract]]<br />
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Attractive people are perceived much more positively than they really are</span>===<br />
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The perception of positive traits based on physical attractiveness is called ''[[beauty]]-is-good stereotype'' and is a specific kind of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_effect#Role_of_attractiveness halo effect]. Effect sizes were found to be large for perceived social competence and health, intermediate for potency, adjustment, and intellectual competence, and near zero for integrity and concern for others (Eagly et al., 1991).<br />
<br />
Correlations of perceived positive traits with attractiveness are often very strong (r > .6), even though in truth these relationships are weak (r < .3) or even absent with few exceptions (e.g. attractive people are perceived as more extroverted and they also are, r = .4, also overweight people are both unattractive and unhealthy).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Studies correlating judgments of face attractiveness and rater impressions of target health produce very large positive correlations for both sexes, typically around .60.''<br />
* ''Face attractiveness appears to be a weak predictor of health in women (weighted average r = .15), and it is clearly not a consistent predictor in men (weighted average r = .04).''<br />
* ''In a meta-analysis by Feingold (1992), for example, it was shown that although people that are more attractive are perceived as more intelligent, capable, and so forth, there is essentially no relationship between attractiveness and actual intelligence, performance, and so forth.''<br />
* ''As predicted, there was no relationship between attractiveness and actual academic performance (r = 0.03), but a strong positive correlation between attractiveness and perceived intelligence (r = 0.81), attractiveness and perceived academic performance (r = 0.74) and attractiveness and perceived conscientiousness (r = 0.81).'' (Talamas, 2016)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Talamas S. N., et al. 2016. ''Blinded by Beauty: Attractiveness Bias and Accurate Perceptions of Academic Performance.'' [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4757567/ Abstract]]<br />
* Mitchem D. G., et al. 2016. 'No Relationship Between Intelligence and Face Attractiveness in a Large, Genetically Informative Sample.'' [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415372/ Abstract]]''<br />
* Eagly A. H., et al. 1991. '' What is beautiful is good, but…: A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype.'' [[https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.109 Abstract]] [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7513/4f5c90ec8f0399beac412d1d694e250be17b.pdf FullText]]<br />
* Weeden J., Sabini J. 2005. ''Physical Attractiveness and Health in Western Societies: A Review.'' [[http://10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.63 Abstract]] [[http://femininebeauty.info/f/weeden.sabini.pdf FullText]]<br />
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Attractive men are perceived as 'funnier', even when they are actually not</span>===<br />
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Cowan & Little (2012) conducted a study to assess the degree to which humor influenced sexual selection (particularly in men) as powerfully as it is often touted to in the mainstream discourse surrounding relationships. <br />
<br />
The study consisted of 40 undergraduate college students (20 men, and 20 women) who were photographed, then participated in a video clip where they were asked which of three items (chocolate, hairspray or plastic bag) they would bring with them to a deserted island, and what they would do with said items, with the subjects not being prompted to be humorous in their answer. The videos were carefully edited so they were all 20 seconds long.<br />
<br />
A separate group of participants were places in a quiet room alone with a desktop computer, where they were played the aforementioned clips in random order, with the audio recording of the clips being played first, then they were shown the photographs of the previous participants and finally they viewed the video clips. The participants were then prompted the rate the stimuli on a 7 point scale for how amusing they found it, and then rate how attractive they viewed the actors in the videos for short-term and long-term relationships, respectively.<br />
<br />
Although unattractive participants scored slightly higher in funniness in the audio only condition, they were viewed as less funny in the video and photograph conditions, with this effect being especially apparent in the photograph condition as compared to the audio only condition. The opposite was true for attractive men - thus demonstrating perceptions of humor are significantly influenced by the attractiveness halo effect. Good looking people were not any funnier when their looks were removed from the equation. But when their good looks were evident, they were perceived as funnier.<br />
<br />
For a more humorous take on this subject, comedian Gilbert Gottfried wrote an article summarizing his experiences which mirror the findings of this study entitled, [https://playboysfw.kinja.com/women-say-they-want-a-guy-with-a-sense-of-humor-they-d-1487449484 "Women Say They Want a Guy With a Sense of Humor. They Don't."]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Individuals who were higher in attractiveness were rated as being funnier in conditions with visual elements whilst individuals of lower attractiveness were rated as less funny than they were rated in the audio condition.''<br />
* ''If raters do not want attention from less attractive people, they may also be less likely to describe less attractive actors as funny in the video condition, as laughter could be seen as a way to reciprocate interest, which raters in this study may have wanted to avoid.''<br />
* ''Alternatively, it could be speculated that raters are more attentive to videos of more attractive actors which leads to higher rating of funniness.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Cowan ML, Little AC. 2013. ''The effects of relationship context and modality on ratings of funniness.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 54(4): 496-500. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886912005028 Abstract]]<br />
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">A man's looks are significantly correlated with his popularity and peer status</span>===<br />
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Anderson et al. conducted three studies to examine to determinants of peer status among college students. The studies used peer ratings of popularity to measure status and compared them to self-reports of the Big Five personality dimensions and observer evaluated physical attractiveness of the subjects, based on observation of video clips of the subjects.<br />
The first study examined (N = 48; mean age 20) members of a fraternity at a large Midwestern state university, with social status determined by the other fraternities prominence and number of positions and office each member had held. The factors found to be significantly correlated with social status were extroversion (controlled for physical attractiveness r = .40), physical attractiveness (r = .39), and neuroticism was found to be negatively correlated with status (r = -.26).<br />
There was no significant correlation found between agreeableness and status.<br />
<br />
A second study performed on members of a sorority (N = 45) with an identical procedure to to first study, found only extraversion (r = .43, controlled for physical attractiveness) was significantly correlated with peer status.<br />
<br />
Finally, a third study with a longitudinal design and a unisex sample (N = 74) of dormitory residents was conducted. Peer rated status was assessed three times over a year. This study also included self-assessments of peer status, which was found to be be substantially correlated with peer assessed status. Peer status was very stable among the men, with the 'pecking order' among the men clearly being quickly solidified within the first two weeks. <br />
The status ordering among women took much longer to be established (by the 4th month), but was ultimately as stable as the hierarchy found among the men. By the final time the peer status among the men was assessed by the researchers, the only significant factors found to be correlated with peer status were extraversion (r = .40) and physical attractiveness (r = .43). Neuroticism was found to be significantly negatively correlated with peer status (r = -.38). <br />
<br />
The researchers also found the students intuitions about the personality traits that would aid them in attaining peer status were largely flawed, with the trait they believed would be most important-conscientiousness-not at all related to status attainment. The researchers hypothesis was that physical attractiveness may have been more linked to popularity and status among men because of gender norms rewarding men for sexual success, but sexual success not does not necessarily lead to greater peer acceptance among women. <br />
The Big Five dimension agreeableness, basically being 'nice', was not significantly linked to peer status or popularity among both sexes.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Physically attractive men tended to attain higher status in both the fraternity and dormitory samples with substantial effect sizes (mean r = .42).''<br />
* ''One surprise in our data was that we did no find any evidence for this relation in either the sorority or the dormitory women (mean r = .10).'' <br />
* ''In combination,these findings offer considerable support for the hypothesis that gender norms about negative emotion are involved: "Real" men are not supposed to feel and act afraid, sad, guilty, or vulnerable, and men who violate these gender expectations are less likely to be granted high status in face-to-face groups.''<br />
* ''Status was not related to either Conscientiousness or Openness to Experience in any of our studies. These replicated null effects reinforce the view that in the informal social groups we have studies here, status functions differently that in organizational and professional groups,where task performance and achievement play a central role.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Anderson C, John OP, Keltner D, Kring AM. 2001. ''Who Attains Social Status? Effects of Personality and Physical Attractiveness in Social Groups.'' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 81(1): 116-132. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474718 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Looks&nbsp;(Love)''</span>==<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women feel sexual disgust when they imagine even talking to an unattractive man</span>===<br />
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Researchers attempted to study how women rate men and react to imagined sex with men while in an aroused and unaroused state. To do so, they showed 91 women either an erotic video or a hiking video before rating the attractiveness of photographs of men’s faces. The faces varied in attractiveness. The women then rated their disgust towards anticipated behaviors with men depicted on photographs.<br />
<br />
They found that the most dramatic influence on women's disgust was how attractive the man they showed them was. All differences in disgust were significant when comparing the attractive man to the unattractive man, even when the anticipated behavior was just talking to the man. Sexually arousing women with pornography beforehand did not reduce their disgust at unattractive men. <br />
<br />
Even the professional male model used to represent an 'attractive' man still aroused considerable disgust in women when they imagined sex with him. Researchers note that women experience a higher degree of sexual disgust towards men at baseline compared to how men feel about woman. Thus a man must truly be very attractive to a woman to override her innate sense of disgust. Since men have less sexual disgust at baseline, men may on the other hand be more flexible to consider women of more broadly varying attractiveness.<br />
<br />
Perhaps most harshly, the image used to represent an 'unattractive' man appears to just be a fairly average white man. One can only imagine how much higher women's disgust would have been had they used a truly ugly man for the analysis.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
[[File:Womens disgust.png|thumb|none|500px|Disgust ratings that women felt when they imagined talking to, hugging, kissing, or having sex with the pictured men]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Disgust is an avoidance reaction that serves the function of discouraging costly mating decisions.''<br />
* ''In an online experiment, women rated their disgust towards anticipated behaviors with men depicted on photographs.''<br />
* ''Participants did so in a sexually aroused state and in a control state.'' <br />
* ''The faces varied in attractiveness and the presence of disease cues (blemishes).''<br />
* ''We found that disease cues and attractiveness, but not sexual arousal, influenced disgust.''<br />
* ''The results suggest that women feel disgust at sexual contact with unattractive men.''<br />
* ''Attractiveness seems to reduce disgust and therefore also avoidance tendencies—probably because it signals good health and small risk of pathogen transmission.''<br />
* ''Women on average have a higher disgust sensitivity and propensity than men. This also implies that they require relatively more sexual arousal to outweigh disgust and elicit a sexually functioning feedback loop. In other words, sexual arousal is less likely to outweigh disgust in women.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Zsok F, Fleischman DS, Borg C, Morrison E. 2017. ''Disgust Trumps Lust: Women’s Disgust and Attraction Towards Men Is Unaffected by Sexual Arousal.'' Evolutionary Psychological Science. 3(4): 353-363. [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-017-0106-8 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317273311_Disgust_Trumps_Lust_Women's_Disgust_and_Attraction_Towards_Men_Is_Unaffected_by_Sexual_Arousal/download FullText]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Theories]]<br />
[[Category:Blackpill]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">70% of women would openly avoid a man solely because of his looks</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocLooks_.28Love.29|Category: Looks (Love)]] | [[#toc70.25_of_women_would_openly_avoid_a_man_solely_because_of_his_looks|table of contents]]</div><br />
The skincare brand Remescar conducted a survey of 2,000 British men and women on their preferences for a romantic or sexual partner.<br />
<br />
When women were asked what they desired in a romantic partner, their top rated value was “a nice smile”, and third from top was “body type”.<br />
70% of female respondents admitted that they would ignore or avoid an individual of the opposite sex solely because of the way they looked, versus 31% of men.<br />
<br />
The magnitude of this sex difference is comparable with [[#Women_rate_80.25_of_men_as_.22below_average.22.2C_while_men_rate_women_on_a_bell_curve|sex differences in attractiveness ratings]] (around d = 1.0).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Women are more shallow than men when it comes to judging people on looks.''<br />
* ''According to the poll, just 31 per cent of male respondents admitted that they would ignore or avoid someone of the opposite sex based upon their looks, compared to a massive 70 per cent of female respondents admitted that they would ignore or avoid the opposite sex because of the way they looked.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Lanigan R. 2016. ''Women are more shallow than men when it comes to judging people on looks, says research.'' The Tab. [[https://thetab.com/uk/2016/11/16/women-shallow-men-comes-judging-people-looks-says-research-25773 News]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Love at first sight can be predicted by physical attractiveness</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocLooks_.28Love.29|Category: Looks (Love)]] | [[#tocLove_at_first_sight_can_be_predicted_by_physical_attractiveness|table of contents]]</div><br />
Researchers attempted to evaluate what contributes to the love-at-first-sight phenomenon using an online study, a laboratory study, and three dating events. They found that the primary predictor was physical attractiveness. <br />
<br />
Strangers were more likely to report experiencing love-at-first-sight with physically attractive others. In fact, one rating point higher in attractiveness on the scale that the researchers used corresponded with a nine times greater likelihood that others would report that "electric" love-at-first-sight feeling.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Physical attraction was highly predictive of reporting love-at-first-sight (LAFS). ''<br />
* ''We therefore suggest that LAFS is not a distinct form of love, but rather a strong initial attraction that some label as LAFS, either in the moment of first sight or retrospectively.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Zsok F, Haucke M, De Wit CY, Barelds DP. 2017. ''What kind of love is love at first sight? An empirical investigation.'' Personal Relationships. 24: 869-885. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pere.12218 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321133457_What_kind_of_love_is_love_at_first_sight_An_empirical_investigation FullText]] [[https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/meet-catch-and-keep/201801/is-love-first-sight-real Summary]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Looks are most important to women in speed dating</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocLooks_.28Love.29|Category: Looks (Love)]] | [[#tocLooks_are_most_important_to_women_in_speed_dating|table of contents]]</div><br />
Luo & Zhang (2009) conducted a speed-dating experiment which consisted of (N = 108) participants divided into two equal opposite sex groups. Before the speed-dating event, the participants completed a battery of psychometric tests and surveys designed to measure the big-five personality traits, attachment style, self-esteem, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_(psychology) affectivity], interests and political and personal values. Six speed dating events were conducted, each 60 minutes in length. <br />
<br />
Each date was 5 minutes long, with participants completing a questionnaire recording their evaluation of the date and their partners. The participants were informed that they were allowed to inquire about their date's contact information for further interaction outside the experiment, at their own risk.<br />
<br />
After the dates were completed the participants were asked to complete a one-page post event questionnaire about their feelings and perceptions for each partner (i.e their desire for further contact, comfort and attraction towards their dates) and a one-page questionnaire of self-ratings.<br />
The participants' physical attractiveness was evaluated by a team of eight researchers ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronbach%27s_alpha interrater agreement]=.86) <br />
<br />
Ultimately, it was found that the only significant predictors of women's attraction to their dates, were their dates physical attractiveness, and their interest in sporting activities. Whereas men's attraction, while also extremely related to the physical attractiveness of their partner (r = .88), was also significantly related to a number of personality traits, their partners age (with men preferring women up to the limit of 26 yrs old used in the study) and their partners political beliefs (men preferring conservative women).<br />
<br />
There was also some evidence for the reciprocity principle (i.e that people like others more when their liking is reciprocated) but only after the participants had been informed of their partner's favorable responses towards them. There was no evidence that similarity in terms of convergent political beliefs, values, and personality traits measured mattered when it came to predicting attraction, at least in terms of the short-term dating paradigm used in this study.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''The strongest predictor of attraction was partner’s physical attractiveness, and this was well replicated across sex.''<br />
* ''Our results indicate that people like their partners better if they know their partners also like them. However, there was no evidence for the idea that similarity boosts attraction.''<br />
* ''It therefore seems a very solid finding that men and women are equally strongly drawn to physically attractive partners.''<br />
* ''This finding, however, appears to be inconsistent with the widely accepted finding in evolutionary research indicating a fundamental sex difference in their preferences for long-term partners ... evolutionary research does suggest that these sex differences in mating preferences tend to diminish or even disappear when short-term mating contexts are primed.'' <br />
* ''In our particular case, it seems that women’s attraction feeling is dominated by partners’ physical attractiveness, just as their male counterparts, even though it is possible that when prompted to think about preferences for a potential mate, women would give priority considerations to characteristics like earning potential.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Luo S, Zhang G. 2009. ''What leads to romantic attraction: similarity, reciprocity, security, or beauty? Evidence from a speed-dating study.'' J Pers. 77(4): 933-64. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19558447 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Looks are most important to women in video dating</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocLooks_.28Love.29|Category: Looks (Love)]] | [[#tocLooks_are_most_important_to_women_in_video_dating|table of contents]]</div><br />
Olderbak et al. conducted a video dating study consisting of sample of N = 102 participants (56% women, mean age 18.85 years) all university undergraduates. The participants completed several self-report questionnaires, including the mate value inventory (measure of traits that are desired in a romantic partner), questionnaires designed to measure [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_history_theory life history strategy], <br />
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_personality_trait The Big Five personality traits], and a measurement of physical attractiveness. <br />
<br />
Targets were instructed to either complete a questionnaire about themselves or respond with a 10 minute video clip to questions directed at themselves.<br />
Then, a second group of (N = 335) participants completed the aforementioned battery on questionnaires, and were instructed to watch the 10 minute videos of the targets. If there existed a prior acquaintance with any of the targets, their data was excluded from the study.<br />
The participants were instructed to complete a questionnaire, detailing their perceptions of the targets personality traits, and their desire for a romantic relationship with the targets.<br />
<br />
It was found, that the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_effect halo effects] for females evaluating male targets were much more pronounced then vice versa. The males in the study didn't reach a consensus in regards to the female targets Big Five personality traits, and their life history strategy, but they did reach a consensus in regards the female targets physical attractiveness. The female subjects on the other hand, were able to come to an agreement regarding life history strategy and physical attractiveness of the male subjects.<br />
<br />
Ultimately, it was found that physical attractiveness was the only significant predictor of romantic interest in both sexes.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Our results suggest that the responders' perception of the targets' physical attractiveness, specifically that he or she was higher than the responder on physical attractiveness, was, amongst the traits studied here, the only significant predictor of romantic interest.''<br />
* ''We found that when women rated the traits of men, they more often came to an agreement than when men rated women. However, there were considerable halo effects on the trait perception by women.''<br />
* ''Overall, women came to an agreement on the male targets' mate value, mate value-reduced, physical attractiveness, slow life history strategy and extraversion, and men came to an agreement on the female targets' physical attractiveness, conscientiousness and extraversion.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Olderbak SG, Malter F, Wolf PSA, Jones DN, Figueredo AJ. 2017. ''Predicting Romantic Interest at Zero Acquaintance: Evidence of Sex Differences in Trait Perception but Not in Predictors of Interest.'' European Journal of Personality. 31(1): 42-62. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/per.2087 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Looks are most important to women in blind dating</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocLooks_.28Love.29|Category: Looks (Love)]] | [[#tocLooks_are_most_important_to_women_in_blind_dating|table of contents]]</div><br />
Walster et al. (1966) conducted a field experiment consisting of a "computer dance", also known as ''Walster's computer dating study'', in which they organized blind dates by an old IBM punch-card computer to test their hypothesis of assortative mating (that people tend to date others in their own 'league' of attractiveness, wealth, status, personality etc.). Four raters (college sophomores) rated the subjects (N = 752) on a 8 point scale for physical attractiveness ranging from "very unattractive" to "very attractive".<br />
<br />
The subjects then answered a questionnaire, of which the purpose was to measure the level of four traits of the subjects: self rated popularity, how nervous they were of the date, their expectations of the date (how attractive and personable he/she expected the date to be) and their level of self-esteem measured by Berger's self-esteem scale.<br />
Also collected were the students SAT scores, and their high school grades percentile rankings.<br />
<br />
The subjects were then assigned to a date by the IBM computer, with the condition that a man never be assigned to a woman taller then himself. The IBM punch card next in the deck was assigned to the subject in the case of that event. <br />
<br />
After the blind date, the subjects were asked to rate their liking of the date, whether they would like to date the partner again, and their opinion of the date's personality, mutual compatibility between the subject and the date and liking of date for the subject. <br />
The conclusions of the study were:<br />
<br />
* By far, the largest determinant of the subjects liking of their dates was their dates physical attractiveness. The correlation between liking of the date and their partner's physical attractiveness was: for men rating women r = .79 and it was r = .69 for women rating men.<br />
* Men's level of academic achievement was actually somewhat negatively correlated with his dates desire for him (r = .-18)<br />
* All the personality metrics measured (self-esteem, introversion vs extroversion and masculinity vs femininity) had no significant correlation with the subjects ratings of their dates.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''It is apparent that by far the greatest determinant of how much liking an individual feels for his/her partner is simply how attractive the partner is.''<br />
* ''We should note that, even though further contact may have reduced the importance of physical attractiveness, whether or not the subjects attempted to continue to date his (or her) partner depended on his (or her) partner's physical attractiveness.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Walster E, Aronson V, Abrahams D, Rottman L. 1966. ''Importance of physical attractiveness in dating behavior.'' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 4(5): 508-516. [[https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fh0021188 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">It is Looks &gt; Personality &gt; Money for both genders, but women lie more about it</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocLooks_.28Love.29|Category: Looks (Love)]] | [[#tocIt_is_Looks_.3E_Personality_.3E_Money_for_both_genders.2C_but_women_lie_more_about_it|table of contents]]</div><br />
Researchers from Northwestern University attempted to answer the question: Do People Know What They Desire in a Romantic Partner?<br />
<br />
The approached their research by first having candidates fill out questionnaires on what they felt was most important in a relationship. They then ran a 2 hour speed dating event where individuals had to choose afterwards who they wanted to see again. They were given the opportunity to start messaging any matches. They subsequently filled out a post dating questionnaire evaluating their opinions of their various matches.<br />
<br />
Researchers then used follow up studies to assess who actually initiated a relationship and the correlations for physical attractiveness, wealth, and personality in predicting those relationships.<br />
<br />
They found that men and women both underestimated the importance of physical attractiveness, but women far more so. Ratings were:<br />
* Men's Pre-Conceptions: Personality (8.1) > Looks (8.04) > Money (6.91)<br />
* Women's Pre-Conceptions: Personality (8.1) > Money (7.73) > Looks (7.18)<br />
* Both Genders' Actual Factors: '''Looks > Personality > Money'''<br />
<br />
Thus while women rated physical attractiveness for a man as their lowest priority, it turned out to be their strongest priority and even more important than it was for men. Studies like this suggest why it may not be useful to ask women what is most important to them, as in many scientific studies (mainly those relying on rating traits of hypothetical partners, or self reported preferences), they have not been able to give reliable or factual answers on this subject. As in most cases, nature is best learnt through objective observation i.e. revealed preferences vs. stated preferences.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
<br />
'''Men and women's pre-dating assessments of important of looks, money, and personality out of 10:'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Men<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Women<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Looks<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 8.04<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 7.18<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Personality<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 8.1<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 8.1<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Money<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 6.91<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 7.73<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''How much looks, personality, and money actually correlated with relationship success for each gender, showing it is Looks > Personality > Money for both genders:'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Men<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Women<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Looks<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 0.43<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 0.46<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Personality<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 0.29<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 0.32<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Money<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 0.19<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 0.16<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Although physical attractiveness, good earning prospects, and personable characteristics were all positively and significantly associated with romantic interest, the data revealed no evidence of sex differences in these associations. ''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Eastwick PW, Finkel EJ. 2008. ''Sex Differences in Mate Preferences Revisited: Do People Know What They Initially Desire in a Romantic Partner?'' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 94(2):245-264. [[http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/eli-finkel/documents/EastwickFinkel2008_JPSP.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Your looks define perception of your personality in online dating</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocLooks_.28Love.29|Category: Looks (Love)]] | [[#tocYour_looks_define_perception_of_your_personality_in_online_dating|table of contents]]</div><br />
When dating site OkCupid first began, they allowed users to rate prospective partners independently on both personality and looks. Over time, they saw the futility of this approach, as it became apparent that users did not distinguish between personality and looks. In their blog, they cite an example of a "hot" model with no profile filled out, that still scored top points for both looks and personality (even though no one could possibly know anything about the model's personality from an empty profile).<br />
<br />
In the end OkCupid disabled the feature, and now only allows one global rating to be given. They published their data from when looks and personality were rated individually so others can see how online dating users consider these two factors essentially the same thing.<br />
<br />
Related to this, OkCupid conducted an unwitting experiment pertaining to the effects of profile pictures on one's success in online dating, and the user perceptions of compatibility based on profile text vs photographs. On January 15, 2013, OkCupid celebrated the release of a new app dealing with blind dates by disabling all profile pictures on OkCupid, which they dubbed “Love Is Blind Day”. They found that while overall traffic declined, users were 44% more willing to message first, conversations were lengthier, and contact details were exchanged more often. However, when they restored the profile pictures after the end of the day, they noticed that many of the conversations starting on the day abruptly finished. This further reinforces the idea that displaying one's personality through profile text and messages on online dating apps in an attempt to compensate for physical unattractiveness is likely a doomed endeavor.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
<br />
[[File:OK Cupid Looks Personality.png|300px|thumb|none|OkCupid's data showing personality ratings vs. looks ratings of profiles which demonstrate almost perfect 1:1 correlation]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''According to our users, "looks" and "personality" were the same thing.''<br />
* ''And it wasn’t that “looks weren’t important” to the users who’d chosen to stick around. When the photos were restored at 4PM, 2,200 people were in the middle of conversations that had started “blind”. Those conversations melted away. The goodness was gone, in fact worse than gone. It was like we’d turned on the bright lights at the bar at midnight.''<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Rudder C. 2014. ''We Experiment On Human Beings!'' OkTrends: Dating Research from OkCupid. [[https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/weexperimentonhumanbeings.html Web]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">A man's personality only matters to a woman if he meets her basic looks cutoff first</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocLooks_.28Love.29|Category: Looks (Love)]] | [[#tocA_man.27s_personality_only_matters_to_a_woman_if_he_meets_her_basic_looks_cutoff_first|table of contents]]</div><br />
Fugère et al. (2017) conducted a study examining the mate preferences of (N = 80) women and their mothers. <br />
<br />
The women and their mothers were presented with three color photographs of three different Caucasian males varying in physical attractiveness, together with one of three trait profiles which varied on traits commonly reported by women in previous research as desirable in a male partner (i.e: kind, funny, caring, industrious, dependable, mature etc.).<br />
<br />
Each man's photograph (unattractive, moderately attractive, attractive) were paired with the varying trait profiles mentioned above, with the profiles being manipulated to vary in desirability.<br />
<br />
The women rated the photos and profiles on desirability based on three questions: "how attractive do you find this person," "how favorably do you rate his personal description," and "how desirable would you find this person as a dating partner for yourself", on a 1-7 scale of desirability with the mothers rating the photographs and profiles on their level of desirability as a potential partner for their daughters.<br />
<br />
It was found that physical attractiveness was more strongly correlated to the women's ratings of desirability for the men then their personality profiles (with the mothers being less selective on looks then their daughters, except when it came to unattractive men,) and that a certain level of attractiveness was thus seen as a 'necessity' for both the young women and their mothers. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Regardless of the trait profiles associated with the target photographs, the attractive and moderately attractive men were rated as having more favorable personalities than the unattractive man.'' <br />
* ''These finding suggest that when offspring or their parents rate physical attractiveness as less important than other traits, respondents assume that potential mates will possess a minimally acceptable level of physical attractiveness.''<br />
* ''Because of the positive association between attractiveness and pleasing personalities, it may be that we not only expect attractive others to have more favorable personality characteristics but that we also expect those with more favorable characteristics to possess at least a minimally acceptable level of physical attractiveness.'' <br />
* ''Although personality ratings impacted mothers’ perceptions of the target men more so than daughters’, personality ratings were strongly influenced by men’s physical attractiveness.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Fugère MA, Chabot C, Doucette K, Cousins A. 2017.'' The Importance of Physical Attractiveness to the Mate Choices of Women and Their Mothers.'' Evolutionary Psychological Science. 3(3): 243-252. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40806-017-0092-x Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Being unattractive reduces men's chances of finding partners, but not women's</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocLooks_.28Love.29|Category: Looks (Love)]] | [[#tocBeing_unattractive_reduces_men.27s_chances_of_finding_partners.2C_but_not_women.27s|table of contents]]</div><br />
Researchers analyzed the results of 11,056 interviews in Spain to assess which factors most predicted a person's ability to find a partner for marriage.<br />
<br />
Their study found in numerous parameters and analyses that male attractiveness had a massive effect on a man's ability to find a partner, to find a partner with a university degree, or to find a partner with a higher educational level.<br />
<br />
However, in all areas of study, no major effects were seen for women based on their attractiveness. Female physical attractiveness generally played little or no role, however being unattractive presented a slight penalty to the likelihood of forming a couple among women of working-class origin, with the researchers noting this effect was much weaker among women of this social class then the one found among corresponding males of this class.<br />
<br />
When speaking of the challenges that being an unattractive man poses in dating, many women are unsympathetic and cannot understand how being unattractive as a man could be so detrimental to success. Research suggests this may be because women do not suffer the same disadvantages from being unattractive, and thus have no personal reference for understanding the struggles of unattractive men. This is a cognitive bias known as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy_gap hot-cold empathy gap].<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''For men, the results show that being unattractive decreases the likelihood of finding a partner, of finding a partner with a university degree, and of finding a partner with a higher educational level. ''<br />
* ''Being unattractive reduced the probability of mating for males by between 15 and 17 points, depending on the models used, when compared to the more attractive group, and 10 points compared to those with an average attractiveness level.''<br />
* ''Being unattractive decreased the probability of social advancement through mating in males. The difference between them and those that were very attractive was 29 percentage points. The difference for those with average attractiveness levels was 20 percentage points.''<br />
* ''For women, physical attractiveness does not affect the likelihood of any of those events occurring. ''<br />
* ''Among women, physical attractiveness did not matter when it came to mating. The results for women indicate that attractiveness did not matter.''<br />
* ''The opposite happens with males: their physical attractiveness matters. ''<br />
* ''Being unattractive penalised the likelihood of forming a couple among women of working-class origin, which was not the case for daughter of high-ranking professionals. Even in this case, the less attractive women had a greater likelihood of forming a couple.''<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Martínez-Pastor JI. 2017. ''How Important is Physical Attractiveness in the Marriage Market.'' Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas. 159: 91-112. [[http://www.reis.cis.es/REIS/PDF/REIS_159_07_ENGLISH1499424514902.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">'Very unattractive' women are more likely to be married than other women</span>===<br />
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Kanazawa, Hu & Larere (2018) conducted an analysis of the The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health data consisting of a "sample of 20,745 adolescents" who were personally interviewed in their homes in four 'waves' ranging from 1994-2008. Only the data of those who participated in all waves and didn't drop out of the study was used for the authors analysis.<br />
<br />
The authors analysed the data to find how attractive the participants (that were married or cohabitating) had been at the time of the beginning of their marriage or cohabitation, and used income as a proxy for their intelligence (IQ and income being robustly proven by previous research to be correlated). <br />
<br />
The authors concluded that 'very unattractive' women were more likely to be married or cohabitating then merely unattractive or even average to good looking women, and their spouses tended to earn more then their better-looking female counterparts. They infer that intelligent men have a preference to marry or mate with very unattractive women. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''The analyses of the (data) showed that very unattractive women were significantly more likely to be married ...than unattractive women at 29, sometimes more than average-looking women, and their spouses or cohabitation partners earned significantly more than those of unattractive or average-looking women.''<br />
* ''Because both intelligence and physical attractiveness are highly heritable, we would expect their offspring to be simultaneously intelligent and very unattractive.''<br />
* ''Intelligent men’s preference to marry or mate with very unattractive women, if robust, can potentially explain why the correlation between intelligence and physical attractiveness is not larger despite the assortative mating of intelligent men of higher status and physically attractive women over many generations.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Kanazawa S, Hu S, Larere A. 2018. ''Why do very unattractive workers earn so much?'' Economics & Human Biology. 29: 189-197. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X17302204?via%3Dihub Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women are less likely to use a condom with a more attractive male partner</span>===<br />
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A study by Eleftheriou ''et al.'' (2019) consisting of an online questionnaire answered by "480 English-speaking women who have sex with men" who rated the facial attractiveness of 20 men and detailed their willingness to have intercourse with the men without a condom.<br />
They found:<br />
* The more attractive a man was judged to be, the more likely it was that participants were willing to have sex with him (r = 0.987, p < 0.001)<br />
* Further, the more attractive a man was judged to be, the less likely women were to intend to use a condom during sex (r = -0.552, p = 0.007)<br />
* The average perceived STD likelihood for a man had no significant association with his average perceived attractiveness or with participants’ average willingness to have sex with him<br />
* The more attractive a participant judged herself to be, the more she believed that, overall, men are likely to have a STD.<br />
* Women showed significantly higher condom use intentions with: men who they rated as less attractive (p < 0.0005), '''men who they rated as less likely to carry or transmit an STI''' (p < 0.0005), men with whom they were less interested in having sex (p < 0.0005) and when they estimated that fewer of their peers would also have condomless sex with him (p < 0.0005).<br />
<br />
In other words, whether a man is attractive is the most important predictor of whether women will use a condom during intercourse with him. Furthermore, '''women are less likely to use a condom with a man they judge as being high risk for carrying or transmitting an STD to them.'''<br />
<br />
This result can be seen as evidence of Fisher's [[sexy son hypothesis]].<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Participants were more willing to have sex with more attractive men, but were less inclined to use condoms when they do so.''<br />
* ''Women showed significantly higher condom use intentions with: men who they rated as less attractive.''<br />
* ''Moreover, in the current study, we found that participants reported lower condom use intentions towards men with whom they were willing to have sex. This result was surprising when we considered that these same women also judged that a greater number of women like themselves would also be willing to have condomless sex with these men.'' <br />
* ''This finding may be more easily explained, when we consider the work of Fishbein et al. and Williams et al., who found that risk information about a partner is sometimes ignored when the partner is attractive.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Eleftheriou, A, Bullock S, Graham CA, Skakoon-Sparling S, Ingham R. 2019. ''Does attractiveness influence condom use intentions in women who have sex with men?'' PLoS ONE. 14(5): e0217152. [[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0217152 FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">A man's masculinity and physical attractiveness predicts a woman's chance of orgasm</span>===<br />
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Puts et al. (2011) conducted a study of a sample of university students (men N = 110, women N = 110) who were in a committed sexual relationship. The participants were photographed and then led into a private booth where they completed a questionnaire where the men rated "rated their own attractiveness, dominance and masculinity and their partner's femininity" and the women rated their own attractiveness and their partner's dominance and masculinity. Women also reported their rate of orgasm during sexual intercourse and partner-aided and self induced orgasms during masturbation. <br />
<br />
Using software the researchers conducted a model that objectively measured facial sexual dimorphism and compared it to the photographs of the male participants. They discovered:<br />
* Objective measures of the 'quality' of women's mates, significantly predicted the women's orgasms.<br />
* Women were quicker to orgasm with more masculine men (β =.36) when it concerned women reaching orgasm before their partners)<br />
* Women were much more likely to orgasm (β =.50) during or after the man if he was more attractive and reported himself as dominant (β =.24)<br />
* Masculinity and attractiveness predicted women's probability of orgasm during intercourse, but not during not intercourse activities (i.e oral sex, mutual masturbation), the authors suggested that this finding demonstrated that the female orgasm possibly serves an evolutionary adaptive function, i.e that women's orgasms increase the retention of the semen of the most genetically desirable mates.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''We found that objective measures of the quality of women's mates—men's attractiveness and masculinity—significantly predicted the women's orgasms.''<br />
* ''Although our results require replication, they are consistent with the hypothesis that female orgasm is a copulatory mate choice mechanism, perhaps for selecting high-quality genes for offspring.''<br />
* ''This suggests that male sire quality increases female orgasm specifically during sexual behaviors that could result in conception, thus supporting the sire choice hypothesis.''<br />
* ''Interestingly, this component of female orgasm (achieving orgasm after or during the male partners orgasm) was negatively predicted by male self-rated dominance and masculinity. Because more objective measures of male dominance, masculinity and attractiveness either weakly or negatively loaded onto the self-rated dominance/masculinity component, we suspect that self-rated dominance/masculinity measured something other than genetic quality.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Puts DA, Welling LLM, Puriss RP, Dawood K. 2012. ''Men's masculinity and attractiveness predict their female partners' reported orgasm frequency and timing.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 33(1): 1-9. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513811000250 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">A man's physical attractiveness to other women predicts his partner's chance of orgasm</span>===<br />
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Sela et al. (2015) conducted a self-reported survey of women (N = 439) in "committed, heterosexual relationship" to investigate the relationship between their chance of orgasm during their last copulation with their partner and their assessments of their own and other women's attraction to their male partners. <br />
<br />
They found as with other research that women who perceived their partners as more physically attractive were more likely to orgasm during their last copulation with them. Controlling for possible confounding factors, there was a direct relationship between male attractiveness and women's frequency of orgasm.<br />
<br />
Additionally, women's chance of orgasm was mediated by their perceptions of '''other women's''' attraction to their mates.<br />
<br />
This suggests that women are sexually aroused by a male partner they perceive as being highly attractive to other women, which provides more support for the hypothesis that mate-choice copying applies to human females.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Perception of other women's assessments of their partner's attractiveness predicts female copulatory orgasm, even after controlling for age and relationship duration and satisfaction (although relationship satisfaction also predicts female copulatory orgasm.)''<br />
* ''Women may attend to which men other women find attractive and, as a consequence, find these men attractive, have sex with them, and have orgasms with them – all to reduce the costs of mate choice.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Sela Y, Weekes-Shackelford VA, Shackelford TK, Pham M. 2015. ''Female copulatory orgasm and male partner’s attractiveness to his partner and other women.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 79: 152-156. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886915001002 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">A man's physical attractiveness predicts how long he waits before a woman will allow sex</span>===<br />
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Hunt, Eastwick & Finkel (2015) conducted a study which aim was to examine the effects of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propinquity propinquity] on human sexual attraction.<br />
<br />
The participants in the study (N = 334, 167 couples, 28 excluded from study) <br />
were recruited from a longitudinal study of romantic relationships.<br />
The participants were instructed to complete an online questionnaire, which was designed to evaluate the length of the relationship and the length of their acquaintance prior to the initiation of the relationship of the subjects.<br />
<br />
The participants were then taken to a laboratory were they sat at a table and discussed their relationship while being filmed. The researchers made sure the face and torso of the couples were clearly visible in the videos.<br />
<br />
Seven raters watched all of the videos and evaluated the physical attractiveness of the participants jointly. Then to control for possible halo effects influencing the results, the participants physical attractiveness was evaluated separately by a new team of raters. Interrater reliability was high for both evaluations, with the assortative mating correlation being higher when the subjects were evaluated separately (i.e the partners were less 'matched' in looks when evaluated apart.)<br />
<br />
It was discovered that the longer the participants 'waited' before dating, the less their levels of physical attractiveness correlated with each other. Thus, although the authors of the study seemed to attempt to portray this fact in a positive light (e.g 'leveling the playing field',) the study demonstrated that women make less attractive males wait longer in the 'friend zone' before they will initiate a relationship with them, if they do at all.<br />
<br />
To some extent this result can be regarded as evidence for the Sexy Sons hypothesis, proposed by statistician and geneticist Ronald Fisher (1930). His theory—expanding upon Darwin's much overlooked emphasis on the sexual selection for male traits by females—states that [[beauty]] may have evolved by a feedback loop ([[Fisherian runaway]]) to become so attractive that women are readily willing to copulate with a beautiful male irrespective of other considerations (e.g. his ability or willingness to provide for and protect the female), because the males' beauty—which is partly heritable—confer on their offspring a potential reproductive advantage. The same does hold true for the opposite case i.e. men more readily copulate with beautiful women, but men can afford to be much more less selective/more promiscuous in any case because they do not need to pay the cost of carrying and giving birth to the child and do not need to consider women's ability to provide ([[Bateman's Principle]] of differential parental investment). Hence, women's behavior of disregarding the ability to provide merely at the benefit of better looking offspring has much more drastic implications.<br />
<br />
The result is also evidence of female ''coyness'' (i.e. reluctance to mate). It has been proposed that women use this behavior to evaluate the man's suitability as provider (McNamara 2008, Wachtmeister 1999), but also to ensure that there is still an opportunity for a better male to show up in the meanwhile. Evidently women regard such evaluation as less necessary when the man is good looking.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figure:'''</span><br />
<br />
TODO<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Couples who formed their relationships soon after meeting were more likely to match based on physical attractiveness than those who formed their relationships well after meeting each other.'' <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Hunt LL, Eastwick PW, Finkel EJ. 2015. ''Leveling the Playing Field: Longer Acquaintance Predicts Reduced Assortative Mating on Attractiveness.'' Psychological Science. 26(7): 1046-1053. [[https://static1.squarespace.com/static/504114b1e4b0b97fe5a520af/t/55f09bafe4b0f0a5b7e04f6b/1441831855396/HuntEastwickFinkel2015PSci.pdf FullText]]<br />
* Fisher R. 1930. ''The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection.'' The Clarendon Press. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Genetical_Theory_of_Natural_Selection WikiArticle]]<br />
* McNamara, J.M., Fromhage, L., Barta, Z. and Houston, A.I.. 2008. ''The optimal coyness game.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0310.1999.00487.x Abstract]]<br />
* Wachtmeister, C.A. and Enquist, M., 1999. ''The evolution of female coyness–trading time for information.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1273 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Face''</span>==<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Men's facial masculinity determines female interest for friendship vs. short/long-term dating</span>===<br />
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By morphing a man's photo from its most masculine form to its most androgynous, researchers were able to directly gauge how the masculinity affected women's sensations of "friendliness", being "enemy-like", and being "sexy". <br />
<br />
Sexiness and enemy-like perceptions both increased as masculinity increased, which is in keeping with other research finding women find aggressive, dark triad, or violent traits most sexually arousing. However, at a certain point of extreme masculinity, there was a decrease in the sexiness and only a rise in the enemy-like perception.<br />
<br />
On the other end of the spectrum, the less masculine a male face was, the more likely it was to be perceived as a "friend" and less sexy or enemy-like.<br />
<br />
Thus one's propensity for being judged by women as a short term partner, long term partner, or "friendzone" partner may depend highly on one's facial masculinity. Both for short-term and long-term mating, women preferred men who were far more masculine than the average man. <br />
<br />
This data may suggest that if a man finds himself continually in the "friendzone" with women, it may not be due to anything behavioral, and instead the best explanation might be found in the nearest mirror.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
[[File:Facial-sexual-dimorphism.jpg|500px|none|thumb|How male facial sexual dimorphism influences female assessment as friend, enemy, or sexual.]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quote:'''</span><br />
* ''Using a movie that morphs a very masculine male face (frame 1 of 700) into an androgynous face, the facial pictures and vertical lines indicate the mean location of participants' dominant male (DOM), short-term mate (STM), long-term mate (LTM), average male (AVM) and androgynous face (AND) selections, with respect to experimentally assigned personality traits.''<br />
* ''F1 ('Friend' factor) is composed of positive attributes such as sensitive, helpful and trustworthy.''<br />
* ''F3 ('Enemy' factor) consists of undesirable attributes like selfish, controlling and threatening.''<br />
* ''The 'Lover' factor (F2) includes sexually exciting, supportive and healthy.''<br />
* ''The STM selection appears to be the best 'good-genes' choice (Lover factor), while avoiding the negative traits associated with high degrees of masculinity (Enemy factor). ''<br />
* ''The LTM selection appears to trade off some 'good genes' attributes in favor of those required for a good friend and good father (included in F1).''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Johnston VS. 2006. ''Mate choice decisions: the role of facial beauty.'' Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 10(1): 8-13. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364661305003207 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Men with dominant, aggressive faces (high fWHR) are preferred for short term relationships</span>===<br />
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Facial Width-Height Ratio (fWHR) is a proportionate measure of a man's facial width to his height, measured laterally from the edges of the zygomatic processes and vertically from the mid-brow to the top of the upper lips. Two examples of how this measure works are posted under 'Figures' below.<br />
<br />
Valentine et al. (2014) performed a study utilizing a speed dating format which consisted of young male and female subjects (N = 159;78 young men and 81 young women) who weren't compensated in any way for their participation, and thus were participating in the study because they were "(looking for the) chance to find a real-life partner, suggesting the choices were primarily motivated by actual mating interests."<br />
<br />
The males in the study were rated by independent raters on the following metrics:<br />
* Dominance (unisex raters)<br />
* How aggressive would this person be if provoked? (unisex raters)<br />
* Facial adiposity (unisex raters)<br />
* Attractiveness (female raters only)<br />
<br />
Inter-rater reliability was high for all four dimensions. Thus it was demonstrated that raters could come to a clear consensus on how dominant, aggressive, overweight, and attractive each man appeared.<br />
<br />
Analysis of outcomes showed that men's fWHR explained fully 34% of the variance in women's interest in men for short-term relationships. fWHR was a very powerful predictor of being chosen for future dates by the women, even when higher fWHR faces were not deemed more attractive by women. High fWHR men were perceived as more dominant and thus more desirable to women for short-term sexual involvement.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
<br />
'''Example of high vs. low fWHR male faces'''<br />
<br />
[[File:fwhr-examples.jpg|thumb|none|300px|fWHR is measured from the width of the zygomatic arches and height between the vermillion border of the upper lip and midbrow point at the top. ]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
<br />
'''The relation between the variables studied on women's interest in a long-term (LTR) or short-term (STR) relationship, and how likely they were to choose the men for a further date.'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align: right; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Predictor<br />
! style="text-align: right; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | LTR<br />
! style="text-align: right; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | STR<br />
! style="text-align: right; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Chance of Being Chosen<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: right; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Age<br />
| style="text-align: right; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .32<br />
| style="text-align: right; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .21<br />
| style="text-align: right; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .26<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: right; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Attractiveness<br />
| style="text-align: right; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .51<br />
| style="text-align: right; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .44<br />
| style="text-align: right; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .47<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: right; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Adiposity<br />
| style="text-align: right; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -.12<br />
| style="text-align: right; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -.25<br />
| style="text-align: right; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -.23<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: right; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | fWHR<br />
| style="text-align: right; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .15<br />
| style="text-align: right; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .31<br />
| style="text-align: right; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .30<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''The direct and indirect effects of fWHR combined explain 34% of the variance in women’s interest in short-term relationships''<br />
* ''Men with wide faces are not more physically attractive to women, but are preferred for short-term relationships and future dates.''<br />
* ''Thus, results support our model that a higher male fWHR leads to perceptions of greater dominance, which in turn makes men attractive for short-term relationships''<br />
* ''The results are also consistent with the non-mutually exclusive explanation that women may be favoring dominant-looking men to gain protection in a short term context at the expense of having long-term investment.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Valentine KA, Norman PLI, Penke L, Perret DI. 2014. ''Judging a Man by the Width of his Face: The Role of Facial Ratios and Dominance in Mate Choice at Speed-Dating Events.'' Psychological Science. 25(3): 806-811. [[https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2727&context=soss_research FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">High fWHR men express greater psychopathy, aggression, cheating, and exploitative behavior</span>===<br />
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High fWHR is not only associated with greater short term attractiveness to women, it is also associated with greater psychopathy, aggression, cheating, self-centered impulsivity, deception, and exploitative behavior.<br />
<br />
For reference, a sample of control faces were found to have a mean fWHR of 1.865 (M = 1.865, SD = .134, N = 392). For examples of what high or low fWHR look like, see the section above. Although different references suggest a different "top" margin for judging fWHR, and thus study-to-study comparison of fWHR numbers can be less useful, utilizing a top marker of the midbrow is likely the best measure, as it incorporates the level of upper eyelid exposure into the assessment, which affects perceived dominance.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Men with high fWHR were described to be more aggressive, more fearless & dominant, higher in psychopathy, and less likely to die from direct physical violence than narrower-faced males. ''<br />
* ''Wider faced men are more willing to cheat in order to increase their financial gains, more readily exploit the trust of others, and more often explicitly deceive their counterparts in a negotiation.''<br />
* ''More precisely, in testing both undergraduate students and young adult prison inmates (thereby capturing high variability at the high-end of the psychopathic trait continuum), we found a stable positive relationship between fWHR and total psychopathy scores within as well as across the two samples. In addition, we found a significantly positive association of the two PPI-R subfactors fearless dominance and self-centered impulsivity with fWHR; a relationship to which the inmates contributed more, but not significantly more, than did the undergraduates''<br />
* ''In conclusion, we provide evidence that fWHR reliably predicts psychopathic personality in males across a wide range of psychopathy scores, thereby replicating and extending the results reported by Geniole et al. (2014).''<br />
* ''We synthesize existing work by conducting a meta-analysis to estimate whether and how fWHR predicts aggression. Our results indicate a small, but significant, positive relationship between men’s fWHR and aggression.''<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8986/4ab104a36c75ee30d825900d6a31a582c693.pdf<br />
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886912000049<br />
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886915005759<br />
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388848/<br />
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Teenage boys with 'dominant' facial features have sex earlier</span>===<br />
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Halpern & Udry (1994) conducted a 3 year long study of (N = 58) teenage boys to determine the effects of sex hormones (primarily androgens) on sexual behavior. They administered a series of questionnaires conducted in the boys homes regarding their involvement in various sexual activities. The interviewer rated the subjects level of physical attractiveness.<br />
<br />
The subjects level of pubertal development ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanner_scale related to the Tanner Scale]) was self assessed. Facial dominance was assessed by presenting classrooms of college students with yearbook photos of the subjects in a random order and the photos were rated on a 7 point scale (1-very submissive, 7-very dominant.) <br />
<br />
The researchers found facial dominance was strongly related to age of sexual debut and level of involvement, and the effect was even more pronounced then that of physical attractiveness.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
<br />
'''Correlations between factors and whether the subjects had sex once or multiple times.'''<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Factors<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Attractiveness<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Pubertal Development<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Wears Glasses<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Had coitus<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Multiple Copulations<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Facial Dominance<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .36<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .22<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -.46<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .37<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .32<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Attractiveness<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .17<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -.29<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .30<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .29<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Pubertal Development<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -.22<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .26<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .32<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Wears Glasses<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -.01<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .01<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Ever Had Coitus<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .88<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Attractiveness and dominant appearance each account for variance in sexual experience beyond that explained by pubertal development, but dominance is the better predictor. This result is consistent with our expectation that dominant looking men have earlier coital opportunities than submissive looking men.''<br />
* ''Lacking data on female choice, we cannot say if dominant looking men have more sexual access because women give it to them, or because the men obtain it for themselves, or for both reasons''.<br />
* ''Dominant faces are likely to be handsome or muscular, oval or rectangular in shape, and with prominent as opposed to weak brow and chin.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Mazur A, Halpern C, Udry RJ. 1994. ''Dominant looking male teenagers copulate earlier.'' Ethology & Sociobiology. 15(2): 87-94. [[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-44767-001 Abstract]]<br />
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women who have experienced domestic violence find men with higher fWHRs more attractive</span>===<br />
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Liberz et al. (2018) conducted a study to examine victimized (pertaining both sexual molestation and domestic violence) women's perception of the facial and behavioral cues of potential male aggressive behavior.<br />
<br />
These women were presented with a series of male faces that varied in fWHR, and were questioned as to their level of physical attraction to these males and their perceptions of the males potential tendencies towards behavioral aggression.<br />
<br />
They were further asked to imagine these men in close physical proximity to themselves, and were asked to press an arrow key up (closer) or down (away) to assess their preferences for physical closeness to these males.<br />
<br />
Concurrently, the actual levels of behavioral aggression of several of the men in the photographs were assessed by the researchers utilizing a simulated economic game, in which participants could 'punish' opponents by stealing points from them, to no advantage in 'winning' the game.<br />
<br />
It was found that the women who had suffered sexual molestation during childhood perceived the men (in general) as more sexually attractive, a finding stronger in those who had been victim to IPV (intimate partner violence).<br />
The researchers also found that while the victims of IPV viewed men with higher fWHRs as more potentially aggressive, they perceived them as significantly more physically attractive then the control group of women. The victimized women perceived men with higher levels of behavioral aggression as measured by the economic game as more attractive. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Moreover, (women) who had experienced IPV rated men with higher fWHRs and men with higher values of actual aggression to be more attractive as compared to (women) without histories of IPV.''<br />
* ''A reduced appraisal of threat signals and an attraction to wider-faced and more aggressive men might increase the risk for revictimization.''<br />
* ''It is possible that those men with masculine facial features signal more protective behavior and security, attributes that revictimized women might desire. These “psychological barriers” seem to be important predictors of coping responses and should find more consideration in prevention programs.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Reference:'''</span><br />
* Lieberz KA, Müller-Engelmann M, Bornefeld-Ettmann P, Priebe K, Weidmann A, Fydrich T, Geniole SN, McCormick CM, Rausch S, Thome J, Steil R. 2018. ''Detecting implicit cues of aggressiveness in male faces in revictimized female PTSD patients and healthy controls.'' Psychiatry Research. 267: 429-437. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165178117303815 Abstract]]<br />
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">High fWHR is associated with greater lifetime reproductive success </span>===<br />
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Loehr & O'Hara (2013) examined data gathered from Finnish national archives pertaining to Finnish conscripts who fought in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War Winter War] with the Soviet Union that lasted from 30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940. The researchers examined photographs of the soldiers to calculate their fWHR (Facial-width to height ratio), which has been stated in previous studies to be associated with greater survival rates from traumatic injury, mating success, and aggression. <br />
<br />
They found that men with wider faces had higher lifetime reproductive success (controlling for their chance of surviving the war). However, fWHR was not found to be significantly correlated with the chance of surviving the conflict. The researchers stated that this was possibly due to the use of modern weaponry in the war, as opposed to previous studies finding that fWHR increased rates of combat survival only for close-range (meleé) encounters.<br />
<br />
It was also found that the Finnish soldiers with thinner faces attained higher rank in the Finnish military, seemingly contradicting previous findings in the United States that fWHR was associated with higher ranks in the United States military. The researchers stated that this could be due to men with higher fWHRs being perceived as less trustworthy, and trustworthiness could have been more culturally valued and thus rewarded by the World War II era Finnish military hierarchy then in the contemporary American military.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''On 30 November 1939, the Soviet Red Army invaded Finland, starting the 3.5 month long Winter War. We used Finnish archives to collate data on survival and number of offspring for soldiers who fought in this war to explore the correlation of fWHR with rank, fitness and survival.'' <br />
* ''Soldiers with wider faces had more children after controlling for wartime survival, (analysis with full data; a soldier with a face 1 s.d. wider has 1.88 times as many children.''<br />
* ''Previous research has found that wider-faced males are less likely to die violent deaths, but only when close physical contact is involved (e.g.death by knife wounds or strangling), and not when technology is used (death by gunshot or poisoning.)''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Loehr J, O'Hara RB. 2013. ''Facial morphology predicts male fitness and rank but not survival in Second World War Finnish soldiers.'' Biology Letters. 9: 20130049. [[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0049 FullText]]<br />
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Even chickens prefer sexually dimorphic human faces, to the same extent as humans</span>===<br />
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Ghirlanda, Jansson & Enquist (2002) conducted a novel study to examine the origins of the preference for attractive, sexually dimorphic faces in humans.<br />
<br />
The researchers constructed seven male and female faces on a spectrum from moderately to strongly sexually dimorphic, obtained by 'averaging' a set of 35 facial photographs of individuals of each sex. A group of university students (N = 7 females and N = 7 males) were then requested to rate the faces in a random order, on a decile (1-10) scale for sexual attractiveness, answering the question 'how desirable would it be to go out on a date with this individual'.<br />
<br />
Then the researchers utilized six chickens as experimental subjects (''Gallus gallus domesticus''; four being female chickens), which were rewarded with food for pecking at the faces of the humans that were of the sex opposite of their own (e.g hens male faces, cocks female faces) and trained to do so over a course of a few weeks.<br />
The researchers note that 'no reinforcement was given on test trials', so the chickens were only trained to peck faces of the correct sex, they weren't guided to pick at any particular target.<br />
<br />
To test the behavior that the chickens had learned, the researchers counted the times the chicken picked at a given face within a certain time interval. Interestingly, it was discovered that human and chicken preferences for opposite sex faces were very highly correlated when varying the degree of sexual dimorphism of the presented faces (r² = 0.98); that is to say nearly identical. That means the chickens were nearly equally as likely to peck at the highly dimorphic faces as the human subjects were to prefer them as potential romantic partners. This result even generalized to when the researchers added faces with even more exaggerated dimorphism not present during training, i.e. both humans and chickens agreed on the more exaggerated faces being more attractive.<br />
<br />
The findings provide support for the hypothesis that human preferences for sexually dimorphic faces are innate and hardwired in our 'lizard brain', that is, there is a deep-seated desire for such aesthetic features, and this desire even predates the evolution of modern humans, with the last common ancestor of humans and chickens [https://www.nature.com/news/2004/041206/full/041206-8.html thought] to have been a reptilian creature that lived more than 310 million years ago. The result strongly suggests that the preference for extremely masculine and feminine faces is not a cultural construct, but it inevitably emerges in biological brains.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Human and chicken behavior was almost identical (correlation between the two gradients: r² = 0.98). Moreover, chicken and human data for each face never differed significantly.''<br />
* ''We cannot of course be sure that chickens and humans processed the face images in exactly the same way. This leaves open the possibility that, while chickens use some general mechanism, humans possess instead a specially evolved mechanism for processing faces.'' <br />
* ''Ours is of course a preliminary study. We believe, however, that it shows the potentials of the comparative study of preferences. This method is not only relevant to the study of human faces, it can be applied to any communication system to evaluate whether its evolution has favored information transfer or rather is a product of receiver biases.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Ghirlanda S, Jansson L, Enquist M. 2002. ''Chickens prefer beautiful humans.'' Human Nature. 13(3): 383–389. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12110-002-1021-6 Abstract]]<br />
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Symmetry is universally beautiful and leads to more sexual partners</span>===<br />
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Gangestad & Thornhill (1997) conducted a study on Extra-Pair Copulations (i.e. infidelity). Among other things, they found evidence that men with lower fluctuating asymmetry (FAI) (i.e. more symmetrical males), which is considered an indicator of developmental stability, were more likely to be chosen as EPC partners by women, implying that women were more willing to choose them as casual sex partners. <br />
<br />
An earlier study by the same authors also found a significant negative correlation between FAI and lifelong sex partner count (i.e. more symmetrical males reported more female sex partners). <br />
Controlling for facial attractiveness and other potential confounds, the correlation between FAI and partner count was still significant (partial r = -.47).<br />
<br />
Rhodes G (2006), conducting a meta-analysis on the relationship between facial attractiveness and symmetry, found strong evidence of a general trend towards symmetry being correlated with facial attractiveness, and this relationship was not fully explained by symmetrical faces being more "average" (i.e. a face that has proportions close to the mathematical average of a population, which is also associated with attractiveness, not a 50th percentile attractiveness or "average looking" face). <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''As can be seen, men's FA remained a significant predictor of their number of EPC partners, beta = -. 17, t(164) = 2.27, p < .05. No other variables predicted men's number of EPC partners at the .05 level of significance.'' (Gangestad & Thornhill, 1997). <br />
* ''Subtle, heritable asymmetries in seven nonfacial human body traits correlated negatively with number of self-reported, lifetime sex partners and correlated positively with self-reported age at first copulation in a college student sample These relationships remained statistically significant when age, marital status, body height, ethnicity, physical anomalies associated with early prenatal development, and physical attractiveness were statistically controlled.'' (Thornhill & Gangestad, 1994).<br />
* ''Converging evidence for the appeal of facial symmetry comes from studies with normal faces. Natural variations in symmetry co-vary with attractiveness (Jones &Hill 1993,for some ethnic groups; Grammer & Thornhill 1994; Mealey et al. 1999; Rikowski & Grammer 1999; Rhodes et al. 1998, 1999; Scheib et al. 1999; Zebrowitz et al. 1996). Symmetry remains attractive when the effects of averageness are statistically controlled, which suggests that the two contribute independently to attractiveness (Rhodes et al. 1999b).''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Rhodes, G. ''The Evolutionary Psychology of Facial Beauty.'' Annu. Psychol, 57:199-226. [[https://www.annualreviews.org/article/suppl/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190208/suppl_file/ps.57.rhodes.appendix2.pdf FullText]] [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16318594 Abstract]]<br />
* Gangestad SW, Thornhill R. 1997. ''The evolutionary psychology of extrapair sex: The role of fluctuating asymmetry''. Evolution and Human Behavior 18(2):69-88.[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513897000032 Abstract]]<br />
* Thornhill R, Gangestad SW. 1994. ''Human Fluctuating Asymmetry and Sexual Behavior''. Psychological Science 5(5):297-302. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00629.x#articleCitationDownloadContainer Abstract]]<br />
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Facial plastic surgery significantly changes how a man's personality is perceived</span>===<br />
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To evaluate how changes in men's faces from plastic surgery manifested into changes in their perceived personalities, before and after photographs of 24 men of average age 49.3 (SD = 16.4) who underwent facial cosmetic surgery were shown to 64 women and 81 men. Evaluators rated the perceived personality traits of the photographed men before and after surgery.<br />
<br />
Overall, post-op photos of men who underwent facial cosmetic surgery were rated as more attractive and masculine, with higher perceived social skills, trustworthiness and likability, compared to their pre-op photos. Results like this give further credence to the maxim that to a great extent: "Your personality is your looks."<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''The results of this study suggest that men undergoing facial cosmetic surgery may experience changes in perceived attractiveness, masculinity, and a variety of personality traits. ''<br />
* ''Score increases were significant for perceived attractiveness (0.29; 95% CI, 0.13-0.46), likeability (0.41; 95% CI, 0.24-0.57), social skills (0.25; 95% CI, 0.08-0.40), and trustworthiness (0.27, 95% CI, 0.11-0.44) when evaluating all facial cosmetic procedures together.''<br />
* ''Upper blepharoplasty was associated with positive changes in perceived likeability (0.72; 95% CI, 0.06-1.50) and trustworthiness (0.74; 95% CI, 0.22-1.25). ''<br />
* ''Lower blepharoplasty was associated with decreased perception of risk seeking (−0.78; 95% CI, −1.45 to −0.10). ''<br />
* ''Face-lift was associated with increased perception of likeability (0.69; 95% CI, 0.08-1.30) and trustworthiness (0.66; 95% CI, 0.05-1.27). ''<br />
* ''Neck-lift was associated with increased perception of extroversion (0.60; 95% CI, 0.10-1.09) and masculinity (0.70; 95% CI, 0.21-1.19). ''<br />
* ''Patients who underwent rhinoplasty had improvements in perceived attractiveness (0.51; 95% CI, 0.03-1.00) and likeability (0.40; 95% CI, 0.03-1.00). ''<br />
* ''Chin augmentation did not show any significant improvements.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Parsa KM, Gao W, Lally J, Davison SP, Reilly MJ. 2019. ''Evaluation of Personality Perception in Men Before and After Facial Cosmetic Surgery.'' JAMA Facial Plast Surg. [[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamafacialplasticsurgery/article-abstract/2737367 Abstract]]<br />
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Facial shape predicts perceived leadership ability and election outcomes</span>===<br />
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Re et al. (2013) performed a review of existing evidence showing facial structure predicts perceptions of leadership capacity and outcomes of corporate and electoral success. They note an abundance of evidence showing characteristics such as fWHR, facial maturity (whether someone is "baby-faced"), and facial masculinity can all play a role.<br />
<br />
They performed an experiment to test whether perceptions of height based on facial features influenced these factors as well. They found that facial maturity and perceived height from facial structure had the strongest influence on whether a man was perceived to be a good potential leader. When subjects were given the ability to modify faces to improve their leadership appearance, they enhanced facial cues of increased height.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Split-second judgments of competence from facial images are positively correlated with real-life electoral success. Judgments of competence from briefly presented (i.e., 1/10 s) face images have predicted outcomes in elections for United States (US) congress, governor, and president. Quick leadership judgments from faces have also been found to predict voting decisions in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Ireland, Italy, and Japan. Children’s judgments of leadership can predict electoral success as well, and closely match leadership judgments made by adults.''<br />
* ''Recent research has demonstrated that facial width-to-height ratio (bizygomatic face width, with length of the face defined as the distance from the upper eyelid to the top of the upper lip, see Fig. S1.) predicts leadership success in businesses with low levels of management complexity and predicts achievement drive in U.S. presidents. Recent studies have found that business leaders in the United Kingdom have higher width-to-height ratios than age and sex-matched counterparts. Facial width-to-height ratio correlates with perception of dominance and aggressive and untrustworthy behaviour, traits that likely impact leadership success. ''<br />
* ''Baby-faced individuals appear less competent which could influence leadership perception.''<br />
* ''Leadership selection is also influenced by perceived facial masculinity (sexual dimorphism in face shape). For example, masculine face structure is preferred in leaders’ faces in times of intergroup conflict, while more feminine faces are preferred during periods where within-group relationship maintenance is emphasized.''<br />
* ''When allowed to manually manipulate faces, participants increased facial cues associated with perceived height in order to maximize leadership perception.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Re DE, Hunter DW, Coetzee V, Tiddeman BP, Xiao D, DeBruine LM, Jones BC, Perrett DI. 2013. ''Looking Like a Leader–Facial Shape Predicts Perceived Height and Leadership Ability.'' PLoS ONE. 8(12): e80957. [[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080957 FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Facial attractiveness contributes more to overall attractiveness than body, particularly in men </span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocFace|Category: Face]] | [[#tocFacial_attractiveness_contributes_more_to_overall_attractiveness_than_body.2C_particularly_in_men|table of contents]]</div><br />
Currie and Little (2009) conducted a study regarding relative contributions of facial and bodily attractiveness to overall physical attractiveness. <br />
Participants (males N = 127 females N = 133) were shown a randomized sequence of masked (to minimize potential confounds, such as hair and clothing) body images, then face images, then combined images (the images were presented side to side, not synthesized into a full body photo) and were then requested to rate these the physical attractiveness of these images. A separate group of unisex raters were also requested to rate the images, with correlations between the ratings of both groups being very high.<br />
<br />
The participants were then requested to rate the desirability of the models in the photographs in both a short-term and long-term mating context.<br />
<br />
It was found that facial attractiveness was a far more significant predictor of overall physical attractiveness then bodily attractiveness, for both sexes. Bodily attractiveness however, was also significant contributor to overall attractiveness for both sexes, with it being relatively more important compared to facial attractiveness for men evaluating the short-term attractiveness of women as compared to the long-term condition. The researchers found there was no such moderating effect of mating context in regards to women's evaluations of male attractiveness. <br />
<br />
Interestingly, the researchers also found evidence that suggests women demand that male's bodily attractiveness be above a certain threshold before he is rated as physically attractive overall, regardless of his facial attractiveness.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Ratings of facial attractiveness were a better predictor than ratings of bodily attractiveness of the rating given to images of the face and body combined.'' <br />
* ''Interestingly, the body was relatively more important in male ratings of female images under the short-term condition compared with the long-term condition. The effect of facial attractiveness was relatively constant under both conditions.''<br />
* ''There is some evidence for a hierarchical interaction between facial attractiveness and bodily attractiveness in determining overall physical attractiveness, especially in female ratings of male bodies. The male models with the three lowest mean ratings of their bodies had mean combined face and body ratings lower than either the independent body ratings or the independent face ratings. This suggests that the body needs to be above a certain level of attractiveness before the overall physical attractiveness is rated at a higher level.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Currie TE, Little AC. 2009. ''The relative importance of the face and body in judgments of human physical attractiveness.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 30(6): 406-416. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513809000580 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Facial attractiveness is more important than body because a face can't easily be changed</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocFace|Category: Face]] | [[#tocFacial_attractiveness_is_more_important_than_body_because_a_face_can.27t_easily_be_changed|table of contents]]</div><br />
Jonason et al. (2012) reviewed evidence to determine the value of an attractive face relative to an attractive body and performed a small experiment to test how men and women would value each in a short term or long term dating scenario. They found that in both scenarios, an attractive face was valued more than an attractive body. <br />
<br />
The reasons they suggest for the greater value of an attractive face are that facial structure better provides cues of genetic fitness, sexual dimorphism, and health. While a body may be changed easily with diet and exercise modification, a face cannot so easily be changed. This provides the paradox of "self improvement" whereby the things that matter most are the things one can "self improve" the least.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''The face advertises masculinity/femininity (Little, Jones, Penton-Voak, Burt, & Perrett, 2002), phenotypic quality, and resistance to developmental assaults, pathogens, and environmental stressors (Thornhill & Gangestad, 1994), and facial symmetry is associated with increased cognitive performance, greater genetic heterozygostity, greater fecundity, better health, increased longevity, lower parasite load, and lower rates of depression (Kowner, 2001).''<br />
* ''It appears as though both sexes want a long-term mate who has an attractive face over an attractive body. The information carried in a face signals developmental stability, resistance to pathogens, and phenotypic quality (Thornhill & Gangestad, 1994). ''<br />
* ''Although facial attractiveness is surely important for short-term mates, it appears to be more valued in long-term mates by both sexes. ''<br />
* ''A body may be more easily changed via diet and exercise whereas the structural traits of the face are resistant to change beyond drastic plastic surgery procedures. Stated another way, the face may be a better or more reliable cue to important phenotypic qualities despite the correlation between having a quality body and face (Thornhill & Moller, 1997).''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Jonason PK, Raulston T, Rotolo A. 2012. ''More Than Just a Pretty Face and a Hot Body: Multiple Cues in Mate-Choice.'' The Journal of Social Psychology. 152(2): 174–184.<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Balding men are perceived as less attractive, less dominant, older, and more appeasing</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocFace|Category: Face]] | [[#tocBalding_men_are_perceived_as_less_attractive.2C_less_dominant.2C_older.2C_and_more_appeasing|table of contents]]</div><br />
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0162309595001301<br />
* https://www.reddit.com/r/BlackPillScience/comments/am0vx1/bald_men_perceived_as_more_attractive_dominant/<br />
<br />
TODO<br />
<br />
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Money''</span>==<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">A man having the "correct" race, height, and face is worth millions of dollars to women</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocMoney|Category: Money]] | [[#tocA_man_having_the_.22correct.22_race.2C_height.2C_and_face_is_worth_millions_of_dollars_to_women|table of contents]]</div><br />
To approximate the value of a man's race, height, and facial attractiveness to women, researchers uses a novel data set obtained from an online dating service. Their analysis was based on a detailed record of the site users’ attributes and their partner searches, which allowed them to estimate each user's preference specifications, taking into account a large number of partner characteristics. <br />
<br />
Their findings included:<br />
* White and black women had the most expensive racial "preferences", with both strongly preferring to only consider men of their own races.<br />
* Being an Asian man requires $247,000 extra income per year compared to a white man to get equal interest from a white woman.<br />
* Being a black man requires $154,000 extra income per year compared to a white man to get equal interest from a white woman.<br />
* Being a white man requires $220,000 extra income per year compared to a black man to get equal interest from a black woman.<br />
* A white man must earn $24,000 less per year than an Asian man to be considered equally attractive to an Asian woman.<br />
* Being 5'7" requires $150,000 extra income per year compared to a 5'11" man, or $180,000 extra compared to a 6'2" man.<br />
* Being bottom 10% facially requires $40,000 extra income per year compared to an average man or $186,000 extra compared to a top 10% man.<br />
<br />
If these annual costs can be applied over the decades that a long term partnership would involve, the value of a man's race, height, and face to a woman can be estimated well into the millions of dollars over a lifetime. For example, according to this data, a 5' 8" average looking Asian man (5th decile), would need to earn a total of $3,696,000 additional income over the course of a 7 year marriage to be considered equally desirable as a 5' 11.5" highly attractive (10th decile) white man, to a white woman. This is without factoring in the usual costs of divorce for such high earning men.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
<br />
'''The Monetary Value of a Man's Race to a Woman:'''<br />
<br />
''The amount of income needed above baseline of $62,500 USD per year for men to be considered equal by women on the basis of their races.''<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | For Equal Success With:<br />
! colspan="4" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Additional Income Needed by:<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''White Men'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''Black Men'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''Hispanic Men'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''Asian Men'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | White Women<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $0<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $154,000<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $77,000<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $247,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Black Women<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $220,000<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $0<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $184,000<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Hispanic Women<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $59,000<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $30,000<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $0<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Asian Women<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -$24,000<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $0<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $28,000<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''The Monetary Value of a Man's Height to a Woman:'''<br />
<br />
''The amount of money a man must earn beyond a baseline of $62,500 USD to be equally desirable as a man who is 5'11.5" tall.''<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Man's Height<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Additional Income Needed From Man<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 5'0"<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $317,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 5'2"<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $269,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 5'4"<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $221,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 5'6"<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $175,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 5'8"<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $138,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 5'10"<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $24,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 6'0"<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -$8,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 6'2"<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -$30,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 6'4"<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -$51,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 6'6"<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -$63,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 6'10"<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -$63,000<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''The Monetary Value of a Man's Face to a Woman:'''<br />
<br />
''The amount of income needed above baseline of $62,500 USD per year for men to be considered equal by women on the basis of their faces.''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Man's Facial Looks Rating<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Additional Income Needed From Man <br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Average in 1st Decile<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $186,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Average in 2nd Decile<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $169,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Average in 3rd Decile<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $159,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Average in 4th Decile<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $151,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Average in 5th Decile<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $143,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Average in 6th Decile<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $128,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Average in 7th Decile<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $86,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Average in 8th Decile<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $37,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Average in 9th Decile<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $25,000<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Average in 10th Decile<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | $0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Hitsch GJ, Hortaçsu A, Ariely D. 2006. ''What Makes You Click? — Mate Preferences and Matching Outcomes in Online Dating.'' University of Chicago & MIT. [[http://home.uchicago.edu/~hortacsu/onlinedating.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">23-33% of women intentionally mislead men they are not interested in for free meals</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocMoney|Category: Money]] | [[#toc23-33.25_of_women_intentionally_mislead_men_they_are_not_interested_in_for_free_meals|table of contents]]</div><br />
Collison, Howell & Harig (2019) conducted two studies of 'foodie calls,' i.e when a person (almost overwhelmingly a woman) feigns reciprocal interest in a romantic suitor with the intention of using them for a free meal.<br />
<br />
Using Amazon's Mechanical Turk , the researchers surveyed women about their opinions of the moral acceptability of this behavior, if they had ever engaged in this behavior themselves, and, if so, how often that had engaged in this behavior.<br />
<br />
It was found that over two studies, 23-33% of women had admitted to engaging in this behavior. Of those who did, the frequency of their 'foodie calls' were: 5% very frequently, 15% frequently, 33% occasionally, 24% rarely, and 21% very rarely. <br />
<br />
It was found that Dark Triad traits were correlated with women propensity to engage in foodie calls and their perception of them as acceptable, but the researchers were not able to distinguish which of the sub-component 'dark traits' predicted women's tendency to engage in this behavior. It was also found that higher levels of attachment to 'traditional gender roles' were also correlated with women's chance of engaging in this behavior and their perception of it being acceptable behavior.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Despite women generally rating foodie calls as unacceptable, approximately 23% of women had engaged in a foodie call in Study 1, whereas 33% reported engaging in a foodie call in Study 2.''<br />
* ''The general dark triad factor, rather than any specific trait, was the only predictor to emerge in all models.'' <br />
* ''Both social role theory and dark triad suggest that women with dark personality traits and traditional gender role beliefs may exploit traditional dating scripts for men. The findings support these theoretical relationships in a real-world dating situation.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Collisson B, Howell JL, Harig T. 2019. ''Foodie Calls: When Women Date Men for a Free Meal (Rather Than a Relationship).'' Social Psychological and Personality Science. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1948550619856308?journalCode=sppa Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women orgasm more when having sex with rich men</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocMoney|Category: Money]] | [[#tocWomen_orgasm_more_when_having_sex_with_rich_men|table of contents]]</div><br />
Pollet & Nettle (2009) conducted a study investigating women's self reported orgasm frequency and the characteristics of their partners (N = 1534 women).<br />
The two variables in particular that were examined were annual wealth and height.<br />
<br />
The researchers used data drawn from the Chinese Health and Family Life Survey sampling 60 villages and urban neighborhoods chosen in such a way as to represent the full geographical and socioeconomic range of contemporary China (i.e the PRC, excluding Tibet).<br />
<br />
The items in the survey pertaining to the research were answered in conditions of exceptional privacy (the participants were away from their homes, and the researchers administering the survey couldn't see the answers to the 'sensitive' questions involving sexuality). <br />
<br />
The data was analyzed by the researchers using several models to examine the correlations between partner height, annual income (in yuan), and self-reported orgasm frequency, carefully controlling for several possibly confounding variables such as relationship satisfaction, education levels of the partner etc.<br />
<br />
It was found that there was a significant correlation between the women's orgasm frequency and the partner's annual income, but no significant correlation existed between orgasm frequency and partner height.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
[[File:Womens orgasms based on male wealth.PNG|500px|thumb|none|Women's orgasm frequency based on their male partner's wealth]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''More desirable mates cause women to experience more orgasms.''<br />
* ''There may be assortative mating of desirable men with women susceptible to be highly orgasmic.''<br />
* ''However, we note that the data show that the more frequent orgasm of women paired to high-income men are not explicable by those women being healthier or happier overall.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Pollet TV, Nettle D. 2009. ''Partner wealth predicts self-reported orgasm frequency in a sample of Chinese women.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 30(2): 146-151. [[https://cnnespanol2.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/polletandnettle-orgasms.pdf?attredirects=1 FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Men with much lower incomes than their wives are more than twice as likely to not have sex</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocMoney|Category: Money]] | [[#tocMen_with_much_lower_incomes_than_their_wives_are_more_than_twice_as_likely_to_not_have_sex|table of contents]]</div><br />
Kim et al. (2017) analyzed data from the long running General Social Survey (GSS) to examine the 'socio demographic, attitudinal, and lifestyle factors that were associated with past-year sexlessness'. It was found that married men that contributed <20% of the household income were more then twice as likely to not have sex in the past year.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Among males, the multivariable analysis also showed that sexlessness was associated with providing less than 20% of the household income (OR 2.27).''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Kim JH, Wilson ST, Muennig P. 2017. ''Sociodemographic Correlates of Sexlessness Among American Adults and Associations with Self-Reported Happiness Levels: Evidence from the U.S. General Social Survey.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior. 46(8): 2403-2415. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-017-0968-7 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Photoshopping a man into a luxury apartment made women rate him as 30% more attractive</span>===<br />
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Dunn & Hill (2014) conducted a study wherein undergraduate students rated the attractiveness of a control photo of a opposite sex target in a 'neutral' apartment vs luxury. The photos were rated by two groups of participants, one group rating the control photo (N = 59) and another rating the luxury apartment photo (N = 43). The participants rated the attractiveness of the opposite sex target photo on a decile (1-10) scale.<br />
<br />
The subjects were also asked to rate 'distracter photos' which were employed and presented in such a manner as a way of minimizing the participants ability to guess the nature and purpose of the study. <br />
<br />
They also conducted a smaller scale preliminary study involving 20 (N = 10 male/10 female) undergraduate students, once again from the same university, who estimated the age and attractiveness of four potential opposite-sex target models. This preliminary study was used to help select the photos which were used for the main study (above). <br />
<br />
It was found that, in both studies, that apartment context of a women's photo had no significant effect of the male raters judgement on the rated attractiveness of the photo. However, there was a significant (33% more attractive) effect for women rating the photos of the men.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Manipulated prestige car ownership has been shown previously to enhance male attractiveness.''<br />
* ''In the current study the illusion of status-linked property ownership was achieved by presenting a target male and female (matched for attractiveness) adopting a casual posture standing in either a 'high status' (luxury apartment) or a 'neutral status' (standard apartment) context.''<br />
* ''The male model was rated significantly more attractive when presented to females in the high status.''<br />
* ''It appears then that it may be adaptive for men to display luxury consumption for example through purchasing a sports car or expensive house/apartment as a way of enhancing their social status, leading to more mating opportunities and higher levels of fitness.'' <br />
* ''However, the results of this and other studies suggest that if women are attempting to increase the likelihood of attracting males through status enhancement, then this may indeed be a futile endeavour.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Dunn MJ, Hill A. 2014. ''Manipulated luxury-apartment ownership enhances opposite-sex attraction in females but not males.'' Journal of Evolutionary Psychology. 12(1): 1-17. [[https://akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/JEP.12.2014.1.1 Abstract]] [[https://akademiai.com/doi/pdf/10.1556/JEP.12.2014.1.1 FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women are 1,000x more sensitive than men to economic status cues when rating attractiveness</span>===<br />
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Wang et al. (2018) found that women were much more sensitive to cues of economic status in their physical attractiveness ratings.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
*''We found that ratings of attractiveness were around 1000 times more sensitive to salary for females rating males, compared to males rating females.''<br />
*''These results indicate that higher economic status can offset lower physical attractiveness in men much more easily than in women. ''<br />
*''This difference explains many features of human mating behavior and may pose a barrier for male engagement in low-consumption lifestyles.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Wang G, et al. 2018. ''Different impacts of resources on opposite sex ratings of physical attractiveness by males and females.'' [[https://www.ehbonline.org/article/S1090-5138(17)30315-X/fulltext FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">By the end of her life, the average woman will have a negative $122,000 net fiscal impact</span>===<br />
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In the past, women had to accrue resources to survive either through their own hard work or by choosing a partner who was successful and stable enough to provide adequately for them. Through feminist restructuring of government services, however, this has long since changed. <br />
<br />
An analysis in New Zealand on the net fiscal impact of men and women through time found that overall, men provided a net positive fiscal impact (i.e. they contributed more to taxes than they utilized in government services) from their early 20s onwards. Thus the net cumulative fiscal impact of the average man reached approximately zero by the time men died. In other words, men contributed as much as they took by the time they died, even including their retirement years.<br />
<br />
By contrast, women did not contribute more than they took except for during the brief period of ages 45-59. By the end of the average woman's lifetime it was estimated that she ran a net deficit of around $122,000. In other words, the average woman takes $122,000 more from the government over the course of her lifetime to subsidize her lifestyle than she provides in taxes and her lifetime deficit is $114,000 more than the average man if they both live to 80+.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
[[File:Cumulative net fiscal impact per capita.png|thumb|500px|none|Over a lifetime, a man provides in taxes roughly an equal amount as he takes from the government, while each woman runs a deficit of approximately $122,000.]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''On average, males start having positive net fiscal impact - their per capita tax revenue exceed the (allocated) expenditure they receive - in their early twenties. Women, on average, do not pass this 'break even' point until their mid-40s. This is due to a combination of lower workforce participation, higher health and education spending, higher income support and lower direct and indirect taxation.''<br />
* ''The positive net fiscal impact women make from 45-59 never outweighs the prior negative net fiscal impacts. As a result, when the large negative net impacts of the retirement years arrive, they simply add to an already negative profile. Men, on the other hand, appear to have a positive cumulative net fiscal impact from approximately 40 until 80 years of age. For these particular taxes and public expenditures, the net fiscal incidence on men is approximately zero when cumulated over all ages.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Aziz O, Gemmell N, Laws A. 2014. ''The Distribution of Income and Fiscal Incidence by Age and Gender: Some Evidence from New Zealand.'' Victoria University of Wellington Working Paper in Public Finance No. 10/2013. [[http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2375926 FullText]]<br />
<br />
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Height''</span>==<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">A man's height determines his dating pool. Over 94% of women reject men for being "too short"</span>===<br />
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Stulp et al (2013) used a sample of 5782 North American speed-daters making 128,104 choices to determine preferences for partner height and how height influenced the formation of a match. They found that women were most likely to choose a speed-dater 25 cm taller than themselves, whereas men were most likely to choose women only 7 cm shorter than themselves. As a consequence, matches were most likely at an intermediate height difference (19 cm) that differed significantly from the preferred height difference of both sexes. <br />
<br />
Their data can be further analyzed to provide data about women's height cutoffs, the benefit of each inch of height for a man, and the degree of competition each man faces based on his height.<br />
<br />
'''1) Cutoffs:'''<br />
<br />
Their findings demonstrated the cutoffs at which women consider a man too short or too tall:<br />
<br />
* 90% of women will reject a man who is 5'4" based solely on his height.<br />
* 65% of women will reject a man who is 5'7" based solely on his height.<br />
* 50% of women will reject a man who is 5'8" based solely on his height.<br />
* 14% of women will reject a man who is 5'10" based solely on his height.<br />
* 1.5% of women will reject a man who is 6' based solely on his height.<br />
* Past 6'2", women begin to increase rejections of men for being too tall.<br />
* 30% of women believe there is no such thing as a man being "too tall."<br />
* Over 94% of women will reject a man solely for him being too short.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Women-s-Acceptance-of-Potential-Male-Partners-Based-on-Male-Height.png|600px|none|thumb|The percent of women willing to accept a man as a potential partner based solely on his height.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2) Every Inch Counts:'''<br />
<br />
Further analysis of their data demonstrates the importance of every inch of height for men, as two inches of height gain for a man can be found to have the following results:<br />
<br />
* A man in the 5'4-5'6" range will have more than double the potential number of female partners with 2" height gain.<br />
* A 5'4" man will have 2.3 times as many potential female partners by gaining 2" height.<br />
* A 5'7" man will have 1.86 times as many potential female partners by gaining 2" height.<br />
* Benefits become insignificant past 5'10". <br />
* Below 5'1" a 2" height gain also makes an insignificant difference, as even after 2" gain, a man at this height is still "too short" for most women to consider.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Women-s-Acceptance-Height-Multiplier.png|600px|none|thumb|The multiplication in dating pool size a man experiences for a 2" gain in height due to women's height cutoffs]]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''3) Competition:'''<br />
<br />
Because the few women who are willing to date a shorter men are also generally willing to date a taller man as well, the competition for women willing to date shorter men becomes extremely high. This means:<br />
<br />
* A 5' man must "beat" over 12 men (most of whom will be taller) to get a girl accepting of his height.<br />
* A 5'4" man will have to "beat" over 7 other men (most of whom will be taller) to get a girl accepting of his height.<br />
* 5'10 to 6'4" men have the least competition as the demand for these men outpaces their supply, and statistically overall women must compete for these men rather than vice versa.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Women-s-Height-Preferences-Number-of-Competitors.png|600px|none|thumb|The number of men competing for a woman who will accept their height at each male height]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Reference:'''</span><br />
* Stulp G, Buunka AP, Kurzband R, Verhulst S. 2013. ''The height of choosiness: mutual mate choice for stature results in suboptimal pair formation for both sexes.'' Animal Behaviour. 86: 37-46. [[https://www.gertstulp.com/pdf/Stulp%20et%20al%202013_Anim%20Behav_The%20height%20of%20choosiness.pdf FullText]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236670565_The_height_of_choosiness_Mutual_mate_choice_for_stature_results_in_suboptimal_pair_formation_for_both_sexes FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women are happiest with their partner's heights when they are 8.24" inches taller then them</span>===<br />
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Stulp et al. (2013) conducted another study regarding the preferences for height in a romantic partner of (N = 693) mainly ethnic Dutch and German university students.<br />
The were asked a series of questions regarding their preferences in regards to the height of a potential partner, which was broken in three categories, minimally acceptable, ideal and maximally acceptable.<br />
<br />
There was also queried as to their current relationship status, and if they were currently in a relationship, their partners height. Finally they were asked to indicate their level of satisfaction with their own height, on a 100 point scale.<br />
<br />
It was found that an individual's height correlated significantly with preferred height in both sexes, with the taller men generally preferring much shorter women and the shorter women preferring much taller men. Shorter men and taller women both tended to prefer smaller height differences.<br />
<br />
The researchers analyzed the data of the participants in relationships and found that women were most satisfied with their partner's heights when they were 8.24 inches (20.93 cm) taller them themselves, with men being the most satisfied with a partner 3.25 inches shorter (8.26 cm). Partner height was much more important for explaining partner satisfaction for women then men, by more then four times the variance.<br />
<br />
It was also discovered that there was a curvilinear relation with men's heights and their self-reported satisfaction with their height, with the men that were 6' 4.5 inches tall (193.73 cm) being the most satisfied with their heights.<br />
<br />
Thus, it was found that women and men disagreed on the 'ideal' height difference between partners in heterosexual relationships. Women desired taller men much more then men desired shorter women, women were far more restrictive with their minimum height requirements, and there existed a greater consensus among women as to the preferred height of a male partner. Lastly, it was shown that shorter women had some of the strongest preferences for very tall men, thus further limiting the partnership options for short men.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Men were most satisfied when their partner was slightly shorter than themselves, whereas women were most satisfied when their partner was much taller than themselves.''<br />
* ''Women were much more restrictive in their range of acceptable heights compared to men. That is, women were more likely to rule out certain heights as completely unacceptable.''<br />
* ''The increased satisfaction with their own height among taller men is also in line with studies indicating that tall men have higher self-esteem, display less jealousy towards other men, and display higher levels of subjective well-being.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Stulp G, Buunk AP, Pollet T. 2013. ''Women want taller men more than men want shorter women.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 54(8): 877-883. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886913000020 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Short men have twice the suicide rate of tall men</span>===<br />
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Researchers in Sweden surveyed government data including 79% of all men born in Sweden in 1950–1981 to identify health outcomes for these men. They found that every extra 5 cm of height reduced suicide rates by 9%, such that the tallest men had half the suicide rate of shorter men. <br />
<br />
They suggest several reasons for this difference. They note that shorter men tend to end up with lower socioeconomic status as they grow up, irrespective of their childhood social class. Additionally, as women judge shorter men negatively, they are therefore less likely to marry, which generally protects against suicide. An association between shorter height and higher risk of substance abuse was also found.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''We found a twofold higher risk of suicide in short men than tall men. ''<br />
* ''The associations do not appear to be attributable to socioeconomic confounding or prenatal influences on growth.''<br />
* ''Short individuals are more likely to be in a low social class as adults, independent of their childhood social class.''<br />
* ''In a subset of subjects, however, we found that educational level, a marker of socioeconomic position, had little effect on the associations.'' <br />
* ''Marriage protects against suicide, and short individuals may be less likely to marry than taller ones.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Magnusson PKE, Gunnell D, Tynelius P, Davey Smith G, Rasmussen F. 2005. ''Strong Inverse Association Between Height and Suicide in a Large Cohort of Swedish Men: Evidence of Early Life Origins of Suicidal Behavior?'' Am J Psychiatry. 162: 1373–1375. [[https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1373 FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">24% of men under 5'9" would undergo surgery costing 31% of their life savings to be taller</span>===<br />
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BodyLogicMD, a network of physician-owned medical practices, performed a survey of 1,105 Americans using Amazon's Mechanical Turk platform. Their goal was to explore emotional impacts of height, including implications for romantic prospects and self-esteem. <br />
<br />
Evidence is discussed showing that increased male height provides professional advantages, including higher pay and better odds of career advancement, and an edge in matters of romance. Disadvantages of increased height are described by their review as including higher rates of medical issues like cancers and blood clots.<br />
<br />
Primary findings of their survey on height's impact were:<br />
<br />
* Both men and women said the ideal male height is 6' tall (i.e. Taller than 82.1% of men in America).<br />
* Taller men reported they felt they were funnier, more desirable, more confident, more attractive, and more satisfied with their sex lives than shorter men.<br />
* As an example, 69.2% of taller men felt they were attractive to potential partners, compared to 51.8% of shorter men.<br />
* Short height was associated with feelings of being less masculine - 48% of men under 5'5" felt less masculine due to their height.<br />
* Taller men were significantly more likely to feel they were successful in their careers and make the salaries they deserved.<br />
<br />
In investigating perspectives on height enhancement surgeries, which are usually reserved to cases of medical deformity and carry risks of limb loss, permanent disability, and death:<br />
<br />
* 60% of men overall wished they were taller.<br />
* 21.1% of men under 5'9" had actively researched ways to become taller.<br />
* 23.9% of men under 5'9" said they would surgically alter their height if possible to become taller.<br />
* On average, men wanting to be taller would pay 30.9% of their life savings to do so.<br />
<br />
The study also confirmed that men were far more flexible about the heights of their potential partners than women. Women were 9.3x more likely to wish their partner was taller than to wish he was shorter. Specifically, 36.2% of women wished their partner was taller than he was, while only 3.9% of women wished their partner was shorter than he was.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''At all heights, men were considerably less picky about the stature of their potential lovers.''<br />
* ''More than three-quarters of short, average, and tall men said they'd give dating someone taller a try.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* BodyLogicMD. 2019. ''Drawing the Short Straw: Exploring Height's Impact on Self-Perception, Dating, and Work.'' [[https://www.bodylogicmd.com/drawing-the-short-straw FullText]]<br />
* https://tall.life/height-percentile-calculator-age-country/<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">'Short man syndrome' is a myth - taller men are quicker to lose their tempers than short men</span>===<br />
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Researchers from the University of Central Lancashire conducting an experiment for the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) found taller men were more likely to lose their temper.<br />
<br />
Men of different heights (ten men of 'average height' and ten men 5' 5" or below) duelled with wooden sticks but one of the subjects deliberately provoked the other by rapping them across the knuckles. The research was designed to test Short Man Syndrome - or "[[Napoleon complex]]" - the theory that shorter men are more aggressive to dominate those who are taller than them.<br />
Heart monitors revealed it was the taller men who flew off the handle more quickly and hit back.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6501633.stm<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Taller men have more partners and father more children</span>===<br />
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Mueller & Muzur (2001) examined survey data derived from surviving graduates of the class of 1950 of the United States Military Academy at West Point, that provided family and marriage information. These data were merged with measures of academic, career, athletic and social performance while at the academy.<br />
<br />
In the 1950s West Point followed the practice of assigning cadets to companies according to their height; so they could present a uniform presence on the parade grounds, thus data pertaining to the cadet's heights could be discovered, with the Academy sorting cadets into 12 separate groups, depending on their heights. The 'facial dominance' of the cadets was also measured and collected, judging by yearbook photos.<br />
<br />
It was found that taller cadets subsequently had a greater number of marriages, a younger second wife if remarried after a divorce, and an overall greater number of children.<br />
The researchers found no evidence that the cadets being subsequently married to more fertile women explained this discrepancy. <br />
<br />
It was also found that cadet's heights had no effect on their future economic success (a finding that the researchers noted was unusual), therefore, the greater economic success that taller men generally experience didn't explain their greater reproductive success.<br />
<br />
Other studies have also confirmed these findings (Pawlowski et al. 2000). There is also evidence that taller men are more likely to have long term mating partners and to have more partners than shorter men (Nettle, 2002). <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Taller men had more reproductive opportunities (more marriages, younger second wives) and used them to have more children than shorter men. The chances of survival into adulthood of taller men’s children were not lower.''<br />
* ''The positive effect of height on reproductive performance was not mediated by men’s social status, i.e., their military rank, or by the measures of academic, athletic, and military talent which helped in gaining high status.''<br />
* ''Thus, selection seemingly follows most closely a “horse race” model, with a few winners taking most of the prize, measured in fitness differentials. Discerning no fitness disadvantage to tallness, we are left with the possibility of unconstrained directional sexual selection in favor of ever increasing male height within the observed phenotype range.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Mueller U, Mazur A. 2001. ''Evidence of unconstrained directional selection for male tallness.'' Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 50(4): 302-311. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002650100370 Abstract]]<br />
* http://humboldt-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/2148/624/ThesisFinal.pdf<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Sperm banks require that men be at least 5'8" tall</span>===<br />
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Sperm banks usually require that men be at least 5 feet 8 inches tall. 5 feet 8 inches corresponds to the 35.3rd percentile for height for males aged over 20 years old in the United States.<br />
<br />
Given that the average South Asian, Southeast or East Asian man, or Hispanic man is around 5'7" in America, this suggests that women's reproductive market forces have determined most men of these ethnicities are not genetically fit for fathering their children, based solely on their heights. <br />
<br />
In fact, fully 35.3% of men in America would be deemed unfit for reproduction based on this cutoff, factoring in height alone, without factoring in the general requirement for sperm donors to also possess a college degree (a stealth proxy for IQ being above a certain threshold).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Van Deven M. 2011. ''Secrets of the sperm bank.'' Salon [[https://www.salon.com/2011/09/25/sex_cells_interview/ Article]]<br />
* Fryar CD, Gu Q, Ogden CL, Flegal KM. 2016. ''Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2011–2014.'' Vital Health Stat. 3(39). [[https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_03/sr03_039.pdf#page15 FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">The #1 most important thing to women in a man's online dating bio is if he says he is 6' tall</span>===<br />
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The dating website Badoo analyzed its most successful users' "about me" sections, taking note of the most frequently used words among popular users to figure out which words best predict swiping success for a male and female user. Successful female profiles listed "love", "drink", and "music" in their top three. The only physical attribute listed was "blue eyes" at #7.<br />
<br />
By contrast, for men, the #1 most successful entry was "6'", i.e. indicating that the man was 6' tall. <br />
<br />
The top 10 words associated with successful profiles were, in descending order:<br />
<br />
* '''Women's Profiles:''' ''Love, Drink, Music, LOL, Gym, Coffee, Blue Eyes, :), Beer, Foodie''<br />
* '''Men's Profiles:''' ''6', Family, Dogs, Dinner, Beard, Travel, Music, Relationship, Gym, Car''<br />
<br />
Common advice for a man who struggles in the swipe-based dating economy is to ensure his bio is well written to show off his personality. If showcasing personality is the purpose, it is difficult to understand why a man's height would be the absolute most important thing to a woman he could place in his bio.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Morgan J. 2018. ''How to get the most right-swipes: The top 10 words to include on your dating app bio revealed.'' The Independent. [[https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/dating-app-tinder-bio-words-most-right-swipes-music-gym-6-foot-badoo-a8512541.html Article]]<br />
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Taller men report more satisfaction in their romantic relationships than shorter men</span>===<br />
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Brewer and Riley (2009) examined the relationship between man's height and its connection to their level of satisfaction in their romantic relationships.<br />
<br />
The sample was comprised of men (N = 99, mean age= 27.3), currently in a romantic relationship. The stature of the participants ranged from 155cm (5' 1") to 196 cm (6' 5.2").<br />
<br />
The participants were presented with a questionnaire that asked a range of autobiographical questions, including age and height, (which while not being perfectly accurate, it has been demonstrated that self-reported height is generally very strongly correlated with actual measured height.)<br />
<br />
The participants were further requested to rate their level of relationship satisfaction on a 7 point Likert scale, and were further requested to complete a measure of the level of jealousy they felt in their romantic relationships. Subsequently, they also answered another psychological inventory, the purpose of which was to measure the likelihood and frequency of them displaying Mate-Guarding behaviors (i.e. controlling behavior, displaying wealth to their partner, improving their own physical appearance, displaying greater care and emotional support to their partners, displaying greater submission to their romantic partners and so on), in their romantic relationships.<br />
<br />
It was found that the taller men generally reported greater satisfaction with their romantic relationships. The researchers stated that the cause of this relationship was possibly because their partners were more attentive and warm towards them then the shorter men's, and that the taller men were also potentially more likely to be partnered with more desirable women.<br />
<br />
It was also found that the tall men were less likely to report being jealous in general towards their partners (apart from in unambiguous situations pertaining to their partner's infidelity), and less suspicious of their fidelity. The researchers stated that the explanation for this may be that shorter men run a greater risk of being cuckholded by their partners than taller men, and this may explain this tendency. <br />
The researchers found that the shorter men were most likely to increase the love and care they displayed to their partner, as a mate retention strategy, as opposed to attempting to physically intimidate potential rivals, or making attempts to monopolize their partner's time, along with other more aggressive mate guarding strategies.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''The results indicate that male height predicts relationship satisfaction, cognitive and behavioral jealousy and the use of various mate retention behaviors.'' <br />
* ''The current study revealed that tall men are less likely to report jealousy with respect to jealous cognitions (i.e. suspicion or concern) or behaviors (intended to minimize the threat)''<br />
* ''In the current study, short men were most likely to adopt mate retention behaviors such as increasing the love and care that they show their partner. In this manner short men demonstrate that they are aware of the risk of cuckoldry but attempt to increase the desirability of a woman's current relationship rather than adopting more risky strategies that encourage comparisons with a rival or appear aggressive.''<br />
* ''Although there may be less incentive for tall men to interpret ambiguous situations jealously (for example a lower likelihood that their partner would attract a higher quality mate than for short men), when unambiguous situations occur, men experience an emotional reaction, regardless of height.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Brewer G, Riley C. 2009. ''Height, Relationship Satisfaction, Jealousy, and Mate Retention.'' Evolutionary Psychology. 7(3): 477-489. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/147470490900700310?icid=int.sj-related-articles.similar-articles.45#articleCitationDownloadContainer FullText]]<br />
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==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Body''</span>==<br />
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">36.4% of US male online daters are now resorting to anabolic steroids & bulimia to compete</span>===<br />
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Researchers from Harvard in 2019 surveyed online dating users and non dating app users in the United States using Amazon's MTurk (Mechanical Turk) platform to evaluate if online dating usage was associated with risky image enhancing behaviors. Their sample included 1098 women and 628 men. 33% of the men in their survey reported using online dating. '''36.4% of male online daters reported using Anabolic Steroids (AS)''', as opposed to only 3.8% of non online dating men who reported AS use. <br />
<br />
The portion of those surveyed who identified as "African-American" were the most likely to use AS (Odds-ratio of 3.665) followed closely by Hispanics (OR 3.413) compared to Whites. The overall odds-ratio of a dating app user to use AS compared to a non dating app user was 26.926.<br />
<br />
For men using online dating vs. not using online dating, the prevalence of the following behaviors were assessed: anabolic steroid use, vomiting for weight control, laxative use, diet pills, fasting for weight loss, and muscle building supplements.<br />
<br />
All behaviors were dramatically more common in men than women, despite common portrayal of eating disorders as "female issues". Specifically, for example, vomiting for weight control (bulimia) was found in 22.4% of female online daters, and 36.4% of male online daters. Thus '''male online daters are 1.6x as likely as female online daters to have bulimia'''.<br />
<br />
Results did not suggest different odds of any behavior based on sexual orientation.<br />
<br />
The increasing obsession with grooming and superficial traits (ornament) related to physical appearance, can likely be interpreted in the context of ''[[Fisherian runaway]] sexual selection''. Fisherian runaway refers a process that leads to the evolution of increasingly extreme and eventually maladaptive traits that increase sexual dimorphism, in response to ever narrowing preference for these traits in the opposite sex. When the sexual market place becomes more competitive e.g. due to increasing economic inequality or greater competition online, both sexes are driven towards more aggressive strategies optimizing their physical appearance, often to an arguably narcissistic, even obsessive-compulsive extent.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Behavior<br />
! colspan="2" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | % of Men<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''Online Dating'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''Not Online Dating'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Anabolic Steroids<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 36.4<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 3.8<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Vomiting For Weight Control<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 36.4<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 5.3<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Laxative Use<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 41.1<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 7.6<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Diet Pills<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 40.2<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 5.0<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Fasting For Weight Loss<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 54.1<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 27.0<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Muscle Building Supplement<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 49.8<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 18.1<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Men who use dating apps had 3.2 to 14.6 times the odds of engaging in all six UWCBs compared to men who were non-users.''<br />
* ''We also documented elevated engagement in many UWCBs among Asian American, Hispanic and other or mixed dating app users. We did not, however, find elevated odds of UWCBs based on sexual orientation.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Tran A, Suharlim C, Mattie H, Davison K, Agénor M, Austin SA. 2019. ''Dating app use and unhealthy weight control behaviors among a sample of U.S. adults: a cross-sectional study.'' Journal of Eating Disorders. 7: 16. [[https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-019-0244-4#Sec10 FullText]]<br />
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Rated strength is the main predictor of men's bodily attractiveness. No women prefer weak men</span>===<br />
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Two studies by Sell, Lukazsweski, and Townsley (2017) published by the Royal Society examining the preferences of 160 young female raters, found a very strong (r = 0.80) correlation between bodily attractiveness and rated physical strength. Furthermore, they discovered that contrary to popular views about men's bodily attractiveness, there was a linear relationship between perceived strength and bodily attractiveness, i.e the men that were perceived as the strongest were also perceived as the most attractive.<br />
<br />
The authors of the study also found that that there was no statistically significant portion of the female sample that had a preference for weaker looking men when evaluating male bodily attractiveness. <br />
<br />
In addition, the researchers found that ratings of bodily attractiveness were only weakly to moderately correlated with '''actual''' measured strength at r = 0.38 (p <0.01, when the photos of the subjects were viewed from the front). This suggests that a large part of the contribution of perceived strength to attractiveness is only an 'ornament' (similar to the function of a peacock's tail), and therefore, is not necessarily indicative of actual measured strength. The researchers state that it could also be that some things that contribute to actual measured strength are not viewed as attractive: e.g. excess fat storage.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Ratings of strength are a robust and much larger predictor of bodily attractiveness than either height or weight.''<br />
* ''None of the 160 women in our study who rated attractiveness produced a statistically significant preference for weaker men (all p > 0.05) ... In other words, we could find no evidence that there exists a sizeable population of women who prefer physically weaker men when evaluating male bodies.''<br />
* ''Height is attractive even independent of making a man look strong. Controlling for how strong a man actually looks, raters still classify taller men as more attractive in two of the three samples.''<br />
* ''Weight is unattractive after controlling for how strong a man looks...this is consistent with the hypothesis that women's mate choice mechanisms respond to muscle mass positively but large stores of body fat negatively.''<br />
* ''Height, weight and ratings of strength collectively account for approximately 80% of the variance in male bodily attractiveness.''<br />
* ''Cues of upper body strength account for most of the variance in men's bodily attractiveness.''<br />
* ''Contrary to popular theories of men's physical attractiveness, there was no evidence of a nonlinear effect; the strongest men were the most attractive in all samples.''<br />
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Sell A, Lukazweski AW, Townsley M. 2017. ''Cues of upper body strength account for most of the variance in men's bodily attractiveness.'' Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 284: 1869. [[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2017.1819#d3e552 FullText]]<br />
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">The most attractive BMI range for men is ~24.5-27 and for women ~17-19 as it is most youthful</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocBody|Category: Body]] | [[#tocThe_most_attractive_BMI_range_for_men_is_~24.5-27_and_for_women_~17-19_as_it_is_most_youthful|table of contents]]</div><br />
In the 2006 version of the Hitsch et al. MIT Research Paper "What Makes You Click", probabilities of receiving first contacts were assessed for a large dating site over a 3.5 month period in 2003 (N = 22,000) based on male and female BMI. It was found that men greatly preferred women of BMI around 17, which researchers noted corresponds roughly to a supermodel's thinness. By contrast, women on average contacted men with a BMI of 27 most often, which would correspond to a very muscular or mildly overweight man, depending on his physical conditioning.<br />
<br />
The effects of modifying weight were most pronounced for women, where for example a woman of BMI 25 would be expected to receive 90% more first-contact messages if she attained a BMI of 17 instead. Similarly powerful outcome modifying effects based on weight were not possible for men.<br />
<br />
Other studies however have shown similar outcomes. One study assessing the most attractive female BMI involved showing people 21 pictures of women of varying mass, and asking them to order them in attractiveness. Both men and women rated these women's pictures the same way, and both genders suggested the very thinnest women provided at a BMI of 19 were most attractive. Raters suggested they felt the thinnest pictures were also the most youthful looking. Further modeling from this data to incorporate age biases suggested the ideal female BMI would be therefore somewhere between 17-20, as it would correspond to the average BMI of a young 18-20 year old with maximal fertility and minimal risk of future disease. (Wang et al. 2015)<br />
<br />
Another study to assess the most attractive BMI for each gender used computer generated simulations of men and women, which were rated in attractiveness by both men and women. The most attractive BMI for men was suggested by men to be 25.9 and by women to be 24.5. The most attractive BMI for women was suggested by both men and women to be exactly the same at 18.8. (Crossley et al. 2012)<br />
<br />
Thus these studies suggest slightly different ideal BMIs for each gender but with a consistent range of approximately 17-19 for women and 24.5-27 for men. <br />
<br />
For perspective, the average American woman has a BMI of average height of 26.5, which at an average female height of 5'4" and using a target BMI of 18.8 means the average American woman weighs 45 lb more than her ideal weight. The average American man has a BMI of 26.6 which is within the ideal range women request. (NHANES, 2016)<br />
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
[[File:First contacts by BMI.PNG|500px|thumb|none|First contact average outcomes for an online dating site based on BMI standardized relative to a BMI of 22-24 for each gender]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''The optimal BMI for men is about 27. For women, on the other hand, the optimal BMI is about 17, which is considered under-weight and corresponds to the figure of a supermodel. A woman with such a BMI receives 90% more first-contact e-mails than a woman with a BMI of 25.'' (Hitsch et al. 2006)<br />
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Hitsch GJ, Hortacsu A, Ariely D. 2006. ''What Makes You Click? Mate Preferences and Matching Outcomes in Online Dating.'' MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 4603-06. [[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=895442 FullText]]<br />
* Crossley KL, Cornelissen PL, Tovée MJ. 2012. ''What Is an Attractive Body? Using an Interactive 3D Program to Create the Ideal Body for You and Your Partner.'' PLOS ONE. 7(11): e50601. [[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0050601 FullText]] [[https://www.today.com/health/ideal-real-what-perfect-body-really-looks-men-women-t83731 News]]<br />
* Wang G, Djafarian K, Egedigwe CA, El Hamdouchi A, Ojiambo R, Ramuth H, Wallner-Liebmann SJ, Lackner S, Diouf A, Sauciuvenaite J, Hambly C, Vaanholt LM, Faries MD, Speakman JR. 2015. ''The relationship of female physical attractiveness to body fatness.'' PeerJ. 3:e1155. [[https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1155 FullText]] [[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3213417/Why-men-thinner-women-attractive-Scientists-say-evolutionary-fitness-makes-slimmer-females-appealing.html News]]<br />
* National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). 2016. ''Healthy weight, overweight, and obesity among U.S. adults.'' U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [[https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/databriefs/adultweight.pdf FullText]]<br />
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Men prefer low waist-hip ratios in women as they signal youth</span>===<br />
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WHR is a ratio calculated by measuring the waist circumference and dividing that measurement by the hip circumference. Lower WHR in women has often been proposed by researchers to be generally desired by men because it is claimed to constitute an 'honest signal' of the woman's fertility. <br />
<br />
Lassek & Gaulin (2019) conducted a study to put this claim under empirical scrutiny. Drawing on U.S data from large health surveys, it was found that younger women (15-19) had the lowest WHR, and that women's WHRs generally increased with age.<br />
<br />
They also found that a low WHR was strongly associated with nulligravidity (having never been pregnant) and higher stores of the Omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in these women's fat stores. This acid is crucial for healthy infant brain development, typically imparted to the infant through the consumption of the mother's breast milk.<br />
<br />
Thus, the conclusion of the researchers was that a lower WHR was desired by men because it was an general indicator of nubility (youth) rather then being an indicator of greater fertility in general. They noted that this finding would likely prove controversial, and opined that the fertility hypothesis was likely promoted over the nubility hypothesis because of societal discomfort over the potential implications of this hypothesis. Namely claims that this finding will be used to justify sexual attraction to women under the legal age of consent. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Moreover, both BMI and waist/stature ratios were also significantly lower in the nubile age group than in older women.''<br />
* ''A male choosing a nubile female avoids investing in children sired by other men and possible conflict with the mother (his mate) over allocation of her parental effort among his children and the children of her prior mates. By definition, a nubile woman is not investing time and energy in other men's children because she is nulliparous.''<br />
* ''A small waist size together with relatively more gluteo-femoral fat serves as a strong direct indicator that a woman has reached the age of sexual maturity and her reproductive resourced are untapped. Men attracted to these anthropometric indicators should have an increased likelihood of having offspring with better brain development.''<br />
* ''In contemporary populations, where there are significant socioeconomic and human capital costs to teen pregnancy,there are often decidedly negative attitudes about teenage sexuality, pregnancy, and marriage, and toward older men who pursue teenage women. Thus, suggestions that nubile females are especially attractive may not not fit well with social-policy priorities. On the other hand, because it ostensibly focuses on physiological states rather than on age related reproductive value,the health-and-fertility hypothesis is free of psychological implications about the inherent attractiveness of youth.''<br />
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<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Lassek WD, Gaulin SJC. 2019. ''Evidence supporting nubility and reproductive value as the key to human female physical attractiveness.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 40(5): 408-419. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513819300418 Abstract]]<br />
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Even congenitally blind men prefer a low waist-hip ratio in women</span>===<br />
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Karremans, Frankenhuis, and Arons (2009) conducted a study comparing the preference for a lower waist-hip ratio, a trait argued to be near universally desired by men cross culturally, between a sample of congenitally blind men (N = 19) and (N = 38) sighted men; half of whom were blindfolded.<br />
<br />
These men were invited into a mobile van which doubled as a laboratory and asked to rate the bodily attractiveness of "two mannequins with an adjustable waist and hips", the researchers adjusted the waist and hip circumferences such that the mannequins differed in WHR: one 0.70, and the other 0.8. A ratio of 0.7 has been generally portrayed as ideal in such studies, but the researchers noted that this assumption is based on studies where 0.7 was the lowest WHR examined, and that an even lower ratio may be even more desirable.<br />
<br />
The researchers findings were:<br />
<br />
* "The study demonstrates that congenitally blind men, like their sighted counterparts, prefer a low female WHR."<br />
* Although both sighted and blind men preferred the lower WHR, the effect was stronger for sighted men who visually inspected the bodies<br />
* This implies while there is an innate, instinctual preference among men for a lower WHR, this preference can also be strengthened by visual input.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Karremans JC, Frankenhuis WE, Arons S. 2010. ''Blind men prefer a low waist-to-hip ratio.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 31(3): 182-186. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513809001093?via%3Dihub Abstract]]<br />
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===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">A man's muscle building capacity is primarily determined by genetics</span>===<br />
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There is significant evidence that an individual's muscle building genetics is the major determinant of an individual's muscle building capabilities.<br />
<br />
Carpinelli (2017), reviewed key studies regarding this topic, stating that the research provided strong evidence for individual genetic variance being the largest factor in how one responds to strength training, as compared to differences in exercise programming, etc.<br />
<br />
He noted that Hubal et al. (2005), had earlier conducted a study on a mixed-gender cohort (N = 585) who performed an identical resistance training protocol, 3x a week for three months. It was found that the average increase in muscle growth, as measured via MRI, was 18.9%, but this varied between the subjects within a very broad range, with one individual actually losing muscle (-2%) and one gaining muscle at rate more than 3 times the average (+59%).<br />
<br />
Further on this topic, Petrella et al. (1985) recruited 66 adults and divided them into separate groups based on age, subjecting them to a program that was based on lower body exercises. They found evidence of a disparate response to resistance training among the individuals involved, congruent with the findings above, but what was also significant, was that they identified a strong relationship regarding response to resistance training and individual differences in population of [https://web.archive.org/web/20070307094634/http://www.brown.edu/Courses/BI0032/adltstem/sc.htm satellite cells] in the muscle fibre. Those found to be "extreme responders" were also found to exhibit a much greater proliferation of the satellite cell pool, as compared to those who exhibited more modest muscle growth.<br />
<br />
One of the other factors that likely moderates individual heterogeneity in responses to resistance training is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen_receptor androgen receptor] density. Various cell types in disparate regions of the human body contain receptors to which androgens (male sex hormones, such as testosterone) activate, and these receptors then regulate gene expression and possibly also influence muscle growth through non-genomic factors also. An individual's genetic differences in sensitivity to circulating androgens has a very large influence on pubertal development, and their overall physical phenotype. <br />
<br />
In an attempt to determine how important individual differences in androgen receptor content in the muscle was to determining response to resistance training, Morton et al. (2018) examined 49 resistance trained young men, who were assigned to either a high rep or low rep group, both groups were also administered 2 doses of 30 g of whey protein isolate per day.<br />
<br />
The subjects hormone levels were monitored post pre and post intervention via analysis of circulating levels of hormones in the blood. Differences in androgen receptor content was determined by the techniques of immunoassay and immunoblot. Monitoring changes in muscle mass, as determined by muscle biopsy, again strong evidence of large individual variation in response to resistance training was found, with some even losing muscle in response to the training, and some making large gains.<br />
<br />
Significantly, they found evidence that circulating levels of male hormones (within the physiologically normal range; obviously excluding the effects of performance enhancing drugs) didn't appear to have a large affect on the individuals response to resistance training. Notably, they found that one of the main factors that determined individual response to resistance training was likely intramuscular androgen receptor content and density.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
*''The previously discussed studies that reported and focused on the interindividual heterogeneity of responses to resistance training [1-12] all demonstrated that when a group of people participate in an identical resistance training program, their responses to that program vary considerably and apparently are primarily genetically determined''. (Carpinelli, 2017).<br />
* ''Men and women exhibit wide ranges of response to resistance training, with some subjects showing little to no gain, and others showing profound changes, increasing size by over 10 cm and doubling their strength.'' (Hubal et al., 2005).<br />
*''Individuals with a greater basal presence of SCs demonstrated, with training, a remarkable ability to expand the SC pool, incorporate new nuclei, and achieve robust growth.'' (Petralla et al., 1985).<br />
*''These results indicate that intramuscular androgen receptor content, but neither circulating nor intramuscular hormones (or the enzymes regulating their intramuscular production), influence skeletal muscle hypertrophy following RET in previously trained young men.'' (Morton et al., 2018).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Carpinelli, R. 2017. ''Interindividual Heterogeneity of Adaptions to Resistance Training.'' Medicina Sportiva Practica:18(4):79-94[[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323443805_INTERINDIVIDUAL_HETEROGENEITY_OF_ADAPTATIONS_TO_RESISTANCE_TRAINING FullText]]<br />
*Hubal MJ, Gordish-Dressman H, Thompson PD, Price TB, Hoffman EP, Angelopoulos TJ, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Pescatello LS, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Seip RL, Clarkson PM. 2005. ''Variability in muscle size and strength gain after unilateral resistance training.'' Med Sci Sports Exerc: 37(6):964-72. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15947721 Abstract]]<br />
*Petrella JK1, Kim JS, Mayhew DL, Cross JM, Bamman MM. 1985. ''Potent myofiber hypertrophy during resistance training in humans is associated with satellite cell-mediated myonuclear addition: a cluster analysis.'' J Appl Physiol:104(6):1736-42. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18436694 Abstract]]<br />
*Morton RW, Sato K, Gallaugher MPB, Oikawa SY, McNicholas PD, Fujita S, Phillips SM. 2018. ''Muscle Androgen Receptor Content but Not Systemic Hormones Is Associated With Resistance Training-Induced Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy in Healthy, Young Men.'' Front. Physiol.[[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2018.01373/full FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Antisocial personality disorders are linked with being overweight/obese in women but not men</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocBody|Category: Body]] | [[#tocAntisocial_personality_disorders_are_linked_with_being_overweight.2Fobese_in_women_but_not_men|table of contents]]</div><br />
A report based on the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N = 43,093) in America assessed whether there were associations between antisocial disorders and BMI status. The three antisocial disorders included in the analysis were: (1) Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), (2) Syndromal antisocial behavior in adulthood without conduct disorder before age 15, and (3) Conduct disorder (CD). <br />
<br />
Results showed that antisociality was not associated with BMI in men. However, in women, ASPD was associated with overweight and extreme obesity, AABS was associated with obesity and extreme obesity, and CD was associated with overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity.<br />
<br />
They describe numerous other studies which have found a similar connection between antisocial traits and being or later becoming overweight/obese. This association was documented in patients of a bariatric surgery clinic. It was also found in a large cross-sectional study of a nationally representative general population sample of U.S. adults. A longitudinal study of a U.S. sample also found antisocial traits reported either by respondents or by their mothers to be significantly associated with later development of obesity. Similarly, in a 20-year longitudinal study of a community-based Swiss cohort, antisocial traits were significantly associated with later becoming overweight.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Among men, antisociality was not associated with BMI. ''<br />
* ''Among women, ASPD was significantly associated with overweight and extreme obesity; AABS was associated with obesity and extreme obesity; and "CD only" was significantly associated with overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Goldstein RB, Dawson DA, Stinson FS, Ruan WJ, Chou SP, Pickering RP, Grant BF. 2008. ''Antisocial Behavioral Syndromes and Body Mass Index Among Adults in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.'' Compr Psychiatry. 49(3): 225–237. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730646/ FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">69% of young women have turned down sex due to concerns about their vaginal odor</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocBody|Category: Body]] | [[#toc69.25_of_young_women_have_turned_down_sex_due_to_concerns_about_their_vaginal_odor|table of contents]]</div><br />
A survey of 1,000 nationally representative U.S. women ages 18-65 in July 2019 was conducted by Wakefield Research regarding women's perceptions and feelings about their vaginal odor. It was found that 69% of millennial woman have turned down sex due to concerns over their vaginal odor. Furthermore, 71% of women reported experiencing a phenomenon described as "swamp crotch," with 35% experiencing it weekly or more. (Wakefield 2019)<br />
<br />
Other research has shown that 79% of women don't shower daily, 33% go up to three days between showers, and 89% say they would like to improve their body hygiene but don't feel they have time (Agency 2015).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Nearly two-thirds (65 percent) of women have felt insecure about their vaginal scent.''<br />
* ''Women, on the whole, are highly attuned to the fact that scent can be affected by health and lifestyle changes, including menstruation (62 percent), diet (45 percent) and sex (40 percent).''<br />
* ''Nearly three in five (58 percent) women have avoided intimacy because they lacked confidence in their vaginal scent, including more than two-thirds (69 percent) of Millennial women.''<br />
* ''Half (50 percent) of women have avoided receiving oral sex because they weren't confident about their vaginal scent.''<br />
* ''Nearly all women (94 percent) say body scent is important to romantic and sexual attraction, including three in five (60 percent) who say it is very important.''<br />
* ''The sweltering summer months definitely take a toll. More than 7 in 10 (71 percent) have experienced "swamp crotch" during summer, including more than a third (35 percent) who experience it weekly or more.''<br />
* ''More than 3 in 5 (63 percent) have worried about swamp crotch, especially at the gym (38 percent). Other times women feel a little muggy include while traveling (26 percent) and at work (23 percent).'' (Wakefield 2019)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Wakefield Research. 2019. ''Survey: More than Two-Thirds of Millennial Women Have Turned Down Sex Because of Concerns About Vaginal Scent.'' PR Newswire. [[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/survey-more-than-two-thirds-of-millennial-women-have-turned-down-sex-because-of-concerns-about-vaginal-scent-300904624.html FullText]]<br />
* Agency. 2015. ''Four out of five women don't shower every day.'' The Telegraph. [[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/11427875/Four-out-of-five-women-dont-shower-every-day.html News]]<br />
<br />
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Penis''</span>==<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women most prefer penises longer than 84.8% of all men's</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocPenis|Category: Penis]] | [[#tocWomen_most_prefer_penises_longer_than_84.8.25_of_all_men.27s|table of contents]]</div><br />
A study by Prause ''et al.'' examined the preference for penis size in their male partners among women. It found that presented with scale 3D printed dildos, women preferred a penis of slightly larger circumference and length for one-time (length = 6.4 inches/16.3 cm, circumference = 5.0 inches/12.7 cm) versus long-term (length = 6.3 inches/16.0 cm, circumference = 4.8 inches/12.2 cm) sexual partners. Which according to the calcSD Percentile Calculator demonstrates women preferred a penis fully one standard deviation above the average penis size for one-night stands.<br />
<br />
This works out to a penis size at the 84.8th percentile for length and 71.8th percentile for girth.<br />
<br />
21% of the study's participants also admitted they had terminated a relationship, among other reasons, the partner's penis being 'too small', compared to only 7% saying the same for a partner's penis that was 'too big'.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Prause N, Park J, Leung S, Miller G. 2015. ''Women's Preferences for Penis Size: A New Research Method Using Selection among 3D Models.'' PLoS ONE. 10(9): e0133079. [[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0133079 FullText]]<br />
* /u/CarnivalNightZone. ''calcSD Percentile calculator.'' [[https://calcsd.netlify.com/full Web]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Larger penis size has an equivalent effect on male attractiveness to women as greater height</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocPenis|Category: Penis]] | [[#tocLarger_penis_size_has_an_equivalent_effect_on_male_attractiveness_to_women_as_greater_height|table of contents]]</div><br />
A study by Mautz ''et al.'' published in PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013) where women rated life sized projections of 3D male bodies, which varied on such dimensions as shoulder to waist width ratio, stature and flaccid penis length, concluded (in somewhat contradiction to the results of the above study, which examined preferences for erect and not flaccid penis length) that "surprisingly, larger penis size and greater height had almost equivalent positive effects on male attractiveness" and that size of flaccid penis that was seen as more attractive by women, didn't decrease at the upper range examined (at least up to the limit of 13 cm, or 5.11 inches used in the study) along with greater height similarly always being more attractive. <br />
<br />
Although the three parameters examined significantly interacted with each other, such that one needed to meet a certain threshold in all three to be seen as attractive, so a large penis therefore can't compensate for having excessively wide hips and narrow shoulders or short stature or so on.<br />
<br />
A video of a researcher discussing the results of the study is available [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Be6dTdx1qxs here].<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Mautz B, Wong B, Peters R, Jennions M. 2013. ''Penis size interacts with body shape and height to influence male attractiveness.'' PNAS. 110(17): 6925-6930. [[https://www.pnas.org/content/110/17/6925 FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women who prefer longer penises are more likely to have vaginal orgasms</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocPenis|Category: Penis]] | [[#tocWomen_who_prefer_longer_penises_are_more_likely_to_have_vaginal_orgasms|table of contents]]</div><br />
Costa et al. (2012) conducted an online survey of 323 "coitally experienced women."<br />
The aim of the survey was to test the hypothesis that women who preferred a longer penis in their male sexual partners, had more frequent vaginal orgasms during sexual intercourse.<br />
<br />
The respondents were asked the question: "All things being equal, are you more likely to have an orgasm from penis-in-vagina intercourse with a man who has a somewhat larger than average penis length? (Assume that average erect penis length is the length of a £20 note or any U.S. dollar bill)".<br />
<br />
The respondents were required to report if they were more likely or less to have an orgasm while having intercourse with a man with a longer penis, or if there was no difference in the effects of different penis lengths on their chance of having an orgasm from sexual intercourse.<br />
<br />
The respondents could also indicate if they didn't often experience orgasms from sexual intercourse, or they had not had enough sexual partners to make such a comparison.<br />
<br />
The respondents who reported that the men with the longer penises were more likely to make them orgasm were separated into one group, and the women who indicated they were less likely to orgasm with a sexual partner with a longer penis, or that the partner's penis length made no difference to their chance of obtaining an orgasm from penetration were separated into a different group. The ones who didn't often experience orgasms from penis-in-vagina intercourse or hadn't had enough sexual partners to correctly determine, were excluded from the analyses, leaving a sample of 160 women (mean age 25.89 years old).<br />
<br />
It was found that women who preferred longer penises in their male partners were more likely to experience an orgasm from penis-in-vagina (PIV) intercourse, but there was no relation between preference for larger penises and their likelihood of experiencing a clitoral orgasm. It was also found that the women who were more likely to orgasm from longer penises were not more orgasmic overall, compared to the other women in the sample.<br />
<br />
The authors stated that this suggests that a longer penis is a relevant aspect of female mate choice, and that therefore, the male penis likely acquired its distinct morphology partly due to the sexual selection pressures exerted by ancestral females.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
*''Women’s frequency of vaginal orgasm is associated with preference for deeper penile-vaginal stimulation, as indicated by greater importance given to longer than average penises. In contrast to the assertions common in sexology, penis size appears important to many women, and this is consistent with evolutionary hypotheses concerning the mate choice functions of vaginal orgasm''.<br />
*''The resulting male anxiety about penis size may not reflect internalized, culturally arbitrary masculines stereotypes, but an accurate appreciation that size matters to many women.''<br />
*''Like many men’s desire to have a longer than average penis, the desire of (especially vaginally orgasmic) women to have a man with a longer than average penis may reflect lessons learned from real sexual experiences rather than internalization of arbitrary stereotypes.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Costa RM, Miller GF, Brody S. 2012. ''Women who prefer longer penises are more likely to have vaginal orgasms (but not clitoral orgasms): implications for an evolutionary theory of vaginal orgasm.'' J Sex Med. 9(12): 3079-88. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23006745 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">90% of women agree that penis girth is more important than length for their sexual satisfaction</span>===<br />
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A survey of women found that 90% reported penis girth was more important for their sexual satisfaction than penis length. None reported that it did not matter or they could not tell the difference.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Of the 50 females surveyed, 45 reported that width felt better, with only 5 reporting length felt better (chi square = 32.00, df = 1, p < .001). ''<br />
* ''No females reported that they could not tell any difference. ''<br />
* ''Women reported that penis width was more important for their sexual satisfaction than penis length. The results were statistically significant. Penis width needs to be given more consideration, and taken into account when one discusses penis size. ''<br />
* ''Penis width may be important due to a penis thick at the base providing greater clitoral stimulation as the male thrusts into the female during sexual intercourse.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Eisen R. 2001. ''Penis size: Survey of female perceptions of sexual satisfaction.'' BMC Womens Health. 1: 1. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33342/ FullText]]<br />
<br />
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Voice''</span>==<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Men with deeper voices have more children and sexual partners</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocVoice|Category: Voice]] | [[#tocMen_with_deeper_voices_have_more_children_and_sexual_partners|table of contents]]</div><br />
Apicella ''et al''. (2008) conducted a study of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza_people Hadza] hunter-gatherer tribe in Tanzania, which consisted of male subjects speaking into an auditory recording device to record vocal pitch and also reporting their reproductive histories. <br />
The Hadza do not conduct arranged marriages, women are free to choose their marital partners.<br />
The authors found:<br />
* Voice pitch alone explained approximately 42% of the variance in men's reproductive success.<br />
* "On the basis of these findings, we speculate that the associations reported between reproductive success and voice pitch in men are likely to be mediated by greater access to fecund women."<br />
* "Finally, we were unable to confirm paternity, so we cannot rule out the possibility that, men with low voice pitch may just have more confidence in their paternity than men with high voice pitch."<br />
* The authors concluded that voice pitch has been under sexual selection throughout human history.<br />
<br />
Another study by Puts (2005) recorded the vocal samples of a (N = 111) males from the University of Pittsburgh and asked them to report their number of recent sexual partners. He also had (N = 142) female students in various states of ovulation (conception risk) rate the attractiveness of the male voice samples, based on whether they were desired for a short or long term relationship. It was found:<br />
* Lower voices were perceived as more attractive, particularly in fertile women for short-term relationships.<br />
* The authors of the study stated low vocal pitch in males is attractive to women possibly because it denotes "good genes", benefits males in male to male competition for mates, or it simply developed due to "[[Fisherian runaway]] sexual selection" (i.e. the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexy_son_hypothesis Sexy Son hypothesis])<br />
* Lower vocal pitch weakly predicted male participants’ self-reported number of sexual partners over the past year (r = .17)<br />
<br />
Interestingly, no relation between male vocal pitch and overall health has been found (Arnocky 2018; O’Connor 2014).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Apicella CL, Feinberg DR, Marlowe FW. 2007. ''Voice pitch predicts reproductive success in male hunter-gatherers.'' Biol Lett. 3(6): 682–684. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2391230/ FullText]]<br />
* Puts, DA. 2005. ''Mating context and menstrual phase affect women's preferences for male voice pitch.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 26(5): 388-397. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513805000176 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Puts/publication/228782698_Mating_context_and_menstrual_phase_affect_women's_preferences_for_male_voice_pitch/links/5b2135c7458515270fc6bb29/Mating-context-and-menstrual-phase-affect-womens-preferences-for-male-voice-pitch.pdf FullText]]<br />
* Arnocky S, et al. 2018. ''Do men with more masculine voices have better immunocompetence?.'' [[http://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.06.003 Abstract]]<br />
* O’Connor JJM, et al. 2014. ''Perceptions of infidelity risk predict women’s preferences for low male voice pitch in short-term over long-term relationship contexts''.[[http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.029 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Among male CEOs, voice pitch is a significant predictor of earnings</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocVoice|Category: Voice]] | [[#tocAmong_male_CEOs.2C_voice_pitch_is_a_significant_predictor_of_earnings|table of contents]]</div><br />
Mayew et al. (2013) conducted a study analyzing the vocal pitch of 792 male CEOs using acoustics software and found:<br />
<br />
* A deeper voice was significantly associated with increased salaries, and size of the firm managed by the CEOs.<br />
* This was most likely due to CEOs with deeper voices being favored more for leadership positions, due to them being perceived as possessing more "leadership qualities".<br />
* The oft-lamented dearth of female CEOs and the corporate pay gap may be partially due to this factor, as women typically have much higher pitched voices then men. It was found that the median firm size run by a women was remarkably similar to the what it would be if vocal pitch was the sole determinate of firm size for someone with a vocal pitch of 210 Hz, roughly corresponding to the mid-range of typical female variance in vocal pitch.<br />
* Body size, and [[fWHR]] are not significantly correlated with vocal pitch, therefore the effects of vocal pitch seen in this study are not confounded by these factors.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''A 1% decrease in voice pitch is associated with a $30 million increase in the size of the firm managed, and in turn, $19 thousand more in annual compensation.''<br />
* ''If voice pitch was the sole determinant of firm size for a female CEO, our estimate ... would imply that the size of the firm run by a female CEO with a voice pitch of 210 Hz would be about $1.5 billion. For the female CEOs listed in the S&P 1500 stock index during our sample period, the median firm size is strikingly similar at roughly $1.7 billion in assets.''<br />
* ''Our evidence is consistent with a trait known to indicate success in biological competition also being associated with success in securing leadership positions at top corporations.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Mayew WJ, Parsons CA, Venkatachalama M. 2013. ''Voice pitch and the labor market success of male chief executive officers.'' Evolution and Human Behavior. 34(4): 243-248. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513813000238 Abstract]] [[https://scprod2-lb.mccombs.utexas.edu/~/media/Files/MSB/Departments/Accounting/Centennial/MPV_PSYCI_07262012.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Age''</span>==<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">It is normal for healthy men to find pubescent & prepubescent females sexually arousing</span>===<br />
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Scientific studies of male arousal are often done using phallometry (i.e measuring penile tumescence in response to the presented images), which allows objective measurement of the men's involuntary erections. Many studies have been done to assess what ages of females healthy nondeviant men are aroused by.<br />
<br />
One of the first major studies on this subject (Freund and Costell, 1970) involved 48 healthy young men of average age 20 enrolled in compulsory military service with no prior history of any mental or physical problems. These men were wired for phallometry, pictures were shown to them of naked males and females of all ages, and their penile responses were recorded. Categories for ages of pictures were: children 4-10 yrs, adolescents 12-16 yrs, adults 17-36 yrs.<br />
<br />
The strongest penile response overall was to adult females. However, the response to adolescent females was almost exactly as strong as the response to adult females. Furthermore, 52-58% of healthy men experienced a positive penile response indicating arousal to female children. The control response to males of all ages was very low.<br />
<br />
This result has since been replicated many times over the following decades. The conclusion scientific researchers have drawn from this study and others is that it is therefore normal for a healthy heterosexual man to be capable of sexual arousal by adolescent females in almost all cases, and even to be capable of arousal to female children in more than half of cases.<br />
<br />
Many people in modern society will attempt to label any man who is sexually aroused by any female under 18 years old "a deviant." Scientifically, however, we can see there would be nothing deviant about any such arousal. It would in fact be completely normal. Whether any such arousal should be acted upon is a different subject altogether. Regardless, it can likely be agreed that vilifying men for simply possessing and acknowledging the natural, healthy sex drive they were born with is not helpful or productive.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
<br />
[[File:Erectile responses of healthy men.png|600px|thumb|none|Normal erectile responses for healthy nondeviant men (Freund and Costell 1970)]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''A series of studies in the 1970s and 1980s consistently showed that gynephilic men experience sexual arousal to prepubescent girls.'' <br />
* ''Freund and Costell (1970) first demonstrated that in terms of relative arousal, gynephilic men showed the most increase to adult and pubescent females, the greatest decrease to all age categories of males, and arousal to prepubescent females falling between the two.''<br />
* ''Freund, McKnight, Langevin, and Cibiri (1972) assessed nondeviant gynephilic men and again found arousal even to the youngest girls (aged 6-8 years) was significantly greater than to males or to neutral images.''<br />
* ''Freund et al. (1972) created slides of specific body regions of the different age and gender groups, with results indicating greater arousal to the genitals and buttocks of young girls (aged 8-11 years) than to neutral slides. ''<br />
* ''In a study examining nondeviant heterosexual and homosexual men, heterosexual men again showed significantly greater arousal to static nude images of all age categories of females than to male or neutral stimuli (Freund, Langevin, Cibiri, & Zajac, 1973). ''<br />
* ''These patterns of arousal were replicated by both Frenzel and Lang (1989) and Blanchard, Lykins, et al. (2009). ''<br />
* ''This pattern has been termed the “classical control profile” (Frenzel & Lang, 1989).'' (Lykins et al. 2010)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Lykins A, Cantor J, Kuban M, Blak T, Dickey R, Klassen PE, Blanchard, R. 2010. ''Sexual Arousal to Female Children in Gynephilic Men.'' Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 22(3): 279-89. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1079063210372141 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44687033_Sexual_Arousal_to_Female_Children_in_Gynephilic_Men FullText]]<br />
* Freund K, Costell R. 1970. ''The structure of erotic preference in the nondeviant male.'' Behaviour Research and Therapy. 8(1): 15-20. [[https://eurekamag.com/research/006/773/006773600.php Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Men rate the faces of adolescent girls as more attractive and feminine than adult women</span>===<br />
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Anthropology and Sociology researchers Röder et al. (2013) from the University of Göttingen noted that prior research on male ratings of female attractiveness and femininity has largely restricted itself to only considering women of young adult age (i.e., college-aged). However, they note that the capability for a female to become pregnant or bear children is not limited to this age range, but commences at menarche (first period), which is currently roughly at a mean age of 12.43 (Chumlea et al. 2003). They sought to investigate whether male ratings of female attractiveness and femininity would show a response to this age group and how it would compare to male responses to adult and menopausal women.<br />
<br />
Standardized pictures were taken of 50 girls aged 11-15 (average 13.76), 42 adult women aged 19-30 (average 23.48), and 29 menopausal women aged 50-65 (average 56.83). 150 men who were 18-40 years old (average 23.68) then each rated 24 of these photos picked at random based on attractiveness and femininity.<br />
<br />
It was found that the youngest girls aged 11-15 were rated the highest on both attractiveness and femininity by the men, followed by the adult women, and lastly the menopausal women. The youngest girls had greater rated facial attractiveness than the adult women with 94% statistical certainty (p = 0.06) and the menopausal women with >99.9% statistical certainty (p < 0.001). The youngest girls had greater rated femininity than the adult women with >95% statistical certainty (p < 0.05) and the menopausal women with >99.9% statistical certainty (p < 0.001).<br />
<br />
They conclude that youth is one of the primary factors men consider in evaluating female attractiveness and femininity. Although society tells men there is something wrong with a man finding a female under the age of 18 attractive, when men compare these younger females to adult women, they find the youngest girls most attractive and feminine. The researchers also stated that it was likely the the more physically mature adolescent girls at the higher end of the age range they examined (11-15) that were seen as the most attractive, as their age was found to correlate with their rated attractiveness.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
[[File:Male ratings of female attractiveness and femininity.PNG|600px|thumb|none|Male ratings of female facial attractiveness and femininity by female age groups, showing men rated the youngest adolescent females as more attractive and feminine than adult and menopausal women.]]<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''The majority of research that investigated the relationship between women's attractiveness and fertility has done so in samples of young adult (i.e., college-aged) women. However, it is also clear that female fecundity is not limited to this life-stage but should rather be seen as a function of age (Pawlowski and Dunbar, 1999), beginning at menarche and ending at menopause. This raises the question of whether men's judgments of women's attractiveness are sensitive to these age-related changes in fertility.''<br />
* ''Facial photographs, body odors, and voice recordings were collected from a total sample of 121 heterosexual women from three different age groups: young girls (N = 50; age range = 11–15 years, M = 13.76 years, SD = 1.44 years), adult women (N = 42; age range = 19–30 years, M = 23.48 years, SD = 2.47 years) and circum-menopausal women (N = 29; age range = 50–65 years, M = 56.83 years, SD = 5.17 years). Participants were recruited from the local population of Göttingen (Germany) and all reported to be native German speakers. ''<br />
* ''A panel of 150 men (age range = 18–40 years, M = 23.68 years, SD = 3.25 years) rated 24 facial photographs that were randomly selected out of the total sample, 12 of them on attractiveness and another 12 on femininity. Attractiveness and femininity were rated in separate blocks of trials and trial order was fully randomized. ''<br />
* ''For facial attractiveness, young girls received the highest attractiveness ratings (M = 2.12, SD = 0.43), followed by that of adult women (M = 1.91, SD = 0.44), and circum-menopausal women (M = 1.43, SD = 0.34). ''<br />
* ''Faces of young girls received higher femininity ratings than those of adult women and circum-menopausal women (young girls: M = 3.16, SD = 0.56; adult women: M = 2.83 SD = 0.57; circum-menopausal women: M = 2.67, SD = 0.47).''<br />
* ''Indeed, among the group of young girls, age was positively correlated with both facial and vocal attractiveness, suggesting more mature girls may be judged as more attractive.''<br />
* ''Health and youth are considered to be the predominant qualities men employ in their assessment of female attractiveness and femininity because of their link with fertility and reproductive value (Grammer et al., 2003; Wood, 1989). ''<br />
* ''Our data suggest a general preference for female youth.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Röder S, Fink B, Jones BC. 2013. ''Facial, Olfactory, and Vocal Cues to Female Reproductive Value.'' Evolutionary Psychology. 11(2): 392-404. [[https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491301100209 Abstract]] [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/147470491301100209 FullText]]<br />
* Chumlea WC, Schubert CM, Roche AF, Kulin HE, Lee PA, Himes JH, Sun SS. 2003. ''Age at menarche and racial comparisons in US girls.'' Pediatrics. 111(1): 110-3. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12509562 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Men downplay their sexual attraction to adolescent girls, even where they are of legal age</span>===<br />
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Bennett, Lowe & Petrova (2015) aiming to replicate the findings of previous research into the subject (e.g: O’Donnell et al. 2014) examined men's (N = 36; mean age 34.5) ratings of their level of sexual attraction to photographs of adolescent girls [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanner_scale at level 3 or 4 on the Tanner scale of pubertal development.] The true age of the girls in the photographs was obscured by the researchers; they labelled the photos deceptively, claiming the same girls were either 14-15 or 16-17 years of age, respectively.<br />
<br />
Three sets of photographs were presented to the participants: seven of women identified as being 19-25 years old, 30 of men identified as being between 16-27 years old and those of adolescent girls; labelled as either 14-15 years old or 16-17 years old.<br />
No participant saw the same photograph with different age labels, half the sample saw the same photos of girls labelled with one of the age ranges listed above.<br />
<br />
The reaction time (in milliseconds) of the participants using a 7 key response pad (with numbers 1-7; indicating their level of sexual attraction to the presented photos) was also logged by the researchers, with the participants told to press the appropriate key representing their evaluation of the target photo as quickly as possible.<br />
<br />
It was found that the men rated the photographs of the same girls as significantly less sexually attractive when they were depicted as being 14-15 years old versus being 16-17 years old. The participants also took longer to assess their level of attraction to the 'younger' girls and compared to the 'older' girls. This finding replicated a previous study conducted into this subject in the United Kingdom, despite the legal age of consent [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe#Bulgaria being 14] in Bulgaria, and the fact that none of the photos of the girls were presented as being below the age of consent.<br />
<br />
The researchers suggested that these types of responses by the participants represented a desire by them to conform to social norms that strongly prohibit older men being attracted to adolescent girls by downplaying their level of sexual attraction to the younger adolescent girls presented. <br />
<br />
They also suggested that measuring the sexual responses of convicted child molesters might therefore not be a reliable method of discerning their level of actual sexual interest in underage targets, as these individuals may simply be less overtly responsive to social norms than the typical population.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''In all the three samples, apparently younger girls were rated as less attractive than older girls despite being the same photographs. We hypothesize that this difference reflects some self-censoring mechanism involved in making such judgments.''<br />
* ''One cognitive factor that may be particularly important in this instance may be internalized societal norms stipulating any sexual attraction to young girls as ‘‘inappropriate.’’ This may be particularly relevant if the girls are thought to be under the age of legal sexual relations.'' <br />
* ''Importantly, this replication occurred despite the age of consent in Bulgaria being 2 years younger than that of the UK. Key findings were that apparently younger girls were rated as less attractive than (the same) apparently older girls, who in turn were considered less attractive than women.''<br />
* ''That these findings were found in populations with differing ages of sexual consent suggests that they are general, perhaps ethically driven norms,rather than norms based on legal controls on behavior.'' <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Bennett P, Lowe R, Petrova H. 2015. ''Heterosexual Men’s Ratings of Sexual Attractiveness of Adolescent Girls: A Cross-Cultural Analysis.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior. 44(8): 2201–2206. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-015-0504-6 Abstract]]<br />
* O’Donnell M, Lowe RP, Brotherton H, Bennett P. 2014. ''Heterosexual men’s ratings of sexual attractiveness of adolescent girls: Effects of labeling the target as under or over the age of sexual consent.'' Archives of Sexual Behavior. 43: 267–271. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24132774?dopt=Abstract Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Men sexually prefer young women throughout life, while women prefer age-matched men</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocAge|Category: Age]] | [[#tocMen_sexually_prefer_young_women_throughout_life.2C_while_women_prefer_age-matched_men|table of contents]]</div><br />
Data from OkCupid was analyzed by a founder of OkCupid to evaluate how men's and women's age preferences do or don't change over time. They found that throughout men's lives, men most prefer women who are 20-23. 20 was the lowest data point allowed in this study, and thus it is possible men's ideal preference may in fact be even lower.<br />
<br />
By contrast, women prefer men who are within a few years of their own age, and as they get older, they prefer men who more closely match their age. Only after 31 do they prefer men who are younger, and then only by a few years.<br />
<br />
Currently, it has become commonplace in online communities for people to shame an older man for pursuing women in the age range he would find most attractive. This is deemed "creepy" and many people claim it makes him a "pervert". However, we can see from a male biological perspective it is totally natural. This can be understood as a further manifestation of an overly feminist society which deems anything women want as valid and beyond reproach, and anything men want differently as "toxic".<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
<br />
[[File:Ages of partners men and women find most attractive.png|600px|none|thumb|A man/woman's age vs. the age of partners who look best to him/her]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Rudder C. 2015. ''Men's Favorite Ages Are 20, 21, 22, and 23: A Data Dive by the Co-Founder of OKCupid.'' Jezebel. [[https://jezebel.com/mens-favorite-ages-are-20-21-22-and-23-a-data-dive-1731660984 News]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Men's desirability to women online peaks at 50, while women's peaks at 18 and then falls rapidly</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocAge|Category: Age]] | [[#tocMen.27s_desirability_to_women_online_peaks_at_50.2C_while_women.27s_peaks_at_18_and_then_falls_rapidly|table of contents]]</div><br />
Bruch and Newman (2018) analyzed thousands of messages exchanged on a "popular, free online-dating service" between more than 186,000 straight men and women. They looked only at four metro areas—New York, Boston, Chicago, and Seattle—and only at messages from January 2014.<br />
<br />
By analyzing patterns of messaging, they were able to establish the overall desirability of men and women in online dating based on their ages. They found that women's desirability was highest at the youngest age permitted on the dating site, i.e. 18 years old, and that it rapidly dropped as women aged. By contrast male desirability was relatively flat over time with a gentle peak by around age 50.<br />
<br />
Observing the trend of desirability for women, it can be seen that the shape shows no signs of "leveling off" as it approaches 18. In a scenario where even younger women were allowed to participate, it seems likely the desirability would continue to rise by simple extrapolation of the existing curve trajectory.<br />
<br />
This research also confirmed as have most studies that white men are consistently most desirable to women. Furthermore, they found that women had higher success rates when trying to "date up" towards more desirable men (i.e exert [[hypergamy]]) than men did with attempting to "date up" with women.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
[[File:Desirability of men vs women by age.PNG|thumb|none|600px|Desirability of men and women online by age]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''The average woman’s desirability drops from the time she is 18 until she is 60. ''<br />
* ''For men, desirability peaks around 50 and then declines. ''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Bruch EE, Newman MEJ. 2018. ''Aspirational pursuit of mates in online dating markets.'' Science Advances. 4(8). [[https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaap9815/tab-figures-data FullText]] [[https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaap9815.abstract Abstract]]<br />
* Meyer R. 2018. ''Dude, She’s (Exactly 25 Percent) Out of Your League.'' The Atlantic. [[https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/08/online-dating-out-of-your-league/567083/ News]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Younger female prostitutes are in higher demand and charge more, across numerous cultures</span>===<br />
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Dunn (2018) conducted a study wherein data was collected of advertising profiles posted by female escorts on the website https://adultwork.com.<br />
The data consisted of a cross-cultural sample, with data collected from the following countries/regions: Australia, The United States, The United Kingdom, Ireland and "Eastern Europe" (the particular countries were not specified.) <br />
<br />
Dunn analyzed the data and controlled for such potential confounds as the lower rates offered by Eastern European escorts and the differential charged for 'in-calls' (visiting the escorts residence) vs out-calls (the escort traveling to the clients residence). A direct analysis of the prices between the countries sampled was precluded by the different currencies utilized by said countries. <br />
<br />
Results showed that cross-culturally the youngest escorts (in their early to mid twenties) charged higher rates compared to somewhat older (30s) escorts and the lowest rates were provided by escorts in their 40s to 50s. Interestingly, however, clients did not show a preference for the youngest age (20) compared to the second youngest age (25) in the United Kingdom (the only country whose data allowed such an analysis). This lack of difference was suggested to possibly be due to men displaying a preference for signs of fertility (waist to hip ratio of 0.7) over youth alone in a short term mating context.<br />
<br />
Results were supportive of previous research that indicates younger women possess a higher mate value, whereas older women (in this case older escorts) possess lower mate value which translates to reduced charges for sex.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Men have universally expressed attraction to younger women.''<br />
* ''Prostitution has been recorded across all cultures and historical epochs.''<br />
* ''With the exception of Irish escorts advertising for an outcall service, differences were found in all countries sampled with younger escorts charging significantly higher fees than older escorts. ''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Dunn, MJ. 2018. ''Younger Escorts Advertise Higher Charges Online than Older Escorts for Sexual Services Cross-Culturally.'' Evolutionary Psychological Science. 4(3): 331-339. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40806-018-0142-z Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women age facially at 2-3 times the rate of men</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocAge|Category: Age]] | [[#tocWomen_age_facially_at_2-3_times_the_rate_of_men|table of contents]]</div><br />
It is a common expression that comparatively speaking, "men age like wine, women age like milk." Scientifically, it has been shown that this phrase may in fact have validity, as women develop facial signs of aging at 2-3 times the rate that men do.<br />
<br />
Facial analysis of aging patterns indicated women experience their greatest rate of aging from 50-60 when their faces age three times as quickly as men. During the rest of their lives, women were evaluated to age twice as quickly as men.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''The female rate of facial aging is higher than the male rate. ''<br />
* ''Before age 50 and also after age 60, female faces age—on average—about twice as fast as male faces; between 50 and 60 years, this sex difference in aging rate is even more pronounced (up to three times faster).''<br />
* ''Aging was generally associated with a flatter face, sagged soft tissue ("broken" jawline), deeper nasolabial folds, smaller visible areas of the eyes, thinner lips, and longer nose and ears.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Windhager S, Mitteroecker P, Rupić I, Lauc T, Polašek O, Schaefer K. 2019. ''Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause.'' Am J Phys Anthropol. 169:678–688. [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.23878 FullText]]<br />
<br />
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Hypergamy''</span>==<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women rate 80% of men as "below average", while men rate women on a bell curve</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocHypergamy|Category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocWomen_rate_80.25_of_men_as_.22below_average.22.2C_while_men_rate_women_on_a_bell_curve|table of contents]]</div><br />
Dating site OkCupid released data through their blog about the relative distribution of men's vs. women's ratings of the opposite gender. They found that while men rated women on a very even bell curve distribution, women rated 80% of men as below average (<5/10). This data was further analyzed for the book Dataclysm (2014) by OkCupid founder Christian Rudder, providing a more detailed graphing of the original data, demonstrated below, calibrated to a 0-10/10 rating scale. Christian Rudder expounded on his findings in an interview in 2014, available [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_islsqquXAo&feature=youtu.be&t=2161 here].<br />
<br />
Sex differences in attractiveness ratings of similar magnitude (around d = 1.0) have been also found in other contexts but online dating, e.g. students rating photos of celebrities (Marshall & Wasserman, 1997), students rating one another in person (Birnbaum, 2014; Benedixen, 2019) and students rating photos from an online dating website (Wood, 2009). The effect may be partly explained by women putting more effort in their appearance, but women are also evaluated more favorably regarding all sorts of traits besides physical appearance by both men and women, an effect known as the ''"women are wonderful effect"'' (Eagly, 1991). This suggests that male OkCupid users are likely not less attractive that other men. This point is further supported by an experiment conducted by Rudder in which he let male users rate one another and where the distribution of ratings did not show the skew towards the bottom end one can observe in ratings by women (see the interview linked above).<br />
<br />
Rudder also found that women receive 8 times as many messages per week as men even though the sex ratio of active users is roughly equal. In the second graph below one can see that this roughly holds true across all percentiles of looks. An analysis of the slopes suggests that both men and women care roughly to the same extent about looks, but women are overall much more passive in their dating behavior.<br />
The least attractive women receive as many messages as way above average men and the number of messages the least attractive men receive is very small (just about 0.3 to 0.4 messages per week). The least attractive women receive 1-2 messages per week. If there is a lowest threshold of attractiveness below which waiting for an opportunity in online dating is practically futile, this will certainly affect unattractive men much more than unattractive women.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
[[File:Attractiveness ratings by men and women (dataclysm).png|500px|thumb|none|Women rate 80% of men below medium, while men rate women on a more even bell curve distribution. (Rudder, 2014)]]<br />
[[File:Messages OkCupid.png|none|thumb|500x500px|Women receive 8 times as many messages per week as men. (Rudder, 2014)]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Women rate an incredible 80% of guys as worse-looking than medium. Very harsh.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Rudder C. 2009. ''Your Looks and Your Inbox.'' OK Trends. [[https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/okcupid/yourlooksandyourinbox.html Article]]<br />
* Rudder C. 2014. ''Dataclysm: Love, Sex, Race, and Identity--What Our Online Lives Tell Us about Our Offline Selves.'' Broadway Books. [[http://i.imgur.com/uAOsyLn.gif Excerpt]]<br />
* Bendixen, M., Kennair, L.E.O., Biegler, R. and Haselton, M.G., 2019. ''Adjusting signals of sexual interest in the most recent naturally occurring opposite-sex encounter in two different contexts.'' [[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2019-18462-001 Abstract]]<br />
* Marshall J, Wasserman T T. 1997. ''The Perception of Sexual Attractiveness: Sex Differences in Variability.'' [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1024570814293 Abstract]]<br />
* Eagly A H, Mladinic A, Otto S. 1991. ''Are Women Evaluated More Favorably Than Men?: An Analysis of Attitudes, Beliefs, and Emotions.'' [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1991.tb00792.x Abstract]]<br />
* Birnbaum G E, et al. 2014. ''Why Do Men Prefer Nice Women? Gender Typicality Mediates the Effect of Responsiveness on Perceived Attractiveness in Initial Acquaintanceships.'' [[http://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214543879 Abstract]] [[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.909.5408&rep=rep1&type=pdf FullText]]<br />
* Wood D, Brumbaugh C C. 2009. ''Using Revealed Mate Preferences to Evaluate Market Force and Differential Preference Explanations for Mate Selection.'' [[http://doi.org/10.1037/a0015 Abstract]] [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0cb0/ad55235f09832dc9f28d1bbde9e86ea1a402.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women prefer men with high income and high educational status</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocHypergamy|Category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocWomen_prefer_men_with_high_income_and_high_educational_status|table of contents]]</div><br />
The dating site OkCupid released data through their blog about the preference of women's dating decisions regarding men's income. In the first figure below, one can see that women were much more likely to message males with higher income, especially for men older than 22 years.<br />
<br />
Similar tendencies were found in a Chinese online dating website: Ong and Wang (2015) found that women with high income more often visited male profiles with even higher income and that such preferences do not exist in men.<br />
<br />
Another study of the dating platform Tinder by Neyt and collegues (2018) found that women like men's profiles with higher education status than they own ''twice as often'' and men's profiles with lower education status than their own only ''half as often''. Men, on the other hand, did not care about women's education status. Buss (2019) found: "Women’s income was correlated with the income that they wanted in an ideal mate (r = .31), his educational (r = .29) and professional status (r = .35), i.e. women with higher income expressed an even stronger preference for high-earning men than did women who were less financially successful."<br />
<br />
Similarly, a study by Fales et al. (2016) found 71% of women with income of more than $95,000 per year, i.e. women who are ''financially secured'' by their own income still felt it is essential their romantic partner has a steady income. Only 14% of men in that income bracket reported the same.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
[[File:Poorcel2.png|none|thumb|500x500px|Women preferentially message men with high income.]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''If you’re 23 or older and don’t make much money, go die in a fire. It’s not hard to see where the incentive to exaggerate comes from.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Rudder C. 2009. ''The Big Lies People Tell In Online Dating.'' OK Trends. [[https://archive.fo/rBE2U#selection-661.99-661.232 Article]]<br />
* Ong, D. and Wang, J. 2015. ''Income attraction: An online dating field experiment.'' [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167268114003242 Abstract]]<br />
* Fales, M.R., Frederick, D.A., Garcia, J.R., Gildersleeve, K.A., Haselton, M.G. and Fisher, H.E. 2016. ''Mating markets and bargaining hands: Mate preferences for attractiveness and resources in two national US studies.'' [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282931592 Abstract]]<br />
* Buss DM, Schmitt DP. 2019. ''Mate preferences and their behavioral manifestations.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103408 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Men's social status accounts for 62% of the variance of copulation opportunities</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocHypergamy|Category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocMen.27s_social_status_accounts_for_62.25_of_the_variance_of_copulation_opportunities|table of contents]]</div><br />
In most social species, position in the male dominance hierarchy and fertility are positively correlated, but in traditional human societies, this correlation is less clear and even vanishes in the most economically advanced societies. In the social science literature, this has been used as argument that humans do not naturally organize hierarchically, i.e. that men's social status is not adaptive, but social construction.<br />
<br />
Perusse et al. (1993) hypothesized that the lack of a clear correlation rather stems from reproductive patterns unique to modern societies, in particular the existence of welfare, monogamy and contraception, as well cultural differences between upper and lower class.<br />
<br />
To test for whether men's social status is adaptive while avoiding these patterns, he analyzed whether men's status is at least correlated with ''potential fertility'' instead of actual fertility.<br />
And indeed, he found men's status accounts for as much as 62% of the variance in potential fertility. This pattern is remarkably similar to what is found in many traditional societies, e.g. even in the most egalitarian contemporary hunter-gatherers such as the Ache and the Sharanahua, one finds that the most successful hunters have the most offspring (Cashdan, 1996).<br />
<br />
For women, on the other hand, high status is associated with ''lower reproductive success'', and has been in history. This can likely be explained by their hypergamous instincts to avoid men of lower status than their own.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
*''Reproductive success, even when assessed by a more reliable measure of actual male fertility than the one commonly used, fails to correlate with social status.''<br />
* ''In striking contrast, however, status is found to be highly correlated with potential fertility, as estimated from copulation frequency. Status thus accounts for as much as 62% of the variance in this proximate component of fitness.''<br />
* ''This pattern is remarkably similar to what is found in many traditional societies and would result in a substantial positive relationship between cultural and reproductive success in industrial populations were it not for the novel conditions imposed by contraception and monogamy.''<br />
*''The importance of resources to women is apparent even in egalitarian societies such as the Ache and the Sharanahua, where the best hunters are able to attract the most sexual partners.'' (Cashdan, 1996).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Perusse, D. 1993. ''Cultural and reproductive success in industrial societies: Testing the relationship at the proximate and ultimate levels.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00029939 Abstract]]<br />
* Cashdan, E. 1996. ''Women's mating strategies.'' [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bbf7/77fbe21100d32ebd55a41b65de7151628235.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">The top 10% of men get 58% of women's likes in online dating</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocHypergamy|Category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocThe_top_10.25_of_men_get_58.25_of_women.27s_likes_in_online_dating|table of contents]]</div><br />
Online dating app Hinge works similarly to Tinder, but was designed with the intent of creating a more equitable and better functioning dating market. However, even on Hinge, evidence for female [[hypergamy]] is overwhelming. The distribution of likes women provide is heavily skewed such that 16.4% of their likes go to the top 1% of men, 41.1% of their likes go to the top 5% of men, 58% of their likes go to the top 10%, and 95.7% of their likes go to the top 50%. This means that only 4.3% of their likes go to the entire bottom 50% of men. Thus a top 1% man will receive 190x times more likes as a man who is in the bottom 50%. <br />
<br />
This suggests that women easily reach a very strong consensus on which men are attractive, which detracts from the notion that "beauty is subjective." It also suggests that if you are a below average man, the odds of receiving any significant number of likes at all or success is quite small.<br />
<br />
The inequity in the dating market for each gender was further analyzed, and it was found that if the dating markets were considered like financial markets, the dating market for women would resemble Western Europe, while for men, it would resemble South Africa with its "kleptocracy, apartheid, perpetual civil war."<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
<br />
[[File:Distribution-of-Women-s-Likes-of-Men-on-Dating-App-Hinge.png|600px|thumb|none|Graphed distribution of women's likes of men on Hinge]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''The biggest problem men face on dating apps - the Brad Pitts of the world take the lion’s share of the likes from an already like-deficient sex.''<br />
* ''Every nation in the world has a currency, but that currency is not equally distributed amongst the citizens of every country. These economic inequalities are described using what is called the Gini index. In our context, the closer the Gini index is to 0, the more equally likes are distributed across all of our users; a higher Gini index rating means more likes are being concentrated into fewer recipients.''<br />
* ''It turns out that, as it pertains to incoming likes, straight females on Hinge show a Gini index of 0.376, and for straight males it’s 0.542. On a list of 149 countries' Gini indices provided by the CIA World Factbook, this would place the female dating economy as 75th most unequal (average — think Western Europe) and the male dating economy as the 8th most unequal (kleptocracy, apartheid, perpetual civil war — think South Africa).''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Goldgeier A. 2017. ''What's The Biggest Challenge Men Face On Dating Apps?: A Q&A With Aviv Goldgeier, Junior Growth Engineer.'' Hinge IRL: Advice and Insights for Modern Daters. [[https://hingeirl.com/hinge-reports/whats-the-biggest-challenge-men-face-on-dating-apps-a-qa-with-aviv-goldgeier-junior-growth-engineer/ Article]]<br />
* Kopf D. 2017. ''These statistics show why it’s so hard to be an average man on dating apps.'' Quartz. [[https://qz.com/1051462/these-statistics-show-why-its-so-hard-to-be-an-average-man-on-dating-apps/ Article]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Men like 61.9% of female profiles, women like only 4.5% of male profiles</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocHypergamy|Category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocMen_like_61.9.25_of_female_profiles.2C_women_like_only_4.5.25_of_male_profiles|table of contents]]</div><br />
Researchers conducted a field experiment on Tinder using 24 fictitious Tinder profiles in multiple cities in Flanders, the Northern, Dutch speaking region of Belgium. These profiles only differed on education level. They then collected and analyzed data on 3,600 profile evaluations to evaluate the extent to which education played a role in matching or dating on the app. <br />
<br />
To ensure the pictures they used for the profiles were similar in attractiveness, they scored 32 (16 male, 16 female) pictures on Amazon Mechanical Turk and selected 8 pictures (4 male, 4 female) that 493 workers on MTurk judged to be similar in level of attractiveness. Then to ensure an even more fair evaluation, they attached to each picture three different education levels in three different cities.<br />
<br />
They swiped to like 150 times for each profile, then collected data. Overall, men liked or superliked 61.9% of their female profiles. On the other hand, women only liked 4.5% of the male profiles, a sex ratio that is fairly close to the sex ratio in agreement to unsolicited invitations to sex in non-online naturalistic settings (e.g. Tappé 2013; Maticka-Tyndale 2010). Men started a conversation with the female profiles 42.3% of the time, while women only initiated conversations 6.2% with the male profiles.<br />
<br />
They found "evidence for [[hypergamy]]" which they report matched findings from other online dating studies. This hypergamy was exclusively mediated through women's preference for highly educated men. They also found that contrary to the popular notion that men are "intimidated" by highly educated women, a woman's education level did not significantly change a man's swiping behavior. There was no tendency overall for Tinder users to follow educationally assortative mating patterns, as similarly educated people were not more likely to match. There was however a tendency for users of both sexes to like the profiles of users with lower educational levels then themselves less often, with this tendency being far more apparent among female users then male users (10.1% less likely for males vs 45.4% less likely for females.)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Women on Tinder are more selective than men on Tinder.''<br />
* ''Male subjects (super)liked [liked or superliked] 61.9% of the female evaluated profiles, while female subjects (super)liked [liked or superliked] only 4.5% of the male evaluated profiles.''<br />
* ''Male subjects started a conversation with the female evaluated profiles much more often (42.3%) than the other way around (6.2%).''<br />
* ''Women on Tinder have a preference for highly educated men.''<br />
* ''We find evidence for a preference for hypergamy ... This effect is driven by the female subjects, who like higher educated profiles 92.2% more often, whereas this effect is not significant for the male subjects. ''<br />
* ''Male evaluated profiles with a Ma+ degree [5 year degree] secure at least twice as many matches compared with their counterparts which were lower educated.''<br />
* ''Women are more reluctant than men to contact lower-educated potential partners.''<br />
* ''Men on Tinder are not intimidated by highly educated women.''<br />
* ''On Tinder, preferences for educational assortative mating are absent.''<br />
* ''Women have a greater parental investment and are therefore looking for the most high-quality partner possible, in order to obtain high-quality offspring, therefore being more selective. Conversely, men have a smaller parental investment and are looking to maximize the quantity of offspring, resulting in them being less selective.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Neyt B, Vandenbulcke S, Baert S. 2019. ''Are men intimidated by highly educated women? Undercover on Tinder.'' Economics of Education Review. 73: 101914. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272775719301104 Abstract]] [[http://ftp.iza.org/dp11933.pdf FullText]]<br />
* Tappé M, et al. 2013. ''Gender Differences in Receptivity to Sexual Offers: A New Research Prototype.'' [[https://interpersona.psychopen.eu/article/view/121/html Abstract]]<br />
* Maticka-Tyndale. 2010. ''Casual sex on spring break: Intentions and behaviors of canadian students.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499809551941 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">The top 5-20% of men (ie. "Chads") are now having more sex than ever before</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocHypergamy|Category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocThe_top_5-20.25_of_men_.28ie._.22Chads.22.29_are_now_having_more_sex_than_ever_before|table of contents]]</div><br />
Data was drawn to assess trends in sexual behavior from the 2002 and 2011–2013 National Survey of Family Growth, a US household survey focusing on sexual and reproductive health. <br />
<br />
Researchers found that compared to 2002, men overall had the same number of partners in 2013. However, the top 20% of men had a 25% increase in sexual partners. The top 5% of men had an even more dramatic 38% increase in the number of sexual partners. <br />
<br />
Thus while the amount of male sex that was had was unchanged, more of the sex was consolidated into extra sex for the top 5-20% of men (ie. "[[Chads]]"). Thus it is clear that the most attractive men are truly having more sex than ever before.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Although we found no change in median numbers of sex partners [for men], we found significant increases in the numbers of sex partners reported by the top 5% and 20%.''<br />
* ''We found an overall statistically significant increase in reported lifetime opposite-sex sex partners overall for men in the top 20% from 12 in 2002 to 15 in 2011–2013 (95% CIs, 11–14 and 15–15, respectively).''<br />
* ''Similarly, there was a statistically significant overall increase in reported lifetime partners for men in the top 5% from 38 in 2002 to 50 in 2011–2013 (95% CIs, 30–40 and 50–50, respectively).''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Harper CR, Dittus PJ, Leichliter JS, Aral, SO. 2017. ''Changes in the Distribution of Sex Partners in the United States: 2002 to 2011–2013.'' Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 44(2): 96–100. [[https://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2017/02000/Changes_in_the_Distribution_of_Sex_Partners_in_the.5.aspx FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Average women receive 15 times as many matches as average men on Tinder</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocHypergamy|Category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocAverage_women_receive_15_times_as_many_matches_as_average_men_on_Tinder|table of contents]]</div><br />
To understand gender differences in Tinder outcomes, researchers created 14 curated profiles for men and women designed to reflect the characteristics of "average" users. Locations were set to London and New York. They used these profiles to monitor the way others react to them, specifically in terms of matches and subsequent messaging. <br />
<br />
They then liked all profiles possible within a 100 mile radius for all profile accounts. Through the interactions of these 14 profiles, they thereby collected data on almost half a million users.<br />
<br />
They found the male profiles had only a 0.67% match rate, while the female profiles had a 10.3% match rate. Thus in this study there were 15.4x as many matches for female profiles as the male. It should be noted that the profiles they used only had a single photo, as they were using copyright-free stock images. <br />
<br />
In a second study, they used photos of a real woman and man to compare the effects of having one vs. three photos. They found using three photos increased both genders' match rates considerably. In particular the male profile went from a 0.27% match rate to 1.96% match rate, and the female profile went from an 18% match rate to a 23% match rate. Without seeing these pictures, however, and no control process in their methodology to assess or match attractiveness of the photos, it is difficult to assess the degree to which attractiveness of the photos mediated this process. However, it would certainly imply the possibility that the profiles in the first experiment might have performed better had they incorporated more photos.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Profile<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Photo<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Match Rate<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Stock Male 1<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | [[File:Tinder-stock-male-1.jpg|thumb|50px|none]]<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 0.55%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Stock Male 2<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | [[File:Tinder-stock-male-2.jpg|thumb|50px|none]]<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 0.69%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Stock Male 3<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | [[File:Tinder-stock-male-3.jpg|thumb|50px|none]]<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 0.78%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Stock Female 1<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | [[File:Tinder-stock-female-1.jpg|thumb|50px|none]]<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 10.3%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Stock Female 2<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | [[File:Tinder-stock-female-2.jpg|thumb|50px|none]]<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 10.5%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Stock Female 3<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | [[File:Tinder-stock-female-3.jpg|thumb|50px|none]]<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 10.2%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''MALE AVG'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''0.67%'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''FEMALE AVG'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''10.3%'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Women attain large numbers of matches rapidly, whilst men only slowly accumulate matches. ''<br />
* ''Through data on almost half a million users, we show that the two genders exhibit quite different matching and messaging trends.'' <br />
* ''Women tend to be highly selective in whom they like, leading to a starvation of matches for men. Men, on the other hand, are more accommodating in their practices, hitting like for a far larger proportion of women. This mirrors many sociological observations about mating, although Tinder seems to enact quite extreme examples of this. ''<br />
* ''Our findings suggest a "feedback loop", whereby men are driven to be less selective in the hope of attaining a match, whilst women are increasingly driven to be more selective, safe in the knowledge that any profiles they like will probably result in a match.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Reference:'''</span><br />
* Tyson G, Perta VC, Haddadi H, Seto MC. 2016. ''A First Look at User Activity on Tinder.'' ASONAM '16 Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining. 461-466. [[https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3192510 Abstract]] [[https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.01952.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Tinder manipulates male profile visibility to promote hypergamy & maximize revenues from men</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocHypergamy|Category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocTinder_manipulates_male_profile_visibility_to_promote_hypergamy_.26_maximize_revenues_from_men|table of contents]]</div><br />
Journalists from the French newspaper Le Monde performed a dating experiment on Tinder using an average looking man and woman, finding that the average match rate for women was 50% and for men only 2%. Thus women in this experiment had a 25x greater match rate than men.<br />
<br />
This provides evidence for women generally being far more sexually selective than men, and shows that most men are never given consideration. However, they also raise the important point that Tinder manipulates male profile visibility such that the only ways a man's profile is shown to women at all is if many other women also like that man (i.e. proving he is very attractive) or the man is paying for Boosts or other monetized solutions. They even go so far as to suggest Tinder is intentionally targeting men who can most easily pay for these services to maximize their frustration and thus revenue potential from them.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''On the world's number one dating app, the average match rate in the quest for a heterosexual relationship is 50% for a woman, and that of a man of... 2%. ''<br />
* ''"Tinder is working with video game specialists to learn how to activate the frustration mechanisms in men's brains. When they have identified a profile that can pay - a certain level of income, a certain level of education, etc. - they put it in a category where its profile appears less. Once he buys the option, his profile is, depending on his level of attractiveness, either shown normally or shown much more," explains Jean Meyer, CEO of the Once app, which Match - Tinder's parent company - tried to swallow.''<br />
* ''"Yes, that's how it works!" confirms a former employee of a dating app who wishes to remain anonymous to the two investigators. There are more men on the app, and the majority of them are simply not shown to users.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Reference:'''</span><br />
* The HuffPost. 2019. ''On Tinder, women are 25 times more likely to match than men.'' Huffington Post. [[https://www.translatetheweb.com/?from=&to=en&dl=en&a=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.fr%2Fentry%2Fsur-tinder-les-femmes-ont-25-fois-plus-de-chances-de-matcher-que-les-hommes_fr_5d3c0c66e4b0a6d6373fb646 Article]]<br />
* Carman A. 2019. ''Tinder explains how its algorithm works.'' The Verge. [[https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/15/18267772/tinder-elo-score-desirability-algorithm-how-works Article]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women are more attracted to men who are already in relationships than single men</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocHypergamy|Category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocWomen_are_more_attracted_to_men_who_are_already_in_relationships_than_single_men|table of contents]]</div><br />
A study by Parker & Burkley (2009) where female and male participants (N = 184) who were single or in a relationship viewed information about an opposite-sex other and indicated their interest in pursuing this target. Half of the participants were told that the target was single and half read that the target was currently in a relationship.<br />
<br />
The participants were lead into a cubicle and shown a photograph and descriptive information about a ('moderately attractive') opposite sex target, the studies participants being under the false impression that they were taking part in a study on the effects of similarity on sexual attraction.<br />
The participants were then asked to report their interest in pursuing a romantic connection with the opposite sex targets presented to them, and were then asked evaluate the targets level of physical attractiveness.<br />
<br />
It was found that while the female participants didn't rate the 'attached' male targets as any more attractive, they rated then as significantly more desirable for a romantic relationship. This effect was not found for female participants already in a romantic relationship, and no significant effect was found on the men's evaluations of attached female targets.<br />
<br />
Therefore there is evidence that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mate_choice_copying mate choice copying] applies to humans as well as being a widely observed phenomenon throughout the animal world.<br />
<br />
Thus the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_effect Matthew Principle] ("For whosoever hath, to him shall be given, and he shall have more abundance. But whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken away even that which he hath" [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+13&version=KJ21 Matthew 13.12 KJ21]) can clearly be said to apply to the realm of human sexual relationships.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''90% of single women indicated interest in an already attached male vs 59% who indicated interest in the same male who was stated to be single.''<br />
* ''There was no significant effect for men viewing pictures of women.''<br />
* ''Single women in this study were significantly more interested in the target when he was attached. This may be because an attached man has demonstrated his ability to commit and in some ways his qualities have already been "pre-screened" by another woman.''<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Parker J, Burkley M. 2009. ''Who’s chasing whom? The impact of gender and relationship status on mate poaching.'' Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 45(4): 1016-1019. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103109001048?via%3Dihub Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women are prone to instability when they are more attractive than their male partner</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocHypergamy|Category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocWomen_are_prone_to_instability_when_they_are_more_attractive_than_their_male_partner|table of contents]]</div><br />
Women reported a tendency towards dating men who they perceived as more attractive than them. When their partners were less attractive than them, they reported more resistance to their partner's attempts to "mate guard," i.e they displayed less commitment, more resistance to men's public displays of affection, more flirting with other men, seeing other men as appealing dating alternatives, and more frequent thoughts about breaking up.<br />
<br />
Thus it seems apparent that relationship satisfaction is most probable for a woman when a man "dates down." "Dating up" on the other hand for a man will more likely create a situation of relationship instability with the woman initiating destabilizing behaviors.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Women (N = 692) in romantic relationships (average duration approximately two years) self-reported their own as well as their partners' physical attractiveness, revealing significant perceived matching in physical attractiveness, as well as a tendency to rate their partners as more attractive than themselves. ''<br />
* ''When women perceived themselves as more attractive than their mates, they reported less commitment, more flirting with other men, more appealing dating alternatives, and more frequent thoughts about breaking up.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Fugère MA, Cousins AJ, MacLaren SA. 2015. ''(Mis)matching in physical attractiveness and women's resistance to mate guarding.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 87: 190-195. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019188691500505X Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Before 'enforced monogamy', women's effective population size was up to 17x larger than men's</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocHypergamy|Category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocBefore_.27enforced_monogamy.27.2C_women.27s_effective_population_size_was_up_to_17x_larger_than_men.27s|table of contents]]</div><br />
Karmin et al. (2015) analyzed the genetic diversity of exclusively male and female parts of the DNA (male Y chromosome and female mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA) to estimate effective population sizes of both sexes throughout human history. The analysis revealed the following:<br />
* Genetic diversity in female DNA is much higher, replicating earlier findings by Wilder (2004). This implies that men have had higher variance in reproductive success. Some men had hundreds of children, but others none. Conversely, women rarely had no children due to greater male promiscuity, but women cannot produce hundreds of children within a lifetime. This finding generally agrees with evidence of moderate polygyny across human cultures.<ref name="wikiPolygamy" /><br />
* Around 8,000 years ago, women's effective population size grew substantially compared to men's, peaking around 17 times the size of men's (see Figure below).<br />
* The peak coincides with early agricultural revolutions, hence a plausible explanation is increasingly polygynous mating practices enabled by the power concentration and wealth accumulation of farmers. Economic inequality and hereditary systems may also have disproportionately increased the reproductive success of few wealthy men and their descendants, e.g. through political and religious succession, e.g. chiefdoms, hereditary priesthoods and early monarchies.<br />
<br />
Note: This study was ''misquoted'' by Pacific Standard (psmag.com) and others to imply that ''17 women reproduced for every one man'' (see Cochran, 2015). In truth, the study only considered ''effective population size'' estimated based on genetic diversity. The ability to afford many children was inherited in wealthy demes, reducing genetic diversity and hence effective population size disproportionally due to the genetic similarity within such demes. Since women's fertility is much more limited, this increases the F:M ratio in genetic diversity beyond the sex ratio in actual reproductive success.<br />
<br />
Nonetheless, the result points to substantial sex differences in variance of reproductive success. Earlier DNA studies by Wilder and colleges (2004) estimated the historical sex ratio of reproductive success to be 2:1. Half the branches on a tree of ancestors represent males, but half of the males are repeats. Possibly 80% of women, but only 40% of men (i.e. half as many) have reproduced. The observation that males (humans and in the animal kingdom in general) exhibit a greater variance in reproductive success as compared to females is known as [[Bateman's Principle]].<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
[[File:Karmin2015.png|thumb|500px|none|Karmin et al. (2015) found a peak in the sex ratio of genetic diversity around 8,000 years ago]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Likely, the effect we observe is due to a combination of culturally driven increased male variance in offspring number within demes and an increased male-specific variance among demes, perhaps enhanced by increased sex-biased migration patterns and male-specific cultural inheritance of fitness.'' (Karmin et al., 2015)<br />
* ''And as for the 80%-40% numbers, admittedly those are chosen somewhat arbitrarily. It could have been 60%-30% or 70%-35% [e.g. depending on child mortality]. The only definite thing was that twice as many previously living women as men have descendants alive today ... The crucial implication was that for adult women, the odds of passing on genes were much better than for adult men, and so different strategies were needed.'' (Baumeister, 2007)<br />
* ''Most men who ever lived did not have descendants who are alive today. Their lines were dead ends.'' (Baumeister, 2007)<br />
* ''Look at it this way. Most women have only a few children, and hardly any have more than a dozen — but many fathers have had more than a few, and some men have actually had several dozen, even hundreds of kids. In terms of the biological competition to produce offspring, then, men outnumbered women both among the losers and among the biggest winners.'' (Baumeister, 2007)<br />
<br />
<div style="display: none"><ref name="kamin2015" /><ref name="diep2017" /><ref name="wilder2004" /><ref name="baumeister2007" /><ref name="baumeister2010" /><ref name="tierney2007" /><ref name="cochran2015" /></div><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
<references><br />
<ref name="kamin2015">Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Sayres MAW, Järve M, Talas UG, et al. 2015. ''A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture.'' Genome Research. 25: 459-466. [[https://genome.cshlp.org/content/25/4/459.abstract Abstract]] [[https://genome.cshlp.org/content/25/4/459.full.pdf+html FullText]]</ref><br />
<ref name="diep2017">Diep F. 2017. ''8,000 Years Ago, 17 Women Reproduced for Every One Man.'' Pacific Standard. [[https://psmag.com/environment/17-to-1-reproductive-success News]]</ref><br />
<ref name="wilder2004">Wilder JA, Mobasher Z, Hammer MF. 2004. ''Genetic Evidence for Unequal Effective Population Sizes of Human Females and Males.'' Molecular Biology and Evolution, 21(11): 2047–2057. [[https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/21/11/2047/1147770#20340635 FullText]]</ref><br />
<ref name="baumeister2007">Baumeister R. 2007. ''Is There Anything Good About Men?'' Invited Address to the American Psychological Association. [[https://psy.fsu.edu/~baumeisterticelab/goodaboutmen.htm FullText]]</ref><br />
<ref name="baumeister2010">Baumeister R. 2010. ''Is There Anything Good About Men? How Cultures Flourish by Exploiting Men.'' Oxford University Press. [[https://psy.fsu.edu/~baumeisterticelab/goodaboutmen.htm FullText]]</ref><br />
<ref name="tierney2007">Tierney J. 2007. ''The missing men in your family tree''. [[https://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/09/05/the-missing-men-in-your-family-tree FullText]]</ref><br />
<ref name="cochran2015">Cochran G. 2015. ''Y-chromosome crash''. [[https://westhunt.wordpress.com/2015/03/21/y-chromosome-crash/ Web]]</ref><br />
<ref name="wikiPolygamy">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy</ref><br />
</references><br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women bitterly reject unattractive men after facing rejection themselves by an attractive man</span>===<br />
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Macdonald et al. (2015) conducted two identical studies to confirm their hypothesis that rejected individuals are likely to feel insulted and thus derogate unattractive partners in an attempt to ameliorate the loss of status they receive through being rejected.<br />
<br />
A group of female Canadian university students (N = 126 for the first study, N = 166 for the second) were presented with two separate online dating profiles with identical biographic information. <br />
<br />
The two profiles solely differed on the metric of third-party rated physical attractiveness (mean rating for the 'attractive' profile = 4.39; mean rating for the 'unattractive' profile = 1.79). <br />
After viewing the two profiles, the participants were given either acceptance or rejection feedback from the two profiles, with the participants being under the impression that they were participating in a study of online dating behavior; in comparison to dating 'in real life'. The participants then evaluated the two profiles on their level of desirability as a potential romantic partner, their responsiveness and rating the partner's physical attractiveness.<br />
<br />
It was found that as expected participants were likely to derogate the men who had been portrayed as rejecting them. More interestingly, it was discovered that participants that were rejected by the attractive man were likely to derogate and reject the unattractive man; even when he was depicted as being accepting towards them.<br />
<br />
The researchers suggested that this revealed an attempt by the participants to lessen the social impact of rejection by a desirable mate, by derogating and thus asserting one's superiority towards a man seen as 'lesser' than oneself. <br />
The opposite situation was not found, rejection by the unattractive man had no effect on the women's acceptance towards the attractive man.<br />
<br />
Perhaps this study helps explain one reason why many incels report being the recipient of callous and dismissive behavior by women they attempt to make romantic connections with. It could be that many of these women 'punch down' on unattractive men in an attempt to restore their damaged self-esteem and social status because of them having experiencing rejection by at the hands of an [[chad|attractive man.]] <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Across two studies, we demonstrated that although rejection provoked derogation of and distancing from the rejecter, rejection by an attractive man also led to derogation of and distancing from an unattractive man —even when that unattractive man offered acceptance.''<br />
* ''However, consistent with our theoretical position, we did not find evidence that rejection by an unattractive man spurred derogation of an attractive man.''<br />
* ''Furthermore, based on participants’ ratings, our attractive males may arguably be labeled as moderately attractive. Thus, it is unclear what effects would emerge if rejection came from a highly attractive individual.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* MacDonald G, Baratta PL, Tzalazidis R. 2015. ''Resisting Connection Following Social Exclusion: Rejection by an Attractive Suitor Provokes Derogation of an Unattractive Suitor.'' Social Psychological and Personality Science. 6(7): 766-772. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1948550615584196 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">A large survey study found no clues to stronger sexual motivation among women</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocHypergamy|Category: Hypergamy]] | [[#tocA_large_survey_study_found_no_clues_to_stronger_sexual_motivation_among_women|table of contents]]</div><br />
Baumeister et al. (2001) conducted a comprehensive survey study of sex difference in sex drive and found not a single study that significantly showed women have a higher sex drive. Baumeister's and related results are also summarized in the '''[[libido]] article'''.<br />
<br />
A higher male sex drive implies that women are the bottleneck in reproduction and that, on average, multiple men end up competing over any given woman. This is aggravated by the fact that women have a shorter reproductive window and that women are reproductively unavailable 10-15% of the time due to menstruation and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_women 106 men are born for every 100 women], so there is a larger group of men competing over the few fertile women. As a consequence, men's love style is more active and promiscuous and women's love style is more passive and choosy. Since men have fewer mating options, they more likely make compromises and date down, explaining, in part, why hypergamy exists.<br />
<br />
The intrasexual competition between men over access to fertile women is believed to have shaped men's psychology (Puts, 2015).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Baumeister, R.F., Catanese, K.R. and Vohs, K.D., 2001. ''Is there a gender difference in strength of sex drive? Theoretical views, conceptual distinctions, and a review of relevant evidence.'' [[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5f84/46340d4ed375007351539e7993fa44e2e31b.pdf FullText]]<br />
* Puts, D.A., Bailey, D.H. and Reno, P.L., 2015. ''Contest competition in men.'' [[http://doi.org/10.1002/9781119125563.evpsych113 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Aversion to having the wife earn more explains 29% of the decline in marriages</span>===<br />
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In a very large sample (N = 73,654), Bertrand et al. (2015) examined the causes and consequences of the income gap within households. They found that within marriage markets, when a randomly chosen woman becomes more likely to earn more than a randomly chosen man, marriage rates decline.<br />
<br />
Provided that men did not care about women's educational and income status in other studies, this must imply that this effect is mostly due to women's aversion to earning more than their potential husband.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''In couples where the wife earns more than the husband, the wife spends more time on household chores; moreover, those couples are less satisfied with their marriage and are more likely to divorce.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Bertrand M, Kamenica E and Pan J. 2015. ''Gender identity and relative income within households.'' [[https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv001 Abstract]<br />
<br />
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Cucks''</span>==<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women name the wrong man as the "father" for 3.36% of all childbirths </span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocCucks|Category: Cucks]] | [[#tocWomen_name_the_wrong_man_as_the_.22father.22_for_3.36.25_of_all_childbirths|table of contents]]</div><br />
A review published in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health by Bellis ''et al.'' (2005) concluded that in cases where paternity was disputed, 26.9% of cases showed paternity discordance (PD, aka paternity fraud). In the general population where children were more randomly tested by blood or genetic markers to assess their paternity, the median rate of paternity fraud was 3.7%, with studies ranging from 0.8% to 30%. The high figures are likely outliers. Combining all samples one finds a rate of paternity fraud of 3.36% (N = 20871, 95% CI: 3.12% to 3.61%).<br />
<br />
The authors also remarked that those most at-risk of paternity fraud were men of low socio-economic status, and those most likely to commit it were young women in concurrent sexual relationships. The authors of this study noted that this was an increasing trend, at least in the United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
It is important to note this rate of paternity fraud is '''per birth''' not per individual(s) involved. Thus the total risk of a man falling victim to paternity fraud with at least one of his offspring would increase proportionately with the number of children he has. It is also important to note that even the most modest estimates detailed below represent a potentially large source of societal discord, as such incidents often have far reaching consequences even beyond the individuals involved.<br />
<br />
In response the high amounts of paternity fraud enacted by women, the French government has banned paternity tests, such that any man pursuing a paternity test without a court order may be punished by a year in prison and a fine of €15,000 (Article 226-28 of the Penal Code). The rationale for this law is reportedly that, "French psychologists suggest that fatherhood is determined by society not by biology." There are indications Germany may be following this same approach going forward. (Vâlsan 2013) <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Paternity Fraud (%)<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Location<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Sample Size<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Reference<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''3.7'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | UK<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 2578<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | ''Edwards, 1957''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''18.0'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | USA<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 67<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | ''Sussman and Schatkin, 1957''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''1.4'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | USA<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 1417<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | ''Schacht and Gershowitz, 1963''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''10.1'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | USA<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 523<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | ''Schacht and Gershowitz, 1963''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''2.7'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | USA<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 6960<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | ''Peritz and Rust, 1972''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''30.0'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | UK<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 200<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | ''Philipp, 1973''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''9.0'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | South America<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 132<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | ''Neel and Weiss, 1975''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''2.3'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | USA<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 2839<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | ''Ashton, 1980''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''7.0'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | France<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 300<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | ''Salmon et al, 1980''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''4.0'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | New Zealand<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 1983<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | ''Lathrop et al, 1983''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''2.9'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Mexico<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 217<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | ''Penaloza, 1986''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''1.4'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | UK<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 521<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | ''Brock and Shrimpton, 1991''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''2.8'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | France<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 362<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | ''Le Roux et al, 1992''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''4.0'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Canada<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 25<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | ''Poon et al, 1993''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''0.8'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Switzerland<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 1607<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | ''Sasse et al, 1994''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''11.8'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Mexico<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 396<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | ''Cerda-Flores et al, 1999''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''1.6'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | UK<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 744<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | ''Chataway et al, 1999''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''3.7'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | -<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''Median'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''For disputed paternity tests median levels of PD across 16 studies is 26.9%. ''<br />
* ''For studies based on populations chosen for reasons other than disputed paternity median PD is 3.7%. '' (Bellis et al. 2005)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Bellis M, Hughes K, Hughes S, Ashton J. 2005. ''Measuring paternal discrepancy and its public health consequences.'' J Epidemiol Community Health. 59(9): 749–754. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1733152/ FullText]] [[https://jech.bmj.com/content/59/9/749.info FullText]]<br />
* Vâlsan L. 2013. ''France upholds the ban on paternity tests.'' A Voice For Men. [[https://www.avoiceformen.com/mens-rights/france-upholds-the-ban-on-paternity-tests/ Web]]<br />
* ''Article 226-28 of French Penal Code prohibiting DNA paternity testing'' [[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do;jsessionid=31ADE74F1A72F9EAB11F2682C486084E.tpdjo17v_2?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006418005&dateTexte=20081113&categorieLien=id FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women rapidly lose interest in sex once in a stable relationship or living with a man</span>===<br />
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Klusmann (2006) examined a set of data consisting of three different samples of individuals (N = 573) 30, 45 and 60 years of age, which were drawn randomly from local resident registration offices in the cities of Hamburg and Leipzig, Germany. 776 interviews were conducted, with a response rate of 30%.<br />
<br />
Their level of sexual motivation and desire were measured by their level of agreement with several statements i.e : "Which of the following behaviors and feelings are more characteristic of you, and which are more characteristic of your partner: 'Want(s) to have sex often' with answer categories (1) more characteristic of me, (2) more characteristic of my partner, (3) characteristic of both of us, (4) characteristic of neither of us."<br />
<br />
It was found that male sexual desire remained constant, or even increased throughout the course of the relationship, while female sexual desire declined over time, but that male desire for 'tenderness' declined and female desire for 'tenderness' was generally constant.<br />
<br />
However, when examining factors modifying the relation between sex, partnership duration, and sexual motivation, it was found that female sexual desire rapidly declined after cohabitation, while it only slightly declined when the female was living separate to the male partner. It was also found that female sexual desire declined less when the male partner had a higher level of education relative to hers.<br />
<br />
The author stated that these results appear to support the assertion that differentiation of desire over the course of a relationship is explained by different evolutionary motivations between the sexes. Men have a motivation to maintain a high level of sexual desire to ensure regular [[copulation|copulations]] to guard against cuckoldry by potential rivals and maximize reproduction. Whereas, in women the primary motivator when it comes to relationships desire to create and maintain a pair-bond with the male, to ensure his continued investment in her and her offspring.<br />
<br />
Contrary to common dating advice emphasizing soul matching and deep intimacy, the result suggests that, on average, high degree of familiarity is detrimental to relationship stability because the woman gets bored.<br />
<br />
The results of this study were replicated by two longitudinal studies performed by McNulty et.al (2019). They found that controlling for the effects of childbirth, post-natal depression and stress, the length of the marriage was still a predictor of lower female [[libido]], but not male libido, which remained constant.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figure:'''</span><br />
<br />
TODO<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''This study investigates changes in sexual motivation over the duration of a partnership in a population sample stratified by age. The results replicate and extend the findings of a previous study that was based on a sample of college students. ''<br />
* ''In the samples of 30- and 45-year-olds, male sexual motivation remains constant regardless of the duration of the partnership. Female sexual motivation matches male sexual motivation in the first years of the partnership and then steadily decreases. ''<br />
* ''Female sexual motivation does not slope downward when (1) the female is not living with her partner or (2) her partner's educational level exceeds her own. In the first instance, the partnership might be experienced as not being fully established, and in the second instance the male partner might be identified as a valuable mate choice.''<br />
* ''Feelings of love do not stop female sexual motivation from declining, although the decline occurs at a higher level, closer to that of male sexual motivation. ''<br />
* ''The results seem more intelligible from an evolutionary perspective as reflections of evolved design for sexual motivation, fine-tuned to the different conditions governing the reproductive success of males and females. In this view male sexual motivation promotes a constant frequency of copulation in order to guard against cuckoldry. Female sexual motivation, in contrast, promotes copulation to solve the adaptive problem of procuring male resources by establishing and maintaining a pair bond.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Klusmann D. 2006. ''Sperm competition and female procurement of male resources.'' Human Nature. 17(3): 283–300. [[http://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-006-1010-2 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247161055_Sperm_Competition_and_female_procurement_of_male_resources_as_explanations_for_a_gender-specific_time_dependent_course_in_the_sexual_motivation_of_couples FullText]]<br />
*McNulty JK, Maxwell JA, Meltzer AL, Baumeister RF. 2019. ''The Honeymoon Is Over: Sex-Differentiated Changes in Sexual Desire Predict Marital Dissatisfaction''. Arch Sex Behav. [[http://jessmaxwell.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Honeymoon-is-over_in-press.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">The more women love their husbands, the less likely they are to initiate sex</span>===<br />
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Researchers interviewed 168 couples living in rural Pennsylvania who were in their first marriages about their activities and interactions with their partners within two months of when each couple was married and then annually over the course of 13-year study.<br />
<br />
They found that the more men love their wives, the more likely they were to be affectionate and create an environment in which the couple does a variety of things together, be it leisure activities or household chores. The more husbands loved their wives, they more likely they were also to initiate sex.<br />
<br />
By contrast, women showed affection by enacting fewer negative or antagonistic behaviors (e.g nagging less and being less annoying). Wives were found to actually be less likely to initiate sex the more they loved their husbands.<br />
<br />
To summarize:<br />
* The more men loved their wives, the more they wanted to have sex with those wives.<br />
* The more women loved their husbands, the less they wanted to have sex with those husbands.<br />
* Men showed affection by initiating sex, sharing leisure activities, and doing housework with their wife.<br />
* Women showed affection by enacting fewer negative or antagonistic behaviors.<br />
<br />
Perhaps this study best explains many [[MGTOW|MGTOWs]] frustration from their experiences with marriages. It seems this study would suggest sex to a woman is a goal-directed activity to establish a loving relationship, and once that loving relationship is strong, she feels little further need for it.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Wives expressed love by enacting fewer negative or antagonistic behaviors, husbands showed love by initiating sex, sharing leisure activities, and doing household work together with their wives. ''<br />
* ''While the more husbands loved their wives, they more likely they were to initiate sex, wives were actually less likely to make the first move the more they loved their husbands.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Schoenfeld EA, Bredow CA, Huston TL. 2012. ''Do Men and Women Show Love Differently in Marriage?'' Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 38(11): 1396-1409. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167212450739 Abstract]]<br />
* Hsu C. 2012. ''Psychologists Reveal That Men and Women Do Love Differently.'' Medical Daily. [[https://www.medicaldaily.com/psychologists-reveal-men-and-women-do-love-differently-are-equally-affectionate-241662 News]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women initiate 69% of divorces</span>===<br />
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A survey titled "How Couples Meet and Stay Together" collected data from 2,262 adults in heterosexual relationships, including the relationship status of participants between 2009 and 2015. Analysis of the data revealed that women initiated 69% of divorces, while men only initiated 31%. <br />
<br />
By contrast, in cases where an unmarried man and woman cohabitated, each partner was equally likely to decide to break up. <br />
<br />
This phenomena has also been found to occur across various cultures; for instance Charvoz et al. (2009), Kalmijn & Poortman (2006), and Hewitt et al. (2006, 2009), among others, have found that women are more likely to initiate divorce across several European countries and in Australia as well. The finding that women are more often the initiators of divorce has also held true since reliable divorce statistics have been compiled; namely the 1940s (Rosenfeld, 2017).<br />
<br />
This difference suggests that the legal doctrine of marriage incentivizes women to initiate divorce more than men, as women are often rewarded while men are punished by divorce settlements. If this was not the case, one would expect a similar rate of gendered separation initiation for both cohabiting non-married couples and cohabiting married couples.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* American Sociological Association. 2015. ''Women more likely than men to initiate divorces, but not non-marital breakups.'' ScienceDaily. [[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150822154900.htm FullText]]<br />
* Rosenfeld MJ. 2017. ''Who wants the Breakup? Gender and Breakup in Heterosexual Couples.'' [[https://web.stanford.edu/~mrosenfe/Rosenfeld_gender_of_breakup.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Half of women in relationships report maintaining a 'back-up' partner in their social circle</span>===<br />
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Online market research company OnePoll.com conducted a survey of 1,000 women in relationships for the newspaper ''The Daily Mail'' to determine how many of these female respondents in relationships had a 'Plan-B' (i.e. possible alternative to their current partner). They found:<br />
<br />
* 43% of women reported having a back-up partner.<br />
* 80% were in contact with the back-up partner.<br />
* 50% said their partners were aware of this potential replacement.<br />
* 25% said they had feelings as strong for their back-up partner as they do for their primary partner.<br />
* 15% said their feelings were stronger for the back-up then for their primary partner.<br />
<br />
Related to this, Fincham and May (2017), found that the gender gap in infidelity is closing (currently affecting 20–25% of all marriages, rising). This is an interesting development because men are known to exhibit stronger mate guarding behavior (see e.g. Buss, 2002). For example a poll of 2,000 British men and women for laundry specialists Dr. Beckmann published in the DailyMail (2012) revealed that 53% of women, but only 13% of men would forgive infidelity. An evolutionary explanation for stronger mate guarding in males could be that "men, but not women, have recurrently faced the problem of uncertainty in their genetic parenthood" (see Buss, 2018). Men are also less likely to be infected by STDs and obviously cannot get pregnant themselves.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''The Plan B is likely to be an 'old friend' who has always had feelings for the woman in question. But other candidates are an ex-boyfriend or ex-husband, a colleague or someone who they have met at the gym.''<br />
* ''For our research to establish that almost 50 per cent of women in relationships have a 'Plan B' is a worrying sign ... This could spark fear in men across the UK and be great news for women looking for that extra bit of love and care so that their attentions aren't swayed.''<br />
* ''Around half had a 'never say never' approach, while trouble may lie ahead for one in six who said they were 'seriously considering' rekindling their romance with the man in the shadows.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Kirkova D. 2014. ''HALF of women have a fall-back partner on standby who has always fancied them, in case their current relationship turns sour.'' The Daily Mail. [[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2769593/HALF-women-fall-partner-standby-fancied-case-current-relationship-turns-sour.html Article]]<br />
* Daily Mail Reporter. 2012. ''Why three affairs are unforgivable: Six in ten women would forgive their partner if they strayed twice.'' The Daily Mail. [[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2196146/Why-affairs-unforgivable-Six-women-forgive-partner-strayed-twice.html Article]]<br />
* Buss DM. 2018. ''Sexual and Emotional Infidelity: Evolved Gender Differences in Jealousy Prove Robust and Replicable.'' [[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1745691617698225 Abstract]]<br />
* Fincham FD, May RW. 2017. Infidelity in romantic relationships. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.03.008 Abstract]] [[http://www.fincham.info/papers/2017-infidelity.pdf FullText]]<br />
* Buss DM. 2002. ''Human Mate Guarding.'' [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12496732 Abstract]] [[https://labs.la.utexas.edu/buss/files/2015/10/Buss-2002-human-mate-guarding.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Sluts''</span>==<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women who have premarital sex partners have higher divorce rates</span>===<br />
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The National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) is a large periodic survey run by the CDC to gather information on family life, marriage and divorce, pregnancy, infertility, use of contraception, and men’s and women’s health, most recently from 2011-2013. Analysis of outcomes from this most recent data show a considerably higher odds of divorce proportionate to the number of premarital sex partners a woman has before marriage. Even a woman having one premarital sex partner doubles the odds of divorce. A woman having two premarital sex partners gives 3.5 times the odds of divorce.<br />
<br />
Trends also show overall that women are having more partners before marriage than they did in prior generations like the 1970s. While in the 1970s, 21% of women had zero premarital partners and only 2% had more than 10 premarital partners, by the 2010s, only 5% had zero premarital partners and 18% had more than 10 premarital partners.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
[[File:Brides premarital partner count.PNG|thumb|none|500px|Hazard ratios indicating increased odds of divorce for women with various premarital partner counts, per decade of marriage compared to reference category of 0 partners (total abstinence before marriage). Controlled for family structure of origin, race, education and urbanicity, age at marriage, and church attendance.]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Changes in premarital sex partners.PNG|thumb|none|500px|The distribution of women's premarital sex partners, per decade of marriage cohorts. It seems "saving oneself for marriage" is no longer a common strategy among women.]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Wolfinger NH. 2016. ''Counterintuitive Trends in the Link Between Premarital Sex and Marital Stability.'' Institute for Family Studies. [[https://ifstudies.org/blog/counterintuitive-trends-in-the-link-between-premarital-sex-and-marital-stability Article]]<br />
* https://i.redd.it/yfp6l9kjwdi01.jpg<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Promiscuous women are more incompetent, cold, and unstable, according to women</span>===<br />
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Vrangalova et al. (2013) conducted a study to examine the moderators of individuals negative views of promiscuous women.<br />
It is commonly maintained that there exists a sexual 'double standard' where men's promiscuous behavior is positively viewed by society, but promiscuous women are shunned, particularly by men. The researchers sought to confirm the hypothesis - originating in evolutionary psychology - that 'slut shaming' is actually a more salient feature of same-sex platonic relationships between females, owing to female intrasexual competition for desirable male mates.<br />
<br />
A group of university students (N = 758, 75% female) who were stated by the researchers to be generally 'not very religious' and 'politically liberal' were asked to complete an anonymous survey pertaining to the personality traits they found desirable in a potential same-sex friend.<br />
They were asked to read two vignettes, one being portrayed as more promiscuous then the other. The participants own level of sexual permissiveness was measured using the sociosexual orientation survey, i.e measuring participants favorable attitudes towards casual sex, their [[libido]], and promiscuous sexual behavior.<br />
<br />
It was found that women viewed promiscuous women as less competent, warm and emotionally stable, regardless of their own level of permissiveness. They viewed promiscuous women more negatively than the more chaste women in all respects except for viewing more promiscuous women as being more extroverted. While expressing a general aversion for promiscuous behavior in women, the men in the study didn't perceive the more permissive women as possessing more negative personality characteristics. In fact, men viewed more promiscuous women as being more competent and emotionally stable. Non-permissive men perceived promiscuous women as less desirable friendship candidates.<br />
<br />
This finding suggests that the sexual 'double standard' originates from evolutionary motives. More promiscuous men are seen as inherently more successful and desirable (because they fulfill the general male strategy of 'spreading their seed'). However, more promiscuous women are seen as unstable and undesirable, particularly by women.<br />
<br />
Because promiscuous women were viewed in a more negative fashion by other women regardless of those women's own permissive sexual beliefs and practices, it is likely that this negative perception originates from the perspective that promiscuous women are seen by other women as potential 'mate-poachers'. Thus 'slut shaming' can be best understood as a function of a female tendency to derogate other women they see as sexual competitors.<br />
<br />
Another explanation of women's intrasexual competition by slut shaming is that men prefer non-promiscuous women because men want certainty that the offspring they invest in is theirs (Reynolds 2018).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''As predicted, compared to the non permissive target, participants expressed greater need for mate guarding from permissive targets, preferred them less with respect to morality, were more likely to dislike their sexuality, and less likely to like their sexuality. Women and non permissive men also rated the permissive target lower on friendship desirability.''<br />
* ''A double standard emerged for preferences regarding four specific personality dimensions, including competence, emotional stability, warmth, and dominance. Whereas women preferred the non-permissive target in all four dimensions, men showed preference for the permissive target in the first two, and no preference in the last two dimensions.''<br />
* ''There was also no moderation of participant permissiveness in disliking of sexuality, and in preferences regarding competence, dominance, extraversion, and emotional stability''.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Vrangalova Z, Bukberg RE, Rieger G. 2013. ''Birds of a feather? Not when it comes to sexual permissiveness.'' Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 31(1): 93-113. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0265407513487638 Abstract]]<br />
* Reynolds T, Baumeister RF, Maner JK, 2018. ''Competitive reputation manipulation: Women strategically transmit social information about romantic rivals.'' [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103117304195 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women 'dehumanize' and act more aggressively towards promiscuous women</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocSluts|Category: Sluts]] | [[#tocWomen_.27dehumanize.27_and_act_more_aggressively_towards_promiscuous_women|table of contents]]</div><br />
Arnocky et al. (2019) recruited (N = 113) heterosexual female under-graduate students (mean age = 19.61) to confirm several predictions they had made regarding the nature inter-sexual competition, grounded in evolutionary theories. The women completed a psychometric scale measuring levels of Intrasexual Competitiveness. The scale consists of 12 items, such as “I can’t stand it when I meet another woman who is more attractive than I am” and “When I go out, I can’t stand it when men pay more attention to a friend of mine than to me.” Participants reported their level of agreement to these statements on a 1-7 Likert scale. <br />
<br />
The participants were asked to make a short (3 minute) video with various questions designed to display their personality traits and ideals and aspirations.<br />
They were told that this video would be sent to same sex partner at a nearby university, and vice versa for the partner's video.<br />
A research confederate was featured in two videos in the same manner, reading from the same script, with the difference being that in one video the confederate was dressed in a 'sexualized' manner (make-up, cleavage etc.) versus being conservatively dressed (long-sleeve jumper, no make-up, hair concealed).<br />
<br />
To control for any possible changes in behavior between the two conditions, a group of female raters were asked to rate the audio voice recordings from the two videos, and they were judged to be similar in traits rated such as likability, intelligence, extraversion, and attractiveness. Each participant was randomly assigned to receive either the sexualized video or the conventional video. <br />
<br />
After watching the video the participants were asked to rate their perceptions of the targets personality as measured by their level of the 'big-five' personality traits. The researchers constructed a variable termed 'uniquely human personality traits', which was the average score across the four Openness and Conscientiousness items in the questionnaire, representing these two dimensions of the Big Five, which have been demonstrated in previous research to be judged as the most uniquely 'human' personality traits.<br />
<br />
The participants were then told they would play an economic game with their partner, a task that required them to select among three response options to earn points that would be exchangeable for money at the end of the study. Participants could choose to 'steal' points from their partner to but these stolen points were not added to the participants tally, thus stealing points was spiteful and aggressive (as it resulted in an opportunity cost, the participants time would ideally have been better spent protecting their own points).<br />
<br />
Results showed that the female participants 'dehumanized' the more sexualized woman, and this caused increased aggressive behavior towards her in the economic game. This was most pronounced among women with a high level of intrasexual competitiveness.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''This suggests that mere exposure to a sexualized woman predicts intrasexual aggression and that it does so in part via reduced perceived humanness of the target.''<br />
* ''This provides support for the sexual-economics hypothesis, in that women aggressively punish other women who present themselves as too sexually available as a function of intrasexual competition. An important aspect of women’s intrasexual competition may therefore entail the social regulation of women’s sexuality by other women.''<br />
* ''This study provides some of the first empirical evidence in support of the hypothesis that women’s punishment of sexualized women is likely a function of intrasexual competition.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Arnocky S, Proietti V, Ruddick EL, Côté T, Ortiz TL, Hodson G, Carré JM. 2019. ''Aggression Toward Sexualized Women Is Mediated by Decreased Perceptions of Humanness.'' 30(5): 748-756. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797619836106 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women write 45.0-61.3% of all 'misogynistic' tweets on Twitter about female promiscuity</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocSluts|Category: Sluts]] | [[#tocWomen_write_45.0-61.3.25_of_all_.27misogynistic.27_tweets_on_Twitter_about_female_promiscuity|table of contents]]</div><br />
A data analysis of Twitter in 2014 by Bartlett et al. for the UK 'think tank' Demos demonstrated that women appear to write at least 45% of the "misogynistic" tweets on Twitter, containing words like "slut," "whore," and "rape," almost equal to the amount attributable to men.<br />
<br />
A later analysis by Brandwatch in 2016, examining 64.8K gender related tweets, had the number even higher, with female accounts producing 61.3% of tweets containing the slurs "slut" and "whore".<br />
<br />
Gender was calculated by matching the first name in someone’s Twitter bio to a large database of names, which were then used to assign a gender.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Women are as almost as likely as men to use the terms 'slut' and 'whore' on Twitter. Not only are women using these words, they are directing them at each other, both casually and offensively; women are increasingly more inclined to engage in discourses using the same language that has been, and continues to be, used as derogatory against them.'' (Bartlett et al. 2014)<br />
* ''We took a look at the gender break down of people mentioning "slut" and "whore". Perhaps surprisingly, women are tweeting them more than men at almost double the rate.''<br />
* ''Twitter is basically the cafeteria in Mean Girls.'' (Brandwatch, 2016)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Bartlett J, Norrie R, Patel S, Rumpel R, Wibberley S. 2014. ''Misogyny on Twitter.'' Demos. [[http://www.demos.co.uk/files/MISOGYNY_ON_TWITTER.pdf FullText]] [[https://time.com/107228/women-misogyny-twitter-study-demos/ News]]<br />
* Joyce G. 2016. ''React: Will Twitter ever be Free of Misogynistic Abuse?'' Brandwatch. [[https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/react-will-twitter-ever-free-misogynistic-abuse/ Article]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women sexualize themselves online to attract high status mates</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocSluts|Category: Sluts]] | [[#tocWomen_sexualize_themselves_online_to_attract_high_status_mates|table of contents]]</div><br />
Blake et al. (2018) regressed the aggregated count of 'sexy selfies' posted onto social media websites (Twitter and Instagram) in a city or county in the U.S onto five variables reflecting inequality between men and women in health, education, and the labor market (using the Gender Inequality Index Developed by the U.N) and then onto one variable measuring income inequality, the Gini coefficient. <br />
<br />
The researchers found no significant association with gender inequality and the number of 'sexy selfies' posted in a particular region. They instead found a strong relationship between income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient and the prevalence of 'sexy selfies' on social media. It was also found that women spend more money on self-beautification (beauty salons) and expensive clothes as measured by the greater profits of retailers and providers of these services in areas of high income inequality.<br />
<br />
The researchers suggested that, in opposition to feminist theories regarding women's sexualization being a function of patriarchal norms being imposed on them by men, it is instead women that choose to sexualize themselves to compete with each other, in their competition for high-status mates in areas with high income inequality and permissive sexual attitudes.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Our findings raise the possibility that sexualization and appearance enhancement are markers of female competition, occurring in environments in which incomes are unequal and status competition is highly salient.''<br />
* ''We did not find any association between sexualization or physical appearance enhancement and the operational sex ratio, suggesting that the relative abundance or scarcity of mates is not associated with these outcomes.''<br />
* ''A recently accepted paper shows convergent evidence: Negative economic shocks narrow the pool of suitable men, thus intensifying mating competition among women by increasing the share of unwed women and mothers.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Blake KR, Bastian B, Denson TF, Grosjean P, Brooks RC. 2018. ''Income inequality not gender inequality positively covaries with female sexualization on social media.'' PNAS. 115(35): 8722-8727. [[https://www.pnas.org/content/115/35/8722 FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women are half as likely as men to be very satisfied by a one night stand</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocSluts|Category: Sluts]] | [[#tocWomen_are_half_as_likely_as_men_to_be_very_satisfied_by_a_one_night_stand|table of contents]]</div><br />
Researchers from the company "Dr Ed" (now ZavaMed) surveyed 500 Americans and 500 Europeans to gauge their experiences with short-term sexual encounters. 66% of respondents admitted to having had a one night stand in the past. Only 14% of them were planned. On average, women in Europe and America have had five one night stands.<br />
<br />
The study found that 35% of men reported feeling "very satisfied" after having a one night stand compared to only 17% of women, and thus women are half as likely as men to find one night stands very satisfying.<br />
<br />
Piemonte et al. (2019) performed a study to explain this gender difference, and found that the difference could be best explained by the fact that men are far more likely to orgasm during one night stands than women, and people who orgasm during casual sex are more likely to report the experience as positive.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Orgasm mediates the gender difference in how positively participants respond to casual sex. Specifically, men are more likely to orgasm during casual sex, and people who orgasm during casual sex are more likely to experience positive reactions afterwards. (Piemonte et al., 2019) ''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* MH Staff. 2017. ''Here's How Many One Night Stands the Average Woman Has Actually Had.'' Men's Health. [[https://www.menshealth.com.au/how-many-one-night-stands-women-really-had Article]]<br />
* Piemonte JL, Conley TD, Gusakova S. 2019. ''Orgasm, gender, and responses to heterosexual casual sex.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 151: 109487. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886919304106 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Casual sex is associated with less depression for men and more depression for women</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocSluts|Category: Sluts]] | [[#tocCasual_sex_is_associated_with_less_depression_for_men_and_more_depression_for_women|table of contents]]</div><br />
To evaluate the differential effects of casual sex on men and women, a sample of 404 undergraduate student at a large public university in the southeastern United States were surveyed. <br />
<br />
Men who engaged in casual sex reported the lowest rates of depression, while women who engaged in casual sex reported the highest rates of depression. Furthermore, depression rates increased for women based on their partner count. Women who had only 1 partner in the past year had a depression rate of 15.1%, while women who had a partner count of 16-28 in the past year had a depression rate of 45%.<br />
<br />
The authors note that men and women experience casual sexual encounters differently, and that for women, having emotional investment in the encounter tends to make it more rewarding.<br />
<br />
In light of what is known about female intrasexual competition especially in order to maintain a reputation of chastity and loyalty (qualities necessary to attract a highly valuable man since men value sexual exclusivity and certainty about their parenthood), it is plausible that intra-sexual competition and slut shaming among explains this pattern.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Depressive symptoms were associated with engaging in casual sex differently for males and females.''<br />
* ''Males who engaging in casual sex reported the fewest symptoms of depression and females who had a history of casual sex reported the most depressive symptoms.''<br />
* ''For females, as the number of sexual partners during the past year increased, symptoms of depression also increased. Female participants who had the greatest number of partners had the highest symptoms of depressive pathology.''<br />
* ''Those who engaged in casual sex and regretted having the encounter had more symptoms of depression.''<br />
* ''For females, emotional investment is far more important, and sexual intercourse is often rewarding in contexts that command intimacy and emotional commitment.'' <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Welsh DP, Grello CM, Harper MS. 2006. ''No strings attached: the nature of casual sex in college students.'' J Sex Res. 43(3):255-67. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17599248 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women feel more "entitlement" to men's bodies for sexual pleasure than vice versa</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocSluts|Category: Sluts]] | [[#tocWomen_feel_more_.22entitlement.22_to_men.27s_bodies_for_sexual_pleasure_than_vice_versa|table of contents]]</div><br />
Researchers in Australia surveyed differences between young men and women (aged 17 to 25 years) on a university campus to assess their sense of entitlement to sexual partner pleasure over 1-year with two waves of data collection.<br />
<br />
They found that young women had significantly more entitlement to sexual partner pleasure than men did, and entitlement increased over time and with more sexual experience. The researchers review prior studies confirming these findings to be valid. They note that other research has also confirmed women place a greater emphasis than men on the role of having a sexual partner to meet their sexual desires and pleasure.<br />
<br />
Many criticisms about incels in the media have centered around the notion that men feel too "entitled" to sex and female bodies for sexual pleasure. However, scientific research has shown women, not men, feel the greatest amount of entitlement to sexual pleasure from the opposite gender's bodies. Thus the idea that there is a problem because men are "too entitled" to women's bodies is not founded in the scientific literature. The the contrary, women clearly feel more "entitled" to men's bodies for sexual pleasure than vice versa.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Time<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Young Men<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Young Women<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Entitlement to partner pleasure<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | T1<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 3.79<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 3.94<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | T2<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 3.86<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 4.06<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Young women reported more sense of entitlement to sexual partner pleasure than young men, and the average level of entitlement increased from T1 to T2.''<br />
* ''Inexperienced participants reported less entitlement when compared to the three groups that reported a history of coitus. ''<br />
* ''This finding compliments the broader research on gender difference in sexual development and behavior, which indicates young women place more emphasis than young men on the role of a sexual partner to meet their sexual desires and pleasure.''<br />
* ''Young women reported more sense of entitlement than young men, and older participants reported more entitlement relative to younger participants.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Hewitt-Stubbs G, Zimmer-Gembeck MJ, Mastro S, Boislard M. 2016. ''A Longitudinal Study of Sexual Entitlement and Self-Efficacy among Young Women and Men: Gender Differences and Associations with Age and Sexual Experience.'' Behav Sci (Basel). 6(1): 4. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4810038/ FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women's reported sex partner count dramatically increases when hooked up to a polygraph</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocSluts|Category: Sluts]] | [[#tocWomen.27s_reported_sex_partner_count_dramatically_increases_when_hooked_up_to_a_polygraph|table of contents]]</div><br />
Alexander and Fisher (2003) conducted a study to examine the effects of social norms on women's self-reports of their number of sexual partners.<br />
The researchers utilized a 'bogus pipeline' methodology; wherein participants were wired to a replica polygraph, with the participants being under the impression that the replica was functional and could detect the honesty of their responses to the researchers questions.<br />
<br />
The studies participants (N = 201; N = 96 men and N = 105 women) were asked to complete a survey gauging their level of sociosexuality (i.e how permissive or not their sexual attitudes were) and assigned to one of three conditions: anonymous response to the survey, bogus pipeline to control (filler questions), bogus pipeline answering the questions pertaining to their number of sexual partners and the 'exposure threat' condition (i.e the participants were under the impression that the researcher could read the responses to the questions.)<br />
<br />
It was found that women significantly underplayed their number of sexual partners when they were threatened with 'exposure' by the researchers (mean number of partners 2.6) versus the anonymous response (mean number of partners 3.4) and that their self-reported partner count was highest under the bogus pipeline condition; where they were wired to the replica polygraph (mean number of partners 4.4).<br />
Thus the women's self reported number of sexual partners was almost halved under the exposure threat condition vs the fake polygraph condition.<br />
<br />
Males number of self-reported sexual partners remained reasonably stable under all conditions, with the mean number of partners reported by the men being 4.0 under the bogus pipeline condition. It was also found that women had a slightly lower earlier mean age of first intercourse (16.3 years versus men's 16.5) under the bogus pipeline condition, with women reporting a later age under the exposure threat condition. <br />
<br />
Ergo, it was also found by the researchers that the women had a higher mean partner count then the men under the bogus pipeline condition, contradicting the general trend of women self-reporting significantly less sexual partners then roughly equivalent aged men.<br />
<br />
Thus, it was demonstrated by the researchers that women generally deflate their self-reported number of partners (i.e their 'n count') and that this tendency is strongest when they are threatened with social shame or peer exposure for reporting their true number of sexual partners.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Sex differences were greatest in the exposure threat condition, which encouraged gender role accommodation, and were smallest in the bogus pipeline condition, which discouraged stereotypical responses and encouraged honest responding instead.''<br />
* ''Surprisingly, women reported an earlier age than men in the anonymous condition.''<br />
* ''Because men do not face the same negative consequences for expressing their sexuality as do women, they may not experience the need to inhibit these responses to the same degree.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Alexander MG, Fisher TD. 2003. ''Truth and Consequences: Using the Bogus Pipeline to Examine Sex Differences in Self-Reported Sexuality.'' The Journal of Sex Research. 40(1): 27-35. [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3813768?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Abstract]] [[https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3936-fake-lie-detector-reveals-womens-sex-lies/ News]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women get 2-3 times as many casual sexual relationships from Tinder than men</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocSluts|Category: Sluts]] | [[#tocWomen_get_2-3_times_as_many_casual_sexual_relationships_from_Tinder_than_men|table of contents]]</div><br />
A study about Tinder usage in Belgium by Timmermans and Courtois (2018) found that 21.87% (95% CI: 18.66, 25.07) of female users, but only 9.33% (6.48, 12.18) of male users used Tinder to engage in casual sexual relationships, i.e. ''2.34 times'' (1.67, 3.29) as likely as men.<br />
<br />
Some, but not all of this may be explained by a gender imbalance in the sex ratio of Tinder users: In 2015, 62% of Tinder users were male and 38% female.<br />
<br />
While women overall may not seem to have more sex today (GSS suggests an increase in sexlessness for women as well){{citation needed}}, it does seem a minority of women (around 21.87% of female Tinder users) has lots of sex and can get it substantially easier than men.<br />
<br />
The impression that women have become sluttier women may also come from the rise of self-sexualization (e.g. in online media, but also in the public) which appears to be driven by female intra-sexual competition and economic uncertainty/inequality, i.e. women self-sexualizing themselves to get attention from the more and more rare economically advantaged men (see Blake 2018).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
*''Interestingly, women were more likely to report a higher number of casual sexual relationships with other Tinder users than men''.<br />
*''As women are more likely to have a higher number of matches, this supply of potential (sexual) partners possibly empowers them to select and potentially create the (casual sexual) relationships of their own preference – women are becoming power users of technology and starting to use MDAs to perform new cultural meanings (Ganito, 2010).''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Timmermans E, Courtois C. 2018. ''From swiping to casual sex and/or committed relationships: Exploring the experiences of Tinder users.'' [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01972243.2017.1414093 Abstract]]<br />
* Blake KR, Bastian B, Denson TF, Grosjean P and Brooks RC. 2018. ''Income inequality not gender inequality positively covaries with female sexualization on social media.'' [[http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/08/20/1717959115 Abstract]]<br />
* See also: https://www.reddit.com/r/BlackPillScience/comments/bnj3jj/doing_some_math_on_that_belgian_tinder_study_to/<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women who have tattoos or piercings or wear chokers are more promiscuous</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocSluts|Category: Sluts]] | [[#tocWomen_who_have_tattoos_or_piercings_or_wear_chokers_are_more_promiscuous|table of contents]]</div><br />
A study by Skegg et. al (2007), conducted on members of a birth-cohort (N = 966) that took part in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, were queried in regards to whether or not they had body piercings and their sexual behaviors(sexual behavior questions were administered privately via computer).<br />
<br />
They found that women with piercings were more likely to report having had, during the previous year, five or more heterosexual partners (odds ratio 5.8), and they also had a much higher chance of reporting having engaged in sexual activity with a same-sex partner - involving genital contact (OR, 10.3), compared to women without piercings. The associations between men's piercings in the study and sexual behavior were found to be not statistically significant.<br />
<br />
Nowosielski et al. (2012), conducted a study on (N = 120) young adults, aged 20-35. The group was divided into three subgroups: controls, adults with tattoos and adults with piercings.<br />
<br />
It was found that adults with piercings had their first intercourse earlier and were more sexually active. The number of sexual partners was the highest in the group of subjects with tattoos, however it is also important to note that adults with tattoos rated themselves as more attractive, on average, then controls without them and those with piercings. This was not broken down by gender of the participants by the authors.<br />
<br />
Koch et. al (2005), discovered that among a sample of college students (N = 450), women who had tattoos were more likely to be sexually active then women without them (94.6% of tattooed women were sexually active vs 64.1% of non-tattooed women). The women with tattoos mean age of sexual debut was found to be lower by 5 months, then women without tattoos. Although, the authors reported that this difference wasn't considered statistically significant.<br />
<br />
Further, Al-Shawaf and Williquette (2019), conducted three studies regarding women's intentions relating to their use of 'choker' necklaces.<br />
The first study (N = 102) demonstrated that women's interest in wearing chokers, and how frequently they used chokers, was predicted by the women's sociosexuality, i.e. their general tendency to pursue a short-term mating strategy. <br />
Study 2 (N = 104), and Study 3 (N = 100), demonstrated that both female and male observers utilized women's choker usage as a reliable cue to their short-term mating orientation.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Women with piercings were also more likely to report having had, during the previous year, five or more heterosexual partners (odds ratio, 5.8) or any same-sex partner involving genital contact (odds ratio, 10.3). The associations with sexual behavior in men were weaker and not statistically significant.'' (Skegg et al. 2006)<br />
* ''The number of sexual partners was the highest in the group of subjects with tattoos.'' (Nowosielski et al. 2012)<br />
* ''94.6% of tattooed women had been sexually active compared to 68.1% of the nontattooed women.'' (Koch et al. 2005)<br />
* ''These studies find clear support for the hypothesis that wearing chokers is a function of short-term mating orientation and no evidence for the other six hypotheses. These findings suggest two key conclusions: a) choker necklaces appear be valid cues of sociosexual orientation and b) both male and female observers use them as such.'' (Al-Shawaf and Williquette 2019)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Skegg K, Nada-Raja S, Paul C, Skegg D. ''Body Piercing, Personality, and Sexual Behavior.'' 2007. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 36(1): 47-54. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-006-9087-6 Abstract]]<br />
* Nowosieski K, Sipiński A, Kuczerawy I, Kozłowska‐Rup D, Skrzypulec‐Plinta V. 2012. ''Tattoos, Piercing, and Sexual Behaviors in Young Adults.'' The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 9(9). [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02791.x Abstract]]<br />
* Koch JR, Roberts AE, Armstrong M, Owen D. 2005. ''College students, tattoos, and sexual activity.'' Psychological reports. 97: 887-890. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pr0.97.3.887-890 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7266169_College_students_tattoos_and_sexual_activity FullText]]<br />
* Al-Shawaf L, Williquette, H. 2019. ''Why do (some) women wear chokers?'' Human Behavior & Evolution Society. 31st Annual Meeting. [[https://www.bipartisanalliance.com/2019/06/why-do-some-women-wear-chokers-wearing.html Abstract]] [[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1yz3bqMfu11A_sKqZBvq3VFYBNXqonw3w/view Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women with 5+ lifetime sexual partners have a >21.8% chance of carrying genital herpes</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocSluts|Category: Sluts]] | [[#tocWomen_with_5.2B_lifetime_sexual_partners_have_a_.3E21.8.25_chance_of_carrying_genital_herpes|table of contents]]</div><br />
Rates of genital herpes rise in women in direct proportion to the number of their lifetime sexual partners. <br />
<br />
Genital herpes causes recurrent outbreaks of painful blisters in the genitals. There is no known cure. Once contracted, it lasts for life. As herpes outbreaks can occur anywhere in the pubic region, condoms offer only minimal protection. Furthermore, many individuals may shed herpes virus even when they are not having an outbreak and thus may infect future unsuspecting partners at any time.<br />
There also exists evidence that suggests being infected with Herpes Simplex Virus may be associated with an up to 2.56-fold increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. (Tzeng et al. 2018)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Lifetime Sex Partners<br />
! width="160px" | Prevalence of Genital Herpes in US Women<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| 5.4%<br />
|-<br />
| 2-4<br />
| 18.8%<br />
|-<br />
| 5-9<br />
| 21.8%<br />
|-<br />
| 10+<br />
| 37.1%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Wikipedia. 2019. ''Epidemiology of herpes simplex.'' [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_herpes_simplex Article]]<br />
* Tzeng NS, Chung CH, Lin FH, Chiang CP, Yeh CB, Huang SY, Lu RB, Chang HA, Kao YC, Yeh HW, Chiang WS, Chou YC, Tsao CH, Wu YF, Chien WC. 2018. ''Anti-herpetic Medications and Reduced Risk of Dementia in Patients with Herpes Simplex Virus Infections—a Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan.'' Neurotherapeutics. 15(2): 417–429. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5935641/ FullText]]<br />
<br />
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''MeToo''</span>==<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">28% of young women now consider men even winking at them to be sexual harassment</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocMeToo|Category: MeToo]] | [[#toc28.25_of_young_women_now_consider_men_even_winking_at_them_to_be_sexual_harassment|table of contents]]</div><br />
YouGov performed a study survey on 2775 British adults to assess perspectives on what constitutes sexual harassment in the fallout from the #METOO movement. They found that young women have a far more draconian perspective on what constitutes sexual harassment compared to the previous generations of women. Young women were far more likely to view behavior that was only considered flirtatious in prior generations as now clearly sexual harassment.<br />
<br />
In a society where even simple measures of flirtation are now penalized and outlawed, it becomes difficult to understand how young people are meant to find romance in natural, real life settings, as men and women have done successfully for centuries before. It seems evident that we are moving towards expectations for more puritanical and sanitized gender interactions than any previous generation in recent history. The fear of sexual advances and assumption that any sexual advance ought to be punished as "harassment" correlates with increasing loneliness, isolation, and celibacy for both genders.<br />
<br />
As goalposts for what is or isn't "harassment" continue to shift, their movement will continue to create more room as time goes on for people to retroactively redesignate previously acceptable behaviors as "abuse."<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Women Who Say Behavior is<br />
"Usually or Always Harassment":<br />
! colspan="2" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Women's Age<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''18-24'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''55+'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Winking<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 28%<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 6%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Whistling<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 64%<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 15%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Touching Lower Back<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 48%<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 29%<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Commenting on Attractiveness<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 28%<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 11%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Smith M. 2017. ''Sexual harassment: how the genders and generations see the issue differently.'' YouGov. [[https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2017/11/01/sexual-harassment-how-genders-and-generations-see- Article]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women's definition of 'harassment' in online dating depends on the attractiveness of the man</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocMeToo|Category: MeToo]] | [[#tocWomen.27s_definition_of_.27harassment.27_in_online_dating_depends_on_the_attractiveness_of_the_man|table of contents]]</div><br />
A simulation of online dating was performed with fictional male profiles of varying attractiveness and social status. 128 female college students from a small northeastern public university participated to interact with these fictional male profiles. The male profiles then sent the female participants messages of increasing harassment. Researchers assessed how much harassment the women were willing to tolerate.<br />
<br />
Results very clearly indicated that the strongest predictor of women's tolerance for "online harassment" was the attractiveness and social status of the "harasser" (ie. her interest in dating him).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Participants' self reported likelihood to date a bogus male dating candidate was predictive of tolerance for sexual harassment.''<br />
* ''As a profile’s likelihood to date rating increased, so did the number of sexually harassing responses that participants were willing to tolerate.''<br />
* ''We found that participants exposed to a physically attractive bogus candidate were willing to receive more sexually harassing responses from the bogus candidate, as were participants exposed to a high status bogus candidate.''<br />
* ''Physically attractive individuals are perceived as less sexually harassing than unattractive individuals (Hendrix, Rueb, & Steel,1998).''<br />
* ''Women also reported being least upset when they imagined being harassed by a man of high occupational status (e.g., premedical student, graduate student, successful rock star) and most upset when being harassed by a man of low occupational status (e.g., construction worker, garbage collector, cleaning men, gas station attendant) (Buss, 1994).''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Angelone DJ, Mitchell D, Carola K. 2009. ''Tolerance of sexual harassment: a laboratory paradigm.'' Arch Sex Behav. 38(6): 949-58. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19030980 Abstract]] [[https://rdw.rowan.edu/titleix/1/ FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">The attractiveness of a male 'harasser' determines if the experience is enjoyable or traumatic</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocMeToo|Category: MeToo]] | [[#tocThe_attractiveness_of_a_male_.27harasser.27_determines_if_the_experience_is_enjoyable_or_traumatic|table of contents]]</div><br />
Fairchild (2010) conducted an online survey on perceptions of sexual harassment incidents of (N = 1,277) relatively young (mean age 28.11) women.<br />
The women were given a series of questions from a modified version of the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ) (e.g.,"Have you ever experienced unwanted sexual attention or interaction from a stranger?"; "Have you ever experienced catcalls, whistles, or stares from a stranger?") to measure if and/or how often they had been the recipient of such harassing behaviors. <br />
<br />
The participants were then presented with a list of 17 contextual factors including (attractiveness, time of day, race, and location) and asked to select which of the features would make a experience of harassment by a stranger more frightening, which would make the experience more enjoyable, and which would make them more likely to react verbally. It was found that the primary factors that determined how enjoyable or traumatic women found the experience to be were:<br />
<br />
* Physical Attractiveness - More attractive men most significantly increased women's enjoyment of the 'harassment'.<br />
* Age - Similar or younger age in relation to the participant increased women's enjoyment of the 'harassment'.<br />
* Race - Different race of man made women more likely to rate it as traumatic.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
<br />
'''Frequency (in percent) of contextual factors reported to increase fear, enjoyment, and verbal reactions to stranger harassment.'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Factor<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Fear<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Enjoyment<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Verbal Reaction<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Attractive Harasser<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 1.9<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 27.1<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 8.3<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Unattractive Harasser<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 20.3<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | .2<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 3.4<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Younger Harasser (20s-30s)<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 10.1<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 18.2<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 14.0<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Older Harasser (40+)<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 32.6<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 1.6<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 3.7<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Harasser Same Race<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 3.1<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 4.7<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 7.6<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Harasser Different Race<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 15.1<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 1.1<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 1.6<br />
|}<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Similar behaviors from an attractive and unattractive man are viewed differently with the attractive man receiving more leeway in the potentially harassing behavior.''<br />
* ''Likewise, there is a contrast between younger harasser (18% responded more enjoyable) and older harasser (33% responded more frightening); this suggests that age may be an important contextual factor, particularly for determining if a situation is threatening enough to induce fear.'' <br />
* ''It can only be assumed that the women (46% of participants) feel that stranger harassment is an unpleasant experience that cannot be improved. However, it is equally likely that these women (or some of them) find the experience highly enjoyable and such enjoyment cannot be increased.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Fairchild K. 2010. ''Context Effects on Women's Perceptions of Sexual Harassment.'' Sexuality & Culture. 14:19. [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kimberly_Fairchild/publication/225564287_Context_Effects_on_Women%27s_Perceptions_of_Stranger_Harassment/links/53e4eaa00cf2fb748710fd8b/Context-Effects-on-Womens-Perceptions-of-Stranger-Harassment.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Attractiveness determines perceptions of guilt or innocence in cases of sexual harassment</span>===<br />
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A simulated civil case was performed using college students (N = 324) as mock jurors. The case involved a plaintiff accusing a defendant of workplace sexual harassment. The physical attractiveness of the litigants was manipulated, and mock jurors were asked to decide whether the defendant was guilty. <br />
<br />
They found that both the attractiveness of the plaintiff and defendant significantly affected outcomes of guilt or innocence. In particular:<br />
<br />
* Jurors were nearly twice as likely find in favor of the plaintiff when the plaintiff was attractive, and they were also more certain of the guilt of the defendant.<br />
* Female jurors were especially more likely to render a guilty verdict when the plaintiff was attractive and the defendant was unattractive.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Guilty verdicts were significantly more frequent when the plaintiff was attractive.''<br />
* ''When the defendant was unattractive, female jurors were significantly more likely to render a guilty verdict when the plaintiff was attractive.''<br />
* ''The present results suggest that the physical appearance of litigants can influence the judgment of jurors.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Wuensch KL, Moore CH. 2004. ''Effects of physical attractiveness on evaluations of a male employee's allegation of sexual harassment by his female employer.'' J Soc Psychol. 144(2): 207-17. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15074507 Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8626354_Effects_of_Physical_Attractiveness_on_Evaluations_of_a_Male_Employee's_Allegation_of_Sexual_Harassment_by_His_Female_Employer FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Men & especially ugly men are considered inherently 'creepier' than women</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocMeToo|Category: MeToo]] | [[#tocMen_.26_especially_ugly_men_are_considered_inherently_.27creepier.27_than_women|table of contents]]</div><br />
McAndrew & Koehnke (2016) conducted an empirical study into the concept of 'creepiness'. Participants conducted a survey regarding their conceptualization of creepiness, and whether they thought 'creepy' people were more likely to be male or female. <br />
<br />
Specifically, they were asked "Imagine a close friend of yours whose judgment you trust. Now imagine that this friend tells you that she or he just met someone for the first time and tells you that the person was 'creepy'." They were then requested to rate the likelihood of the 'creepy' individual exhibiting various type of behaviors e.g "the person never looked your friend in the eye" on a 5 point scale. <br />
<br />
The participants then rated their view of the level of the creepiness of various occupations again on a 5 point scale.<br />
<br />
The participants then listed any occupations they thought were particularly creepy, and finally expressed their level of agreement with various statements regarding the nature of creepy people, i.e. "I think that the person has a sexual interest in me," and "I am uncomfortable because I cannot predict how he or she will behave."<br />
<br />
Finally they were asked as to whether they they thought creepy people realized whether they were creepy or not.<br />
<br />
The researchers found:<br />
* 95.3% of the respondents thought that creepy people were much more likely to be males than females. <br />
* Using [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%27s_t-test t-tests] comparing the responses of the participants of either sex, it was found that women were far more likely to perceive a sexual threat from a 'creepy' individual then men. <br />
* Respondents noted that appearance was a significant factor of whether someone was 'creepy' or not. Reported appearance based factors included: The person was dressed oddly (.601), the person had unkempt hair (.609), the person had bags under his or her eyes (.599), the person had bulging eyes (.563) (Parentheses is how 'loaded on' or correlated these variables are with the composite general appearance based factor created by the researchers.)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Everything that we found in this study is consistent with the notion that the perception of creepiness is a response to the ambiguity of threat. Males are more physically threatening to people of both sexes than are females, and they were more likely to be perceived as creepy by males and females alike.''<br />
* ''The prediction was supported by both of these items. Females were more likely than males to think that steering a conversation toward sex was characteristic of a creepy person, Means 4.23 (.930) vs. 3.90 (1.03), and they were also more likely to think that the creepy person had a sexual interest in them, mean (SD in parentheses) 3.51 (1.02) vs. 2.99 (1.15).''<br />
* ''Most of our subjects believed that creepy people cannot change, and only a small minority of our subjects (8.6%) believed that creepy people are aware that they are creepy.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* McAndrew FT, Koehnke SS. 2016. ''On the nature of creepiness.'' New Ideas in Psychology. 43: 10-15. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0732118X16300320 Abstract]] [[https://scottbarrykaufman.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/McAndrew-Koehnke-2016.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women permit 'creepy' behavior from attractive but not unattractive men</span>===<br />
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Gibson & Gore (2015) conducted a study regarding women's perception of men's "norm violating" behavior being influenced by their level of physical attractiveness, based on the well-proven concept of the halo effect regarding physical attractiveness.<br />
The participants (N = 170) female college students, were given a sheet describing two different scenarios: The first scenario was a common innocuous behavior (a boy asking to borrow her pen in class) and the second "norm violating" scenario involved a strange man approaching her on campus and asking to take "modeling" photographs of her.<br />
<br />
Attached to the worksheet were two faces, one a young attractive man the other an unattractive man. Both were wearing identical clothing and were Caucasian. Each participant was exposed to either face or scenario.<br />
The female participants were required to report if they would acquiesce to the man's request in both conditions, their level of comfort, and their perception of the man's character.<br />
It was found that the women's perception of the men's character and her level of comfort were largely unaffected by the looks of the man in low norm violation condition. However, their perception of the man's character and level of comfort were significantly affected by the man's looks in the high norm violation condition, with the unattractive man being viewed far more harshly.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Facially unattractive males receive a more negative response in terms of perceived characteristics from violating social norms than facially attractive males.''<br />
* ''The current experiment found that, while social violation of norms accounted for much of the differences between conditions, a devil effect occurred amplifying the negative feelings toward the unattractive male. In this way, a "double" devil effect occurred between norm violation and unattractiveness.''<br />
* ''Online dating, in particular, is susceptible to both the halo and devil attractiveness biases. These biases based on attractiveness often influence the perception of a user’s profile and that of the individual as a whole.''<br />
* ''Risk factors for a devil effect occurring is not exclusive to social dating. The judicial system has been shown to be susceptible to attractiveness halo and devil effects when determining sentences, with the unattractive defendant receiving a more severe penalty than the attractive defendant for committing the same crime.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Gibson JL, Gore JS. 2015. ''You’re OK Until You Misbehave: How Norm Violations Magnify the Attractiveness Devil Effect.'' Gender Issues. 32(4): 266–278. [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12147-015-9142-5 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">27% of men report avoiding one-on-one meetings with female work colleagues</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocMeToo|Category: MeToo]] | [[#toc27.25_of_men_report_avoiding_one-on-one_meetings_with_female_work_colleagues|table of contents]]</div><br />
An upcoming study, previewed in the Harvard Business Review surveyed individuals of both sexes regarding their perceptions of workplace sexual harassment. The researchers found that the attitudes of the men surveyed had become more exclusionary regarding their level of engagement with female colleagues at the workplace, as compared to the previous time the researchers had conducted a similar survey (2018).<br />
Specifically they found:<br />
*27% of men said they avoided one-on-one meetings with female colleagues.<br />
*19% of men said they were reluctant to hire attractive women.<br />
*21% of men said they were reluctant to hire women for jobs involving close interpersonal interactions with men.<br />
<br />
It could reasonably be observed that the responses to this survey reveal a growing male fear of being wrongfully accused of sexual harassment; a fear that can't merely be dismissed as paranoia, given the previous research linked in this section that reveals that women's perceptions of 'harassment' can vary significantly depending on the physical traits of the 'harasser', regardless of the actual harassing behaviors exhibited by them.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Because the data was collected soon after the #MeToo movement gained momentum, and because much of it focused on expectations, the researchers conducted a follow-up survey (with different people) in early 2019. This revealed a bigger backlash than respondents had anticipated.''<br />
* ''The researchers say that some of the behaviors are manifestations of what is sometimes called the Mike Pence rule—a reference to the U.S. vice president’s refusal to dine with female colleagues unless his wife is present.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Bower, T. 2019. ''The #MeToo Backlash.'' Harvard Business Review. [[https://hbr.org/2019/09/the-metoo-backlash Article]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Men are equally likely as women to be victims of violent crime</span>===<br />
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Statistics show the rates of violent victimization by criminals to be:<br />
* USA: 19.6% of men and 19.7% of women are victims of violent crimes each year.<br />
* Canada: 11.5% of men and 11.6% of women are victims of violent crimes each year. <br />
* Australia: The overall victims of violent crimes are 53% women, 47% men.<br />
<br />
Countries may define violent crime differently which will lead to large differences in the total percent between countries, but gender comparisons are still valid within each country.<br />
<br />
Available data counters the feminist notion that women require "special protections" or ought to be a specially "protected class". Evidence suggests men warrant the same protections from violence as women.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Morgan RE, Kena G. 2018. ''Criminal Victimization, 2016: Revised.'' U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics. NCJ 252121. [[https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv16.pdf FullText]]<br />
* Statistics Canada. 2010. ''Gender Differences in Police-reported Violent Crime in Canada, 2008.'' Government of Canada. 85F0033M, no. 24. [[https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85f0033m/2010024/part-partie1-eng.htm#h2_2 FullText]]<br />
* Victoria Police. 2015. ''Crime Statistics Official Release 2013/14.'' State of Victoria, Australia. [[https://www.chiefexaminer.vic.gov.au/content.asp?a=internetBridgingPage&Media_ID=72176 FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Any sex a woman has while intoxicated can be defined as rape by a man under US law</span>===<br />
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The US Justice department defines rape as:<br />
<br />
*''Rape: The penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim.''<br />
<br />
This definition very specifically requires a person's body to be penetrated in order for it to constitute rape. In the normal activities of heterosexual sex, then, according to the US Justice System, if both partners are over 18 years old, '''only a man can rape a woman, and a woman cannot rape a man.''' A woman would only be capable of raping a man if she were to penetrate his mouth or anus with an object, and this is not usually part of heterosexual activities.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, the law in most states of the U.S and in many other legal jurisdictions worldwide, proclaim that if a person is to any extent intoxicated with alcohol (drunk), they are unable to give consent. It is important to note the legal definition of 'intoxication' varies depending on legal jurisdiction, and some jurisdictions categorize sexual assault differently based on whether the victim was voluntarily intoxicated or not (i.e 'date rape'). The man is not generally legally protected if he was himself intoxicated when the act was alleged to have taken place.<br />
<br />
In previous generations it was considered normal that two people might meet at a bar or party while drunk and then have sex. However, the combination of these two legal conditions creates a situation where if this now occurs, the man is guilty of rape should the woman choose to later press charges and prove she was intoxicated. This is an example of what happens when the creation of laws is guided by emotional reasons rather than rational thought. Laws like this open up men to grave legal risk for participating in common mutual social sexual liaisons. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Office of Public Affairs. 2012. ''Attorney General Eric Holder Announces Revisions to the Uniform Crime Report's Definition of Rape.'' United States Department of Justice. [[https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2012/January/12-ag-018.html FullText]]<br />
* Tracy CT, Fromson TL, Long JG, Whitman C. 2016. ''Rape and Sexual Assault in the Legal System.'' Women’s Law Project. [[https://www.womenslawproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Rape-and-Sexual-Assault-in-the-Legal-System-FINAL.pdf FullText]]<br />
* Men Against Abuse Now. 2010. ''Alcohol and Consent.'' Stanford University. [[https://web.stanford.edu/group/maan/cgi-bin/?page_id=305 FullText]]<br />
* RAIN. 2019. ''State Law Database.'' Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network. [[https://apps.rainn.org/policy/ Web]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">As many US men report being 'forced to penetrate' each year as women report being raped</span>===<br />
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The CDC's National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey defines "rape" similarly to the Justice Department - as forced penetration of a person's body:<br />
<br />
* ''Rape is defined as any completed or attempted unwanted vaginal (for women), oral, or anal penetration through the use of physical force (such as being pinned or held down, or by the use of violence) or threats to physically harm and includes times when the victim was drunk, high, drugged, or passed out and unable to consent. Rape is separated into three types, completed forced penetration, attempted forced penetration, and completed alcohol or drug facilitated penetration.''<br />
<br />
To complement this definition of "rape", they define "being made to penetrate someone else" as:<br />
<br />
* ''Being made to penetrate someone else includes times when the victim was made to, or there was an attempt to make them, sexually penetrate someone without the victim’s consent because the victim was physically forced (such as being pinned or held down, or by the use of violence) or threatened with physical harm, or when the victim was drunk, high, drugged, or passed out and unable to consent.''<br />
<br />
Thus we can see these definitions are roughly equivalent for how a man or woman can generally each be forced into sexual activity against their will. Generally, according to these definitions and standard norms of heterosexual activity, women may be raped, while men may be forced to penetrate.<br />
<br />
The statistics for these types of sexual victimization were in 2011, for the 12 months preceding the survey:<br />
* 1.6% of women were raped by a perpetrator. (An insignificant number of men were raped.)<br />
* 1.7% of men were made to penetrate a perpetrator. (An insignificant number of women were forced to penetrate.)<br />
<br />
In 2010, for the 12 months preceding the survey:<br />
* 1.1% of women were raped by a perpetrator. (An insignificant number of men were raped.)<br />
* 1.1% of men were made to penetrate a perpetrator. (An insignificant number of women were forced to penetrate.)<br />
<br />
This data suggests that on an annual basis, men are equally likely as women to be forced against their will to participate in sexual intercourse when the definitions that are used are appropriate for each gender and not skewed so that only men can legally be considered "rapists." These statistics do not also take into account the [https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2449454/More-men-raped-US-women-including-prison-sexual-abuse.html hundreds of thousands of US men who are raped each year in prisons.]<br />
<br />
Interestingly, although the annual incidence of rape for women and being forced to penetrate for men are similar, a much smaller percent of men than women reported either type of victimization over a lifespan. Mathematically this is only possible if a small group of men are being victimized repeatedly, and thus perhaps this provides evidence for hypergamy even in women's choices of which men they sexually victimize.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Breiding MJ, Smith SG, Basile KC, Walters ML, Chen J, Merrick MT. 2014. ''Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence, Stalking, and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization — National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States, 2011.'' Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC. Surveillance Summaries. 63(SS08):1-18. [[https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6308a1.htm FullText]]<br />
* Black MC, Basile KC, Breiding MJ, Smith SG, Walters ML, Merrick MT, Chen J, Stevens MR. 2011. ''The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 Summary Report.'' National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [[https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf FullText]]<br />
* Young C. 2014. ''The CDC's Rape Numbers Are Misleading.'' Time Magazine. [[https://time.com/3393442/cdc-rape-numbers/# News]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">More teenage boys are victims of 'partner directed violence' than teenage girls</span>===<br />
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Shaffer et al. (2018) conducted a study on partner directed violence using data from the British Columbia Adolescent Health Survey drawn from the period of 2003-2013 (n boys = 18,441 and n girls = 17,459).<br />
<br />
The salient question in the survey relating to the researchers analysis of partner directed violence among adolescents was "During the past 12 months, did your boyfriend or girlfriend ever hit, slap or physically hurt you on purpose?" Response options were "no", "yes", and "not in a relationship." <br />
<br />
While finding that the rate of violence in romantic relationships among adolescents covered by the sample had been steadily declining (along with violence in general in the area sampled, British Columbia), it was found that from the three surveys conducted during the time-frame analyzed by the researchers, boys were 45-58% more likely then girls to be victims of partner directed violence.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Controlling for age, boys were 58% more likely than girls to have experienced PDV victimization in 2003 likely in 2008 and 45% more likely in 2013.''<br />
* ''Results could also reflect differences between boys and girls in their willingness to report PDV victimization. Some studies have indicated that men are more likely than women to under report PDV victimization and minimize the severity of violence within their relationships.'' <br />
* ''In addition, despite recent declines in PDV victimization rates, sex disparities in PDV victimization are not improving. These findings underscore the need for an increased focus on both boys and girls as victims.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Shaffer CS, Jones A, Vijoen J, Douglas KS, Saewyc E. 2018. ''Ten-Year Trends in Physical Dating Violence Victimization Among Adolescent Boys and Girls in British Columbia, Canada.'' Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 1. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260518788367 Abstract]] [[https://www.academia.edu/38510058/Ten-year_trends_in_physical_dating_victimization_among_adolescent_boys_and_girls_in_British_Columbia_Canada FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">More adult men are victims of intimate partner physical violence than women</span>===<br />
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The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey is a survey run periodically by the CDC in America to assess trends in domestic violence. Recent studies have shown that men are more likely to suffer intimate physical violence than women. Furthermore, the rates of male victimization were found to be rising while the rates of female victimization were falling.<br />
<br />
Analysts report that these statistics are not given much attention as society tends to treat female-on-male violence as a joke or punchline, and so much momentum has been built towards building the falsehood that only women can be victims of partner physical violence or abuse.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''According to the CDC’s statistics — estimates based on more than 18,000 telephone-survey responses in the United States — roughly 5,365,000 men had been victims of intimate partner physical violence in the previous 12 months, compared with 4,741,000 women. By the study’s definition, physical violence includes slapping, pushing, and shoving.''<br />
* ''More severe threats like being beaten, burned, choked, kicked, slammed with a heavy object, or hit with a fist were also tracked. Roughly 40 percent of the victims of severe physical violence were men. The CDC repeated the survey in 2011, the results of which were published in 2014, and found almost identical numbers — with the percentage of male severe physical violence victims slightly rising.''<br />
* ''"Reports are also showing a decline of the number of women and an increase in the number of men reporting" abuse, says counselor and psychologist Karla Ivankovich, PhD, an adjunct professor of psychology at the University of Illinois, Springfield.''<br />
* ''Ivankovich says there isn’t much buzz about these numbers or their implications, because we don’t know how to handle intimate partner violence against men.'' (Birch 2015)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Black MC, Basile KC, Breiding MJ, Smith SG, Walters ML, Merrick, MT, Chen J, Stevens MR. 2011. ''The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 Summary Report.'' CDC. [[https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf FullText]]<br />
* Birch J. 2015. ''The Number of Male Domestic Abuse Victims Is Shockingly High — So Why Don’t We Hear About Them?'' Yahoo.com. [[https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/the-number-of-male-domestic-1284479771263030.html News]]<br />
<br />
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''Health''</span>==<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Sex is the most pleasurable, joyous, and meaningful human experience</span>===<br />
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A study by Grimma et al. (2015) was conducted to investigate and further elucidate on the concept of happiness and investigate what activities provide meaning and pleasure to people's lives depending on the individuals orientation to happiness (OTH). The concept of happiness was divided by the authors into the two theories of happiness held by the Ancient Greeks—hedonic happiness (minimizing pain and maximizing pleasure) and/or eudaimonia (a sense of 'meaning' and fulfillment).<br />
<br />
The subjects (N = 173; young university students) completed an initial questionnaire explaining the study and the concepts of happiness. Afterwards, at random intervals, they received text messages from the researchers querying them on the current activity they were engaged in, how happy they were, and how pleasurable, meaningful and engaging said activity was.<br />
<br />
Sex was rated as the happiest, and most pleasurable, meaningful, and engaging activity, and also some of the other highly rated activities are associated to sex in the sense of potentially leading up to it (partying, socializing) and the high meaningfulness and joy of sex may "rub off" on these activities.<br />
<br />
It was also found that time spent with one's partner/spouse was rated as the happiest and most pleasurable social contact, very similar to time spent with friends (p. 87).<br />
<br />
Related to this, in a French survey, 68.8% of men (N = 8,948) and 59.5% of women (N = 11,098) said that "sexual intercourse is essential to feeling good about oneself" (Bajos, 2010).<br />
<br />
In all of these of daily activity, it is plausible that people did not answer truthfully and downplay their joy of sex in order to avoid being seen as unsophisticated ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_desirability_bias social desirability bias]).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
<br />
[[File:Sex is the most valued human experience.png|600px|none|thumb|Ratings of how pleasurable and meaningful activities are, with sex being rated most highly in all categories (Grimma, Kemp & Jose, 2015)]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Sex/making love was the highest rated behavior on all dimensions in this dataset, consistent with several other daily activity studies (Kahneman et al., 2004; Killingsworth & Gilbert, 2010; Robinson & Godbey, 1997).''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Grimm C, Kemp S, Jose PE. 2014. ''Orientations to happiness and the experience of everyday activities.'' The Journal of Positive Psychology. 10(3): 207-218. [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17439760.2014.941382 Abstract]] [[https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10092/8040/thesis_fulltext.pdf;sequence=1 FullText]]<br />
* Bajos N, et al. 2010. ''Changes in sexual behaviours: from secular trends topublic health policies.'' [[https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00002030-201005150-00013 Abstract]] [[https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/36959405/A.65-AIDS-CSF.2010.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Mating performance is significantly related to happiness and life satisfaction</span>===<br />
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Apostolou et al. (2019) conducted an online survey of (N = 735;431 women and 304 men) Greek speaking individuals relating to the effects of interpersonal sexual relationships on happiness and life satisfaction. <br />
<br />
The survey was conducted utilizing Google forms, and consisted of five parts: A scale designed to measure life satisfaction, a scale designed to measure happiness, the participants usual daily mood, how much positive or negative emotions the participants felt, and the participants self-reported level of mating success.<br />
It was found that this measure was reliable, as it was correlated with the participants likelihood to be single and their self-reported number of past relationships.<br />
<br />
An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) performed on the data compiled by the researchers found that the researchers measure of 'mating success' (i.e how easy the participants reported being able to initiate and maintain romantic and sexual relationships) was significantly correlated with life satisfaction, levels of positive or negative emotions,and how happy the participants reported they were.<br />
<br />
The authors suggest a prevalence of sexlessness could negatively affect the economy, not only by lower birth rate, but also due to a higher prevalence of depression and demotivation, posing a burden on welfare systems. Overall happiness is also thought to positively affect productivity and the economy (DiMaria, 2017).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
[[File:Emotions of men based on romantic success.PNG|thumb|none|600px|Emotions frequently felt by men based on their levels of romantic success]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
<br />
'''Percentages of the participants who gave scores ‘4’ or ‘5’ for each emotion indicating that they experienced it frequently:'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Emotions<br />
! colspan="3" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Mating Performance<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Low<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Medium<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | High<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Positive Emotions<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Happy<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 35.5<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 55.5<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 71.8<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Joyful<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 38.6<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 50.2<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 79.3<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Delighted<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 31.9<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 50.3<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 72.8<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Cheerful<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 38.1<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 51.6<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 70.4<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Excited<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 26<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 37.9<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 61.8<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Enthusiastic<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 37.8<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 35.9<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 71.8<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Lively<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 28.9<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 31.9<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 54.4<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Energetic<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 38.2<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 49.4<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 71.7<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Average<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 34.4<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 45.3<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 69.3<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Negative Emotions<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Sad<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 28.8<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 13.9<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 4.4<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Blue<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 37.1<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 24.9<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 17.3<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Downhearted<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 22.7<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 16.4<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 8.7<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Alone<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 47.5<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 22.8<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 11.2<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Lonely<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 41.2<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 25.4<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 8.7<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Average<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 35.5<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 20.7<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 10.1<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
*''The results indicated a significant effect of mating performance...with a positive coefficient (0.898) suggesting that a one point increase in the mating performance would result in 0.898 increase in the 0 to 10 scale. Note that the age and the sex were not significant.''<br />
*''Consistent with our original hypothesis, we found that people who indicated poor mating performance experienced more negative emotions such as sadness and loneliness, and fewer positive emotions such as happiness and excitement, and they were less satisfied with their lives.''<br />
* ''To put it differently, a substantial part of poor emotional state observed in the population may be due to poor mating performance. This being the case, research in this area can potentially have important implications for improving well-being - poor mental state could be improved by devising ways to improve mating performance. In turn, this has implications that go beyond the realm of psychology''. <br />
* ''Alleviating poor mating performance, in most instances, requires external to the individual assistance.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Apostolou M, Shialos M, Georgiadou P. 2019. ''The emotional cost of poor mating performance.'' Personality and Individual Differences. 138: 188-192. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886918305348?via%3Dihub Abstract]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328095576_The_emotional_cost_of_poor_mating_performance FullText]]<br />
* DiMaria CH, Peroni C, Sarracino F. 2017. ''Happiness matters: Productivity gains from subjective well-being.'' [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10902-019-00074-1 Abstract]] [[https://www.economist.com/business/2019/08/01/employee-happiness-and-business-success-are-linked News]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Penile–vaginal intercourse is associated with health, but masturbation is not</span>===<br />
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Brody (2010) conducted a survey study analyzing the potential physical and mental health benefits of different sexual activities.<br />
Various indices of psychological and physical function were positively correlated with penile-vaginal intercourse, sometimes even showing a causal relationship.<br />
<br />
Masturbation and anal intercourse had inverse associations with health indices, also condom use appears to impair some benefits of penile–vaginal intercourse.<br />
<br />
The result may indicate that penile stimulation alone is not enough to bring about the benefits of sex, casting doubt on the notion that men's unhappiness with sexlessness could be alleviated by masturbation alone.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
*''Research findings are remarkably consistent in demonstrating that one sexual activity is associated with, and in some cases, causes processes associated with better psychological and physical functioning.''<br />
* ''Other sexual behaviors are unassociated, or in some cases (such as masturbation and anal intercourse) inversely associated with better psychological and physical functioning.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
<br />
* Brody S. 2010. ''The relative health benefits of different sexual activities.'' [[https://www.jsm.jsexmed.org/article/S1743-6095(15)32977-5/fulltext Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Loneliness increases premature death rates by 26% and is as deadly as obesity</span>===<br />
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A meta-analysis from 2015 involving 70 studies representing more than 3.4 million individuals primarily from North America but also from Europe, Asia and Australia was performed to assess the health effect of loneliness, social isolation, and living alone. They found that:<br />
<br />
* Loneliness increased the risk of premature death by 26%.<br />
* Social isolation increased the risk of premature death by 29%. <br />
* Living alone increased the risk of premature death by 32%. <br />
<br />
These effects were equal to or exceeded the effect of other well-accepted risk factors such as obesity. (Holt-Lunstad 2015)<br />
<br />
Another meta-analysis from 2010 involved 148 studies representing 308,849 participants. This study found a 50% increased likelihood of survival for participants with stronger social relationships. This finding remained consistent across age, sex, initial health status, cause of death, and follow-up period. (Holt-Lunstad 2010)<br />
<br />
It thus seems clear that humans do require social connection and loneliness is a very deadly phenomenon. When people are not able to build deep, meaningful, and lasting social connections, their physical health suffers as a result.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Actual and perceived social isolation are both associated with increased risk for early mortality.''<br />
* ''Across studies in which several possible confounds were statistically controlled for, the weighted average effect sizes were as follows: social isolation odds ratio (OR) = 1.29, loneliness OR = 1.26, and living alone OR = 1.32, corresponding to an average of 29%, 26%, and 32% increased likelihood of mortality, respectively. ''<br />
* ''Results also differ across participant age, with social deficits being more predictive of death in samples with an average age younger than 65 years. ''<br />
* ''Overall, the influence of both objective and subjective social isolation on risk for mortality is comparable with well-established risk factors for mortality.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Baker M, Harris T, Stephenson D. 2015. ''Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review.'' Perspectives on Psychological Science. 10(2): 227-237. [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1745691614568352 Abstract]]<br />
* Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. 2010. ''Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review.'' PLOS Medicine. 7(7): e1000316. [[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 FullText]]<br />
* Sliwa J. 2017. ''So Lonely I Could Die.'' American Psychological Association. [[https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2017/08/lonely-die Article]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Men are unhappier being single than women</span>===<br />
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A survey by data analysts Mintel found that a higher amount of women reported being happier with being single as compared to men (61% of women happy with being single, vs 49 percent of men), which was reported in the British online newspaper The Independent (2017). This finding is also corroborated by other studies which find women also report lower satisfaction about being in any type of relationship than men, such as the government funded longitudinal study The Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey (HILDA), which found lower mean satisfaction among women than men in committed relationships (mean of 0.3 lower on a scale of 1-10 for both de facto and formally married partnerships).<br />
<br />
Later waves of the same study of the HILDA survey, breaking down self reported relationship satisfaction of parents by number of children and whether they were in a single vs dual parent household, largely replicated the earlier waves findings, except for the finding that single mothers with one or two children were slightly more or equally satisfied in their current romantic relationship as compared to single fathers with the same amount of children, with single parent families generally reporting being much less satisfied in their relationships with their partners vs dual parent households. <br />
<br />
In a supply and demand model for relationship dynamics, this would further reinforce that men have a greater desire for women than vice versa. Such a gender imbalance in demand would thus be expected to decrease supply of available women relative to men who are looking for women, which would inflate female value and allow women to be even more selective.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Hosie R. 2017. ''Women are happier being single than men because relationships are hard work.'' The Independent. [[https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/women-why-happier-single-than-men-relationships-hard-work-survey-mintel-a8050511.html Article]]<br />
* Battersby L. 2015. ''The survey says ... women are less happy with their relationships than men are.'' The Sydney Morning Herald. [[https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-survey-says--women-are-less-happy-with-their-relationships-than-men-are-20150714-gibxpj.html Article]]<br />
* Melbourne Institute. 2018. ''The Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey: Selected Findings from Waves 1 to 16.'' pp 23:table 2.10 [[https://melbourneinstitute.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/2874177/HILDA-report_Low-Res_10.10.18.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Being single is a greater risk factor for developing depression in men than in women</span>===<br />
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De Velde et al. (2010) conducted several data analyses of the third round of the European social survey which covered 25 European countries in 2006-2007. Their aim was to examine the variance between the countries and the sexes regarding the risk factors of depression.<br />
<br />
Using data from a self-reported eight-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies [[Depression]] Scale (CES-D), it was found that [[marriage]] and cohabitation was a protective factor against the development of depression in both sexes. Conversely, being single or widowed was a significantly larger risk factor for higher levels of depression in men than in women.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Moreover, men seem to suffer more from the loss of a partner, especially since their wife is often also their closest confidant, while [[women]] often have confidants that are outside the family. This is partly reflected in our results, with widowhood as well as single-hood being a more significant risk factor for depression in men.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Van de Velde S, Bracke P, Levecque K. 2010. ''Gender differences in depression in 23 European countries. Cross-national variation in the gender gap in depression.'' Social Science & Medicine. 71(2): 305-313. [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953610002844?via%3Dihub Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">People that are married are 2.4x more likely to recover early from clinical depression</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocHealth|Category: Health]] | [[#tocPeople_that_are_married_are_2.4x_more_likely_to_recover_early_from_clinical_depression|table of contents]]</div><br />
An observational study conducted by Meyers et al. (2002) of clinically depressed patients (N = 165) found that being currently married was a significant protective factor against depression. Specifically, they found that being married was significantly and independently associated with a 2.4 times greater chance of achieving early remission from depression (Odds-Ratio = 2.4). Being married was the only significant variable associated with an early recovery, apart from effective clinical treatment. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Being married (OR = 2.4;95% CI = 1.1-5.3; P = .03) was the only other baseline characteristic or treatment variable that remained significant in the logistic regression.'' <br />
* ''Less severe depression, having received adequate antidepressant treatment, female sex, and being married independently predicted early recovery.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
*Meyers BS, Sirey JA, Bruce M. 2002. ''Predictors of Early Recovery From Major Depression Among Persons Admitted to Community-Based Clinics: An Observational Study.'' Arch Gen Psychiatry. 59(8): 729-735. [[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/206644 FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">The brain reacts to rejection in the same manner as physical pain</span>===<br />
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Kross et al. (2011) recruited 40 individuals who felt 'intensely rejected' after a the recent dissolution of a romantic relationship. Participants were made to perform two tasks under fMRI scanning: a 'social rejection task' and a 'physical pain task'. The rejection task involved looking at a photograph of their previous romantic partner while performing a visualization task that involved recreating the rejection experience. <br />
<br />
The pain task involved exposure to thermal stimulation (burning) on their left forearm. It was found that both tasks displayed similar neural activation patterns on the fMRI scanner. Both tasks were administered separately, to minimize potential 'priming' effects that could have lead to anticipation of physical pain during the social rejection task. Thus the conclusion of the study was that social rejection is associated with physical pain.<br />
<br />
Most men in the modern dating world must now face staggering amounts of rejection to even get a few replies or matches. This study may shed some light on what such a sense of overwhelming rejection can feel like.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''We demonstrate the specificity of the secondary somatosensory cortex and dorsal posterior insula activity to physical pain.''<br />
* ''Activation in these regions was highly diagnostic of physical pain, with positive predictive values up to 88%. ''<br />
* ''These results give new meaning to the idea that rejection “hurts.” ''<br />
* ''They demonstrate that rejection and physical pain are similar not only in that they are both distressing—they share a common somatosensory representation as well.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Kross E, Berman MG, Mischel W, Smith EE, Wager TD. 2011. ''Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain.'' PNAS. 108(15): 6270-6275. [[https://www.pnas.org/content/108/15/6270 FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Being shown a picture of a romantic partner results in higher pain tolerance</span>===<br />
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Younger et al. (2010) conducted a study on N = 15 college students (8 women and 7 men, age range 19–21 years, M = 20 years) in their first 9 months of a romantic relationship, who described themselves as 'intensely in love'. <br />
Each participant was required to provide photos of his/her romantic partner and a 'long term acquaintance' of the same attractiveness level as their romantic partner. <br />
<br />
The participants were requested to put their hands on a heat block of steadily escalating temperature, which was incrementally increased until to participants reached the limit of the subjective pain (rated on a 1-10 scale) they could endure.<br />
The participants were put under three conditions: viewing a picture of their acquaintance, viewing a picture of their romantic partner, or completing a word association task as a control.<br />
<br />
It was found that participants could endure significantly more pain when told to focus on the picture of their romantic partner, and during the word association task. The heat was also rated as subjectively less intense when focusing on their romantic partner.<br />
Only when they focused on their romantic partner were the brains reward systems activated (as measured by MRI).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''As suggested by previous behavioral research, viewing pictures of a romantic partner effectively reduced self-reported pain.''<br />
* ''We show here that the activation of reward systems by viewing pictures of one's romantic partner is associated with reduced pain. A better understanding of these analgesic pathways may allow us to identify new targets and methods for producing effective pain relief.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Younger J, Aron A, Parke S, Chatterjee N, Mackey S. 2010. ''Viewing Pictures of a Romantic Partner Reduces Experimental Pain: Involvement of Neural Reward Systems.'' PLoS ONE. 5(10): e13309. [[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0013309 FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Warm partner contact lowers stress levels</span>===<br />
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In this study, Grewen and collegues (2003) tested whether brief warm physical contact among cohabitating couples would reduce anxiety levels in a sample of healthy adults (66 African American, 117 Caucasian; 74 women, 109 men). The warm contact group held hands for 10 minutes while viewing a romantic video, followed by a 20-second hug with their partner. The no contact group sat quietly for 10 minutes and 20 seconds.<br />
<br />
Thereafter, both groups were stressed by having to perform a public speaking task. Warm contact group demonstrated lower systolic BP, diastolic BP, and heart rate increases compared with the no contact group (d = 0.8). The effects were similar for men and women. The result may partially explain why married couples have better cardiovascular health.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
<br />
* Grewen, K.M., Anderson, B.J., Girdler, S.S. and Light, K.C. 2003. ''Warm partner contact is related to lower cardiovascular reactivity.'' [[http://doi.org/10.1080/08964280309596065 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Women prefer stoic men who downplay their health problems in a long-term relationship</span>===<br />
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Brown et al. (2018) conducted a study of the mate preferences of (N = 86) female college students. The participants were shown a set of slideshows, corresponding to the ethnicity they self-identified as (Caucasian, Asian and Pacific Islander). Each slideshow consisted of nine slides displaying a facially symmetrical versus asymmetrical man, a mesomorphic (waist to shoulder ratio at the 'ideal' of 0.6 versus a less mesomorphic man and a man in a t-shirt versus a man in a suit.<br />
<br />
Each slide was accompanied by a vignette which described the man in the photo, who were described as accomplished college students and sportsmen. The vignettes also described the men as being in various states of illness (cold, headache, and 'vog'-i.e respiratory problems caused by volcanic eruptions in Hawaii; where the study was conducted). The vignette depicted the man as either being stoic in response to the illnesses or suffering from the illness.<br />
<br />
The female participants viewed the slideshow and rated the men on their desirability for either a short-term or long-term relationship. The three pairs of slides where manipulated to vary the vignettes in such parameters as facial symmetry, status/wealth, bodily attractiveness or stoicism.<br />
<br />
It was found that the female participants preferred men who 'suffered in silence' as long-term mates, and high status men. In terms of short-term mates, the women displayed a preference for men with high levels of facial symmetry and mesomorphic physiques. The women also displayed a preference for men who succumbed more to the minor illnesses, if they were physically attractive (mesomorphic physique).<br />
<br />
The researchers concluded that therefore, it was likely that male stoicism in response to health problems was likely a partly a product of female sexual selection, and that this tendency results in lower male participation in preventative health care programs.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''As predicted by health selection theory, the participants preferred stoic men as LT mates.''<br />
* ''The theory hypothesizes that men ignore or are unaware of their minor health symptoms because women historically chose mates who ignored minor health problems rather than succumbed to them.''<br />
* ''If men have been selected to ignore or are not conscious of their health problems, then their health services should emphasize how to increase men’s perceptions of their potential health problems so that they are more like to engage in preventive health care.''<br />
* ''We found that women switched their preferences away from status to physically attractive men, in terms of facial symmetry and increased mesomorphism when making ST mate choices, replicating previous findings.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Brown SG, Shirachi S, Zandbergen D. 2018. ''Female Choice and Male Stoicism.'' Journal of Evolutionary Medicine. 6: 236037. [[https://www.ashdin.com/articles/female-choice-and-male-stoicism.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Tinder usage is associated with lower self-esteem for men but not women</span>===<br />
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Although online [[dating]] has become the most prevalent way for people to now meet, evidence does not show it is healthy, especially for men. As noted in another entry, male online daters are prone to eating disorders and steroid abuse. <br />
<br />
Strübel and Petrie (2016) demonstrated both genders of online daters suffer from increased body dissatisfaction, body shame, body monitoring, comparing oneself physically to others, and using media to guide perspective on appearance and attractiveness. However, only male online daters suffered from lower self-esteem, indicating differences in how the two genders experience online dating are leading to differences in mental health associated with its ongoing rise and growing prevalence.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Tinder users, regardless of gender, reported significantly lower levels of satisfaction with face and body and higher levels of internalization, appearance comparisons, and body shame and surveillance than non-users.'' <br />
* ''For self-esteem, male Tinder users scored significantly lower than either male or female non-users.''<br />
* ''Both male and female users reported less satisfaction with their bodies and looks, compared to non-users, said Strübel, but only male Tinder users reported lower levels of self-esteem.''<br />
* ''The abundance of potential dating partners available on Tinder, especially for women, may allow users to be particular and even encourage a non committal approach.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Strübel J, Petrie T. 2016. ''Tinder: Swiping Self Esteem?'' American Psychological Association. [[http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2016/08/tinder-self-esteem.aspx Article]]<br />
<br />
==<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:40px; font-weight: normal;">''ItsOver''</span>==<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Celibacy in young unmarried US men is now 28% and rising, particularly affecting ethnic men</span>===<br />
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The best information we have to judge [[Demographics of inceldom|trends of celibacy in North America]] comes from the NORC GSS, more fully known as the National Organization for Research at the University of Chicago General Social Survey. This is a long running social survey in America which every two years asks a representative group of thousands of Americans questions to gauge numerous aspects about their lives.<br />
<br />
The NORC GSS has shown that male celibacy has skyrocketed in recent years, which is now at 28%, almost triple what it was a decade ago. The biggest cultural shift that has coincided with this increase in male celibacy is the rise and dominance of online dating. However, the trend of increasing male celibacy started even since the 60s according to other data, indicating the sexual revolution which freed women's [[hypergamy]] may have been the first step in this direction.<br />
<br />
The majority of increased male celibacy is being born by ethnic men, while ethnic women by contrast are at their lowest rates of celibacy in history. This trend matches the known racial data covered above, as ethnic men are punished by women in a way that ethnic women are not punished by men.<br />
<br />
To a lesser extent, female celibacy also appears to be rising at a slower rate, indicating that some women are now dropping out of the dating market, despite continued high demand for women from men. Possible explanations for this behavior in women would be [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_fatigue decision fatigue] from having "too many options," the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_comparison_theory comparison effect] from a swipe based dating system creating impossible to fulfill expectations, increased demands from school and work, and [https://gizmodo.com/study-no-one-is-having-sex-on-tinder-1826179273 receiving sufficient validation] from the online apps themselves not to need dating from them.<br />
<br />
If trends continue without a new cultural shift, it may well be that America begins to resemble Japan, where >40% of young unmarried men and women are not only not in relationships, but are also virgins.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
[[File:Us adults reporting no sex in past year.PNG|500px|thumb|none|Adult celibacy rates in America from the NORC General Social Survey (Washington Post, 2019)]]<br />
<br />
[[File:NORC GSS - Celibacy rates by race and gender.jpg|500px|thumb|none|NORC GSS celibacy rates by race as graphed by SpottedToad, showing the largest increase in celibacy is being encountered among ethnic men, which should be no surprise in the context of other studies (image being used as temporary placeholder - will be replaced shortly -July 13, 2019)]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/03/29/share-americans-not-having-sex-has-reached-record-high/<br />
* https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/aug/02/less-sex-please-were-millennials-study <br />
* https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-016-0769-4<br />
* https://twitter.com/toad_spotted/status/992108016597127168<br />
* http://gss.norc.org/get-the-data<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">42% of men and 44% of women 18-34 years old and unmarried in Japan are now virgins</span>===<br />
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A 2016 survey of 5,276 Japanese people aged 18 to 34 found that almost 70% of unmarried men and 60% of unmarried women are not in a relationship. Moreover, around 42% of the men and 44.2% of the women admitted they were virgins. This is despite the fact that nearly 90% of the respondents to the survey stated they would like to get married "sometime in the future." 30% of the men sampled and 26% of the women sampled stated they were "not currently looking for a relationship."<br />
<br />
There are now many more virgins than in 2010, when the last study was conducted and when only 36.2% of men and 38.7% of women that were unmarried and 18-34 said they had never had sex.<br />
<br />
The total fertility rate in Japan is also dropping and has now reached the lowest levels in recorded history, at an average (total fertility rate) of 1.41 children per women (CIA World Factbook, 2017). This is a fertility rate far below the average replacement level of 2.1. This means that the population of Japan is ageing at an increasing rate, which will most likely put great strain on the Japanese economy. This is also despite efforts in 2018 by the Japanese president Shinzō Abe's government to boost the fertility rate. The effects of this phenomenon have been far reaching, with creditors even considering downgrading Japan's credit rating over their "virginity crisis," as it is felt that without normal relationships between men and women, reproduction will only continue to drop, destabilizing the economy.<br />
<br />
Given the trends we are seeing in other countries like USA, it is possible Japan may be a model of what is to come for the west as well. One may also be able to draw parallels between the deteriorating social condition of Japan and the phenomenon of [https://io9.gizmodo.com/how-rats-turned-their-private-paradise-into-a-terrifyin-1687584457 "Behavioral Sink" observed in mouse utopia experiments].<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* The National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. 2017. ''The 15th Japanese National Fertility Survey.'' [[http://www.ipss.go.jp/ps-doukou/e/doukou15/Nfs15_gaiyoEng.html FullText]]<br />
* Tharoor I. 2016. ''Japan has a worrying number of virgins, government finds.'' Washington Post. [[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/09/16/japan-has-a-worrying-number-of-virgins-government-finds/ News]]<br />
* Pesek W. 2019. ''Japan's 'Virginity Crisis' Threatens Credit Rating.'' Forbes. [[https://www.forbes.com/sites/williampesek/2019/06/14/japans-virginity-crisis-threatens-credit-rating/#6658bb4a3cbb News]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">There are now 70 million excess men in China and India who will live and die without partners</span>===<br />
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A growing epidemic of involuntary celibacy is sweeping India and China as these countries grapple with an excess of 70 million men who will be unable to find a female partner, caused mainly by the widespread sex-selective abortion of female offspring. For perspective, 70 million is 2.9x the population of Australia, 1.9x the population of Canada, and 1.1x the population of Britain. These excess men broadly report suffering tremendously from loneliness and lack of purpose. It is feared they may come to represent a destabilizing force in society, as they feel they have nothing to gain or lose.<br />
<br />
For South Asians and Southeast Asians in the west who face the greatest amount of racial discrimination from western women of all races, this data also suggests there would likely be no better fate waiting for them if they went back "home." Indian and Chinese men appear to have no place on earth they could be considered "desirable."<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Nothing like this has happened in human history. A combination of cultural preferences, government decree and modern medical technology in the world’s two largest countries has created a gender imbalance on a continental scale. Men outnumber women by 70 million in China and India.''<br />
* ''The consequences of having too many men, now coming of age, are far-reaching: Beyond an epidemic of loneliness, the imbalance distorts labor markets, drives up savings rates in China and drives down consumption, artificially inflates certain property values, and parallels increases in violent crime, trafficking or prostitution in a growing number of locations.''<br />
* ''Those consequences are not confined to China and India, but reach deep into their Asian neighbors and distort the economies of Europe and the Americas, as well.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Denyer S, Gowen A. 2018. ''Too many men: China and India battle with the consequences of gender imbalance.'' Washington Post. [[https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/2142658/too-many-men-china-and-india-battle-consequences News]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">The percent of high school students who date is plummeting</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocItsOver|Category: ItsOver]] | [[#tocThe_percent_of_high_school_students_who_date_is_plummeting|table of contents]]</div><br />
Twenge & Park (2017) analyzed seven large, nationally representative surveys of U.S. adolescents 1976–2016 (N = 8.44 million, ages 13–19) finding that dating behavior among adolescents is on the decline. In fact, numerous "adult" like behaviors were found to be on the decline: dating, having sex, having a driver's license, trying alcohol, going out without parents, and working for pay all declined very significantly over the decades studied.<br />
<br />
They noted these effects were broad-based and not due to extra time students were spending on other activities like homework, volunteering, and extracurriculars. Although the Internet might have accelerated changes, these changes were noted to have started even before the Internet was popularized, so this was not the sole issue.<br />
<br />
Primarily, they suggest that adolescents delay adult behaviors when: there are fewer siblings (causing higher parental investment per child), parents have more money to invest in their children, there are no threatening diseases in the community, and expectations for a college education or later age of future reproduction are high.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
[[File:Percent of us 12th graders who have ever dated.png|500px|thumb|none|Percent of US high school students who have ever dated, declining considerably over time]]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''The decline in adult activities appears across all groups regardless of gender, race, SES, region, or urban/rural location, suggesting a broad-based shift over time [and] does not appear to be due to time spent on student work such as homework, volunteering, and extracurriculars.''<br />
* ''Internet use has changed more, with 12th graders in the early 2010s spending 11 hours a week online. However, many of the declines in adult activities began before the Internet became widely used. Thus, Internet use does not appear to be the sole cause of the decline in adult activities, though it may play a role in the changes between the mid-2000s and mid-2010s.''<br />
* ''Fewer adolescents engaged in adult activities when the childhood environment included lower family size, higher median household income, higher life expectancy, and low pathogen prevalence, and when the adolescent environment featured low teen birthrates, a higher mean age at first birth, and higher college enrollment. ''<br />
* ''An economically rich social context with higher parental investment in fewer children, greater life expectancy, fewer dangers from pathogens, and the expectation of tertiary education and later reproduction has produced a generation of young people who are taking on the responsibilities and pleasures of adulthood later than their predecessors.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Twenge JM, Park H. 2017. ''The Decline in Adult Activities Among U.S. Adolescents, 1976–2016.'' Child Development. 90: 638-654. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cdev.12930 Abstract]] [[http://cds.web.unc.edu/files/2017/09/Twenge_et_al-2017-Child_Development.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Age of first sex is rising in USA for both genders</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocItsOver|Category: ItsOver]] | [[#tocAge_of_first_sex_is_rising_in_USA_for_both_genders|table of contents]]</div><br />
CDC:<br />
* https://www.livescience.com/13072-sex-stats-virgins-rise.html<br />
* https://time.com/4435058/millennials-virgins-sex/<br />
<br />
NORC GSS:<br />
* https://www.reddit.com/r/BlackPillScience/comments/cro5et/recession_cues_increase_womens_desire_for_men/exczi6o/?context=3<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Meeting online is now the primary way relationships are formed</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocItsOver|Category: ItsOver]] | [[#tocMeeting_online_is_now_the_primary_way_relationships_are_formed|table of contents]]</div><br />
According to data from the How Couples Meet and Stay Together survey (2017), a comprehensive national survey on romantic [[Relationship|relationships]] in the US, 39% of couples met and started relationships online in 2017. The category "met online" includes online dating, but also social media and online games. At the same time, the categories "meeting through friends" or "at school" have declined, thus, meeting online has now become the leading way relationship to form. Online dating in particular is probably on a par with "Bars & Restaurants". The share of couples meeting online has almost doubled since 2009, and is currently exponentially increasing. Between 1995 to 2017, meeting through friends saw the largest decline, with 40% fewer people meeting this way. 23% of all couples met on online dating services, but the category is experiencing an exponential (logistical) increase.<br />
<br />
This is likely the most transformative change that has occurred in the dating sphere in the past 20 years. The change coincides clearly with many of the other trends discussed on this page, such as the overall increase in male celibacy during this time frame and greater amount of sex being consolidated to the top 5-20% of men. <br />
<br />
The only two methods of starting relationships that are on the rise are online dating and meeting in bars/restaurants, both of which favor the most physically attractive (and possibly physically dominant) men heavily and are generally oriented around "hook-up" type relationships and therefore offer minimal opportunities for demonstrating one's personal values and compatibility over time. All other methods of meeting partners are on the decline. <br />
<br />
When men often complain of unfairness in online dating, they are typically told, "online dating is not real life." Based on the available data, online dating has become very much real life as it is the most powerful and dominant way to potentially connect couples.<br />
<br />
This change has also created a $4 billion online dating industry. Many of these online services primarily target men financially by requiring ongoing payments in order for their profile to be seen by women (e.g. Tinder Boosts). <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Figures:'''</span><br />
[[File:Rise of meeting online.png|alt=|none|thumb|500x500px|Meeting online has rapidly become the dominant way for couples to meet and continues to displace other methods at an incredible rate.]]<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''For heterosexual couples in the U.S., meeting online has become the most popular way couples meet, eclipsing meeting through friends for the first time around 2013.''<br />
* ''39% of heterosexual couples that got together in the US in 2017 met online.''<br />
* ''The share of couples meeting online has just about doubled since 2009.''<br />
* ''Between 1995 to 2017, meeting through friends saw the largest decline, from 33% of couples at the start of the period to just 20% at the end.''<br />
* ''We find that Internet meeting is displacing the roles that family and friends once played in bringing couples together.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Rosenfeld M, Thomas RJ, Hausen S. 2019. ''Research Note: Disintermediating your friends.'' Pending for peer-review publication. [[https://web.stanford.edu/~mrosenfe/Rosenfeld_et_al_Disintermediating_Friends.pdf FullText]] [[https://qz.com/1546677/around-40-of-us-couples-now-first-meet-online/ News]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Most online dating sites are dominated by men, only 21%-34% of users are female</span>===<br />
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Many commentators on the rising male celibacy rates have suggested these rates reflect men no longer making an effort to meet women, arguing the men are instead focusing on solitary pursuits like playing video games. Statistics of gender participation in online dating contradict this perspective. They show men are the overwhelming users of online dating apps while women make up a minority.<br />
<br />
Based on these gender statistics, it seems apparent that men are very much trying, but a disproportionate amount of women aren't interested in participating at all. Any serious effort to improve relationship uptake between the genders would therefore need to focus on increasing female, not male, engagement in the dating market.<br />
<br />
Some have suggested the over-representation of males in online dating fully explains the excessive attention women receive in online dating. If we look however, at dating platforms with more balanced gender ratios (e.g. OkCupid with 48.3% men vs 51.7% women) we still find women receiving an excess of attention (see e.g. "Dataclysm" by Christian Rudder, p. 118). <div style="display: none">TODO</div><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
<div style="display: none"><br />
https://www.statista.com/statistics/826778/most-popular-dating-apps-by-audience-size-usa/<br />
https://www.statista.com/statistics/809443/us-users-favorite-dating-websites-apps-gender/<br />
https://www.statista.com/topics/2158/online-dating/<br />
https://www.statista.com/statistics/723446/okcupid-current-and-past-usage-in-the-united-kingdom-uk-by-gender/<br />
https://www.statista.com/statistics/719595/dating-app-users-gender-distribution/<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Gender breakdowns of dating app users in 2019 as per Statista are as follows:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
! colspan="2" style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Users (%)<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''Male'''<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | '''Female'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Tinder<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 78.5<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 21.5<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Bumble<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 76.7<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 23.3<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Match<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 65.9<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 34.1<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Clement J. 2019. ''Distribution of Tinder users in the United States as of June 2019, by gender.'' Statista. [[https://www.statista.com/statistics/975925/us-tinder-user-ratio-gender/ Article]]<br />
* Clement J. 2019. ''Distribution of Bumble users in the United States as of June 2019, by gender.'' Statista. [[https://www.statista.com/statistics/975984/us-bumble-user-ratio-gender/ Article]]<br />
* Clement J. 2019. ''Distribution of Match dating app users in the United States as of June 2019, by gender.'' Statista. [[https://www.statista.com/statistics/975961/us-match-user-ratio-gender/ Article]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">30% of millennials are often or always lonely and 22% have no friends</span>===<br />
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Members of the millennial generation were defined as those from ages 23 to 38 in a 2019 poll by YouGov, a polling firm and market research company. The poll included 1,254 adults 18 and up and did not report results for the up-and-coming Gen Z (who report high levels of loneliness on other surveys). Participants were surveyed to assess their levels of social engagement.<br />
<br />
30% of millennials said they often or always feel lonely. This was the highest percentage of all the generations surveyed. <br />
<br />
22% of millennials said they had zero friends. 27% said they had "no close friends," 30% said they have "no best friends," and 25% said they have no acquaintances. <br />
<br />
It seems loneliness and social isolation is on the rise for younger generations, not just sexually and romantically, but in all respects.<br />
<br />
Another survey by WSJ/NBC News (Day 2019) found that only 32% of millennials aged 18-34 reported having children as very important to their values, compared to 44% of adults aged 39-54 and 53% of adults aged >55. This indicates that not only are millennials the loneliest generation, they are also the generation that is least likely to value the concept of building a family which might ameliorate that loneliness.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
<br />
'''Percent of each generation that often or always feels lonely'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | <br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Often Or Always Lonely (%)<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Milennials<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 30<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Gen X<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 20<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Boomers<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 15<br />
|}<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Ballard J. 2019. ''Millennials are the loneliest generation.'' YouGov. [[https://today.yougov.com/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2019/07/30/loneliness-friendship-new-friends-poll-survey News]]<br />
* Day C. 2019. ''Americans Have Shifted Dramatically on What Values Matter Most.'' Wall Street Journal. [[https://www.wsj.com/articles/americans-have-shifted-dramatically-on-what-values-matter-most-11566738001 News]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size:24px; font-weight: normal;">41.1% percent of U.S college students report being depressed; 6.6% have planned their suicide</span>===<br />
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Duffy et al., (2018) examined two large national datasets in the United States (combined N = 788,239), which included self reports of past-year mood, anxiety levels, nonsuicidal self-injury, and the suicidal thoughts and behaviors of American college students, which utilized data from surveys that were administered from 2007-2018.<br />
<br />
They found an very large increase in all negative mental health outcomes and the concomitant negative behaviors involved that were included in the surveys, with some markers doubling over the period of 11 years. It was noted that in both studies, the markers were stable until around 2013, when they suddenly rose sharply. While increases in self-reported depression were higher among the women surveyed, there was a greater increase in reported suicide attempts for the male students sampled (64% increase for male students vs 50% for female students). 41.1% of students were moderately or severely depressed, with 21.1% of them being severely depressed. 34.4% of students had moderate or severe anxiety, and 17.3% had reported self-harm behaviors, with the amount of those reporting these symptoms or behaviors experiencing a large increase since 2007.<br />
<br />
Feelings of anger had also increased, with 42.9% of students reporting having experiences "overwhelming anger", versus 37.7% in 2007 (an increase of 13%).<br />
<br />
Perhaps most alarmingly, 15.2% of students reported serious suicidal ideation (answering yes to the question “Have you ever seriously considered suicide?"), and the amount that had reported making a plan to commit suicide increased from 1.6% in 2007 to 6.6% in 2018, with indications the amount of suicidal students was continuing to increase.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''The number of students who were low in flourishing, who were severely depressed, who engaged in intentional self-injury, and who reported making a suicide plan or attempting suicide doubled between 2012 and 2017-2018 (Table 2). Those experiencing moderate to severe anxiety nearly doubled (a 92% increase), as did the number reporting suicidal ideation (an 81% increase).''<br />
* '' Most indicators were relatively stable until 2013 and then rose sharply.''<br />
* ''Our findings are robust and troublesome, demonstrating a broad worsening of mental health among U.S. college students over the past decade that is expected to have numerous downstream negative consequences if not addressed.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Duffy ME, Twenge JM, Joiner TE. 2018. ''Trends in Mood and Anxiety Symptoms and Suicide-Related Outcomes Among U.S. Undergraduates, 2007-2018: Evidence From Two National Surveys.'' Journal of Adolescent Health (2019): 1-9. [[https://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(19)30254-X/fulltext Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Men are more likely than women to commit suicide</span>===<br />
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Globally 1.8 men kill themselves for every 1 woman. By geographical regions, in Europe the ratio is 4:1 and the Americas it is 3.6:1. The ratio is also particularly skewed in certain former Eastern Bloc (Warsaw Pact) nations and in many of the former Soviet Republics; with Ukraine (7.6:1), Lithuania (7.08:1), Poland (7:1), Georgia (6.4:1) and The Russian Federation (6.4:1) having particularly high ratios, in favor of the men of these countries committing suicide far more often than the women of those countries, as of the latest statistics collected by the World Health Organization of the United Nations in 2016.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Data:'''</span><br />
<br />
'''Suicide gender ratios by region (Source WHO, 2008)'''<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Rank<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Region<br />
! style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Male-Female Ratio<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | ---<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | World<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 1.8 : 1<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 1<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Europe<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 4.0 : 1<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 2<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Americas<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 3.6 : 1<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 3<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Africa<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 2.2 : 1<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 4<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | South East Asia<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 1.5 : 1<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 5<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Western Pacific<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 1.3 : 1<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 6<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | Eastern Mediterranean<br />
| style="font-size:100%; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;;" | 1.1 : 1<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Värnik P. 2012. ''Suicide in the World.'' Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 9(3): 760-771. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9030760 FullText]]<br />
* World Health Organization. 2016. ''Age-standardized suicide rates (per 100,000 population)''. [[http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/mental_health/suicide_rates/atlas.html Web]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Winners in a rigged game will consider the game fair as long as they keep winning</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocItsOver|Category: ItsOver]] | [[#tocWinners_in_a_rigged_game_will_consider_the_game_fair_as_long_as_they_keep_winning|table of contents]]</div><br />
Many people are prone to believing in the just-world fallacy - the notion that our victories and failures are just and the appropriate reward or punishment to our actions. People like to continue believing the world is fair even when they intellectually know that it is not. <br />
<br />
Researchers tested people's predispositions to the just-world fallacy by having them engage in a rigged card game. The game was designed so that one player would have a clear advantage throughout the game that would essentially guarantee their victory. They found that although both players could recognize the game was imbalanced, the winner was consistently more likely to still believe the game was "fair" and that their victory was the result of their skill and merit.<br />
<br />
They suggest this can help understand how people react to inequalities in life. Generally, in a rigged game, their findings show that those who "win" will have a greater tendency to ignore the legitimate complaints of those who lose. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''Winners were generally more likely to believe that the game was fair, even when the playing field was most heavily tilted in their favor.''<br />
* ''In short, it’s not just how the game is played, it’s also whether you win or lose.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Molina M, Bucca M, Macy MW. 2019. ''It’s not just how the game is played, it’s whether you win or lose.'' Science Advances. 5(7): eaau1156. [[https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/7/eaau1156 FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Involuntary celibacy is defined academically as 6 months of celibacy despite effort for sex</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocItsOver|Category: ItsOver]] | [[#tocInvoluntary_celibacy_is_defined_academically_as_6_months_of_celibacy_despite_effort_for_sex|table of contents]]</div><br />
Involuntary celibacy was [https://incels.wiki/w/Donnelly_Study academically defined] in Donnelly et al. (2001) in an peer-reviewed article titled "Involuntary celibacy: A life course analysis" published in The Journal of Sex Research.<br />
<br />
To gain insight on the incel condition, a questionnaire was filled out by 60 men and 22 women who identified as involuntarily celibate. Findings showed that involuntary celibates may come from broad sexual and personal backgrounds. Three categories were developed: virgins were those who had never had sex, singles had sex in the past but were unable to establish current sexual relationships, and partnereds were currently in sexless relationships (which included 28% of respondents). Of the virgin involuntary celibates, 76% were male, and 24% were female.<br />
<br />
Overall, 35% of respondents felt dissatisfied, frustrated, or angry about their lack of sexual relationships regardless of their current partnership status. Most involuntary celibates appeared to feel despair, depression, frustration and a loss of confidence. <br />
<br />
The study also found grounding for a common incel concern - that as sexual and relationship milestones are missed, it becomes harder and harder to achieve normality going forward. Many felt that their sexual development had somehow stalled in an earlier stage of life, leading them to feel different from their peers and like they will never catch up. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
* ''In this research, we define the involuntary celibate as one who desires to have sex, but has been unable to find a willing partner for at least 6 months prior to being surveyed. The 6-month mark reflects the reality that people often go without sex for weeks or months, but after a certain length of time, begin to worry. We realize, however, the arbitrariness of choosing a specific length of time, and suggest that what is really important is whether or not persons define themselves as involuntarily celibate. As Thomas (1966) pointed out, "situations we define as real become real in their consequences".''<br />
* ''Involuntary celibates may be married or partnered persons whose partners no longer desire to have sex with them, unpartnered singles who have never had sex, or unpartnered singles who have had sexual relationships in the past, but are unable to currently find partners. Involuntary celibates include heterosexuals, bisexuals, homosexuals, and transsexuals.''<br />
* ''Pervasive in our respondents' accounts was the theme of becoming and remaining off time in making normative sexual transitions, which in turn perpetuated a celibate life course or trajectory.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Donnelly D, Burgess E, Anderson S, Davis R, Dillard J. 2001. ''Involuntary celibacy: A life course analysis.'' The Journal of Sex Research. 38(2): 159-169. [[https://web.archive.org/web/20151017214700/https://www.popline.org/node/252982 Abstract]] [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224490109552083 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Incel forums are disproportionately populated by suicidal, disabled, autistic, and ethnic men</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocItsOver|Category: ItsOver]] | [[#tocIncel_forums_are_disproportionately_populated_by_suicidal.2C_disabled.2C_autistic.2C_and_ethnic_men|table of contents]]</div><br />
A poll from Reddit's r/braincels shows that whites constitute only 28% of that forum's population, with the largest racial demographic being South Asian (eg. Indian). However, a subsequent poll from the same forum with a larger sample size (N = 1267), showed that 54.8% of the respondents to the poll were white. The most recent poll by the website incels.co showed that 57% of its members were white.<br />
<br />
For comparison, surveys on Reddit of the general userbase tend to show 80% white users overall. Thus we can approximate that the typical Reddit population is 1.4-3.6 times more white than incel groups. Given the sections on race above, this should not be surprising. <br />
<br />
Other characteristics of incels.co users from site surveys include:<br />
* 78% report constantly suffering from depression, anxiety, and stress.<br />
* 82% have considered suicide.<br />
* 62% have considered surgery to improve their looks.<br />
* 77% report being healthy weight or underweight (only 23% report being overweight, which is far less than the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_body_mass_index general western population average]).<br />
* 57% report suffering from a medical condition like autism or a physical disability that impairs their normal daily functions.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
<br />
*SergeantIncel. 2019. ''Survey Results for May 2019.'' Incels.co. [[https://incels.co/threads/survey-results-for-may-2019.123987/#lg=_xfUid-1-1561817076&slide=0 Web]]<br />
*CanadianAsshole1. 2018. ''Results of the r/Braincels race poll.'' Reddit: Braincels. [[https://www.reddit.com/r/Braincels/comments/8mhyo7/results_of_the_rbraincels_race_poll/ Web]]<br />
* KosmicMalware. 2019. ''Braincels Race/Age Poll results.'' Reddit: Braincels. [[https://www.reddit.com/r/Braincels/comments/ai6g3o/braincels_raceage_poll_results/ Web]]<br />
* Jiecut. 2015. ''Why is Reddit so White?'' Reddit: TheoryOfReddit. [[https://www.reddit.com/r/TheoryOfReddit/comments/3dct7x/why_is_reddit_so_white/ Web]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Being widowed in one's 20s increases suicide risk by ~17x for men, but only ~4x for women</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocItsOver|Category: ItsOver]] | [[#tocBeing_widowed_in_one.27s_20s_increases_suicide_risk_by_~17x_for_men.2C_but_only_~4x_for_women|table of contents]]</div><br />
A study based on US national suicide mortality data between 1991 and 1996 has shown that the highest suicide rates were observed for White male widowers aged 20-24 (381 per 100,000, i.e. ~33 times higher than the national average in 1996 and ~17 times higher than married men in that category).<br />
For female White widows in the same age group, suicide rate only increased by factor ~4 when going from being married to widowed, and it is not significantly higher than the national average.<br />
<br />
The increase after divorce is roughly the same for both sexes, which is surprising given that women are more often to initiate divorce and initiative tends to be associated with lower post relationship grief. It is in line, though, with men and women self-reporting about the same intensity of post-relationship grief (Morris & Reiber, 2011).<br />
<br />
The strong differences regarding widows, however, may be evidence of women's less intense love style.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
* Luoma JB, Pearson JL. 2002. ''Suicide and marital status in the United States, 1991–1996: is widowhood a risk factor?'' [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447271/ FullText]]<br />
* Morris CE, Reiber C. 2011. ''Frequency, intensity and expression of post-relationship grief.'' [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Craig_Morris3/publication/267243656_Frequency_Intensity_and_Expression_of_Post-_Relationship_Grief/links/554fbc8408ae739bdb90877a.pdf FullText]]<br />
<br />
===<span style="font-family:'Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif'; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: normal;">Monogamy may have been selected by cultural evolution because of its benefits for society</span>===<br />
<div class="navbar" style="padding-left: 4px; margin-top: 3px; background: #EAEAEA; color: #555; border-top: 2px solid #444; border-bottom: 1px solid #444; font-size: 13px">[[#tocItsOver|Category: ItsOver]] | [[#tocMonogamy_may_have_been_selected_by_cultural_evolution_because_of_its_benefits_for_society|table of contents]]</div><br />
Henrich et al. (2012) suggested cultural evolution may have selected monogamy because of its beneficial effects.<br />
<br />
* Monogamy suppresses intrasexual competition and reduces the number of unmarried men, thereby reduces crime rates, including rape, murder, assault, robbery and fraud.<br />
* By shifting male efforts from seeking wives to paternal investment, normative monogamy increases savings, child investment and economic productivity.<br />
* By increasing the relatedness within households, monogamy reduces intra-household conflict, leading to lower rates of child neglect, abuse, accidental death and homicide.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''Quotes:'''</span><br />
*''In suppressing intrasexual competition and reducing the size of the pool of unmarried men, normative monogamy reduces crime rates, including rape, murder, assault, robbery and fraud, as well as decreasing personal abuses.''<br />
* ''Polygynous societies engage in more warfare, often with the goal of capturing women. Cross-cultural analyses, though crude, indicate that polygynous societies also have more crime relative to more monogamous societies.''<br />
*'' Tertilt then uses the model calibrated to HPCs to investigate what would happen if monogamy were imposed on everyone. The model predicts that: (i) fertility rates go down, (ii) spousal age gaps shrink, (iii) saving rates increase, (iv) bride prices disappear, and (v) GDP per capita goes up substantially.<br />
*'' Living in the same household with genetically unrelated adults is the single biggest risk factor for abuse, neglect and homicide of children. Stepmothers are 2.4 times more likely to kill their stepchildren than birth mothers, and children living with an unrelated parent are between 15 and 77 times more likely to die ‘accidentally’ .''<br />
*''In Ancient Greece, we do not know which came first, but we do know that Athens, for example, had both elements of monogamous marriage and of democracy. In the modern world, analyses of cross-national data reveal positive statistical relationships between the strength of normative monogamy with both democratic rights and civil liberties. In this sense, the peculiar institutions of monogamous marriage may help explain why democratic ideals and notions of equality and human rights first emerged in the West.''<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:125%">'''References:'''</span><br />
<br />
* Henrich J, Boyd R and Richerson PJ. 2012. ''The puzzle of monogamous marriage.'' [[http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0290 Abstract]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Scientific Blackpill (Supplemental)]]<br />
* [[Libido]]<br />
<br />
{{A}}<br />
{{Lookism}}<br />
[[category:Science]]<br />
[[Category:Lookism]]<br />
[[Category:Pills]]</div>RetrudedMaxillahttps://incels.wiki/index.php?title=Incel_TV&diff=27951Incel TV2019-10-07T17:07:50Z<p>RetrudedMaxilla: Categories</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Incel TV''' is a [[blackpill]]-oriented channel on youtube, showcasing a variety of brutal blackpills, as well as running a show called '''[[Blackpill 101]]'''. It was created and is run by the founder of [[truecels.org]], [[13k]].<br />
<br />
==Blackpill 101==<br />
<br />
Incel TV is most notable for a series called ''Blackpill 101'', which currently consists of 8 episodes. Each episode is dedicated to a specific topic, and summarizes a key aspect of the blackpill:<br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWD9n1cyeQU Blackpill 101- The REAL reason why Asian men are NOT seen as attractive] - a [[racepill]] episode about [[ricecel|ricecels]]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVgpuaSooH0 Blackpill 101 E02 - Facial Attractiveness and Intelligence] - on the correlation of good looks and intelligence<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lW6lNzlj63c Blackpill 101 E03 - The importance of Lower Third] - [[looks theory|lookist]] blackpill about the [[lower third]]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zAbHooWQNA Blackpill 101 E04 - BBC takeover, myth or fact ?] - analysis of [[BBC Theory]], including the brutal [[racepill|racepilled]] reality<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGTXfNQR8xs Blackpill 101 E05 - Redpill scam and The Holy Trinity] - analysis about the [[PUA]] scam, and the holy trinity of [[looks]] (Face, Race, Height)<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9uPDkOu5lw Blackpill 101 - E06: White fever in Korea (Korean men, DO NOT watch this video.)] - Brutal [[Racepill]] for [[kimchicel|kimchicels]] about Korean Woman<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4agyEFFKJTY Blackpill 101 - E07: The plight of Indian men] - [[Racepill]] about [[currycel|currycels]]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CaYbJLE5ySA Blackpill 101 - E08: Black Women] - [[racepill]] on black womans preferences<br />
<br />
'''Link to Youtube Channel:''' https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCV3oX6B8Uq8VMh_L5zStVfg<br />
<br />
==Special Episode==<br />
<youtube>MftLoXfUKwY</youtube><br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[FaceandLMS]]<br />
{{Incel Vloggers}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Blackpillers]]<br />
[[Category:Documentaries]]<br />
[[Category:Manosphere]]</div>RetrudedMaxillahttps://incels.wiki/index.php?title=SEAmaxx&diff=27949SEAmaxx2019-10-07T15:03:36Z<p>RetrudedMaxilla: /* See Also */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:4.jpg|thumb|right|<center></center>]]<br />
'''SEAmaxxx''' (South-East-Asia-maxx) is the practice of improving ones dating-chances as a Westerner by [[dating]] in South East Asia, otherwise known as [[Tutorial Island]]. Dating in South East Asia is an almost guaranteed way to acquire a girlfriend if one has some money, is above average [[height]], and [[JBW theory|white]]. Native South East Asian men are often associated with low-incomes, [[manlet|short stature]], and [[dickcel|small penises]]. The exact opposite of what women naturally want. Asian girls lust after [[JBW Theory|white men]] with Nerdic looks. <br />
<br />
Some non-white men (such as Koreans, Japanese, light-skinned deathnics) can also do well in SEA, as long as they are lighter skinned than the local guys. SEAmaxxing is a form of sexpatting.<br />
<br />
==Thailand==<br />
Thailand is recognized as the best place for Westerners to get a girlfriend out of all the SEA countries (or all countries for that matter), with the Phillipines a close second. This is because of Thailand's first world quality health care, and relatively good English-speaking among the population compared to other SEA countries.<br />
<br />
==itsOVER goes to Thailand==<br />
[[File:Itsover3.jpeg|thumb|left]]<br />
[[File:Itsover2.jpg|thumb|right]]<br />
[[incels.co]] user [[itsOVER]] had sex with 10 girls on a 22 day stay in Thailand, most of them through Tinder. He failed to get sex using Tinder in the the UK. He posted his full trip log on [[incels.co]] [https://incels.co/threads/roundup-of-thailand-trip-girls-advice-conversation-screenshots-etc.28034/ here].<br />
<!--[[File:Itsover1.jpg|thumb|right]]--><br />
<Br><br><Br><br />
Other [[incels.co]] users have gone to Thailand, including [[James FT|Limerencel]], who is currently [[dating]] someone from there. [[incels.co]] user Dylan is saving up money to go there, and has at least one date lined up.<br />
<br><Br><br><br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Slavic Women==<br />
Some incels waste their entire life savings and go into debt chasing after the stereotype of Eastern European or Russian women being easy. Eastern European and Russian women are not easy, SEA women are. They feign being easy while sucking you dry (of money, not anything else). Eastern European men aren't as displeasing to Eastern European women as SEA men are to SEA women. Ukraine is actually harder for incels than Thailand, despite Ukraine being MUCH MUCH poorer than Thailand, and a literal war-torn hell on earth.<br />
<br><br><br />
[[File:Her.gif|full|center|]]<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[JBW Theory]]<br />
*[[Tutorial Island]]<br />
*[[itsOVER]]<br />
{{A}}</div>RetrudedMaxillahttps://incels.wiki/index.php?title=SEAmaxx&diff=27948SEAmaxx2019-10-07T15:03:13Z<p>RetrudedMaxilla: /* itsOVER goes to Thailand */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:4.jpg|thumb|right|<center></center>]]<br />
'''SEAmaxxx''' (South-East-Asia-maxx) is the practice of improving ones dating-chances as a Westerner by [[dating]] in South East Asia, otherwise known as [[Tutorial Island]]. Dating in South East Asia is an almost guaranteed way to acquire a girlfriend if one has some money, is above average [[height]], and [[JBW theory|white]]. Native South East Asian men are often associated with low-incomes, [[manlet|short stature]], and [[dickcel|small penises]]. The exact opposite of what women naturally want. Asian girls lust after [[JBW Theory|white men]] with Nerdic looks. <br />
<br />
Some non-white men (such as Koreans, Japanese, light-skinned deathnics) can also do well in SEA, as long as they are lighter skinned than the local guys. SEAmaxxing is a form of sexpatting.<br />
<br />
==Thailand==<br />
Thailand is recognized as the best place for Westerners to get a girlfriend out of all the SEA countries (or all countries for that matter), with the Phillipines a close second. This is because of Thailand's first world quality health care, and relatively good English-speaking among the population compared to other SEA countries.<br />
<br />
==itsOVER goes to Thailand==<br />
[[File:Itsover3.jpeg|thumb|left]]<br />
[[File:Itsover2.jpg|thumb|right]]<br />
[[incels.co]] user [[itsOVER]] had sex with 10 girls on a 22 day stay in Thailand, most of them through Tinder. He failed to get sex using Tinder in the the UK. He posted his full trip log on [[incels.co]] [https://incels.co/threads/roundup-of-thailand-trip-girls-advice-conversation-screenshots-etc.28034/ here].<br />
<!--[[File:Itsover1.jpg|thumb|right]]--><br />
<Br><br><Br><br />
Other [[incels.co]] users have gone to Thailand, including [[James FT|Limerencel]], who is currently [[dating]] someone from there. [[incels.co]] user Dylan is saving up money to go there, and has at least one date lined up.<br />
<br><Br><br><br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Slavic Women==<br />
Some incels waste their entire life savings and go into debt chasing after the stereotype of Eastern European or Russian women being easy. Eastern European and Russian women are not easy, SEA women are. They feign being easy while sucking you dry (of money, not anything else). Eastern European men aren't as displeasing to Eastern European women as SEA men are to SEA women. Ukraine is actually harder for incels than Thailand, despite Ukraine being MUCH MUCH poorer than Thailand, and a literal war-torn hell on earth.<br />
<br><br><br />
[[File:Her.gif|full|center|]]<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[JBW Theory]]<br />
*[[Tutorial Island]]<br />
{{A}}</div>RetrudedMaxillahttps://incels.wiki/index.php?title=Incel_TV&diff=27941Incel TV2019-10-07T13:40:05Z<p>RetrudedMaxilla: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Incel TV''' is a [[blackpill]]-oriented channel on youtube, showcasing a variety of brutal blackpills, as well as running a show called '''[[Blackpill 101]]'''. It was created and is run by the founder of [[truecels.org]], [[13k]].<br />
<br />
==Blackpill 101==<br />
<br />
Incel TV is most notable for a series called ''Blackpill 101'', which currently consists of 8 episodes. Each episode is dedicated to a specific topic, and summarizes a key aspect of the blackpill:<br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWD9n1cyeQU Blackpill 101- The REAL reason why Asian men are NOT seen as attractive] - a [[racepill]] episode about [[ricecel|ricecels]]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVgpuaSooH0 Blackpill 101 E02 - Facial Attractiveness and Intelligence] - on the correlation of good looks and intelligence<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lW6lNzlj63c Blackpill 101 E03 - The importance of Lower Third] - [[looks theory|lookist]] blackpill about the [[lower third]]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zAbHooWQNA Blackpill 101 E04 - BBC takeover, myth or fact ?] - analysis of [[BBC Theory]], including the brutal [[racepill|racepilled]] reality<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGTXfNQR8xs Blackpill 101 E05 - Redpill scam and The Holy Trinity] - analysis about the [[PUA]] scam, and the holy trinity of [[looks]] (Face, Race, Height)<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9uPDkOu5lw Blackpill 101 - E06: White fever in Korea (Korean men, DO NOT watch this video.)] - Brutal [[Racepill]] for [[kimchicel|kimchicels]] about Korean Woman<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4agyEFFKJTY Blackpill 101 - E07: The plight of Indian men] - [[Racepill]] about [[currycel|currycels]]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CaYbJLE5ySA Blackpill 101 - E08: Black Women] - [[racepill]] on black womans preferences<br />
<br />
'''Link to Youtube Channel:''' https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCV3oX6B8Uq8VMh_L5zStVfg<br />
<br />
==Special Episode==<br />
<youtube>MftLoXfUKwY</youtube><br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[FaceandLMS]]<br />
{{Incel Vloggers}}</div>RetrudedMaxillahttps://incels.wiki/index.php?title=Heightpill&diff=27940Heightpill2019-10-07T13:35:48Z<p>RetrudedMaxilla: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:height.png|thumb|right|<center></center>]]<br />
The '''heightpill''' (a subset of the [[blackpill]]) is the realization that females prefer men who are much taller than average, that a man's height is a hard limit to his attractiveness, and that females feel visceral disgust toward [[ manlet]]s. <br />
<br />
==Intro==<br />
[[File:Teehee.png|thumb|right]]<br />
Originating from the biological needs of [[femoid]]s, it concludes that [[manlet]]s (men who rank in the bottom half in terms of height) are heavily disadvantaged in [[dating]] unless they have a Chad face or have high status. This is because women are [[sexual gatekeeper]]s and their near universal natural preference for tall men means that [[dating]] down in [[height]] is nearly impossible for men in a society that encourages natural female sexuality. For the depraved female species, the [[manlet]] cutoff might as well be under 6 foot even, thanks to [[hypergamy]].<br />
<br />
== Origins ==<br />
<br />
From the evolutionary psychological overview, [[femoids|foids]] would want a tall man because they’ll think “he’ll be stronger and better able to ward off physical treats to his family”.<ref>https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201306/why-women-want-tall-men</ref> While this might not be that relevant anymore in modern societies, the natural instincts of women are still prevalent in their mating choices. No matter how much [[manlet|manlets]] [[gymcel]], they’ll always be viewed as “overcompensating” wimps with a napoleon complex. It never even began for them!<br />
<br />
== Tallfaggot advantage in online dating ==<br />
Stating your [[height]] in an online [[dating]] profile could fuck you over badly if you’re a [[manlet]]. According to a particular [[dating]] app, firstmet, the ideal [[height]] related to most matches in males was 6’2”<br />
Specifically, they said:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>A man who is 6’2″ is 17% more likely to be contacted than a man of average [[height]] (5’8″) and 57% more likely to be contacted than a man under 5’5”<ref>https://www.firstmet.com/dating-blog/online-dating-size-matters-male-height/</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==If you are under 5'6". you are exponentially less attractive than average men==<br />
[[File:Sergg.jpg|900x900px|center|<center></center>]]<br />
In a study on humans published in Animal Studies, it was shown that men who are between 5'3"-5'6" are anywhere from 10x-3x less attractive than average height men. And just because of their height.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236670565_The_height_of_choosiness_Mutual_mate_choice_for_stature_results_in_suboptimal_pair_formation_for_both_sexes</ref><br />
<br />
== Female reaction to manlets on social media ==<br />
[[File:Loll2.JPG|full|center]]<br />
[[File:Loll3.PNG|full|center]]<br />
<br />
The twitter account<ref>https://mobile.twitter.com/heightismxposed</ref> commonly showed how judgemental women are toward [[manlet|manlets]], even being distrustful of their [[personality]] or intentions just because they’re vertically disadvantaged.<br />
<br />
FHO’s don’t even see us as worthy of any respect.<br />
<br />
== Manlet disadvantage in dating and even betabuxxing ==<br />
<br />
A [[marriage]] is more likely to be successful if the male partner is tall. Women just feel happier about it.<br />
Several studies in Asia completely proved this hypothesis.<ref>https://www.providr.com/tall-husbands-and-short-wives/</ref><ref>https://www.worldofbuzz.com/short-women-who-date-tall-men-have-the-happiest-relationships-study-shows/</ref><br />
<br />
If even in not quite hypergamous nations [[manlet|manlets]] are screwed, then imagine the horror they have to face in western nations.<br />
<br />
== A Dutch case ==<br />
<br />
[[Normie|Normies]] commonly suggest that Europeans, especially the Dutch, became tall due to external factors such as a great supply of nutrients. As we delve deep into evolutionary psychology, we find out that the main reason as to why Dutch men are tall these days is because short Dutch men barely even reproduced. A study which analyzed the number of kids received by men of different heights in the Netherlands concluded that: <br />
<br />
“Our results suggest that... taller men have higher fertility compared with shorter men. It therefore seems plausible to suggest that natural selection may have acted on the Dutch population, and helped drive the Dutch toward taller heights”.<ref>http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1806/20150211</ref><br />
<br />
==Television reportage about male height and dating==<br />
A TV reportage shows the heightpill by interviewing scientists, as well as conducting an experiment, proofing that below 5'3, it is literally over, no matter what:<br />
<br />
<youtube>ZbG05ePWRQE</youtube><br />
<br />
== See Also ==<br />
*[[Blackpill]]<br />
*[[Dickpill]]<br />
*[[Dogpill]]<br />
*[[Reverse dogpill]]<br />
*[[Racepill]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Blackpill]]<br />
[[Category:pills]]<br />
{{A}}</div>RetrudedMaxillahttps://incels.wiki/index.php?title=Incel_TV&diff=27938Incel TV2019-10-07T13:21:16Z<p>RetrudedMaxilla: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Incel TV''' is a [[blackpill]]-oriented channel on youtube, showcasing a variety of brutal blackpills, as well as running a show called '''[[Blackpill 101]]'''. It was created and is run by the founder of [[truecels.org]], [[13k]].<br />
<br />
==Blackpill 101==<br />
<br />
Incel TV is most notable for a series called ''Blackpill 101'', which currently consists of 8 episodes. Each episode is dedicated to a specific topic, and summarizes a key aspect of the blackpill:<br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWD9n1cyeQU Blackpill 101- The REAL reason why Asian men are NOT seen as attractive] - a [[racepill]] episode about [[ricecel|ricecels]]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVgpuaSooH0 Blackpill 101 E02 - Facial Attractiveness and Intelligence] - on the correlation of good looks and intelligence<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lW6lNzlj63c Blackpill 101 E03 - The importance of Lower Third] - [[lookism]] blackpill about the [[lower third]]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zAbHooWQNA Blackpill 101 E04 - BBC takeover, myth or fact ?] - analysis of [[BBC Theory]], including the brutal [[racepill|racepilled]] reality<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGTXfNQR8xs Blackpill 101 E05 - Redpill scam and The Holy Trinity] - analysis about the [[PUA]] scam, and the holy trinity of [[looks]] (Face, Race, Height)<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9uPDkOu5lw Blackpill 101 - E06: White fever in Korea (Korean men, DO NOT watch this video.)] - Brutal [[Racepill]] for [[kimchicel|kimchicels]] about Korean Woman<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4agyEFFKJTY Blackpill 101 - E07: The plight of Indian men] - [[Racepill]] about [[currycel|currycels]]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CaYbJLE5ySA Blackpill 101 - E08: Black Women] - [[racepill]] on black womans preferences<br />
<br />
'''Link to Youtube Channel:''' https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCV3oX6B8Uq8VMh_L5zStVfg<br />
<br />
==Special Episode==<br />
<youtube>MftLoXfUKwY</youtube><br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[FaceandLMS]]<br />
{{Incel Vloggers}}</div>RetrudedMaxillahttps://incels.wiki/index.php?title=BBC_theory&diff=27937BBC theory2019-10-07T13:18:57Z<p>RetrudedMaxilla: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:BBC.jpg|thumb|right]]<br />
'''BBC Theory''', or '''B'''ig '''B'''lack '''C'''ock Theory, claims [[black people|black]] males have an advantage over other races of men in seducing women because black men have BBCs (Big Black Cocks) and [[dickmog]] all other races. According to BBC Theory, women, especially white women, have an uncontrollable craving for BBC, as they are often 8 inches [[bonepressed]]. It is also stated that black men are desired for their supposed greater athleticism, generally more masculine facial appearance and reputation for 'low inhib' behavior (known as just be black theory (JBB), as this doesn't necessarily require a large penis).<br />
<br />
== Arguments in support and against BBC Theory ==<br />
===Support===<br />
* Whereas white [[manlet|manlets]] are usually doomed to inceldom, BBC [[manlet|manlets]] often get attractive women<br />
* Bald white men are almost without exception incel, whereas [[baldpill|bald]] black men often slay<br />
* Blacks are more extroverted than whites, making women more comfortable around blacks<br />
* BBCs are larger than white cocks, and are therefore more pleasurable to women<br />
<br />
===Against===<br />
* Most Black men don't have BBC according to statistics (however there are studies demonstrating a small increase in the mean penis size compared to other races, a small difference in the mean of a group leads to greater extremes at the tail ends of the standard distribution.)<br />
* White women aren't very fond of black guys regardless of their schlong<br />
<br />
== United States government study ==<br />
According to a U.S. government study, sickle cell, a rare disease which is more common under black people, caused a "significant penile enlargement" in one patient.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10962334</ref> Self induced priapism is commonly advocated as a penis enlargement technique on penis extension forums. Thus, the BBC phenomenon may be primarily caused by the penis enlargement resulting from priapism episodes related to sickle cell anemia.<br />
<br />
==BBC theory debunked==<br />
In an episode of [[Incel TV|Blackpill 101]], BBC theory was analysed by looking at several studies:<br />
<br />
<youtube>4zAbHooWQNA</youtube><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External link==<br />
* https://www.reddit.com/r/JustBeBlack/ Subreddit devoted to 'BBC theory'(NSFW). Not to be taken seriously.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[BWC]]<br />
*[[JBW Theory]]<br />
*[[Cock carousel]]<br />
{{B}}<br />
[[Category:Theories]]<br />
<div style="position: fixed; z-index: 9001; bottom: 0; right: 0;">[[File:Mondayfamonday2.jpg|400x400px|link=Cope]]</div></div>RetrudedMaxillahttps://incels.wiki/index.php?title=Lower_third&diff=27936Lower third2019-10-07T13:17:34Z<p>RetrudedMaxilla: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''lower third''' is one of the more important parts of the face, and is sometimes even said to be more important than [[eye area]].<ref>https://incels.co/threads/bad-lower-third-is-a-death-sentence.38235/</ref><br />
<br />
The lower third consists of the lower jaw ([[mandible]]), upper jaw ([[maxilla]]) and the [[chin]]. These three features combine together to create a harmonious face. Having even '''one''' of these features misaligned can be detrimental to the face.<br />
<br />
==Lower Jaw==<br />
The lower jaw is the largest, strongest bone in the human face. It's purpose is to hold the lower teeth in place and support the lower face region.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/science/jaw</ref><br />
<br />
The [[gonial angle]] is a crucial part of the lower jaw area. It is the angle from which the ramus and body of the mandible connect. Ideally, the angle should be visibly defined and close to 115-120°. This definition provides the jaw with better angularity and prominence, which is ideal for attraction.<br />
<br />
==Upper Jaw==<br />
The most important aspect of the lower third is the position of the upper jaw. If the upper jaw protrudes, it will provide an over-bite (malocclusion and if the upper jaw is recessed, it will provide an under-bite (Class III malocclusion). The relationship between the upper jaw and lower jaw provides overall harmony in the face and can make or break the face.<br />
<br />
==Chin==<br />
Ideally, the chin's projection should meet the [[Browridge]]. If it projects any further, the chin is too long. If any shorter and the chin is recessed.<br />
<br />
==Hyoid Bone==<br />
The hyoid bone determines the profile (side view) of the face, it is a bone that resides in the mid-line of the neck.<ref>https://aclandanatomy.com/multimediaplayer.aspx?multimediaId=10528421</ref><br />
<br />
The hyoid bone differs from each individual and is considered to be genetic determined. Ideally, the hyoid bone should be '''at-least''' on the same level with the tip of the chin. If it is seen any lower, a double chin can explicitly be seen, even if the person is not overweight or storing fat on the remainder of their face.<br />
<br />
Having a low set hyoid bone contributes to various other health problems, such as sleep apnea, swallowing disorders and lower rest-position of the tongue. <ref>http://www.doppelkinnentfernen.com/gefahrliche-gesundheitsrisiken/</ref><br />
<br />
==Blackpill 101 episode==<br />
The importance of the lower third was also picked up and outlined in a [[Incel TV|Blackpill 101]] episode:<br />
<br />
<youtube>lW6lNzlj63c</youtube><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[:Category:Aesthetics|List of aesthetics]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Aesthetics]]<br />
[[Category:Lookism]]<br />
{{Lookism}}</div>RetrudedMaxillahttps://incels.wiki/index.php?title=Lower_third&diff=27935Lower third2019-10-07T13:17:15Z<p>RetrudedMaxilla: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''lower third''' is one of the more important parts of the face, and is sometimes even said to be more important than [[eye area]].<ref>https://incels.co/threads/bad-lower-third-is-a-death-sentence.38235/</ref><br />
<br />
The lower third consists of the lower jaw ([[mandible]]), upper jaw ([[maxilla]]) and the [[chin]]. These three features combine together to create a harmonious face. Having even '''one''' of these features misaligned can be detrimental to the face.<br />
<br />
==Lower Jaw==<br />
The lower jaw is the largest, strongest bone in the human face. It's purpose is to hold the lower teeth in place and support the lower face region.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/science/jaw</ref><br />
<br />
The [[gonial angle]] is a crucial part of the lower jaw area. It is the angle from which the ramus and body of the mandible connect. Ideally, the angle should be visibly defined and close to 115-120°. This definition provides the jaw with better angularity and prominence, which is ideal for attraction.<br />
<br />
==Upper Jaw==<br />
The most important aspect of the lower third is the position of the upper jaw. If the upper jaw protrudes, it will provide an over-bite (malocclusion and if the upper jaw is recessed, it will provide an under-bite (Class III malocclusion). The relationship between the upper jaw and lower jaw provides overall harmony in the face and can make or break the face.<br />
<br />
==Chin==<br />
Ideally, the chin's projection should meet the [[Browridge]]. If it projects any further, the chin is too long. If any shorter and the chin is recessed.<br />
<br />
==Hyoid Bone==<br />
The hyoid bone determines the profile (side view) of the face, it is a bone that resides in the mid-line of the neck.<ref>https://aclandanatomy.com/multimediaplayer.aspx?multimediaId=10528421</ref><br />
<br />
The hyoid bone differs from each individual and is considered to be genetic determined. Ideally, the hyoid bone should be '''at-least''' on the same level with the tip of the chin. If it is seen any lower, a double chin can explicitly be seen, even if the person is not overweight or storing fat on the remainder of their face.<br />
<br />
Having a low set hyoid bone contributes to various other health problems, such as sleep apnea, swallowing disorders and lower rest-position of the tongue. <ref>http://www.doppelkinnentfernen.com/gefahrliche-gesundheitsrisiken/</ref><br />
<br />
==Blackpill 101 episode==<br />
The importance of the lower third was also picked up and outlined in a [[Incel TV|Blackpill]] 101 episode:<br />
<br />
<youtube>lW6lNzlj63c</youtube><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[:Category:Aesthetics|List of aesthetics]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Aesthetics]]<br />
[[Category:Lookism]]<br />
{{Lookism}}</div>RetrudedMaxillahttps://incels.wiki/index.php?title=Ricecel&diff=27934Ricecel2019-10-07T13:15:53Z<p>RetrudedMaxilla: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Ricecel.png|thumb|right|Ricecel Motto]]<br />
[[File:LdweZyD.png|thumb|right|400x400px||A (common) sad story of a ricecel|link=https://incels.wiki/w/images/5/5b/LdweZyD.png]]<br />
A '''ricecel''' is a subset of the [[ethnicel]] meaning a male whose [[inceldom]] at least partially be factored into on account of their east or southeast Asian ancestry. South Asians are instead known as [[currycel|currycels]]. Being (half) Asian is often sufficient to cause inceldom. On top of that, Asian men are also more likely to be shorter than their white and black counterparts. Ricecels attribute their failure in the dating market to the fact that most women (including their own) reject Asian men on sight. <br />
<br />
==Even Asian Male Models Get no Matches==<br />
<youtube>MWysV-o1IiA</youtube><br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
<br />
Asian people have very neotenous (resembling a child) faces. This neoteny makes Asian girls cute, while having disadvantageous effects on the men; they look harmless, feminine and prepubescent. The mean stature for young Asian males in the United States is 5' 6.5" (169 cm) <ref> https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_03/sr03_039.pdf#page22</ref>,which given the importance [[femoids|women]] give to male stature during their process of mate selection <ref> https://incels.wiki/w/Scientific_Blackpill#A_man.27s_dating_pool_is_set_by_his_height.3B_.3E94.25_of_women_will_reject_a_man_for_being_.22too_short.22</ref>, goes a long way on its own in elucidating the plight of your average ricecel.<br />
<br />
There also exists a strong negative stereotype that Asian men have a tendency to be [[dickcel|dickcels]], with some scientific evidence supporting this stereotype<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886912000852</ref> and some studies seeming to disprove it<ref> https://drive.google.com/file/d/1KlXDp6B7p4879XEKyHmndOxHnJp_KOJx/view</ref>.<br />
Regardless of the validity of the stereotype, the widespread belief in it is still harmful to the [[ricecels]] dating prospects, and would also make him a target for bullying by other men.<br />
<br />
Asian men also generally lack facial and body hair, and tend to possess less lean muscle tissue then other races.<br />
<br />
==Other==<br />
A '''shengnan''' is a [[ricecel]] (someone who experiences inceldom due to their Mongoloid, East Asian and/or Oriental ancestry) in the local Chinese language.<br />
<br />
==Blackpill 101 episode==<br />
[[Incel TV]] made an episode about ricecels:<br />
<youtube>gWD9n1cyeQU</youtube><br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[Currycel]]<br />
*[[Arabcel]]<br />
*[[Eurasian Tiger]]<br />
*[[Elliot Rodger]]<br />
*[[Seung-Hui Cho]]<br />
*[[NKL]]<br />
*[[R/HAPAS]]<br />
{{B}}<br />
[[Category:ricecels]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnicel]]<br />
[[Category:Lookism]]<br />
{{Lookism}}</div>RetrudedMaxillahttps://incels.wiki/index.php?title=Incel_TV&diff=27933Incel TV2019-10-07T13:14:03Z<p>RetrudedMaxilla: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Incel TV''' is a [[blackpill]]-oriented channel on youtube, showcasing a variety of brutal blackpills, as well as a show called '''[[Blackpill 101]]'''. It was created and is run by the founder of [[truecels.org]], [[13k]].<br />
<br />
==Blackpill 101==<br />
<br />
This channel is most notable for a series called Blackpill 101, which currently consists of 8 episodes. Each episode is dedicated to a specific topic, and summarizes a key aspect of the blackpill:<br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWD9n1cyeQU Blackpill 101- The REAL reason why Asian men are NOT seen as attractive] - a [[racepill]] episode about [[ricecel|ricecels]]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVgpuaSooH0 Blackpill 101 E02 - Facial Attractiveness and Intelligence] - on the correlation of good looks and intelligence<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lW6lNzlj63c Blackpill 101 E03 - The importance of Lower Third] - [[lookism]] blackpill about the [[lower third]]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zAbHooWQNA Blackpill 101 E04 - BBC takeover, myth or fact ?] - analysis of [[BBC Theory]], including the brutal [[racepill|racepilled]] reality<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGTXfNQR8xs Blackpill 101 E05 - Redpill scam and The Holy Trinity] - analysis about the [[PUA]] scam, and the holy trinity of [[looks]] (Face, Race, Height)<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9uPDkOu5lw Blackpill 101 - E06: White fever in Korea (Korean men, DO NOT watch this video.)] - Brutal [[Racepill]] for [[kimchicel|kimchicels]] about Korean Woman<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4agyEFFKJTY Blackpill 101 - E07: The plight of Indian men] - [[Racepill]] about [[currycel|currycels]]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CaYbJLE5ySA Blackpill 101 - E08: Black Women] - [[racepill]] on black womans preferences<br />
<br />
'''Link to Youtube Channel:''' https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCV3oX6B8Uq8VMh_L5zStVfg<br />
<br />
==Special Episode==<br />
<youtube>MftLoXfUKwY</youtube><br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[FaceandLMS]]<br />
{{Incel Vloggers}}</div>RetrudedMaxillahttps://incels.wiki/index.php?title=Incel_TV&diff=27932Incel TV2019-10-07T13:13:49Z<p>RetrudedMaxilla: Created page with "'''Incel TV''' is a blackpill-oriented channel on youtube, showcasing a variety of brutal blackpills, as well as a show called '''Blackpill 101'''. It was created and..."</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Incel TV''' is a [[blackpill]]-oriented channel on youtube, showcasing a variety of brutal blackpills, as well as a show called '''[[Blackpill 101]]'''. It was created and is run by the founder of [[truecels.org]], [[13k]].<br />
<br />
==Blackpill 101==<br />
<br />
This channel is most notable for a series called Blackpill 101, which currently consists of 8 episodes. Each episode is dedicated to a specific topic, and summarizes a key aspect of the blackpill:<br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWD9n1cyeQU Blackpill 101- The REAL reason why Asian men are NOT seen as attractive] - a [[racepill]] episode about [[ricecel|ricecels]]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVgpuaSooH0 Blackpill 101 E02 - Facial Attractiveness and Intelligence] - on the correlation of good looks and intelligence<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lW6lNzlj63c Blackpill 101 E03 - The importance of Lower Third] - [[lookism]] blackpill about the [[lower third]]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zAbHooWQNA Blackpill 101 E04 - BBC takeover, myth or fact ?] - analysis of [[BBC Theory]], including the brutal [[racepill|racepilled]] reality<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGTXfNQR8xs Blackpill 101 E05 - Redpill scam and The Holy Trinity] - analysis about the [[PUA]] scam, and the holy trinity of [[looks]] (Face, Race, Height)<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9uPDkOu5lw Blackpill 101 - E06: White fever in Korea (Korean men, DO NOT watch this video.)] - Brutal [[Racepill]] for [[kimchicel|kimchicels]] about Korean Woman<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4agyEFFKJTY Blackpill 101 - E07: The plight of Indian men] - [[Racepill]] about [[currycel|currycels]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CaYbJLE5ySA Blackpill 101 - E08: Black Women] - [[racepill]] on black womans preferences<br />
<br />
'''Link to Youtube Channel:''' https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCV3oX6B8Uq8VMh_L5zStVfg<br />
<br />
==Special Episode==<br />
<youtube>MftLoXfUKwY</youtube><br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[FaceandLMS]]<br />
{{Incel Vloggers}}</div>RetrudedMaxillahttps://incels.wiki/index.php?title=Template:Incel_Vloggers&diff=27931Template:Incel Vloggers2019-10-07T12:53:18Z<p>RetrudedMaxilla: </p>
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<div><p><br style="clear: both;" /> <br />
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<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="5" align="center" style="background-color:#8b0000; color: black; border-top: 2px solid #DCDCDC; border-right: 2px solid #DCDCDC; border-left: 3px solid #DCDCDC; border-bottom: 3px solid #DCDCDC; -moz-border-radius: 18px;width:50%"><br />
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<td align="center" width="50%"><br /><big><big><big><big><font color="white"><b>Incel Vloggers Navbox</b></font></big></big></big></big><br /><br />
<p class="collapsibletoggle" style="color:#e0ffff;"><b>[<span class="mw-customtoggle-Chrissytemp showhidetext" style="color:#e0ffff;"><span class="collapsibletoggletext">Click to Open/Close</span></span>]</b><br />
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</td><br />
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<div id="mw-customcollapsible-Chrissytemp" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="padding: 0px"><br />
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<div style="background-color:#00008b; border: 4px solid #DCDCDC; -moz-border-radius: 13px; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; padding: 2px; width: 650px;"><br />
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<th style="background-color: #ffffff; width: 80px; font-size: 15px; -moz-border-radius:6px;padding:5px"> <span style="color:#b22222"><b>Active on Youtube</b></span><br />
<br />
</th><td style="background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 12px; -moz-border-radius:6px;padding:5px"><br />
<p> [[Kyle Incel|Kyle Incel]] • [[BrendioEEE|BrendioEEE]] • [[FaceandLMS| FaceandLMS]] • [[Hell by the Dashboard Light]] • [[HeedandSucceed|HeedandSucceed]] • [[DownhillDMiller|DownhillDMiller]] • [[Rejected-From-Eve|Rejected-From-Eve .Zero]] • [[Samuel Maxwell]] • [[Kickspassion]] • [[BigBossCalvin83]] • [[William Greathouse]] • [[Mainländer|Mainländer]] • [[Steve Hoca|Steve Hoca]] • [[Off Grid Prosperity]] • [[Just James]] • [[Blue Skies Media]] • [[VVS]] • [[St. Nevergiveup]] • [[James FT]] • [[Virgin Messiah|Virgin Messiah]] • [[Hamudi|Syrian Subhuman/Hamudi]] • [[Incel TV]]<br />
</p><br />
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<br />
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<th style="background-color: #ffffff; width: 80px; font-size: 15px; -moz-border-radius:6px;padding:5px"> <span style="color:#b22222"><b>Retired from Vlogging</b></span><br />
<br />
</th><td style="background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 12px; -moz-border-radius:6px;padding:5px"><br />
<p> <br />
[[Oreoman|Oreoman]] • [[jsanza29|jsanza29]] • [[Kent|Kent]] • [[Blaze1]] • [[Oreoman|Oreoman]] • [[Eurasian Tiger|Eurasian Tiger]] • [[JamiltheKing]] • [[Dwayne Holloway]] • [[Catfishman]] • [[UglyLoser|UglyLoser]] • [[Eggman|Eggman]] • [[Grotesque Subhuman|Grotesque Subhuman]]<br />
<br />
</p><br />
</td></tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th style="background-color: #ffffff; width: 80px; font-size: 15px; -moz-border-radius:6px;padding:5px"> <span style="color:#b22222"><b>Dead</b></span><br />
<br />
</th><td style="background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 12px; -moz-border-radius:6px;padding:5px"><br />
<p> [[Baraka TV]] <br />
</p><br />
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</p><br />
<noinclude>ONLY USE THIS FOR VLOGGERS. If you have made page about a vlogger please add it to this list under the appropriate section.<br />
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</noinclude></div>RetrudedMaxillahttps://incels.wiki/index.php?title=Currycel&diff=27930Currycel2019-10-07T12:51:37Z<p>RetrudedMaxilla: </p>
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<div>[[File:Currycel.jpg|thumb|right|<center></center>]]<br />
[[File:Redpillcomics29.jpg|thumb|right|<center></center>]]<br />
A '''currycel''' is a a subset of an ethnicel, meaning one whom is on the [[inceldom spectrum]] primarily as a result of a systemic racial disadvantage faced by South Asians from the Indian subcontinent. This includes men from or whose ancestors originate from Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and the Maldives. <br />
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==Racial discrimination==<br />
A 2010 OkCupid study showed that South Asian men received the least responses from women.<br />
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People commonly make fun of South Asian accents, imply all South Asians smell, or propagate "bobs and vagene" memes.<br />
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==Bluepilled media gaslighting==<br />
An obvious example of a bluepilled theme in the media is their gaslighting directed at the incel community regarding their usage of the term ''cyrrycel''. To the media, using a term such as currycel demonstrates the racist nature of the incelosphere. What this statement fails to realize is that the term is adopted by many south Asians themselves, thus making it more akin to black people using the N word to describe each other. Similarly, the prefix curry within currycel isn't actually a form of slaking in stereotypes as the bluepill (i.e. media) likes to proclaim. It actually has roots in personals on sites such as craigslist wherein discreet (read sexual) encounters are had. These personals were often footnoted with the message "no curry", to indicate racial preference. The term currycel, first and foremost, seeks to highlight the existence of racial disadvantages in the dating scene. As such, the term currycel is in actuality a modus operandi whereby currycels can reflect on their experiences. Since slogans, linguistics and posture are of utmost importance in the dating scene, it would be farcical to let the semantics of racial subtleties and inuendos within dating slip.<br />
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But all this flies right past the ears and brains of the bluepill. For the bluepill, everything is black and white, lacking in nuance. The bluepill proclivity for seeking out and remaining static with regards to the first proposition that the neuron in their brain comes across whilst travelling to a gland cell means that when the bluepill mentality hears a race-related term, they immediately points to the ingrained and banal, which explains why bluepillers view the usage of the term ''currycel'' in the incelosphere as racist. The truth off course, is that it first and foremost ''highlights'' sexual racism.<br />
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==The plight of indian men==<br />
An episode of [[Incel TV]] outlines and summarizes the brutal fate of indian men:<br />
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<youtube>4agyEFFKJTY</youtube><br />
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== See Also ==<br />
*[[5'2 balding Indian janitor]]<br />
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*[[Gymcel]]<br />
*[[Mentalcel]]<br />
*[[Autistcel]]<br />
*[[Elbowcel]]<br />
*[[Wristcel]]<br />
*[[Acnecel]]<br />
*[[Americel]]<br />
*[[Arabcel]]<br />
*[[Baldcel]]<br />
*[[Blackcel]]<br />
*[[Christocel]]<br />
*[[Cybercel]]<br />
*[[Denialcel]]<br />
*[[Escortcel]]<br />
*[[Ethnicel]]<br />
*[[Eyecel]]<br />
*[[Femcel]]<br />
*[[Haircel]]<br />
*[[Lesbocel]]<br />
*[[NEETcel]]<br />
*[[Muslimcel]]<br />
*[[Nearcel]]<br />
*[[Noncel]]<br />
*[[Nosecel]]<br />
*[[Nymphocel]]<br />
*[[Oldcel]]<br />
*[[Peniscel]]<br />
*[[Permacel]]<br />
*[[Persocel]]<br />
*[[Poorcel]]<br />
*[[Protocel]]<br />
*[[Quasicel]]<br />
*[[Queercel]]<br />
*[[Rainbowcel]]<br />
*[[Ricecel]]<br />
*[[Semicel]]<br />
*[[Skinnycel]]<br />
*[[Smallcel]]<br />
*[[Standardcel]]<br />
*[[Stoicel]]<br />
*[[Stuttercel]]<br />
*[[Transcel]]<br />
*[[Truecel]]<br />
*[[Turkcel]]<br />
*[[Uglycel]]<br />
*[[Whitecel]]<br />
*[[Workcel]]<br />
*[[Wristcel]]<br />
*[[Yellowcel]]<br />
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[[Category:Inceldom]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnicels]]<br />
[[Category:Lookism]]<br />
{{Lookism}}<br />
{{stub}}</div>RetrudedMaxillahttps://incels.wiki/index.php?title=Truecels.org&diff=27929Truecels.org2019-10-07T12:46:22Z<p>RetrudedMaxilla: </p>
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<div>Truecels.org was an incel website created by [[13k]] which shut down on Dec. 2018.<br />
{{Defunct Incel Forums}}<br />
{{stub}}</div>RetrudedMaxilla